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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5zj5gZRngj8y9jJRsgC4FSG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000500405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005007102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170050</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Pediatric Cardiology</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship between Resting Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure in Adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Christofaro</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Giulliano Destro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casonatto</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cucato</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Grizzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Mendes Ritti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Norte do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Norte do Paran&#225; (UNOPAR), Londrina, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Juliano Casonatto</bold>, Rua Cravina, 130. Postal Code 86035-280, Jd S&#233;rgio Ant&#244;nio, Londrina, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>juliano2608@hotmail.com</email>, <email>julianoc@sercomtel.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis: Christofaro DGD, Casonatto J; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Christofaro DGD, Casonatto J, Vanderlei LCM, Cucato GG, Dias RMR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>405</fpage>
      <lpage>410</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>High resting heart rate is considered an important factor for increasing mortality chance in adults. However, it remains unclear whether the observed associations would remain after adjustment for confounders in adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To analyze the relationship between resting heart rate, blood pressure and pulse pressure in adolescents of both sexes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A cross-sectional study with 1231 adolescents (716 girls and 515 boys) aged 14-17 years. Heart rate, blood pressure and pulse pressure were evaluated using an oscillometric blood pressure device, validated for this population. Weight and height were measured with an electronic scale and a stadiometer, respectively, and waist circumference with a non-elastic tape. Multivariate analysis using linear regression investigated the relationship between resting heart rate and blood pressure and pulse pressure in boys and girls, controlling for general and abdominal obesity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Higher resting heart rate values were observed in girls (80.1 &#177; 11.0 beats/min) compared to boys (75.9 &#177; 12.7 beats/min) (p &#8804; 0.001). Resting heart rate was associated with systolic blood pressure in boys (Beta = 0.15 [0.04; 0.26]) and girls (Beta = 0.24 [0.16; 0.33]), with diastolic blood pressure in boys (Beta = 0.50 [0.37; 0.64]) and girls (Beta = 0.41 [0.30; 0.53]), and with pulse pressure in boys (Beta = -0.16 [-0.27; -0.04]).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>This study demonstrated a relationship between elevated resting heart rate and increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure in both sexes and pulse pressure in boys even after controlling for potential confounders, such as general and abdominal obesity. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Rest</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>High resting heart rate (RHR) has recently come to be considered an important factor for increasing the chance of mortality, and this relationship is independent of age, sex, lipid profile or blood pressure (BP) values in adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> High RHR tends to be associated with myocardial infarction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> which could contribute to the likelihood of death from coronary heart disease in the future.</p>
      <p>In previous studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> a relationship has been observed between elevated RHR and high BP in pediatric populations, which suggests that elevated RHR may be a marker of cardiovascular disease in childhood. This relationship could be mediated by other important cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> which, through inflammatory substances, could increase RHR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another factor that has been associated with high RHR is pulse pressure (PP), an important marker of vascular stiffness. A recent study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> has demonstrated a positive relationship between high RHR and PP in 227 healthy male African-American adolescents. However, as PP is affected by both BP levels and obesity status, it remains unclear whether the observed associations would remain after adjustment for these confounders.</p>
      <p>Moreover the sex of adolescents should also be considered when analyzing these relationships. Rosa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> have found that male adolescents had significantly higher PP values than female adolescents. Higher values of heart rate variability were observed in men compared to women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> These findings show that hormonal and local fat deposition characteristics could influence RHR and other cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between RHR, BP and PP in adolescents of both sexes and to identify covariates of this association.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a cross-sectional study carried out in the city of Londrina, Paran&#225; state, situated in southern Brazil. A meeting was held with the Secretary of Education in the city of Londrina. As a result of that meeting, information was obtained on the six largest public schools in the downtown area, which were most likely to include students from different regions of the city (Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western and Central regions). Those schools were chosen for the study.</p>
      <p>Londrina has approximately 17,000 enrolled students. To calculate the sample size, we used a correlation value of 0.18, an alpha error of 5%, a power of 80% and a design correction of 2.0 (as the sample was evaluated as clusters). Considering 20% losses, a minimum sample size of 624 students was required. The sample was composed of 1231 adolescents aged 14-17 years (515 boys and 716 girls). The inclusion criteria consisted in authorizing the consent form signed by parent/guardian allowing their adolescent to participate in the study, not be ingesting any medication or being in treatment related to problems of BP or heart rate. This study was approved by the ethics committee on human experimentation of the institution involved (process: 203/2010).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurements</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometry</title>
          <p>Body weight was measured using an electronic scale (precision, 0.1 kg), with the subjects wearing light clothing, and height was measured with a wall-mounted stadiometer (precision, 0.1 cm). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from the values of weight divided by height squared (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Adolescents were classified as normal weight or overweight according to the cutoff points of the World Health Organization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> All anthropometric measurements were performed by the same researcher, according to standardized techniques. Waist circumference was measured using an inextensible tape-measure, according to the values &#8203;&#8203;recommended by Taylor et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> considering the age and sex of the adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resting heart rate</title>
          <p>Resting heart rate and BP were evaluated using an oscillometric device (Omron HEM-742; Omron Corporation, Kyoto, Kansai, Japan), validated for adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The participants sat silently in a room with their backs leaning against a chair and their arms flexed at an angle of 90 degrees. After 5 minutes of resting the first evaluation of RHR was performed, and after 2 minutes the second measurement was taken. The average of the two evaluations was used to determine RHR. These procedures were adopted according to the American Heart Society standards.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Adolescents located in quartile 4 were classified as having high RHR and the others as having low RHR.</p>
          <p>Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured concomitantly with RHR. The mean value was used. To indicate the presence of high levels of BP, the 95th percentile of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program cutoffs was considered, adjusted by age and height percentile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Pulse pressure was calculated (difference between SBP and DBP).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The sample characterization data were described as mean and standard deviation. As there is no specific cutoff point for RHR or PP in adolescents, we chose to classify the adolescents in the highest quartile as having a possible risk for those outcomes.</p>
        <p>The number of adolescents classified according to the risk factors was analyzed by means of frequency and possible associations observed by using the Chi-square test. The multivariate analysis (Linear Regression) was applied and adjusted for sex and age (first model), overall fat determined by BMI (second model), and central fat (third model). The confidence interval was 95% and significance level, p &lt; 0.05. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.18.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Younger age had higher RHR values (14-15 years = 80.3 &#177; 12.0 beats/min; 16-17 years = 76.7 &#177; 12.4 beats/min [p = 0.001]). Higher RHR values were observed in girls (80.1 &#177; 11.0 beats/min) as compared to boys (75.9 &#177; 12.7 beats/min) (p &#8804; 0.001). Elevated RHR was observed in 131 male adolescents (25.4%) and in 231 female adolescents (32.2%) (p = 0.011). There was no difference in BMI between boys and girls, but boys classified as having high RHR had higher BMI. The boys had higher waist circumference than girls, and the boys classified as having high RHR had higher waist circumference values. The sample characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of participants by sex and presence of resting heart rate (RHR)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Boys (n = 515)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Girls (n = 716)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Normal RHR</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">High RHR</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Normal RHR</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">High RHR</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Mean (SD)</th>
              <th align="center">Mean (SD)</th>
              <th align="center">Mean (SD)</th>
              <th align="center">Mean (SD)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">15.5 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">15.2 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">15.7 (0.9)</td>
              <td align="center">15. 3 (1.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">64.1 (12.7)</td>
              <td align="center">66.5 (16.8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">56.9 (11.5)</td>
              <td align="center">56.5 (11.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stature (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">173.2 (8.3)</td>
              <td align="center">171.1 (9.5)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">162.4 (6.7)</td>
              <td align="center">162.1 (6.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">21.2 (3.4)</td>
              <td align="center">22.6 (5.2) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">21.5 (3.7)</td>
              <td align="center">21.5 (3.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">74.1 (8.8)</td>
              <td align="center">77.9 (12.2)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">70.5(8.8)</td>
              <td align="center">70.5 (8.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">119.7 (10.7)</td>
              <td align="center">121.9 (12.4) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">110.0 (3.7)</td>
              <td align="center">113.2 (3.9) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">63.4 (7.5)</td>
              <td align="center">67.5 (8.4) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">64.2 (7.4)</td>
              <td align="center">66.8 (7.8) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PP</td>
              <td align="center">56.2 (9.5)</td>
              <td align="center">54.4 (9.9) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">45.8 (7.0)</td>
              <td align="center">46.4 (7.4)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Difference between groups evaluated by two-way ANOVA;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 for the difference between boys and girls;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 for the difference between high RHR and normal RHR; RHR: resting heart rate; SD: standard deviation; kg: kilograms; cm: centimeters; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A low correlation was observed between BMI and RHR (r = 0.06). Adolescents with higher RHR had a higher prevalence of high BP (36.4% vs. 28.4%; p = 0.050). There was no significant difference in RHR in adolescents when stratifying for nutritional status (p = 0.174) or PP values (p = 0.158). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the correlation between RHR and SBP, DBP and PP. Considering the relationship between heart rate and SBP and DBP, for each increased heartbeat there is a 0.090-mmHg increase in SBP of boys and a 0.063 mmHg increase in SBP of girls. Regarding DBP, the increase is 0.179 mmHg in boys and 0.161 mmHg in girls.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation between resting heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Independent Variable</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Pearson Correlation (dependent variable: RHR)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">r</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Male</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Female</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.658</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>RHR: resting heart rate, SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The linear regression models adjusted for sex, age, overall fat and central obesity indicated that RHR was associated with SBP (p &#8804; 0.05) and DBP (p &#8804; 0.05) for both sexes, and with PP (p = 0.05) only for boys (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Relationship between resting heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure in boys</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="9" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Resting Heart Rate</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Adjusted: age</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Adjusted: age and BMI</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Adjusted: age, BMI and WC</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Beta</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">Beta</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">Beta</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.07;0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.05;0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
              <td align="center">0.04;0.26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.38;0.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.37;0.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.37;0.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.035</td>
              <td align="center">-0.02; -0.09</td>
              <td align="center">-0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
              <td align="center">-0.26; -0.03</td>
              <td align="center">-0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
              <td align="center">-0.27; -0.04</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; CI: confidence interval; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Relationship between resting heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure in girls</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="9" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Resting Heart Rate</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Adjusted: age</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Adjusted: age and BMI</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Adjusted: age, BMI and WC</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Beta</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">Beta</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">Beta</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.15;0.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.15;0.33</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.16;0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP</td>
              <td align="center">0.40</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.29;0.51</td>
              <td align="center">0.40</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.30;0.51</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.30;0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.534</td>
              <td align="center">-0.15;0.08</td>
              <td align="center">-0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.488</td>
              <td align="center">-0.17;0.08</td>
              <td align="center">-0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.438</td>
              <td align="center">-0.17;-0.07</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; CI: confidence interval; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study's results indicate that adolescents with higher RHR values have higher SBP and DBP values. High RHR was associated with higher SBP and DBP in males and females, and was inversely related to PP only in male adolescents.</p>
      <p>This study's results are in agreement with those reported by Liu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> who, assessing more than 8,000 individuals from different countries, aged 48-56 years, have found that high RHR associated with high BP values. Similar findings were observed by Kwok et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> who evaluated the relationship between high values of RHR and of BP in young Chinese individuals. Corroborating our study, Fernandes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> have demonstrated similar relationships in 356 male adolescents. Even after controlling for different variables in the cited studies, high BP values were associated with high RHR. One reason is that heart rate and SBP and DBP are modulated by the central nervous system through sympathetic activity in the heart and vessels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Pulse pressure is an indicator of arterial stiffness of different arteries and vessels and has been related to arteriosclerotic processes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> This study's results indicated that RHR was correlated with PP only in male adolescents, which is in agreement with those reported by Song et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> in a representative sample of Korean adolescents. One possible mechanism is the fact that PP is an indicator of arterial stiffness, which contributes to heart rate changes mediated by increased velocity of the pulse wave from the aorta to the peripheral vessels; in this case, the higher the speed of the anterograde wave, the higher the successive retrograde wave, causing cardiovascular overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another factor to be considered in this study is the relationship between obesity and increased heart rate. In a study of over 30,000 young people, Babba et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> have observed that RHR was strongly associated with obesity, added to which, average values of heart rate increased according to the degree of obesity. Adipose tissue releases a variety of substances, including adiponectin, which could contribute to changes in the sympathetic nervous system and decreased parasympathetic nervous system,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> increasing RHR values. Therefore, obesity is an important confounding factor to be considered in the analyses. The correlation between RHR and PP remained significant after adjustment for age, age + BMI, and age + BMI + waist circumference in males, suggesting an independent relationship between PP and RHR. A previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> has found no correlation between total fat mass and cardiovascular variables (systolic volume, SBP and RHR) in male adolescents, unlike abdominal fat. On the other hand, in female adolescents, the relationships are absolutely inverse, the cardiovascular variables (systolic volume, SBP and RHR) are directly related to total fat mass and unrelated to waist circumference.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Concerning sex, the present study demonstrated associations between high RHR, SBP and DBP in both sexes; however, when considering RHR and PP, this relationship was observed only in male adolescents. Pulse pressure differences in boys and girls were observed by Rosa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> after evaluating 456 adolescents, with higher PP values found in male adolescents. One possible difference to be considered is the age range of students in the current study (14-17 years), menstruation is a period of intense activity in girls and may alter the autonomic system due to intense hormonal production,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> leading to differences compared to boys. The location of body fat could also be related to higher RHR values. This has been clearly observed by Song et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> who have found a direct relationship between cardiovascular variables (systolic volume, SBP and RHR) and waist circumference in male adolescents.</p>
      <p>Regarding practical applications, it should be emphasized that such assessments need to be conducted from the earliest ages, aimed at preventing future cardiovascular diseases. Oscillometric devices have been used in several studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and in addition to their ease of use, they typically provide values of BP and heart rate, which could be assessed in the school environment, enabling the early control of those risk factors.</p>
      <p>One limitation of this study was its cross-sectional design, which does not allow assessment of the possible cause and effect relationships. Heart rate and BP were evaluated on the same day, which is known to cause overestimation of values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Another limiting aspect is the fact that PP was measured indirectly from the SBP and DBP values, and not from the pulse wave speed.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In conclusion, male adolescents with higher RHR had higher SBP, DBP and PP values. In female adolescents, RHR was associated with SBP and DBP, but not with PP. Thus, health promotion activities should be encouraged in young populations, because cardiovascular risk factors interact. However, inherent characteristics of sex must be considered.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de Repouso, Press&#227;o Arterial e Press&#227;o de Pulso em Adolescentes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Christofaro</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Giulliano Destro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casonatto</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cucato</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Grizzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Mendes Ritti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Norte do Paran&#225; (UNOPAR), Londrina, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Juliano Casonatto, Rua Cravina, 130. CEP 86035-280, Jd S&#233;rgio Ant&#244;nio, Londrina, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>juliano2608@hotmail.com</email>, <email>julianoc@sercomtel.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Christofaro DGD, Casonatto J; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Christofaro DGD, Casonatto J, Vanderlei LCM, Cucato GG, Dias RMR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso &#233; considerada um importante fator de aumento de mortalidade em adultos. Entretanto, ainda &#233; incerto se as associa&#231;&#245;es observadas permanecem ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de confus&#227;o em adolescentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso, press&#227;o arterial e press&#227;o de pulso em adolescentes dos dois sexos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com 1231 adolescentes (716 meninas e 515 meninos, idade de 14-17 anos). Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial e press&#227;o de pulso foram avaliadas com esfigmoman&#244;metro oscilom&#233;trico validado para essa popula&#231;&#227;o. Peso e altura foram medidos com balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica e estadi&#244;metro, respectivamente, e a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, com uma fita inextens&#237;vel. An&#225;lise multivariada com regress&#227;o linear investigou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso, press&#227;o arterial e press&#227;o de pulso em meninos e meninas, controlando para obesidade geral e abdominal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Valores maiores de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso foram observados em meninas (80,1 &#177; 11,0 bpm) em compara&#231;&#227;o a meninos (75,9 &#177; 12,7 bpm) (p &#8804; 0,001). Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso associou-se com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em meninos [Beta = 0,15 (0,04; 0,26)] e meninas [Beta = 0,24 (0,16; 0,33)], com press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica em meninos [Beta = 0,50 (0,37; 0,64)] e meninas [Beta = 0,41 (0,30; 0,53)], e com press&#227;o de pulso apenas em meninos [Beta = -0,16 (-0,27; -0,04)].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Este estudo demonstrou a rela&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso elevada com aumento das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica em ambos os sexos e com press&#227;o de pulso em meninos, mesmo ap&#243;s controle para potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o, como obesidade geral e abdominal. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Descanso</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescentes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Recentemente, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso (FCR) elevada vem sendo considerada um importante fator para aumento de mortalidade, sendo tal rela&#231;&#227;o independente de idade, sexo, perfil lip&#237;dico e press&#227;o arterial (PA) em adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A FCR alta tende a se associar com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> podendo contribuir para morte por doen&#231;a coronariana no futuro.</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> mostraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre FCR elevada e PA alta em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas, e sugeriram que a FCR elevada possa ser um marcador de doen&#231;a cardiovascular na inf&#226;ncia. Tal rela&#231;&#227;o poderia ser mediada por outros importantes fatores de risco cardiovascular, como obesidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> que, atrav&#233;s de subst&#226;ncias inflamat&#243;rias, poderia aumentar a FCR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro fator associado com FCR alta &#233; a press&#227;o de pulso (PP), um importante marcador de rigidez vascular. Um estudo recente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> demonstrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre FCR alta e PP em 227 adolescentes afro-americanos saud&#225;veis do sexo masculino. Entretanto, como a PP &#233; afetada por n&#237;veis de PA e por obesidade, ainda h&#225; controv&#233;rsia se as associa&#231;&#245;es observadas permaneceriam ap&#243;s ajuste para tais fatores de confus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, deve-se considerar o sexo de adolescentes ao se analisar tais rela&#231;&#245;es. Rosa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> relataram valores de PP significativamente mais altos em adolescentes do sexo masculino em compara&#231;&#227;o aos de adolescentes do sexo feminino. Observou-se maior variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em homens quando comparados a mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Tais achados mostram que caracter&#237;sticas hormonais e de deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura poderiam influenciar a FCR e outros fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre FCR, PA e PP em adolescentes de ambos os sexos, assim como identificar covari&#225;veis dessa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal conduzido na cidade de Londrina, Paran&#225;, onde se realizou reuni&#227;o com o Secret&#225;rio de Educa&#231;&#227;o, da qual resultou coleta de informa&#231;&#227;o das 6 maiores escolas p&#250;blicas do centro da cidade, escolhidas para participar deste estudo devido &#224; possibilidade de inclu&#237;rem alunos de diferentes regi&#245;es da cidade (norte, sul, leste, oeste e central).</p>
        <p>Londrina tem cerca de 17 mil alunos matriculados. Para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra, usou-se valor de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,18, erro alfa de 5%, poder de 80% e corre&#231;&#227;o de desenho de 2,0 (a amostra foi avaliada em '<italic>clusters</italic>'). Considerando perdas de 20%, o tamanho m&#237;nimo necess&#225;rio da amostra foi de 624 alunos. A amostra foi ent&#227;o composta por 1231 adolescentes com idade de 14-17 anos (515 meninos e 716 meninas). Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o consistiram em fornecer termo de consentimento assinado por pais/respons&#225;veis permitindo a participa&#231;&#227;o do adolescente no estudo, n&#227;o estar usando medica&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o estar em tratamento para problemas de PA ou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa humana da institui&#231;&#227;o envolvida (processo: 203/2010).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Antropometria</title>
            <p>O peso corporal foi medido com balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica (precis&#227;o de 0,1 kg), com os indiv&#237;duos vestindo roupas leves, sendo a altura medida com um estadi&#244;metro de parede (precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado dividindo-se o peso pelo quadrado da altura (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Os adolescentes foram classificados em 'peso normal' ou 'sobrepeso' conforme os pontos de corte da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Todas as medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram realizadas pelo mesmo pesquisador, seguindo as t&#233;cnicas padr&#227;o. Mediu-se a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal com uma fita m&#233;trica inextens&#237;vel, como recomendado por Taylor et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> considerando-se idade e sexo dos adolescentes.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso</title>
            <p>A FCR e a PA foram avaliadas usando-se esfigmoman&#244;metro oscilom&#233;trico (Omron HEM-742; Omron Corporation, Quioto, Kansai, Jap&#227;o) validado para adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os participantes sentaram em sil&#234;ncio em um quarto com as costas apoiadas em uma cadeira, com os bra&#231;os flexionados em &#226;ngulo de 90&#176;. Ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso, realizou-se a primeira aferi&#231;&#227;o de FCR e, ap&#243;s 2 minutos, a segunda, usando-se a m&#233;dia das duas medidas para determinar a FCR. Tais procedimentos seguiram os padr&#245;es da <italic>American Heart Society</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Os adolescentes localizados no quartil 4 foram classificados como tendo FCR alta, e os demais, como tendo FCR baixa.</p>
            <p>A PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) e a PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram medidas concomitantemente &#224; FCR, tendo-se usado o valor m&#233;dio. Para indicar a presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis altos de PA, considerou-se o percentil 95 dos pontos de corte do <italic>National High Blood Pressure Education Program</italic>, ajustados para percentil de idade e altura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A PP foi calculada como a diferen&#231;a entre PAS e PAD.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Como n&#227;o existe nenhum ponto de corte espec&#237;fico para FCR e PP em adolescentes, optou-se por classific&#225;-los no mais alto quartil como tendo poss&#237;vel risco para esses desfechos.</p>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de adolescentes classificados de acordo com os fatores de risco foi analisado pelas m&#233;dias das frequ&#234;ncias e poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es, usando-se o teste do qui-quadrado. Aplicou-se an&#225;lise multivariada (regress&#227;o linear) ajustada para sexo e idade (primeiro modelo), gordura total determinada pelo IMC (segundo modelo) e gordura central (terceiro modelo). Adotaram-se o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05. Realizou-se toda a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica com o programa SPSS v.18.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos mais jovens apresentaram valores de FCR maiores [14-15 anos = 80,3 &#177; 12,0 bpm; 16-17 anos = 76,7 &#177; 12,4 bpm (p = 0,001)]. Meninas apresentaram valores mais altos de FCR (80,1 &#177; 11,0 bpm) do que meninos (75,9 &#177; 12,7 bpm) (p &#8804; 0,001). Valores elevados de FCR foram observados em 131 meninos (25,4%) e 231 meninas (32,2%) (p = 0,011). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no IMC entre meninos e meninas, mas os meninos com FCR alta tiveram maior IMC. Os meninos apresentaram maior circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal do que as meninas, e os meninos com FCR alta tiveram maior circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas da amostra.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes por sexo e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso (FCR)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Meninos (n = 515)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Meninas (n = 716)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FCR normal</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FCR alta</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FCR normal</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FCR alta</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">15,5 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">15,2 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">15,7 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">15, 3 (1,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">64,1 (12,7)</td>
                <td align="center">66,5 (16,8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">56,9 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">56,5 (11,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">173,2 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">171,1 (9,5)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">162,4 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">162,1 (6,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">21,2 (3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">22,6 (5,2) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">21,5 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">21,5 (3,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CA (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">74,1 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">77,9 (12,2)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">70,5(8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">70,5 (8,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">119,7 (10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">121,9 (12,4) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">110,0 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">113,2 (3,9) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">63,4 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">67,5 (8,4) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">64,2 (7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">66,8 (7,8) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP</td>
                <td align="center">56,2 (9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">54,4 (9,9)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">45,8 (7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">46,4 (7,4)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Diferen&#231;a entre grupos avaliada com ANOVA de duas vias;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 para a diferen&#231;a entre meninos e meninas;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 para a diferen&#231;a entre FCR alta e FCR normal; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; kg: quilograma; cm: cent&#237;metro; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PP: press&#227;o de pulso.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Observou-se baixa correla&#231;&#227;o entre IMC e FCR (r = 0,06). Adolescentes com maior FCR apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de PA alta (36,4% vs. 28,4%; p = 0,050). N&#227;o houve significativa diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; FCR nos adolescentes quando estratificados para o status nutricional (p = 0,174) ou valores de PP (p = 0,158). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> mostra a correla&#231;&#227;o da FCR com PAS, PAD e PP. Considerando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e PAS e PAD, para cada aumento de batimento card&#237;aco houve um aumento de 0,090-mmHg na PAS de meninos e de 0,063 mmHg na de meninas. Quanto &#224; PAD, o aumento foi de 0,179 mmHg para meninos e de 0,161 mmHg para meninas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso (FCR) e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e press&#227;o de pulso (PP)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel independente</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (vari&#225;vel dependente: FCR)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">r</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Meninos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP</td>
                <td align="center">-0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Meninas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,658</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os modelos de regress&#227;o linear ajustados para sexo, idade, gordura total e obesidade central indicaram associa&#231;&#227;o de FCR com PAS (p &#8804; 0,05) e PAD (p &#8804; 0,05) para ambos os sexos, e com PP (p = 0,05) apenas para meninos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso com a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e a press&#227;o de pulso (PP) em meninos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="9" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Ajustada: idade</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Ajustada: idade e IMC</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Ajustada: idade, IMC e CA</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Beta</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center">Beta</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center">Beta</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,07;0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,05;0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td align="center">0,04;0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,38;0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,37;0,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,37;0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP</td>
                <td align="center">-0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02; -0,09</td>
                <td align="center">-0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
                <td align="center">-0,26; -0,03</td>
                <td align="center">-0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">-0,27; -0,04</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso com a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e a press&#227;o de pulso (PP) em meninas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="9" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Ajustada: idade</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Ajustada: idade e IMC</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Ajustada: idade, IMC e CA</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Beta</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center">Beta</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center">Beta</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,15;0,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,15;0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,16;0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,29;0,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,30;0,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,30;0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,534</td>
                <td align="center">-0,15;0,08</td>
                <td align="center">-0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,488</td>
                <td align="center">-0,17;0,08</td>
                <td align="center">-0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,438</td>
                <td align="center">-0,17; -0,07</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicam que adolescentes com valores mais altos de FCR apresentam maiores n&#237;veis de PAS e PAD. A FCR elevada associou-se com valores maiores de PAS e de PAD em meninos e meninas, mas relacionou-se inversamente com a PP apenas em meninos.</p>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo concordam com os de Liu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> que, avaliando mais de 8.000 indiv&#237;duos de diferentes pa&#237;ses, com idade de 48-56 anos, relataram associa&#231;&#227;o entre valores altos de FCR e n&#237;veis altos de PA. Achados semelhantes foram observados por Kwok et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> que avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre valores elevados de FCR e de PA em jovens chineses. Confirmando nosso estudo, Fernandes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> demonstraram rela&#231;&#245;es similares em 356 adolescentes do sexo masculino. Mesmo ap&#243;s controle para diferentes vari&#225;veis nos estudos citados, altos n&#237;veis de PA associaram-se com FCR alta. Uma raz&#227;o &#233; que frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, PAS e PAD s&#227;o moduladas pelo sistema nervoso central atrav&#233;s de atividade simp&#225;tica no cora&#231;&#227;o e nos vasos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A PP &#233; um indicador de rigidez arterial em diferentes art&#233;rias, tendo sido relacionado com o processo ateroscler&#243;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Segundo os resultados deste estudo, a FCR correlacionou-se com a PP apenas nos adolescentes masculinos, o que est&#225; de acordo com o relato de Song et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> em uma amostra representativa de adolescentes coreanos. Um poss&#237;vel mecanismo &#233; o fato de que a PP &#233; um indicador de rigidez arterial, contribuindo para altera&#231;&#245;es da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mediadas por aumento da velocidade da onda de pulso da aorta para os vasos perif&#233;ricos; nesse caso, quanto maior a velocidade da onda anter&#243;grada, maior a onda retr&#243;grada sucessiva, causando sobrecarga cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro fator a se considerar neste estudo &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aumentada. Em um estudo com mais de 30.000 jovens, Babba et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> relataram a forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre FCR e obesidade, assim como o aumento dos valores m&#233;dios de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca conforme a intensidade da obesidade. O tecido adiposo libera v&#225;rias subst&#226;ncias, como adiponectina, que poderiam contribuir para as altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e a diminui&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso parasimp&#225;tico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> elevando os valores da FCR. Logo, obesidade &#233; um importante fator de confus&#227;o a se considerar nessas an&#225;lises. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre FCR e PP permaneceu significativa ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, idade + IMC, e idade + IMC + circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal nos indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, sugerindo uma rela&#231;&#227;o independente entre PP e FCR. Um estudo anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> n&#227;o mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o entre massa de gordura total e vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares (volume sist&#243;lico, PAS e FCR) em adolescentes masculinos, ao contr&#225;rio da gordura abdominal. Por outro lado, em adolescentes femininas, as rela&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o inversas, com vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares (volume sist&#243;lico, PAS e FCR) diretamente relacionadas com a massa de gordura total e n&#227;o relacionadas com a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto ao sexo, o presente estudo demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o de valores elevados de FCR com altos n&#237;veis de PAS e PAD nos dois sexos. Entretanto, ao se considerar FCR e PP, tal rela&#231;&#227;o foi observada apenas nos adolescentes masculinos. Diferen&#231;as na PP em meninos e meninas foram relatadas por Rosa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> ap&#243;s avaliar 456 adolescentes, com valores maiores de PP observados nos adolescentes masculinos. Uma poss&#237;vel diferen&#231;a a se considerar &#233; a faixa et&#225;ria dos alunos do presente estudo (14-17 anos), em que a menstrua&#231;&#227;o &#233; um per&#237;odo de intensa atividade nas meninas, devido &#224; intensa produ&#231;&#227;o hormonal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> podendo alterar o sistema aut&#244;nomo, levando &#224;s diferen&#231;as com os meninos. Al&#233;m disso, a localiza&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal poderia estar relacionada a valores mais elevados de FCR. Isso foi claramente relatado por Song et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> que observaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares (volume sist&#243;lico, PAS e FCR) e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal em adolescentes masculinos.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s aplica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas, &#233; importante ressaltar a necessidade de condu&#231;&#227;o de tais avalia&#231;&#245;es a partir de idades mais precoces, visando a prevenir doen&#231;as cardiovasculares futuras. Esfigmoman&#244;metros oscilom&#233;tricos foram usados em muitos estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Al&#233;m da facilidade de seu uso, fornecem valores de PA e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que podem ser avaliados no ambiente escolar, favorecendo o controle precoce de fatores de risco.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi seu desenho transversal, que n&#227;o permite avaliar poss&#237;veis rela&#231;&#245;es de causa e efeito. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a PA foram avaliadas no mesmo dia, o que sabidamente causa superestima&#231;&#227;o de valores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Outro aspecto limitante &#233; o fato de que a PP foi medida indiretamente a partir dos valores de PAS e PAD, e n&#227;o a partir da velocidade de onda de pulso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Adolescentes masculinos com maior FCR apresentaram n&#237;veis mais altos de PAS, PAD e PP. Nas adolescentes femininas, a FCR associou-se com PAS e PAD, mas n&#227;o com PP. Atividades para promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de devem ser encorajadas entre os jovens, pois os fatores de risco cardiovasculares interagem. Entretanto, caracter&#237;sticas inerentes ao sexo devem ser consideradas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
