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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gptYdVtGVV6sfKF57n6Gzcy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000500396</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005007101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170049</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Atherosclerosis/Endothelium/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Factors Associated With Coronary Artery Disease Progression Assessed By Serial Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camargo</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rothstein</surname>
            <given-names>Tamara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Derenne</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eduarda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabioni</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo de Souza Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
            <given-names>Ilan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;; Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem CDPI, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Johns Hopkins University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Baltimore</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Johns Hopkins University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ilan Gottlieb</bold>, Departamento de Radiologia - Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233; - Rua Macedo Sobrinho, 21. Postal Code 22271-080. Humait&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ilangottlieb@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Camargo GC, Gottlieb I; Acquisition of data: Camargo GC, Rothstein T, Derenne ME, Sabioni L; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Camargo GC, Lima RSL, Gottlieb I; Statistical analysis: Camargo GC; Writing of the manuscript: Camargo GC, Gottlieb I; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rothstein T, Derenne ME, Sabioni L, Lima JAC, Lima RSL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>5</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>396</fpage>
      <lpage>404</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) allows for noninvasive coronary artery disease (CAD) phenotyping. Factors related to CAD progression are epidemiologically valuable.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To identify factors associated with CAD progression in patients undergoing sequential CCTA testing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We retrospectively analyzed 384 consecutive patients who had at least two CCTA studies between December 2005 and March 2013. Due to limitations in the quantification of CAD progression, we excluded patients who had undergone surgical revascularization previously or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between studies. CAD progression was defined as any increase in the adapted segment stenosis score (calculated using the number of diseased segments and stenosis severity) in all coronary segments without stent (in-stent restenosis was excluded from the analysis). Stepwise logistic regression was used to assess variables associated with CAD progression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>From a final population of 234 patients, a total of 117 (50%) had CAD progression. In a model accounting for major CAD risk factors and other baseline characteristics, only age (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.01-1.07), interstudy interval (OR 1.03, 95%CI 1.01-1.04), and past PCI (OR 3.66, 95%CI 1.77-7.55) showed an independent relationship with CAD progression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>A history of PCI with stent placement was independently associated with a 3.7-fold increase in the odds of CAD progression, excluding in-stent restenosis. Age and interstudy interval were also independent predictors of progression. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Amgiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the worldwide leading cause of death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Clinical and revascularization approaches have been shown to decrease the morbidity and mortality from chronic CAD. Despite treatment, the clinical course of chronic CAD usually consists of progression of atherosclerosis punctuated by flares of unpredictable clinical events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In a meta-analysis, Cannon et al. have shown that patients with previous documented CAD on secondary prophylaxis with high-dose statins in addition to contemporary clinical management still have a 7% incidence of composite events and 2% mortality per year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Although CAD is a progressive inflammatory and degenerative disorder,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> some studies have demonstrated the feasibility of interruption or even regression of atherosclerosis progression, as measured by invasive techniques such as intravascular ultrasound<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and optical coherence tomography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Previous studies have identified markers of anatomical atherosclerosis progression, but these studies were restricted to patients submitted to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) undergoing repeat invasive coronary angiography (ICA), as part of the study protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is able of noninvasively phenotyping CAD in a broader range of clinical scenarios and provides good diagnostic performance for obstructive CAD detection, as well as strong prognostic information.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A recent meta-analysis has shown a high correlation between CCTA and measures of plaque burden and stenosis severity derived by intracoronary ultrasound.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Able of depicting disease even with minimal luminal narrowing, CCTA offers an opportunity to track incipient CAD and obstructive coronary stenosis.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we sought to identify the variables associated with CAD progression on sequential CCTA testing in patients with and without previous PCI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>Of 5055 clinically indicated CCTAs performed in 4607 patients in our institution between December 2005 and March 2013, we identified 382 individuals who underwent sequential testing at least 90 days apart. A total of 72 patients who had undergone surgical revascularization were excluded, since CAD progression in these cases may have been associated with diversion of the flow from the bypasses and not necessarily with the usual pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Additionally, 76 patients who had undergone PCI between CCTA studies were also excluded, since the quantification of the progression of native vessel disease would be biased by the artificial improvement of the treated segment. The remaining 234 patients comprised the study sample. Before each test, information on medication use, CAD risk factors, and previous coronary events and stress testing results were obtained during an interview with a physician. Baseline characteristics were established for each subject at the time of the first CCTA exam.</p>
        <p>Each patient gave a written informed consent for inclusion of their information into our database, including clinical data and test results that were personally recorded by the physician responsible for the pretest interview and by another one in charge of the study reporting, respectively. For this study, as in every other involving this data source, access to the database by research personnel could only be made by a query, which returns a renumbered spreadsheet filled with the requested data, excluding identifying information such as patient's name and record number. Since no personal information was disclosed, institutional review board approval was not requested for this study. None of the authors of this paper was responsible for treating the patients included in this analysis or in the database in general.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CCTA imaging technique</title>
        <p>CCTA studies were performed on a 256-slice scanner (Brilliance iCT, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio) or one of two 64-slice computed tomography scanners (Brilliance 64, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio, USA and Somatom Sensation 64, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) during contrast injection, using a bolus tracking technique aiming at acquiring images at peak coronary opacification. Prospective electrocardiogram (ECG) triggering was strongly encouraged in examinations performed on scanners with this feature. When unavailable or not recommended (<italic>i.e.</italic>, irregular heart rate [HR]), retrospective ECG gating was used instead.</p>
        <p>All patients with a baseline HR above 60 bpm were given oral (100 mg) and/or intravenous (5-20 mg) metoprolol to achieve a prescanning HR of 60 bpm or less. Sublingual isosorbide dinitrate 0.4 mg was administered 3-5 minutes prior to the contrast image acquisition, unless contraindicated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CCTA analysis</title>
        <p>All exams were blindly reviewed by a single cardiac imaging expert (I.G.). The coronary artery tree was divided into 15 segments,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and coronary atherosclerosis was defined as at least 1 mm<sup>2</sup> of tissue structure that could be individualized within or adjacent to the lumen and differentiated from pericardial and epicardial tissue, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The extent and severity of the CAD were assessed using an adapted version of the segment stenosis score (SSS), which has been previously described and validated as a strong prognostic marker.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Briefly, each of the 15 coronary segments was assigned a score from 0 to 4 based on the presence of atherosclerosis and degree of luminal narrowing: 0 (no atherosclerosis), 1 (1-29%), 2 (30-49%), 3 (50-69%), and 4 (70-100%). Scored segments were then added together to provide a final score ranging from 0 to 60. A progressing lesion, as seen on CCTA, is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Coronary artery disease (CAD) progression on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in a 58-year-old male presenting a very mild CAD in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery at baseline (A). Evident disease progression is seen at 13 months at the same site, with moderate luminal stenosis (B) best appreciated in the vessel's transverse plane (arrowhead).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0396-70049-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CAD progression definition and treatment of stented segments</title>
        <p>The SSS from the first and second CCTA studies were calculated, and disease progression was defined as any increase in SSS from baseline to follow-up CCTA. Conversely, regression was defined as any decrease in SSS from baseline to follow-up. Stented segments were excluded from disease progression or regression calculations. For multivariable adjustments of CAD severity at baseline, each stented segment was graded as a 70-100% stenosis aiming to overestimate baseline CAD severity in patients with stents. This baseline overestimation in stented patients was done in order to increase their disease severity and, since baseline SSS was included in the multivariable model, minimize the impact of the stent acting as a marker of more "aggressive" CAD presentation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range [IQR]), as appropriate. Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. Intergroup comparisons were analyzed using unpaired Student's <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, as appropriate, and chi-square test for categorical variables. Univariable and stepwise backward multivariable logistic regression were used to assess individual predictors of CAD progression. A secondary multivariable analysis was performed in patients with evidence of atherosclerosis at baseline to identify independent predictors of CAD regression. Statistical significance was defined as a two-tailed p value below 0.05. All analyses were performed using SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The study included 234 patients with a mean age of 60 &#177; 11 years, 79% of whom were males. The flowchart in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the selection of the population. A total of 8% of the patients had a history of myocardial infarction, and 11% of them had a recent (less than 30 days before the index study) positive stress test result. A previous PCI had been conducted in 50 (21%) subjects, who had a total of 83 stented segments (mean of 1.7 per subject). Other baseline characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of patient selection. The final study population comprised individuals with sequential coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) testing conducted at least 90 days apart and free of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between studies or previous surgical coronary revascularization.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0396-70049-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients&#8217; baseline characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Patients, n</td>
              <td align="center">234</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">59.8 &#177; 10.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">186 (79)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m2), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">27.7 &#177; 3.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Exam interval (months), median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">32.4 (19.2 - 49.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Baseline SSS, median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2 - 11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Clinical risk factors</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">117 (50)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">125 (53)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history CAD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">99 (42)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose intolerance, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current smoker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Past smoker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Positive stress test, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous MI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous PCI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (21)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Medication use</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blockers, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (15)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI/ARB, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (19)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antiplatelet, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (20)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (25)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; SSS: segment stenosis score; IQR: interquartile range; CAD: coronary artery disease; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>During CCTA acquisition, the subjects' mean HR was 54 &#177; 7 bpm. The median radiation exposure was 4.7 mSv (4-6.4 mSv), and prospective ECG triggering was used in 79% of all studies. Of all exams, 35 (0.01%) segments were deemed unevaluable and were excluded from the analysis in both studies.</p>
      <p>At baseline CCTA, 41 (17%) patients had no evidence of coronary atherosclerosis, while the CAD severity was deemed very mild (1-29%) in 60 (26%), mild (30-49%) in 65 (28%), moderate (50-69%) in 37 (16%), and severe (&#8805; 70%) in 31 (13%). The baseline SSS was 0 in 41 (17%) subjects, between 1 and 5 in 76 (32%) subjects, between 6 and 10 in 55 (24%) subjects, between 11 and 15 in 25 (11%) subjects, and 16 or above in 37 (16%) subjects.</p>
      <p>The follow-up study was conducted at a median of 32 months (19-50 months) when 117 (50%) patients presented CAD progression.</p>
      <p>Univariable logistic regression including all baseline characteristics revealed that age, interstudy interval, baseline SSS, and previous PCI were predictors of CAD progression. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> lists the patients' characteristics according to CAD progression status. After multivariable adjustment, age, interstudy interval, and previous PCI emerged as independent predictors of progression. An independent 3.7-fold increased odds of progression was associated with a history of coronary stenting, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients&#8217; baseline characteristics according to progression status</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">All subjects</th>
              <th align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">No Progression</th>
              <th align="center">Progression</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Patients, n</td>
              <td align="center">117</td>
              <td align="center">117</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">58.3 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">61.3 &#177; 10.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">90 (77)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (82)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">27.2 &#177; 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">28.0 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Exam interval (months), median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">29.8 (18.8 - 42.8)</td>
              <td align="center">34.1 (20.4 - 55.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Baseline SSS, median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (1 - 9)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (2 - 14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Clinical risk factors</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">58 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (56)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (51)</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history CAD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (46)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (38)</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose intolerance, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current smoker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Past smoker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Positive stress test, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of MI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (5)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous PCI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Medication use</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blockers, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI/ARB, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antiplatelet, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (26)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; SSS: segment stenosis score; IQR: interquartile range; CAD: coronary artery disease; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Predictors of coronary artery disease (CAD) progression</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Univariable analysis</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Multivariable analysis</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Odds Ratio</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">Odds Ratio</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">1.03</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 - 1.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">1.04</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 &#8211; 1.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">1.37</td>
              <td align="center">0.72 - 2.60</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
              <td align="center">1.92</td>
              <td align="center">0.92 &#8211; 3.98</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 - 1.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
              <td align="center">1.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 &#8211; 1.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Study interval (months)</td>
              <td align="center">1.01</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 - 1.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">1.03</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 &#8211; 1.04</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Baseline SSS</td>
              <td align="center">1.04</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 &#8211; 1.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Clinical risk factors</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
              <td align="center">0.58 &#8211; 1.61</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.46 &#8211; 2.15</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">1.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.71 &#8211; 1.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history CAD</td>
              <td align="center">1.37</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 &#8211; 2.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose intolerance</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
              <td align="center">0.10 &#8211; 1.64</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current smoker</td>
              <td align="center">1.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 &#8211; 4.49</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Former smoker</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.35 &#8211; 1.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Positive stress test</td>
              <td align="center">1.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.53 &#8211; 2.69</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous MI</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.17 &#8211; 1.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous PCI</td>
              <td align="center">2.90</td>
              <td align="center">1.48 - 5.68</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">3.66</td>
              <td align="center">1.77 &#8211; 7.55</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medication use</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blockers</td>
              <td align="center">1.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.52 &#8211; 2.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI/ARB</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
              <td align="center">0.44 &#8211; 1.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.62</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antiplatelet</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
              <td align="center">0.30 &#8211; 1.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin</td>
              <td align="center">1.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.63 &#8211; 2.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>95%CI: 95% confidence interval; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; SSS: segment stenosis score; IQR: interquartile range; CAD: coronary artery disease; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Overall, 70% of the patients with previous PCI presented CAD progression, compared with 47% of those with baseline CAD but no stents (p = 0.003) and 38% without any CAD at baseline (p = 0.002). This higher rate of progression among PCI patients remained across a wide range of SSS increases, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>. Differences in baseline characteristics among patients with and without stents are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence and severity of segment stenosis score (SSS) increase according to subgroup. *p &lt; 0.05 between coronary artery disease (CAD) + percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and no CAD; &#8224;p &lt; 0.05 between CAD + PCI and CAD non-PCI.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0396-70049-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients&#8217; baseline characteristics according to history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Patients, n</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">non-PCI</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">PCI</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">184</th>
              <th align="center">50</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">58.9 &#177; 11.1</td>
              <td align="center">63.4 &#177; 9.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">149 (81)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (74)</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">27.7 &#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">27.4 &#177; 4.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Exam interval (months), median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">33.4 (22.0 - 53.1)</td>
              <td align="center">26.9 (15.0 - 37.2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Baseline SSS, median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1 - 8)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (10 - 21)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Clinical risk factors</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">91 (49)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (52)</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">89 (48)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (72)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (43)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (40)</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose intolerance, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (3)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current smoker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Past smoker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (21)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (32)</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Positive stress test, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of MI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (32)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CAD progression, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">82 (45)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (70)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Medication use</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blockers, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (28)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI/ARB, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (17)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (28)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antiplatelet, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (56)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (21)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (42)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; SSS: segment stenosis score; IQR: interquartile range; CAD: coronary artery disease; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>On secondary analysis considering only subjects with evidence of CAD at the baseline CCTA (n = 193), disease regression was independently related only with a history of PCI with stent (OR 0.28, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.10-0.77, p = 0.01), baseline SSS (OR 1.10, 95%CI 1.04-1.16, p = 0.01), and interstudy interval (OR 0.98, 95%CI 0.96-0.99, p = 0.02) on multivariable logistic regression.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In spite of medical and invasive treatments, CAD remains a progressive disease. Several studies reveal a high incidence of events among patients submitted to guideline-based optimal therapies, underlying the limitations of currently available therapeutic approaches.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Angiographic CAD progression may identify subjects at a higher risk for cardiovascular events since plaque growth entails inflammatory activity and increased risk of rupture.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The identification of predictors of CAD progression is epidemiologically important and allows a better understanding of the pathophysiology of CAD.</p>
      <p>Our cohort consisted of "real world" patients, with and without previous evidence of CAD, including those with a history of PCI. Subjects with intervening PCI procedures between CCTA studies were excluded in order to avoid the bias of decreased stenosis due to stent placement. Similarly, previously implanted stented coronary segments were excluded from the progression analysis so that restenosis would not contaminate the results. In this setting, we found a 50% rate of native vessel (non-stented) CAD progression over a median follow-up of 32 months, which is in the upper range of previous studies using ICA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> This may have been a result of the use of CCTA, which is capable of depicting three-dimensionally the coronary wall and is, therefore, not constrained by two-dimensional projections.</p>
      <p>In multivariable analysis, age, interval between studies, and previous PCI were independent predictors of CAD progression. Specifically, previous PCI with stent placement, a potentially modifiable patient characteristic, was associated with a 3.7-fold increased odds of disease progression. Although this is the first study to our knowledge to show it using this technology, absolute causality between stent placement and progression cannot be made due to the retrospective and observational nature of this study. One potential bias could be that stents are only but a marker of faster progressing atherosclerosis biology. We vigorously tried to minimize this bias by adjusting the results to baseline CAD and other major risk factors, previous myocardial infarction and by overestimating the CAD burden for stented segments at baseline CCTA. Interestingly, a history of PCI was not only independently related to increased odds of disease progression, but also a 72% reduction in the odds of regression.</p>
      <p>Most previous research on coronary atherosclerosis progression has focused on patients undergoing ICA in preparation for PCI, but they also are subject to bias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Without comparing CAD progression between PCI and non-PCI patients, potential effects of the invasive treatment on disease evolution cannot be derived. Nevertheless, even in this setting, two previous studies of subjects undergoing PCI have reported that a history of PCI before study entry was a significant and independent predictor of worse outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Borges et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> reported results from a study comparing subjects undergoing medical treatment alone <italic>versus</italic> PCI in regards to native vessel CAD progression using ICA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> The authors found that patients with a previous PCI had an independent 2.1-fold increased odds of CAD progression over 5 years when compared with those without prior PCI.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Since this was a retrospective and observational study, we are unable to establish with certainty a causality between PCI and CAD progression, although we judiciously tried to adjust the model for potential confounders. Despite the biases and given the paucity of research on this subject, this study generates questions that should be answered with large prospective randomized studies.</p>
        <p>To determine the occurrence of CAD progression, we used the results of CCTA, which has lower spatial and temporal resolution than ICA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> This fact may result in artifacts that hinder the CAD quantification. Although some inaccuracies may occur with this method, mostly related to stenosis overestimation, all patients were equally subjected to the same errors. Despite this limitation, the use of CCTA may offer some advantages in eccentric coronary plaque visualization and mild luminal narrowing.</p>
        <p>Due to the limited number of subjects in our study, some questions remain to be answered by future investigations, such as the impact of gender and race on CAD progression, the relevance of the number of stented segments, differences in progression between bare metal and drug-eluting stents and, the most important of all, if this observed progression may translate into future events.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In a "real world" population of patients referred to sequential CCTA testing, age and history of coronary artery stenting were independent predictors of native CAD progression, while the degree of baseline CAD assessed by SSS was not independently associated with this endpoint.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Aterosclerose/Endot&#233;lio/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores Associados com Progress&#227;o da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Avaliada por Angiografia Coronariana por Tomografia Computadorizada Seriada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camargo</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rothstein</surname>
            <given-names>Tamara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Derenne</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eduarda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabioni</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo de Souza Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
            <given-names>Ilan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;; Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem CDPI, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ilan Gottlieb</bold>, Departamento de Radiologia - Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233; - Rua Macedo Sobrinho, 21. CEP 22271-080. Humait&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>ilangottlieb@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Camargo GC, Gottlieb I; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Camargo GC, Rothstein T, Derenne ME, Sabioni L; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Camargo GC, Lima RSL, Gottlieb I; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Camargo GC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rothstein T, Derenne ME, Sabioni L, Lima JAC, Lima RSL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Angiografia coronariana por tomografia computadorizada (ACTC) permite fenotipagem n&#227;o invasiva da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Fatores relacionados &#224; progress&#227;o da DAC t&#234;m valor epidemiol&#243;gico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Identificar os fatores associados com a progress&#227;o da DAC em pacientes submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o sequencial por ACTC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>N&#243;s analisamos retrospectivamente 384 pacientes consecutivos que apresentavam pelo menos duas avalia&#231;&#245;es por ACTC entre dezembro de 2005 e mar&#231;o de 2013. Devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o da DAC, os pacientes que haviam sido submetidos previamente &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es foram exclu&#237;dos. A progress&#227;o da DAC foi definida como qualquer aumento no escore adaptado de estenose segmentar (calculado com utiliza&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de segmentos afetados e gravidade da estenose) em todos os segmentos coronarianos sem <italic>stent</italic> (restenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> foi exclu&#237;da da an&#225;lise). Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica stepwise foi utilizada para avaliar as vari&#225;veis associadas com a progress&#227;o da DAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>De uma popula&#231;&#227;o final de 234 pacientes, um total de 117 (50%) pacientes apresentaram progress&#227;o da DAC. Em um modelo considerando os principais fatores de risco para DAC e outras caracter&#237;sticas basais, apenas a idade (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] 1,04, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC95%] 1,01-1,07), intervalo entre avalia&#231;&#245;es (OR 1,03, IC95% 1,01-1,04) e ICP pr&#233;via (OR 3,66, IC95% 1,77-7,55) mostraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o independente com a progress&#227;o da DAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Uma hist&#243;ria de ICP com implante de <italic>stent</italic> esteve independentemente associada a um aumento de 3,7 vezes na chance de progress&#227;o da DAC, excluindo a restenose intra-<italic>stent</italic>. Idade e intervalo entre avalia&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m foram preditores independentes de progress&#227;o. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A abordagem cl&#237;nica e com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m demonstrado capacidade de reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade por DAC cr&#244;nica. Apesar do tratamento, o curso cl&#237;nico da DAC cr&#244;nica geralmente consiste na progress&#227;o da aterosclerose pontuada por epis&#243;dios de eventos cl&#237;nicos imprevis&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Em uma metan&#225;lise, Cannon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> demonstraram que pacientes com DAC pr&#233;via documentada sob profilaxia secund&#225;ria com altas doses de estatinas al&#233;m de manejo cl&#237;nico contempor&#226;neo ainda t&#234;m uma chance de 7% de incid&#234;ncia de eventos compostos e mortalidade de 2% ao ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Embora a DAC seja um dist&#250;rbio inflamat&#243;rio e degenerativo progressivo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado viabilidade de interrup&#231;&#227;o ou mesmo regress&#227;o da progress&#227;o da aterosclerose, medida por t&#233;cnicas invasivas como ultrassonografia intravascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios identificaram marcadores de progress&#227;o anat&#244;mica da aterosclerose, mas tais estudos foram restritos a pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) e que realizaram repeti&#231;&#227;o da angiografia coronariana invasiva (ACI) como parte do protocolo de estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A angiografia coronariana por tomografia computadorizada (ACTC) &#233; capaz de fenotipar de forma n&#227;o invasiva a DAC em uma gama mais ampla de cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos e proporcionar um bom desempenho diagn&#243;stico para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva e forte informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Uma metan&#225;lise recente demonstrou uma alta correla&#231;&#227;o entre a ACTC e medidas de extens&#227;o da placa e gravidade da estenose derivadas por ultrassonografia intracoronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Capaz de detectar doen&#231;a mesmo com m&#237;nimo estreitamento luminal, a ACTC oferece uma oportunidade para identificar a DAC incipiente e a estenose coronariana obstrutiva.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, procuramos identificar as vari&#225;veis associadas com a progress&#227;o da DAC em avalia&#231;&#245;es sequenciais por ACTC em pacientes com e sem tratamento pr&#233;vio com ICP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sujeitos</title>
          <p>De 5055 ACTCs com indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica realizadas em 4607 pacientes em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o entre dezembro de 2005 e mar&#231;o de 2013, identificamos 382 indiv&#237;duos que realizaram as avalia&#231;&#245;es sequencialmente com pelo menos 90 dias de intervalo. Um total de 72 pacientes que haviam sido submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foram exclu&#237;dos, pois a progress&#227;o da DAC nestes casos pode ter sido associada a um desvio do fluxo pelas pontes e n&#227;o necessariamente &#224; fisiopatologia habitual da aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Al&#233;m disso, 76 pacientes que haviam sido submetidos &#224; ICP entre avalia&#231;&#245;es por ACTC tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos, j&#225; que a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a em vaso nativo sofreria um vi&#233;s pela melhoria artificial do segmento tratado. Os 234 pacientes restantes constitu&#237;ram a amostra do estudo. Antes de cada avalia&#231;&#227;o, informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o uso de medicamentos e fatores de risco para DAC, al&#233;m de eventos coronarianos pr&#233;vios e resultados de testes de esfor&#231;o foram obtidos durante entrevista com um m&#233;dico. As caracter&#237;sticas basais foram estabelecidas para cada sujeito no momento da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o por ACTC.</p>
          <p>Cada paciente assinou um termo de consentimento para a inclus&#227;o de suas informa&#231;&#245;es em nosso banco de dados, incluindo os dados cl&#237;nicos e os resultados dos testes, que foram gravados pessoalmente pelo m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel pela entrevista pr&#233;-teste e por outro respons&#225;vel pelo relat&#243;rio dos estudos, respectivamente. Para este estudo, como em todos os outros envolvendo esta fonte de dados, o acesso &#224; base de dados pelo grupo de investiga&#231;&#227;o poderia apenas ser realizado por uma consulta que retorna uma planilha numerada, preenchida com os dados solicitados, excluindo informa&#231;&#245;es de identifica&#231;&#227;o tais como o nome e n&#250;mero de registro do paciente. Uma vez que nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o pessoal foi divulgada, n&#227;o foi solicitada aprova&#231;&#227;o do conselho de revis&#227;o institucional para este estudo. Nenhum dos autores deste artigo foi respons&#225;vel pelo tratamento dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos na presente an&#225;lise ou no banco de dados em geral.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T&#233;cnica de imagem da ACTC</title>
          <p>Estudos de ACTC foram realizados em um tom&#243;grafo de 256 canais (Brilliance iCT, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio, EUA) ou em um de dois tom&#243;grafos de 64 canais (Brilliance 64, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio, EUA e Somatom Sensation 64, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Alemanha) durante inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste, utilizando uma t&#233;cnica de rastreamento de bolus, visando a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens no pico de opacifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Aquisi&#231;&#227;o prospectiva foi fortemente encorajada em exames realizados em tom&#243;grafos com este recurso. Quando n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel ou n&#227;o recomendado (<italic>i.e.</italic>, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca [FC] irregular), a aquisi&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva foi utilizada.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes com uma FC basal acima de 60 bpm receberam metoprolol oral (100 mg) e/ou endovenoso (5-20 mg) para alcan&#231;ar uma FC pr&#233;-avalia&#231;&#227;o de 60 bpm ou menos. Dinitrato de isossorbida sublingual 0,4 mg foi administrado 3-5 minutos antes da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens contrastadas, a menos que contraindicado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da ACT</title>
          <p>Todos os exames foram analisados cegamente por um &#250;nico especialista em imagens card&#237;acas (I.G.). A &#225;rvore arterial coronariana foi dividida em 15 segmentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e a aterosclerose coronariana foi definida como uma estrutura tecidual de pelo menos 1 mm<sup>2</sup> que pudesse ser individualizada dentro ou adjacente ao l&#250;men e diferenciada do tecido peric&#225;rdico e epic&#225;rdico, como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A extens&#227;o e a gravidade da DAC foram avaliadas com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma vers&#227;o adaptada do escore de estenose segmentar (EES), previamente descrito e validado como um forte marcador progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Resumidamente, cada um dos 15 segmentos coronarianos recebeu um escore de 0 a 4 baseado na presen&#231;a de aterosclerose e grau de estreitamento luminal: 0 (sem aterosclerose), 1 (1-29%), 2 (30-49%), 3 (50-69%) e 4 (70-100%). Os escores de cada segmento foram adicionados para fornecer um escore final entre 0 a 60. Uma les&#227;o progressiva visualizada pela ACTC est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#224; angiografia coronariana por tomografia computadorizada (ACTC) em um paciente masculino de 58 anos de idade apresentando DAC muito leve no segmento proximal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda no momento basal (A). Progress&#227;o evidente da les&#227;o &#233; vista aos 13 meses no mesmo local, com moderada estenose luminal (B) melhor visualizada no plano transversal do vaso (seta).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0396-70049-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de progress&#227;o da DAC e tratamento de segmentos com stent</title>
          <p>O EES da primeira e segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o por ACTC foi calculado e a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a foi definida como qualquer aumento no EES entre o momento basal e o seguimento com ACTC. Por outro lado, foi definida como regress&#227;o qualquer diminui&#231;&#227;o do EES entre o momento basal e o seguimento com ACTC. Segmentos com <italic>stent</italic> foram exclu&#237;dos dos c&#225;lculos de progress&#227;o ou regress&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Para ajustes multivariados de gravidade da DAC no momento basal, cada segmento com <italic>stent</italic> foi classificado como apresentando estenose de 70-100%, visando superestimar a gravidade da DAC no momento basal em pacientes com <italic>stents</italic>. Essa superestima&#231;&#227;o do momento basal em pacientes com <italic>stent</italic> foi realizada com o objetivo de aumentar a gravidade da doen&#231;a, j&#225; que o EES no momento basal foi inclu&#237;do no modelo multivariado, e para minimizar o impacto do <italic>stent</italic> agindo como um marcador de apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais "agressiva" de DAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]), conforme apropriado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias e percentagens. Compara&#231;&#245;es intergrupos foram analisadas com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado ou teste U de Mann-Whitney para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, conforme adequado, e o teste do qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada (m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise backward</italic>) foi utilizada para avaliar preditores individuais de progress&#227;o de DAC. Uma segunda an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada em pacientes com evid&#234;ncia de aterosclerose no momento basal para identificar preditores independentes de regress&#227;o da DAC. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o programa SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O estudo incluiu 234 pacientes com m&#233;dia de idade de 60 &#177; 11 anos, 79% dos quais eram do sexo masculino. O fluxograma na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref> mostra a sele&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o. Um total de 8% dos pacientes apresentava hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e 11% deles apresentavam um resultado positivo recente (menos de 30 dias antes do estudo &#237;ndice) de um teste de estresse. Uma ICP anterior havia sido realizada em 50 (21%) indiv&#237;duos, que apresentavam um total de 83 segmentos com <italic>stent</italic> (m&#233;dia de 1,7 por sujeito). Outras caracter&#237;sticas basais est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. A popula&#231;&#227;o final do estudo foi composta por indiv&#237;duos com angiografia coronariana por tomografia computadorizada (ACTC) sequencial realizada com pelo menos 90 dias de intervalo e sem interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana pr&#233;via.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0396-70049-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Pacientes, n</th>
                <th align="center">234</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">59,8 &#177; 10,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">186 (79)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">27,7 &#177; 3,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intervalo entre avalia&#231;&#245;es (meses), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">32,4 (19,2 - 49,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EES basal, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2 - 11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (50)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (53)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo atual, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste de esfor&#231;o positivo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICP pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (21)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Uso de medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA/BRA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (25)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; EES: escore de estenose segmentar; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Durante a aquisi&#231;&#227;o da ACTC, a FC m&#233;dia dos sujeitos foi de 54 &#177; 7 bpm. A mediana da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o foi de 4,7 mSv (4-6,4 mSv) e uma aquisi&#231;&#227;o prospectiva foi realizada em 79% de todos os estudos. De todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es, 35 (0,01%) segmentos foram considerados n&#227;o avali&#225;veis e foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise em ambos os estudos.</p>
        <p>Na ACTC basal, 41 (17%) pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam evid&#234;ncia de aterosclerose coronariana, enquanto a gravidade da DAC foi considerada muito leve (1-29%) em 60 (26%), leve (30-49%) em 65 (28%), moderada (50-69%) em 37 (16%) e grave (&#8805; 70%) em 31 (13%) dos casos. O EES basal foi 0 em 41 (17%) indiv&#237;duos, entre 1 e 5 em 76 (32%) indiv&#237;duos, entre 6 e 10 em 55 (24%) indiv&#237;duos, entre 11 e 15 em 25 (11%) sujeitos e 16 ou mais em 37 (16%) indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>O seguimento do estudo foi realizado por uma mediana de 32 meses (19-50 meses), quando 117 (50%) pacientes apresentaram progress&#227;o da DAC.</p>
        <p>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada incluindo todas as caracter&#237;sticas basais revelou que a idade, o intervalo entre avalia&#231;&#245;es, EES basal e ICP anterior foram preditores de progress&#227;o da DAC. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> lista as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes de acordo com o estado de progress&#227;o da DAC. Ap&#243;s ajuste multivariado, a idade, intervalo entre avalia&#231;&#245;es e ICP anterior emergiram como preditores independentes de progress&#227;o. Um aumento independente de 3,7 vezes na chance de progress&#227;o esteve associado a uma hist&#243;ria de <italic>stent</italic> coronariano, como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes de acordo com o estado da progress&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Todos os indiv&#237;duos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Sem progress&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Progress&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pacientes, n</td>
                <td align="center">117</td>
                <td align="center">117</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">58,3 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">61,3 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (77)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">27,2 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intervalo entre avalia&#231;&#245;es (meses), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">29,8 (18,8 - 42,8)</td>
                <td align="center">34,1 (20,4 - 55,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EES basal, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1-9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (2-14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (56)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (51)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo atual, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste de esfor&#231;o positivo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de IAM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICP anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Uso de medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA/BRA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; EES: escore de estenose segmentar; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Odds Ratio</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">Odds Ratio</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 - 1,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 - 1,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 - 2,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">1,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 - 3,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 - 1,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">1,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 - 1,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intervalo entre avalia&#231;&#245;es (meses)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 - 1,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 - 1,04</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EES basal</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 - 1,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="7">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,58 - 1,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,46 - 2,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 - 1,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">1,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 - 2,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,10 - 1,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">1,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 - 4,49</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo anterior</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,35 - 1,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste de esfor&#231;o positivo</td>
                <td align="center">1,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 - 2,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,17 - 1,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICP anterior</td>
                <td align="center">2,90</td>
                <td align="center">1,48 - 5,68</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">3,66</td>
                <td align="center">1,77 - 7,55</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="7">
                  <bold>Uso de medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">1,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 - 2,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,44 - 1,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,30 - 1,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">1,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 - 2,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; EES: escore de estenose segmentar; IIQ: faixa interquartil; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>De uma maneira geral, 70% dos pacientes com ICP pr&#233;via apresentaram progress&#227;o da DAC, comparados a 47% daqueles com DAC basal mas sem <italic>stent</italic> (p = 0,003) e 38% sem qualquer DAC no momento basal (p = 0,002). Esta maior taxa de progress&#227;o entre pacientes com ICP permaneceu em toda a gama de aumentos no EES, como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>. Diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas basais entre pacientes com e sem <italic>stents</italic> est&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preval&#234;ncia e gravidade do aumento do escore de estenose segmentar (EES) por subgrupo. *p &lt; 0,05 entre doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) + interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) e sem DAC; &#8224;p &lt; 0,05 entre DAC + ICP e DAC sem ICP.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-05-0396-70049-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes de acordo com hist&#243;ria de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="26%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Pacientes, n</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Sem ICP</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">ICP</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">184</th>
                <th align="center">50</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">58,9 &#177; 11,1</td>
                <td align="center">63,4 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">149 (81)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">27,7 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">27,4 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intervalo entre avalia&#231;&#245;es (meses), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">33,4 (22,0 - 53,1)</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 (15,0 - 37,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EES basal, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">4 (1 - 8)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (10 - 21)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">91 (49)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">20 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">89 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (72)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">79 (43)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">6 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo atual, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">22 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">39 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste de esfor&#231;o positivo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">18 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de IAM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Progress&#227;o da DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">82 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Uso de medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">21 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA/BRA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">31 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">18 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (56)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">38 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; EES: escore de estenose segmentar; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em uma an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria considerando apenas os indiv&#237;duos com evid&#234;ncia de DAC na ACTC basal (n = 193), a regress&#227;o da doen&#231;a se mostrou independentemente relacionada apenas com uma hist&#243;ria de ICP com <italic>stent</italic> (OR 0,28, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC95%] 0,10-0,77, p = 0,01), EES basal (OR 1.10, IC95% 1,04-1,16, p = 0,01) e intervalo entre avalia&#231;&#245;es (OR 0,98, IC95% 0,96-0,99, p = 0,02) no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar dos tratamentos cl&#237;nico e invasivo, a DAC continua sendo uma doen&#231;a progressiva. V&#225;rios estudos revelam uma alta incid&#234;ncia de eventos entre pacientes submetidos a terapias otimizadas baseadas em diretrizes, apontando as limita&#231;&#245;es das abordagens terap&#234;uticas dispon&#237;veis atualmente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A progress&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica da DAC pode identificar os indiv&#237;duos de maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares, uma vez que o crescimento da placa implica em atividade inflamat&#243;ria e aumento no risco de ruptura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A identifica&#231;&#227;o de preditores de progress&#227;o da DAC &#233; epidemiologicamente importante e permite uma melhor compreens&#227;o da fisiopatologia da DAC.</p>
        <p>Nossa coorte consistiu de pacientes em um "contexto real", com e sem evid&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias de DAC, incluindo aqueles com hist&#243;ria de ICP. Indiv&#237;duos com procedimentos de ICP entre avalia&#231;&#245;es de ACTC foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo a fim de evitar o vi&#233;s de diminui&#231;&#227;o da estenose devido &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>. Da mesma forma, segmentos coronarianos com <italic>stent</italic> implantados previamente foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise da progress&#227;o para que a restenose n&#227;o contaminasse os resultados. Nestas circunst&#226;ncias, encontramos uma taxa de 50% de progress&#227;o de DAC em vasos nativos (sem <italic>stent</italic>) durante um seguimento mediano de 32 meses, o que se encontra na faixa superior em rela&#231;&#227;o a estudos pr&#233;vios com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ACI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Este pode ter sido um resultado da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ACTC, que &#233; capaz de representar a parede coronariana em tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es e n&#227;o &#233;, portanto, restrita a uma proje&#231;&#227;o bidimensional.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, idade, intervalo entre avalia&#231;&#245;es e ICP pr&#233;via emergiram como preditores independentes de progress&#227;o da DAC. Especificamente, ICP pr&#233;via com implante de <italic>stent</italic>, uma caracter&#237;stica potencialmente modific&#225;vel relacionada ao paciente, esteve associada a um aumento de 3,7 vezes na chance de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Causalidade absoluta entre a coloca&#231;&#227;o de stent e a progress&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser feita devido &#224; natureza observacional e retrospectiva do presente estudo, por&#233;m at&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo com esta tecnologia a apresentar esse achado. Um potencial vi&#233;s poderia ser que os <italic>stents</italic> seriam apenas um marcador de uma biologia associada a progress&#227;o mais r&#225;pida da aterosclerose. N&#243;s tentamos vigorosamente minimizar esse vi&#233;s ajustando os resultados &#224; DAC basal e outros fatores de risco importantes e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, superestimando o impacto da DAC nos segmentos com <italic>stent</italic> na ACTC basal. &#201; interessante observar que a hist&#243;ria de ICP n&#227;o foi apenas independentemente relacionada ao aumento na chance de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, mas tamb&#233;m a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 72% na chance de regress&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As pesquisas anteriores sobre a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose coronariana, em sua maioria, foram focadas em pacientes submetidos &#224; ACI em prepara&#231;&#227;o &#224; ICP, mas estiveram tamb&#233;m sujeitas a vi&#233;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Sem comparar a progress&#227;o da DAC entre pacientes com e sem ICP, efeitos potenciais do tratamento invasivo na evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a n&#227;o podem ser derivados. No entanto, mesmo neste cen&#225;rio, dois estudos anteriores com indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; ICP relataram que a hist&#243;ria de ICP antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo foi um preditor significativo e independente de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Borges et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> relataram resultados de um estudo comparando indiv&#237;duos submetidos exclusivamente a tratamento cl&#237;nico <italic>versus</italic> ICP no que diz respeito &#224; progress&#227;o da DAC em vaso nativo com utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ACI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Os autores encontraram que pacientes com ICP anterior apresentaram um aumento independente de 2,1 vezes na progress&#227;o da DAC em 5 anos quando comparados com aqueles sem ICP pr&#233;via.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Uma vez que este foi um estudo retrospectivo e observacional, n&#227;o podemos estabelecer com certeza uma causalidade entre a ICP e a progress&#227;o da DAC, embora tenhamos tentado cuidadosamente ajustar o modelo para potenciais confundidores. Apesar dos vieses e dada a escassez de pesquisas sobre este assunto, este estudo gera quest&#245;es que precisam ser respondidas por estudos maiores prospectivos e randomizados.</p>
          <p>Para determinar a ocorr&#234;ncia de progress&#227;o da DAC, utilizamos os resultados da ACTC, que tem menor resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e temporal que a ACI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Este fato pode resultar em artefatos que dificultam a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da DAC. Apesar de algumas imprecis&#245;es poderem acontecer com este m&#233;todo, principalmente relacionadas com a superestima&#231;&#227;o da estenose, todos os pacientes foram igualmente sujeitos aos mesmos erros. Apesar desta limita&#231;&#227;o, o uso da ACTC pode oferecer algumas vantagens na visualiza&#231;&#227;o da placa coronariana exc&#234;ntrica e de leve estreitamento luminal.</p>
          <p>Devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de participantes em nosso estudo, algumas quest&#245;es devem ser respondidas por futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es, tais como o impacto do g&#234;nero e da ra&#231;a sobre a progress&#227;o da DAC, a relev&#226;ncia do n&#250;mero de segmentos com <italic>stent</italic>, diferen&#231;as na progress&#227;o entre <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico e farmacol&#243;gico e, o mais importante de todos, se esta progress&#227;o observada pode se traduzir em eventos futuros.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de "contexto real" encaminhada para avalia&#231;&#227;o sequencial com ACTC, a idade e hist&#243;ria de <italic>stent</italic> coronariano foram preditores independentes de progress&#227;o da DAC em vasos nativos, enquanto o grau de DAC no momento basal avaliado por EES n&#227;o esteve independentemente associado com este desfecho.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
