<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">33jQb65sQnGKZj4yDvhNtvk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000400383</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170046</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to The Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Tip of The Iceberg: Non-Calcified Coronary Plague and Epicardial Adipose Tissue</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerit</surname>
            <given-names>Levent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Near East University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Nicosia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CY">Cyprus</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Near East University-Nicosia-Cyprus</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Levent Cerit</bold>, Near East University. Postal Code 07100, Nicosia - Chipre. E-mail: <email>drcerit@hotmail.com</email>, <email>drcerit@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>383</fpage>
      <lpage>385</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Adipose Tissue / pathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium Signaling</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers / analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Radionuclide Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography, Emission Computed</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>To the Editor,</bold>
    </p>
    <p>I have read with great interest the article entitled "Relationship between Calcium Score and Myocardial Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of Coronary Disease" by Siqueira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> recently published in <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> 2016; 107:367-74. The investigators reported the possibility of removing extensive coronary artery disease (CAD) by means of a zero calcium score, or by indicating the presence of an extensive disease when it is severely increased, which justifies the use of this method in the initial or joint evaluation in asymptomatic patients with suspected CAD and in cardiovascular risk stratification. The evaluation of symptomatic low-risk patients, despite suggestive evidence, should be re-evaluated in upcoming guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is anatomically contiguous with the myocardium and several studies have shown it to be a potential contributing factor for coronary atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> EAT is a type of visceral adipose tissue with paracrine and endocrine effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> EAT serves as an energy source for the myocardium and it is known to secrete proatherogenic cytokines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Increased EAT is not only associated with a higher prevalence of CAD but it is also a prognostic parameter for future cardiovascular events, and, eventually, cardiovascular mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Hwang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> have reported that a high epicardial fat volume index determined by computed tomography was an independent risk factor for the future development of non-calcified coronary plaque even after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
    <p>In the light of these findings, assessment of EAT by computed tomography might be beneficial as a part of further evaluation for future cardiovascular events.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reply</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Paiva Rossini</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alair Augusto Sarmet M. Damas dos</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nacif</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Souto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>We would like to thank you for your interest and comments related to our recent article.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref> We believe the great scientific basis referent to coronary calcium quantification clearly demonstrates the importance of this method in the stratification of asymptomatic patients with low to intermediate cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recent publications related to calcium score (CS) continue to point to flaws in clinical score classifications and reinforce their ability to distinguish the different cardiovascular events risk groups. The role of clinical score reclassification, when CS is implemented, is a warning to its clinical applicability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">7</xref> Population studies with long periods of follow-up<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">7</xref> have demonstrated that the use of CS is one of the best tools to determine cardiovascular risk, even when compared to other markers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The potential use of CS is not limited to cardiovascular risk evaluation, for it has proven to be a useful tool in the primary prevention and adequate treatment of sub-clinical forms of coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">15</xref> The presence of a zero CS is indicative of a very low risk, often exempting the patient from early preventive treatment with statins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">11</xref> On the other hand, in the presence of a CS that is not zero, and especially &gt; 100 Agatston, therapeutic introduction may be recommended, even in patients who do not fit the indication of current guidelines for the use of statins and other medications, such as anti-hypertensives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Important changes in the guidelines can already be seen, putting CS in the recommendation class I for some of its indications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">16</xref> However, there still are some discrepant recommendations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">20</xref> such as in orientations about the beginning of treatment for cardiovascular risk reduction, that still do not include coronary calcification data, even with robust data that support this positioning.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Therefore, we believe that in the next few years, this method will take on a growing importance in clinical guidelines, aiding in a more adequate follow-up of low to intermediate risk patients.</p>
      <p>Yours truly,</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fabio Paiva Rossini Siqueira,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Claudio Tinoco Mesquita,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alair Augusto Sarmet M. Damas dos Santos,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcelo Souto Nacif</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
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  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s2" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Ponta do Iceberg: Placa Coron&#225;ria N&#227;o-Calcificada e o Tecido Adiposo Epic&#225;rdico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerit</surname>
            <given-names>Levent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Near East University-Nicosia-Cyprus</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Levent Cerit</bold>, Near East University. Postal Code 07100, Nicosia - Chipre. E-mail: <email>drcerit@hotmail.com</email>, <email>drcerit@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Tecido Adiposo / patologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores / an&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Cintilografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada de Emiss&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Ao Editor,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Foi com grande interesse que li o artigo "Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o Escore de C&#225;lcio e a Cintilografia Mioc&#225;rdica no Diagn&#243;stico da Doen&#231;a Coronariana" de Siqueira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> recentemente publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 2016; 107:367-74. Os investigadores relataram a possibilidade da remo&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) extensiva quando o escore se mostra gravemente aumentado, o que justifica o uso deste m&#233;todo na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial ou conjunta em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com suspeita de DAC e na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco coron&#225;rio. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com baixo risco, apesar da evid&#234;ncia sugestiva, deveria ser reavaliada em futuras diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico (TAE) &#233; anatomicamente cont&#237;guo com o mioc&#225;rdio e diversos estudos j&#225; o apontaram como fator que potencialmente contribui com aterosclerose coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O TAE &#233; um tipo de tecido adiposo visceral com efeitos paracrinos e end&#243;crinos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O TAE funciona como fonte de energia para o mioc&#225;rdio e secreta citocinas proaterog&#234;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O aumento do TAE n&#227;o est&#225; apenas associados a uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta de DAC, mas &#233; tamb&#233;m um par&#226;metro do progn&#243;stico para futuros eventos cardiovasculares, e, por fim, mortalidade cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Hwang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> relataram que um alto &#237;ndice de volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica determinado por tomografia computadorizada apareceu como um fator de risco independente para o futuro desenvolvimento de placa coron&#225;ria n&#227;o-calcificada, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais.</p>
      <p>Com base nesses achados, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de TAE por tomografia computadorizada pode ser ben&#233;fica como parte de avalia&#231;&#245;es adicionais para futuros eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
    </body>
    <sub-article article-type="reply" id="s3" xml:lang="pt">
      <front-stub>
        <title-group>
          <article-title>Carta-resposta</article-title>
        </title-group>
        <contrib-group>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira</surname>
              <given-names>Fabio Paiva Rossini</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>Alair Augusto Sarmet M. Damas dos</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nacif</surname>
              <given-names>Marcelo Souto</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
        <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer o interesse e os coment&#225;rios relacionados ao nosso recente artigo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref> Acreditamos que o grande embasamento cient&#237;fico referente &#224; quantifica&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio coronariano demonstra claramente a import&#226;ncia desse m&#233;todo na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos e com risco cardiovascular de baixo a intermedi&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As recentes publica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao escore de c&#225;lcio (EC) continuam apontando para as falhas de classifica&#231;&#227;o dos escores cl&#237;nicos e refor&#231;am sua capacidade de distin&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes grupos de risco de eventos cardiovasculares. O papel de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o dos escores cl&#237;nicos, quando implementado o EC, &#233; um alerta para a sua aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">7</xref> Estudos populacionais com longos per&#237;odos de acompanhamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">7</xref> demonstraram que o uso do EC &#233; uma das melhores ferramentas para se determinar o risco cardiovascular, mesmo quando comparado a outros marcadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A potencial utiliza&#231;&#227;o do EC n&#227;o fica somente na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular, pois j&#225; se mostrou uma ferramenta &#250;til na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e no tratamento adequado das formas sub-cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">15</xref> A presen&#231;a de um EC zero &#233; um indicativo de risco muito baixo, muitas vezes isentando o paciente de tratamento precoce com estatinas de forma preventiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">11</xref> Enquanto por outro lado, na presen&#231;a de EC diferente de zero, e principalmente &gt; 100 Agatston, a introdu&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica pode ser indicada, mesmo nos pacientes que n&#227;o se enquadram na indica&#231;&#227;o das atuais diretrizes para o uso de estatinas e de outras medica&#231;&#245;es, como os anti-hipertensivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Importantes mudan&#231;as nas diretrizes j&#225; podem ser notadas, posicionando o EC na classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o I para algumas de suas indica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">16</xref> Entretanto, ainda existem recomenda&#231;&#245;es divergentes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">20</xref> assim como nas orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre o in&#237;cio da terapia para redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular que ainda n&#227;o incluem os dados da calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana, mesmo com dados robustos sustentando esse posicionamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por isso, acreditamos que nos pr&#243;ximos anos o m&#233;todo dever&#225; assumir crescente import&#226;ncia nas diretrizes cl&#237;nicas auxiliando no acompanhamento mais adequado dos pacientes de risco baixo e intermedi&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Atenciosamente,</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Fabio Paiva Rossini Siqueira,</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Claudio Tinoco Mesquita,</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Alair Augusto Sarmet M. Damas dos Santos,</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Marcelo Souto Nacif</bold>
        </p>
      </body>
    </sub-article>
  </sub-article>
</article>
