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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5CRjdtjfxq5Yh69GMRL7j3x</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000400378</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160193</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heyde's Syndrome and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balbo</surname>
            <given-names>Conrado Pedroso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seabra</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galoro</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Gualda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caputi</surname>
            <given-names>Guido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Palma</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Hon&#243;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buffolo</surname>
            <given-names>&#202;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Maling Address: Conrado Pedroso Balbo</bold>, T&#233;rreo Sala 2- Equipe Dr. &#202;nio Buffolo. Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio. Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 123, Bairro Para&#237;so. Postal Code 04005-030. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. Email: <email>conradobalbo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Balbo CP, Seabra LP, Caputi G, Palma JH, Buffolo E; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Balbo CP, Seabra LP, Galoro VG, Caputi G, Palma JH, Buffolo E; Statistical analysis: Buffolo E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>378</fpage>
      <lpage>380</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Stenosis Valve Aortic / therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiodysplasia</kwd>
        <kwd>Prosthesis Implantation of Aortic Valve</kwd>
        <kwd>von Willebrand Diseases / therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Aortic Stenosis (AoS) is the valvular pathology most frequently acquired in developed countries, present in 4% of individuals over 85 years of age. Patients with severe AoS may have comorbidities, presenting greater risk of thrombotic and bleeding events.</p>
      <p>Heyde's Syndrome was described in 1958 by E. C. Heyde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> as he observed the relation between aortic valve stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding. In 1992, Warkentin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> observed the loss of the largest Willebrand factor multimers, characterizing the Acquired type 2A<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> von Willebrand syndrome. Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) is a multimeric protein, secreted by endothelial cells and platelets.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> It promotes adherence of platelets to vascular lesion sites through glycoprotein Ib-vWF interactions. A change in the shape of vWF occurs in AoS, making such protein more susceptible to proteolytic cleavage. As a consequence, vWF is degraded specifically by protease ADAMTS13, hindering vWF-mediated platelet adhesion, thus generating a lack of these multimers and causing bleeding, especially in pre-existing lesions such as gastrointestinal angiodysplasia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Treatment for this syndrome may be obtained with surgical aortic valve replacement, and percutaneous implantation of aortic valve (TAVI), whose effect is still under investigation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>Patient MNS, male, 81 years of age, sought medical treatment for tiredness, black feces, edema of the lower limbs, and worsening of functional class (FC) to NYHA III one month ago.</p>
      <p>Patient presents with antecedent systemic arterial hypertension, heart failure, severe AoS, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure requiring dialysis, two myocardial revascularization surgeries, angioplasty with stent, and anemia.</p>
      <p>Physical examination: pale 3+/4+, eupneic, acyanotic. Pulse: 66bpm, BP: 100x60 mmHg, heart rhythm was regular with two clicks with systolic murmur 4+/6+ in the aortic area radiating to the wishbone. Pulmonary auscultation with bibasilar crackles and edema of the lower limbs 2+/4+ with reduced peripheral perfusion.</p>
      <p>Labs: Intense anemia with hemoglobin 6.4 g/dL. Initially, the anemia was related to bleeding in the digestive tract due to the black feces - melena. In view of "color anemia" with NYHA III HF, a red blood cell transfusion was requested. </p>
      <p>Transthoracic echocardiography confirmed a double aortic lesion with significant stenosis, with valve area of 0.9 cm<sup>2</sup> and maximum gradient underestimated of 35 mmHg and mean gradient of 22 mmHg. Ejection fraction of 32%. Left ventricle with 63mm diastolic diameter and 53 mm systolic diameter. </p>
      <p>Colonoscopy showed the presence of diverticula of sigmoid, descending and transverse colon polyp, and ascending colon angiodysplasia. Thus, the presence of bleeding from angiodysplasia associated to AoS suggested a diagnosis of Heyde's Syndrome (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiodisplasia de c&#243;lon.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0378-60193-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Due to the patient's comorbidities, traditional surgical intervention was discarded due to high risk. A Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) was performed, with successful implantation of the transcatheter valve INOVARE<sup>&#174;</sup> via transapical implantation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) ECHO pre TAVI (M mode); B) ECHO post TAVI (M mode); C) ECHO pre TAVI (2D mode); D) ECHO post TAVI (2D mode). AO: aorta; LA: left atrium; RD: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0378-60193-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>On the fourth day following TAVI, the patient had an episode of enterorrhagia after extreme effort to evacuate his bowels, so blood transfusion was necessary. A colonoscopy and a high digestive endoscopy were then performed with no evidence of active bleeding. Afterwards, the patient was monitored in the clinic, with return visits 3 and 6 months after the surgery with no recurring episodes of bleeding.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Heyde's Syndrome was described in 1958 by Edward C. Heyde as a combination of AoS and bleeding from gastrointestinal angiodysplasia. </p>
      <p>The pathophysiology of the condition is explained by the passage of vWF through the stenotic valve, with multimer proteolysis through the enzyme ADAMTS13, a proteinase that acts especially in situations of high shear stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> VWF is secreted by blood endothelial cells, contributing to the formation of platelet thrombi and acting as a mediator of platelet adhesion in the vascular lesion site.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The relation between AoS and gastrointestinal angiodysplasia has yet to be established. The hypothesis is that AoS is related to a degree of chronic hypoxia, stimulating vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation, progressing to ecstasia of the vessel wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Patients with Heyde's Syndrome treated with bowel resections generally continue to have bleedings in other sites, while the valve approach cures coagulation disorder and anemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Elderly patients may present several risks for the surgical replacement of the valve or refuse the procedure. Seniors often have comorbidities that require the use of anti-coagulants or antiplatelet drugs, but those must be avoided, especially in more severe cases. Another option for patients at high surgical risk is the TAVI. </p>
      <p>Recently it was demonstrated that the presence of aortic regurgitation after TAVI can generate multimers proteolysis occurring in some cases the persistence of Heyde's syndrome being associated with a higher mortality at 1 year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The elimination of gastrointestinal hemorrhaging risk after calcific aortic valve replacement and valvular prosthesis is well demonstrated in literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, there is no evidence that this new approach by TAVI, without removal of the calcium block, can resolve the occurrence of new digestive bleedings. It is necessary, in the long run, to observe and check if the transcatheter valve implantation can correct digestive hemorrhages like the conventional valve replacement.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <lpage>37</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Van Belle E, Rauch A, Vincent F, Robin E, Kibler M, Labrauche J, et al. Von Willebrand factor multimers during transcatheter aortic-valve replacement. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):335-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van Belle</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rauch</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vincent</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kibler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Labrauche</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Von Willebrand factor multimers during transcatheter aortic-valve replacement</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>375</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>335</fpage>
          <lpage>344</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome de Heyde e Implante de V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica por Cateter</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balbo</surname>
            <given-names>Conrado Pedroso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seabra</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galoro</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Gualda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caputi</surname>
            <given-names>Guido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Palma</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Hon&#243;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buffolo</surname>
            <given-names>&#202;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Conrado Pedroso Balbo</bold>, T&#233;rreo Sala 2- Equipe Dr. &#202;nio Buffolo. Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio. Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 123, Bairro Para&#237;so. CEP 04005-030. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. Email: <email>conradobalbo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Balbo CP, Seabra LP, Caputi G, Palma JH, Buffolo E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Balbo CP, Seabra LP, Galoro VG, Caputi G, Palma JH, Buffolo E; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Buffolo E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorragia Gastrointestinal / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiodisplasia</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Pr&#243;tese de Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as de von Willebrand / terapia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo) &#233; a patologia valvular adquirida mais frequente em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, presente em 4% das pessoas com mais de 85 anos. Pacientes com EAo grave podem ter comorbidades, apresentando maior risco para eventos tromb&#243;ticos e de sangramento.</p>
        <p>A S&#237;ndrome de Heyde foi descrita em 1958 por E.C. Heyde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> observando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a estenose da valva a&#243;rtica e sangramento gastrointestinal. Em 1992, Warkentin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> observaram a perda do mult&#237;mero de mais alto peso molecular entre os mult&#237;meros do Fator de Von Willebrand (vWF), caracterizando a s&#237;ndrome de Von Willebrand adquirida tipo 2A.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O vWF &#233; uma prote&#237;na multim&#233;rica, secretada pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais e plaquetas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Ela promove a ades&#227;o das plaquetas a locais de les&#227;o vascular por meio das intera&#231;&#245;es de glicoprote&#237;nas Ib-vWF. Na EAo ocorre uma altera&#231;&#227;o na forma do vWF, tornando tal prote&#237;na adesiva mais suscept&#237;vel &#224; clivagem proteol&#237;tica. Em consequ&#234;ncia, o vWF &#233; degradado especificamente pela protease ADAMTS13, prejudicando a ades&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria mediada pelo vWF, gerando, assim, a falta desses grandes mult&#237;meros e causando sangramento especialmente em les&#245;es pr&#233;-existentes como nas angiodisplasia gastrointestinais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O tratamento dessa s&#237;ndrome pode ser conseguido com a troca cir&#250;rgica da valva a&#243;rtica, e ainda em investiga&#231;&#227;o o efeito da implanta&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de valva a&#243;rtica (TAVI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relado do Caso</title>
        <p>Paciente MNS, masculino, 81 anos procurou atendimento m&#233;dico devido a quadro de cansa&#231;o, fezes escurecidas, edema de membros inferiores e piora da classe funcional (CF) para NYHA III h&#225; 1 m&#234;s. </p>
        <p>Apresenta antecedente de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, EAo grave, dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica n&#227;o dial&#237;tica, duas cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, angioplastia com stent e anemia.</p>
        <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico: descorado 3+/4+, eupneico, acian&#243;tico. Pulso de 66bpm, PA: 100x60 mmHg, ritmo card&#237;aco regular em 2 tempos com sopro sist&#243;lico 4+/6+ em foco a&#243;rtico com irradia&#231;&#227;o para f&#250;rcula. Ausculta pulmonar com estertores crepitantes bibasais e edema de membros inferiores 2+/4+ com perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica reduzida.</p>
        <p>Exames laboratoriais: intensa anemia com hemoglobina de 6,4 g/dL. Inicialmente, o quadro an&#234;mico foi relacionado ao sangramento pelo trato digestivo, devido &#224; presen&#231;a de fezes escurecidas - melena. Devido ao quadro de "<italic>cor an&#234;mico</italic>" com IC NYHAIII foi solicitada a transfus&#227;o de hem&#225;cias.</p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica confirmou uma dupla les&#227;o a&#243;rtica com estenose importante, com &#225;rea valvar de 0,9 cm<sup>2</sup> e gradiente m&#225;ximo subestimado de 35 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 22 mmHg. Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 32%. Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico 63 mm e sist&#243;lico de 53 mm.</p>
        <p>Colonoscopia evidenciou a presen&#231;a de divert&#237;culos de sigmoide, p&#243;lipo de c&#243;lon descendente e transverso, e angiodisplasia de c&#243;lon ascendente. Assim a presen&#231;a de sangramento por angiodisplasia associada &#224; EAo sugeriu o diagn&#243;stico de S&#237;ndrome de Heyde (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Angiodisplasia de c&#243;lon.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0378-60193-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Devido &#224;s comorbidades do paciente, a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica convencional foi descartada devido ao alto risco. Optou-se pela TAVI, sendo implantada, com sucesso, uma v&#225;lvula transcateter INOVARE<sup>&#174;</sup> por via transapical (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) ECO pr&#233; TAVI (modo M); B) ECO p&#243;s TAVI (modo M); C) ECO pr&#233; TAVI (modo 2D); D) ECO p&#243;s TAVI (modo 2D). AO: aorta; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0378-60193-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No 4&#730; dia ap&#243;s a TAVI, o paciente apresentou epis&#243;dio de enterorragia ap&#243;s grande esfor&#231;o para evacuar, sendo necess&#225;ria a transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea. Realizou em seguida colonoscopia e endoscopia digestiva alta, sem evid&#234;ncias de sangramento ativo. Ap&#243;s esse quadro, o paciente foi seguido no ambulat&#243;rio, com retorno ap&#243;s 3 e 6 meses da cirurgia n&#227;o apresentando mais epis&#243;dios de sangramento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A S&#237;ndrome de Heyde foi descrita em 1958 por Edward C. Heyde como uma combina&#231;&#227;o de EAo e sangramento por angiodisplasia gastrointestinal.</p>
        <p>A fisiopatologia do quadro se explica pela passagem do vWF pela valva esten&#243;tica, ocorrendo prote&#243;lise de mult&#237;meros pela enzima ADAMTS13, uma proteinase que age preferencialmente sob situa&#231;&#245;es de alta tens&#227;o de cisalhamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O vWF &#233; secretado por c&#233;lulas endoteliais do sangue, contribuindo para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos plaquet&#225;rios e age como mediador da ades&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria no s&#237;tio de les&#227;o vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a EAo e a angiodisplasia gastrointestinal ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecida. A hip&#243;tese &#233; de que a EAo esteja relacionada a um grau de hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica, estimulando a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e o relaxamento da musculatura lisa progredindo para a ectasia da parede dos vasos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome de Heyde tratados com ressec&#231;&#245;es intestinais geralmente continuam a sangrar em outros s&#237;tios, enquanto a abordagem da valva cura o dist&#250;rbio da coagula&#231;&#227;o e a anemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os pacientes idosos podem apresentar muitos riscos para a substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva ou recusar a cirurgia. Os idosos, muitas vezes, t&#234;m comorbidades que requerem o uso de anticoagulantes ou antiplaquet&#225;rios, mas esses devem ser evitados, principalmente nos casos graves. Uma op&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento dos pacientes com alto risco cir&#250;rgico &#233; a TAVI.</p>
        <p>Recentemente demonstrou-se que a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica ap&#243;s a TAVI pode gerar a prote&#243;lise de mult&#237;meros ocorrendo em alguns casos a persist&#234;ncia da S&#237;ndrome de Heyde, estando associado a uma maior mortalidade em 1 ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>&#201; bem demonstrada, na literatura, a elimina&#231;&#227;o do risco de hemorragias gastrointestinais ap&#243;s a substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica calcificada e o implante da pr&#243;tese valvular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Todavia, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que essa nova abordagem pela TAVI, sem remover o bloco de c&#225;lcio, resolva a ocorr&#234;ncia de novos sangramentos digestivos. &#201; necess&#225;ria, em longo prazo, a observa&#231;&#227;o para verificar se o implante de v&#225;lvula por cateter corrige as hemorragias digestivas como acontece nos casos de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar convencional.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
