<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3sk5GM7PKCktsj5jrp9FYzd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000400361</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170031</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005005102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Porto</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sakamoto</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri Saho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salles</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernanda Porto Sousa</bold>, Rua Odilon D&#243;rea. Postal Code 40285-450, Brotas, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>portosousaf@gmail.com</email>, <email>fernandaportosousa@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Porto F, Sakamoto YS, Salles C</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>361</fpage>
      <lpage>369</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated to cardiovascular risk factors. However, the association between OSA and cardiovascular disease is still controversial. The objective of the present study was to verify the association between OSA and myocardial infarction (MI). This is a systematic review of the literature performed through electronic data sources MEDLINE/PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science and BVS -<italic>Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de</italic> (Virtual Health Library). The descriptors used were: 'obstructive sleep apnea' AND 'polysomnography' AND 'myocardial infarction' AND 'adults NOT 'treatment.' The present work analysed three prospective studies, selected from 142 articles. The studies followed a total sample of 5,067 OSA patients, mostly composed by male participants. All patients underwent night polysomnography, and all studies found an association between OSA and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes. Thus, we were able to observe that 644 (12.7%) of the 5,067 patients suffered MI or stroke, or required a revascularization procedure, and 25.6% of these cardiovascular events were fatal. MI was responsible for 29.5% of all 644 analysed outcomes. There is an association between OSA and MI, in male patients, and apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) are the most reliable markers.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea, Obstructive</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Adults</kwd>
        <kwd>Polysomnography / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Wake Disorders</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Studies have demonstrated the association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and myocardial infarction (MI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Up to 65% of patients who seek medical attention for a cardiovascular event are diagnosed with OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> There is a need to study OSA's ability to predict cardiovascular events; some cohort studies, following apneic patients, have identified a high number of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, this association is still controversial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Results suggest that intermittent hypoxia could work as a protection factor for ischemic events, a phenomenon that has been observed in apneic individuals who develop a cardiac lesion that is less severe than those of patients with no OSA after a MI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Considering the prevalence of OSA, as well as the importance of cardiovascular diseases, the objective of the present systematic review of the literature was to verify the association between OSA and MI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and research strategy</title>
        <p>This is a systematic review of literature and thus approval by a Research and Ethics Committee was not required. The search was performed in the electronic data sources MEDLINE/PubMed, PubMed Central&#174; (PMC), Web of Science and BVS, through a combination of descriptors, including the terms of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) and Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS). The descriptors chosen to be used together were: "obstructive sleep apnea" AND "polysomnography" AND "myocardial infarction" AND "adults" NOT "treatment".</p>
        <p>The search for descriptors on MEDLINE/PubMed yielded: <italic>(((("obstructive sleep apnea"[All Fields]</italic> OR <italic>"sleep apnea, obstructive"[MeSH Terms]</italic> OR <italic>("sleep"[All Fields]</italic> AND <italic>"apnea"[All Fields]</italic> AND <italic>"obstructive"[All Fields]) OR "obstructive sleep apnea"[All Fields]</italic> OR <italic>("obstructive"[All Fields]</italic> AND <italic>"sleep"[All Fields]</italic> AND <italic>"apnea"[All Fields]))</italic> AND <italic>("polysomnography"[MeSH Terms] OR "polysomnography"[All Fields]))</italic> AND <italic>("myocardial infarction"[MeSH Terms]</italic> OR <italic>("myocardial"[All Fields]</italic> AND <italic>"infarction"[All Fields])</italic> OR <italic>"myocardial infarction"[All Fields]))</italic> AND <italic>("adult"[MeSH Terms] OR "adult"[All Fields]</italic> OR <italic>"adults"[All Fields]))</italic></p>
        <p>After that, we did a manual search through selected articles.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>We included all cohort works found in the databases, with humans over 18 years of age, published in the last 10 years, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, with OSA diagnosis through polysomnography, with MI as one of the analysed outcomes. We excluded those in which 100% of the patients were under treatment for sleep disturbances (SD), all groups of treated apneic individuals, pregnant patients, those with other SDs, neurological or psychiatric diseases, and studies in which 100% of the population had previous coronary artery disease (CAD). We also excluded works whose population was approached in more than one study and that also had similar outcomes. In those cases, we considered the first work.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Identification and selection of the studies</title>
        <p>Two independent researchers read the titles and abstracts of each pre-selected work, separately identifying articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After this stage, each researcher read the complete articles that respected the criteria exposed in the abstract and selected only those compatible to the systematic review criteria. When there was doubt, a third researchers would be called in, but there was no disagreement between the first two researchers in this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data extraction</title>
        <p>Two researchers were responsible for the data collection. Characteristics extracted from the studies were: title, authors, year of publication, science journal where it was published, publication medium, key-words, geographical origin, study design, sample size, supervision, financing, methods, research time, OSA diagnosis criterion, other results of the research, and conclusions. Moreover, participants' characteristics of each work were registered: number, gender, age, use of medication, comorbidities, number of patients who suffered a MI, and who received an OSA diagnosis, as well as the apnea and hypopnea index (AHI).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of methodological quality of selected articles</title>
        <p>Two researchers read the articles, and each of them filled out a check list based on Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The selected articles were evaluated as having fulfilled each item completely or partially, or not at all. Articles considered as having acceptable quality were those that satisfactorily contemplated at least 11 aspects. In case of a disagreement between the two researchers, a third researcher would have been called in to assess the article, but that was not necessary. This systematic review also followed the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and the step-by-step suggested by Cochrane Handbook,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> produced by The Cochrane Collaboration.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study identification and selection</title>
        <p>The present systematic review gathered 76 articles through the search strategy outlined in electronic databases. Four of these articles were repeated in more than one source, as were two articles of the 66 found in the manual selection. Thus, from the 148 articles found, we counted 142 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of the study selection process.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0361-70031-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methodological evaluation of the studies</title>
        <p>After complete reading of the selected works, we observed that all the articles satisfactorily fulfilled at least 16 aspects of the check-list.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In the study by Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>, 72.7% of the aspects were satisfactorily fulfilled; the one by Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> were at 77.3%, and Gottlieb et al. reached the highest percentage (95.4%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the selected studies</title>
        <p>The objective of the work by Gottlieb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS), was to evaluate the relation between OSA, CAD incidence, and heart failure in a sample of the general community of men and women. The study included patients at 40 years of age or older, recruited among participants of population base studies about cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, including Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Cardiovascular Health Study, Framingham Heart Study, Strong Heart Study, Tucson Health and Environment Study, and The New York University-Cornell Worksite and Hypertension Study. We excluded individuals whose polysomnography was inconclusive, those under treatment for OSA, with low quality data, previous CAD or heart failure, without follow-up data, or incomplete data on body mass index (BMI), smoking, blood pressure and use of medications that refused to participate in the study.</p>
        <p>SHHS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> analyzed a total sample of 4,422 patients, including 2,434 who had AHI &lt; 5. We also observed that 5.5% of 3,794 patients were diagnosed with OSA five years after the beginning of the study, and of those, 2.1% referred treatment for OSA, but were excluded without significantly altering the results. In this study, 43.3% of the population was male. Among the patients from the sample AHI &#8805; 5, the male population represented 55.23% of the sample.</p>
        <p>The objective proposed by Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> was to compare the incidence of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events in simple snorers, untreated OSA patients, patients with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and healthy men recruited among the general population. In this study, the sample included only men with OSA or simple snoring from sleep clinics, and a population base sample of healthy men matched by age and BMI with severe apneic patients, between January 1992 and December 1994. The healthy men were recruited from the database of Zaragoza Sleep Apnea Study.</p>
        <p>Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> prospectively investigated cardiovascular outcomes in treated versus non-treated OSA patients. For this study, recruitment included all patients with suspected sleep-related obstructive respiratory disturbances, admitted in a sleep clinic through non-selected referral by primary or secondary care physicians between 1993 and 1998. Snorers without apnea and patients with central sleep apnea, Cheyne-Stokes breathing, hypoventilation syndromes or periodic limb movement during sleep were excluded from the analysis. The patient sample in this study was predominantly male - 85.5% of a total of 449, and 83.5% were untreated apneic individuals.</p>
        <p>Mean follow-up among the three studies was 8.2 &#177; 0.99 years. The number of patients varied between 449 and 4,422. Only Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> evaluated OSA impact on the appearance of CAD and, thus, none of the participants received OSA treatment.</p>
        <p>Comorbidities and risk factors common to the three studies were systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, and smoking. However, only DM and smoking were related in the same way by all three studies (number of DM patients and smokers). Treatment with insulin or oral antidiabetic drugs was mentioned only by Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Regarding SAH and dyslipidemia, Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> reported only the number of patients on antihypertensives or lipid-lowering drugs, and Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> registered only the total number of SAH and dyslipidemia patients. On the other hand, Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> reported the initial number of SAH patients from those who started follow-up with antihypertensives, and the number of patients, at the end of follow-up, under treatment for this pathology; the same happened for cases of dyslipidemia.</p>
        <p>The sample of 5,067 patients analyzed in this systematic review must be considered in their isolated groups, considering there are important differences between the participants of each study regarding comorbidities. This situation must be illustrated with proportions, in the studies by Gottlieb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Marin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and Buchner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> for the number of patients with AHI &#8805; 5 and SAH or, in the case of SHHA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> the use of antihypertensives (39.2% vs 28.5% vs 69.4%)/ dyslipidemia or, in the case of SHHS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> the use of hypolipidemic drugs (7.5% vs 10.1% vs 57.6%). Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> reported the percentage of patients who were on antihypertensives and hypolipidemic drugs, and, therefore, patients with untreated dyslipidemia or SAH were not registered. Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> did not report the number of patients under treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General characteristics of selected studies</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Authors</th>
                <th align="left">Country Year</th>
                <th align="left">Journal</th>
                <th align="left">N initial</th>
                <th align="left">N AHI &lt; 5</th>
                <th align="left">N AHI &gt; 5</th>
                <th align="left">NTreated apneic</th>
                <th align="left">NNon-treated apneic</th>
                <th align="left"><italic>Follow-up</italic>Mean in years</th>
                <th align="left">% Male</th>
                <th align="left">Reported comorbidities</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">USA. 2010</td>
                <td align="left">Circulation</td>
                <td align="left">4.422</td>
                <td align="left">2.434</td>
                <td align="left">1.988</td>
                <td align="left">79</td>
                <td align="left">1.988</td>
                <td align="left">8.7</td>
                <td align="left">43.5%</td>
                <td align="left">SAH. DM. <break/>Dyslipidemia. <break/>Smoking</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Spain. 2005</td>
                <td align="left">The Lancet</td>
                <td align="left">1.651</td>
                <td align="left">264</td>
                <td align="left">1.010</td>
                <td align="left">372</td>
                <td align="left">638</td>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="left">100%</td>
                <td align="left">SAH. DM. <break/>Dyslipidemia. <break/>Cardiovascular Disease. <break/>Smoking. Alcoholism</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Germany 2007</td>
                <td align="left">American Journal of Respiratory and Critical care Medicine</td>
                <td align="left">449</td>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="left">449</td>
                <td align="left">364</td>
                <td align="left">85</td>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="left">85.5%</td>
                <td align="left">SAH. DM. Dyslipidemia. <break/>Coronary Disease. <break/>Peripheral Artery <break/>Disease. STROKE. <break/>Neoplastic Disease. <break/>COPD and Smoking</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; AHI: apnea and hypopnea index; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Clinical characteristics that compose the profile of groups common to all three studies are: participants' ages, BMI, number of DM patients, number of smokers and AHI, but no statistically significant conclusion was drawn on smoking (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref>-<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Age of patients from studied samples according to apnea and hypopnea index</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Authors</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Median age (interquartile range); Mean &#177; Standard Deviation</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">AHI &lt; 5</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">AHI &#8805; 5</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">&lt; 5</th>
                <th align="center">5 a &lt; 15</th>
                <th align="center">&#8805; 15 a &#8804; 30</th>
                <th align="center">&gt;30</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Men</td>
                <td align="center">61(54.7)</td>
                <td align="center">64(57.7)</td>
                <td align="center">64(57.7)</td>
                <td align="center">65(58.7)</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Women</td>
                <td align="center">60(50.7)</td>
                <td align="center">66(58.7)</td>
                <td align="center">66(58.7)</td>
                <td align="center">65(58.7)</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">49.6 &#177; 8.1</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">50.3 &#177; 8.1</td>
                <td align="center">49.9 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">NA</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">57.8 &#177; 10.2</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>NS: non-significant; NI: not informed; NA: non-applicable; AHI: apnea and hypopnea index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Body mass index of patients from studied samples according to apnea and hypopnea index</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Authors</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">BMI Kg/m<sup>2</sup> Median (interquartile range) ; Mean &#177; Standard Deviation</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">AHI &lt; 5</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">AHI &#8805; 5</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">&lt; 5</th>
                <th align="center">5 a &lt; 15</th>
                <th align="center">&#8805; 15 a &#8804; 30</th>
                <th align="center">&gt; 30</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Men</td>
                <td align="center">27.0(24.6. 29.3)</td>
                <td align="center">28.8(26.2. 31.4)</td>
                <td align="center">29.7(26.9. 33.5)</td>
                <td align="center">31.3(27.9. 34.9)</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Women</td>
                <td align="center">26.3 (23.6. 29.8)</td>
                <td align="center">29.9(26.1. 34.1)</td>
                <td align="center">32.5(27.3. 36.9)</td>
                <td align="center">34.3(29.1.39.6)</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">29.8 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">27.5 &#177; 4.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">30.3 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">NA</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">29.3 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>NS: non-significant; NI: not informed; NA: non-applicable; AHI: apnea and hypopnea index; BMI: body mass index;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.0001 vs men with AHI &lt; 5.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Number of patients with diabetes mellitus in the studied samples according to apnea and hypopnea index</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Authors</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Diabetes per group N(%)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">AHI &lt; 5</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">AHI &#8805; 5</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">&lt; 5</th>
                <th align="center">5 a &lt; 15</th>
                <th align="center">&#8805; 15 a &#8804; 30</th>
                <th align="center">&gt; 30</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Men</td>
                <td align="center">73 (8.8)</td>
                <td align="center">77(12.0)</td>
                <td align="center">39(13.8)</td>
                <td align="center">29(16.9)</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Women</td>
                <td align="center">123 (7.7)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (13.4)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (16.8)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">(6.1)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">(8.5)</td>
                <td align="center">(9.9)</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">NA</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">13 (15.2)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>NS: non-significant; NI: not informed; NA: non-applicable; AHI: apnea and hypopnea index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Incidence of myocardial infarction</title>
        <p>Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> evaluated 4,433 individuals, of which 473 CAD cases were recorded - 76 deaths from CAD, 185 MI, 212 revascularization procedures - with an incidence of 20.1 events per 1000 person-years among men, while in women, this rate was 8.7 events per 1000 person-years. These data showed the increase, in men, of the incidence rate of revascularization according to the severity of OSA, whereas, in women, these values were less evident.</p>
        <p>In the population of 403 men with mild to moderate OSA from the study by Marin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> by associating the event rate to the severity of OSA, they observed 36 non-fatal cardiac events, with the incidence rate of events at 8.9 events per 1000 person-years, as well as 22 deaths from cardiovascular causes with a rate of 5.5 events per 1000 person-years. Among the 235 men with severe OSA, 50 non-fatal cardiovascular events were registered with an incidence rate of 21.3 events per 1000 person-years, and 25 deaths from cardiovascular causes at a rate of 10.6 events per 1000 person-years. This study did not differentiate the equivalent data of the different outcomes: fatal or non-fatal MI, fatal or non-fatal stroke, and acute coronary insufficiency requiring revascularization surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography, or both.</p>
        <p>Buchner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> evaluating 85 patients, concluded that 28.3% had the following outcome: five MIs, 25 revascularization procedures, five strokes, and three deaths from cardiovascular causes. Of these patients, 20 (23.5%) were diagnosed with mild-moderate OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present systematic literature review analysed three prospective works that followed a total sample of 5,067 patients, between men and women, of which 53.5% had different degrees of untreated OSA diagnosed by polysomnography. All the studies found an association between OSA and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes. It was observed that 644 (12.7%) of the 5,067 patients suffered MI or stroke or required a revascularization procedure, and 25.6% of these events were fatal. This is a relevant number considering the main cause of death and disability, in Brazil and in the world, is constituted by cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to the American Heart Association<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (AHA), one in every seven deaths in the USA are caused by cardiac diseases - every 34 seconds, an American has a coronary event, and every minute and 24 seconds, there is a death from MI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Thus, the data of the present study are in agreement with the current literature, since 190 MI cases were counted in the analyzed group (3.75%). However, this final number may be even higher, since we did not consider the percentage of the group studied by Marin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> because there was no information on how many patients had MIs. These authors only reported that the type and frequency of the different outcomes did not differ between the studied groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some studies demonstrated an association between MI and OSA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Shah et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> concluded that OSA increases the risk of MI, revascularization procedures and cardiovascular death, regardless of risk factors, such as SAH, in patients over 50 years of age. However, this cohort did not exclude patients who received treatment for OSA during 2.9 years of follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> With base on evidence that treatment with CPAP decreases the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Shah et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> said that the study design did not allow them to work with adhesion to treatment and/or treatment effects, and such finding would polarize the results to zero. Nevertheless, in this study, 86 patients (6.1%) had some of the outcomes - 74 had OSA and, of those, 21 had MI, as well as 33 cases registered as cardiovascular death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In contrast, Kendzerska et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> in a study whose objective was to determine if OSA independently increases the risk of coronary events, concluded that AHI was associated to composite cardiovascular outcome in a univariate analysis, but not in a multivariate analysis. The argument used to explain this finding was that, possibly, studies with large community bases may not include important predictors related to OSA, or may selectively relate subgroup analyses conclusions. Kendzerska et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> considered the history referred by the patients, such as smoking, MI, myocardial revascularization surgery, stroke, SAH and/or pulmonary disease. With the justification that recovery by CPAP was not associated to the risk of an event, the patients who needed treatment were not excluded, and in the analysis of the untreated patients, in relation to the complete sample, all predictors remained significantly associated to the outcome, except for daytime drowsiness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the inclusion of cardiovascular risk factors, the only comorbidities equally studied by the authors of the works, in this systematic review, were DM and smoking. Age, BMI, and AHI were also mentioned by all the authors. Only Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> excluded, at the beginning of the study, patients with previous CAD or heart failure, while the other two studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> included and registered these cases. Several factors, including the strict relation between obesity and OSA, make it difficult to understand the effect of each pathology and the synergy between them.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Moreover, multiple comorbidities are present in OSA patients with metabolic syndrome, DM, and cardiovascular disease itself - a situation that creates the challenge of explaining if secondary abnormalities are caused by OSA or other pre-existing conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Kendzerska et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and Shah et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> also included potential factors of confusion in their works. What can be observed, in fact, is that there are several cardiovascular risk factors that are seldom seen together in only one study, including family history - a target topic for the study by Gami et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> These authors performed a cross-section study with over 500 apneic individuals, diagnosed by polysomnography, and found a strong and independent association between OSA and family history of premature death from cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> This association shows important implications for the understanding of cardiovascular risk in these patients and raises this hypothesis so that future cohort works can be performed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the current literature, the association between OSA and MI is shown by the proportion of events that occur throughout the years. Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> reported that the association shown by them is considerably weaker that that of previous studies. The authors demonstrated the curves for the rate of survival free of coronary disease and heart failure, highlighting a drop in these rates throughout the years, according to the severity of the OSA. This weak association can be attributed to three main aspects: studies that work with cerebrovascular diseases, together with cardiovascular diseases, have higher rates of outcomes; studies that overestimate untreated patients such as those who refuse treatment, and thus neglect other health issues; and the study by Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> that selected a sample from a community that did not seek sleep medicine services and, therefore, did not present signs or symptoms of OSA, with no clinical profile of these participants having been registered. It is possible that OSA, in such individuals, may bring a cardiovascular risk that is inferior to that of individuals who go to a sleep clinic for suspected OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Indeed, there is evidence that, in OSA patients without daytime drowsiness, treatment with CPAP does not offer a significant reduction in the incidence of SAH or cardiovascular events, though Barbe et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> have admitted low power to detect differences between the groups with or without complaints. Regarding cardiovascular events incidence rates, Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> registered but did not distinguish gender and separated values by OSA severity degree and fatal or non-fatal outcome. On the other hand, Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> did not record this information.</p>
      <p>Free survival rate was also not checked in the study by Marin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> whereas Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> estimated a survival free of disease in patients with mild to moderate OSA without pre-existing cardiovascular disease after 10 years at 90.7% in groups of treated patients, and at 68.5% in non-treated patients groups.</p>
      <p>AHI translates the frequency of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep and works as a measurement of OSA severity often related to advanced age, male gender, obesity, daytime drowsiness, and the presence of comorbidities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Regarding this variable, it was observed that, in the study by Marin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> mean value of AHI in patients with mild to moderate OSA was 18.2 ev/h and in those with severe apnea it was 43.3 ev/h. In the sample of untreated patients from the study by Buchner's et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>, mean value of AHI for all OSA patients groups was 15.3% ev/h, compatible with the frequency of mild, moderate, and severe apneic individuals: 56.7%, 28.2%, and 7.1%, respectively. In the group from Gottlieb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> AHI median was 6.2 ev/h (men) and 2.7 ev/h (women), apparently including the values of patients with AHI &lt; 5. This inclusion of 829 healthy men and 1605 healthy women may have interfered in AHI values of SHHA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The authors also observed that the association of AHI with heart failure and CAD occurred in patients with AHI &#8805; 30.</p>
      <p>The patient sample, in this systematic review, was mostly composed by adults over 40 years of age, and this was also the inclusion criteria used by Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In the study by Marin et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> the mean age of severe apneic patients was 49.9 years, the lowest mean registered among the groups; Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> reported a mean age of 57.8 years among all untreated apneic patients. It is important to keep those age values in mind, because He et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> suggested that OSA can have more severe cardiovascular consequences in individuals under 50 years of age. Studies have also demonstrated that younger individuals, with OSA, can be more prone to SAH,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> atrial fibrillation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and have a higher risk of death for any other cause.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> With this evidence, it is necessary to understand if an aggressive therapeutic and diagnostic strategy would benefit younger and middle-aged individuals with OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> For that, other characteristics must be considered in future studies, such as ethnicity, gender and other demographic data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The relative consideration to the age factor allowed Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> to show that cardiovascular risk associated to OSA decreases with age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The SHHS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> cohort, whose mean age was 62 years, may have underestimated the true cardiovascular risk in these patients. The authors of SHHS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> argued that cardiovascular risk can decrease with age due to biological differences in OSA's pathophysiology between patients of different ages. The authors reported that the "healthy survivor" effect is a probable cause for a bias towards a null result, since apneic individuals, more susceptible to OSA's cardiovascular effects, are also more prone to cardiovascular diseases and have a higher risk of death than those with OSA who are resistant to cardiovascular consequences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this work, 51.23% of the 5,067 analysed patients were male - Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> included only men in their study. By only observing the population of patients with AHI &#8805; 5, we can see that the percentage increases to 65.57%. After statistical analysis and matching for age, ethnicity, smoking, and BMI, there was a strong association of AHI with heart failure in men, but not in women, according to Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In the same way, event rates increased with the severity of OSA in men, but that was not demonstrated in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> had only 16.5% of women in the non-treated group, and stated they could not extrapolate their results to this population. Considering the abovementioned facts, the present work will also restrict itself to the analysis of OSA in the male population - in the general population, the ratio between men and women with OSA is estimated at 2:1 to 3:1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding factors of confusion, such as SAH, DM, dyslipidemia, we can observe that treatment of these pathologies has a relevant impact on outcomes such as MI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> They are part of the metabolic syndrome, which represents an important risk factor for CAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and it is important to know the therapeutic status of the population. Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> worked only with patients under treatment, an aspect that may have interfered in the weak association found between OSA and MI. Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> also registered the number of patients under treatment, and it was also the study with the highest number of comorbidities, an aspect that may have interfered in the higher number of non-fatal cardiovascular events, revascularization procedures, and infarctions observed in the three articles. Marin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> in turn, did not report the therapeutic status of the population, and it was also the only study that registered a large number of fatal cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>Studies show the prevalence of DM type II in the population of apneic individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Catecholamine elevation together with sleep deprivation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> are associated to insulin resistance. There are also data that suggest an association between OSA and glucose intolerance regardless of BMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Chen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> concluded, in a meta-analysis, that treatment with CPAP, even though it does not alter glycated hemoglobin levels, it significantly improves insulin resistance, positively impacting on DM symptoms. In the present systematic review, 12.7% of the 2,711 patients with AHI &#8805; 5 also had DM, whereas Gottlieb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Marin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> registered 13.7% vs 9% vs 15.2%, respectively.</p>
      <p>Regarding BMI, the highest median in the study by Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> was 31.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, in apneic men with AHI &#8805; 30 ev/h. Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> registered a mean of 30.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup> in the untreated severe OSA group, and 27.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for mild to moderate OSA. Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> reported a mean of 29.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for the entire sample, 55% of which had mild apnea. Resta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> and Newman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> observed a higher frequency of OSA among obese individuals, and, similarly, Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> concluded that obesity is a determining factor in OSA. Newman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> estimated that obese individuals can have approximately two times more chances of developing OSA. An elevated BMI is also associated to an increase in mortality from several chronic pathologies, especially cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Framingham demonstrated that an elevated weight increases the risk of CAD, regardless of other risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> These observations help us understand the importance of the high BMI value registered by the articles, in this systematic review, as well as the direct relation between BMI and OSA severity. It is also important to know the personal history of cardiovascular disease of the individuals in the analyzed sample in this systematic review. Gottlieb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Marin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> registered 0% vs 6.3% vs 70.5%, respectively.</p>
      <p>From the exposed factors, we can observe that Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> gathered conditions that favored cardiovascular outcomes: SAH, DM, dyslipidemia, as well as the high percentage of patients with a history of cardiovascular disease not being simple independent confusion factors of OSA. These factors can contribute to the adverse effects of OSA in cardiovascular outcomes; therefore, the higher proportion of cardiovascular risk factors and diseases could explain the number of cases and treatment benefits in patients with mild to moderate OSA, as reported by the authors.</p>
      <p>The understanding of OSA effects may suggest explanations for the association of this pathology with MI. The prevalence of SDs in CAD patients is up to two times higher than in individuals without CAD. Bhama et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> reported a prevalence of up to 30% of apneic individuals among patients with CAD.</p>
      <p>There are pathophysiological mechanisms that suggest the contribution of OSA in the origin and progression of CAD: severe intermittent hypoxemia, acidosis, increase of blood pressure and sympathetic vasoconstriction, together with simultaneous changes in transmural, intrathoracic and cardiac pressures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> These factors strengthen the argument that OSA has a strong potential to trigger cardiac ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In the long run, the mechanisms of cardiac and vascular diseases, including endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation, can damage the structures of coronary arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Sorajja et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> when studying patients with no history of CAD, observed the presence of an important calcification in the coronary arteries of OSA patients, through the calcification score = 9 (Agatston units) and zero score in patients without OSA (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>There are reports that the reduced number of cardiovascular events separated amongst themselves, and the variation of definitions used by research limit the conclusions of studies that address this theme.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The present systematic review also had as limitations the heterogeneity of the selected studies in relation to aspects such as objective, clinical and polysomnographic profile of the patients, as well as the difference in the presentation of patient groups and their classification regarding AHI.</p>
      <p>This context demonstrated the challenges of investigating the causal relation between OSA and CAD, considering both conditions are chronic and have long latency periods before the appearance of complaints.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Moreover, both pathologies also have multifactorial origins with an overlap of common risk factors such as gender, age, obesity, and smoking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Defining the causal relationship between CAD and OSA means clarifying the necessary care apneic individuals must have regarding the prevention of MI. Making sleep apnea a marker for cardiac disease implies early tracking of these patients, as well as an incentive to treat this disease that is associated to numerous cardiovascular consequences. Endothelial, neuro-hormonal and metabolic alterations cannot be overlooked, even if it seems complex to dissociate the onset of CAD and OSA, because it is only thus that we can understand if OSA can interfere in the development or aggravation of CAD. OSA can be treated and, therefore, if this is confirmed, it can be a controllable determinant of CAD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This systematic review has shown that there is an association between OSA and MI. We were able to observe that this association was higher among men, and that AHI was considered one of the markers for this relationship.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Garcia-Rio F, Alonso-Fern&#225;ndez A, Armada E, Mediano O, Lores V, Rojo B, et al. CPAP effect on recurrent episodes in patients with sleep apnea and myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(2):1328-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Rio</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armada</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mediano</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lores</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rojo</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>CPAP effect on recurrent episodes in patients with sleep apnea and myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>1328</fpage>
          <lpage>1335</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Kendzerska T, Gershon AS, Hawker G, Leung RS, Tomlinson G. Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: a decade-long historical cohort study. PLoS Med. 2014;11(2):e1001599.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kendzerska</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gershon</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hawker</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leung</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomlinson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: a decade-long historical cohort study</article-title>
          <source>PLoS Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <elocation-id>e1001599</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Nakashima H, Henmi T, Minami K, Uchida Y, Shiraishi Y, Nunohiro T, et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea increases the incidence of morning peak of onset in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2013;2(2):153-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nakashima</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henmi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minami</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uchida</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shiraishi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nunohiro</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnoea increases the incidence of morning peak of onset in acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>153</fpage>
          <lpage>158</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Shah NA, Yaggi HK, Concato J, Mohsenin V. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for coronary events or cardiovascular death. Sleep Breath. 2010;14(2):131-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yaggi</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Concato</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohsenin</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for coronary events or cardiovascular death</article-title>
          <source>Sleep Breath</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>131</fpage>
          <lpage>136</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Shah N, Redline S, Yaggi HK, Wu R, Zhao CG, Ostfeld R, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and acute myocardial infarction severity: ischemic preconditioning? Sleep Breath. 2013;17(2):819-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redline</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yaggi</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ostfeld</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnea and acute myocardial infarction severity: ischemic preconditioning?</article-title>
          <source>Sleep Breath</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>819</fpage>
          <lpage>826</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Gottlieb DJ, Yenokyan G, Newman AB, O'Connor GT, Punjabi NM, Quan SF, et al. Prospective study of obstructive sleep apnea and incident coronary heart disease and heart failure: the sleep heart health study. Circulation. 2010;122(4):352-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yenokyan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newman</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Connor</surname>
              <given-names>GT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Punjabi</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quan</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prospective study of obstructive sleep apnea and incident coronary heart disease and heart failure: the sleep heart health study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>352</fpage>
          <lpage>360</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure : an observational. Lancet. 2005;365(9464):1046-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marin</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carrizo</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vicente</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agusti</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure : an observational</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>365</volume>
          <issue>9464</issue>
          <fpage>1046</fpage>
          <lpage>1053</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Buchner NJ, Sanner BM, Borgel J, Rump LC. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea reduces cardiovascular risk. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(12):1274-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Buchner</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanner</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borgel</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rump</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Continuous positive airway pressure treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea reduces cardiovascular risk</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>176</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1274</fpage>
          <lpage>1280</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Malta M, Cardoso LO, Bastos FI, Magnanini MM, Silva CM. STROBE initiative: guidelines on reporting observational studies. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(3):559-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malta</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>LO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bastos</surname>
              <given-names>FI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magnanini</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>STROBE initiative: guidelines on reporting observational studies</article-title>
          <source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>559</fpage>
          <lpage>565</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Liberati A, Altman D, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G&#248;tzsche P, Ioannidis J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liberati</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tetzlaff</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulrow</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#248;tzsche</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ioannidis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>339</volume>
          <fpage>b2700</fpage>
          <lpage>b2700</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Clarke M, Oxman AD. E. Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook. [Update June 2000]. In: Review Manager (RevMan). [Computer program]. Version 4.1. Oxford, England: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2000. [Acessed in 2016 June 10]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.chochrane.dk/cochrane/handbook/handbook.htm">http://www.chochrane.dk/cochrane/handbook/handbook.htm</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clarke</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oxman</surname>
              <given-names>AD. E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook</article-title>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2000</year>
          <source>Review Manager (RevMan)</source>
          <comment>[Computer program]. Version 4.1</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Oxford, England</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>The Cochrane Collaboration</publisher-name>
          <year>2000</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2016 June 10</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.chochrane.dk/cochrane/handbook/handbook.htm">http://www.chochrane.dk/cochrane/handbook/handbook.htm</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Guimar&#227;es HP, Avezum A, Piegas LS. Epidemiology of acute myocardial infarction. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. 2006;16(1):1-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avezum</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piegas</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epidemiology of acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131(4):e29-322. Erratum in: Circulation. 2016;133(8):e417. Circulation. 2015;131(24):e535.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mozaffarian</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Go</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnett</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blaha</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>e29</fpage>
          <lpage>322</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Circulation. 2016;133(8):e417. Circulation. 2015;131(24):e535.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Somers VK, White DP, Amin R, Abraham WT, Costa F, Culebras A, et al. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: an American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee. Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(8):686-717.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Somers</surname>
              <given-names>VK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amin</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Culebras</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: an American Heart Association</collab>
            <collab>American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>686</fpage>
          <lpage>717</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Gami AS, Rader S, Svatikova A, Wolk R, Herold DL, Huyber C, et al. Familial premature coronary artery disease mortality and obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2007;131(1):118-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gami</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rader</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svatikova</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolk</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herold</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huyber</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Familial premature coronary artery disease mortality and obstructive sleep apnea</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>118</fpage>
          <lpage>121</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Young T, Finn L, Peppard PE, Szklo-Coxe M, Austin D, Nieto FJ, et al. Sleep disordered breathing and mortality : eighteen-year follow-up of the Wisconsin sleep cohort. Sleep. 2008;31(8):1071-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Finn</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peppard</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szklo-Coxe</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Austin</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieto</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sleep disordered breathing and mortality : eighteen-year follow-up of the Wisconsin sleep cohort</article-title>
          <source>Sleep</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1071</fpage>
          <lpage>1078</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Elwood P, Hack M, Pickering J, Hughes J, Gallacher J. Sleep disturbance, stroke, and heart disease events: evidence from the Caerphilly cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(1):69-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elwood</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hack</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pickering</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hughes</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallacher</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sleep disturbance, stroke, and heart disease events: evidence from the Caerphilly cohort</article-title>
          <source>J Epidemiol Community Health</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>69</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Kendzerska T, Mollayeva T, Gershon AS, Leung RS, Hawker G, Tomlinson G. Untreated obstructive sleep apnea and the risk for serious long-term adverse outcomes: a systematic review. <italic>Sleep Med Rev</italic>. 2014;18(1):49-59.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kendzerska</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mollayeva</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gershon</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leung</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hawker</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomlinson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Untreated obstructive sleep apnea and the risk for serious long-term adverse outcomes: a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Sleep Med Rev</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>59</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Gottlieb DJ, Craig SE, Lorenzi-Filho G, Heeley E, Redline S, McEvoy RD, et al. Sleep apnea cardiovascular clinical trials-current status and steps forward: the International Collaboration of Sleep Apnea Cardiovascular Trialists. Sleep. 2013;36(7):975-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Craig</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorenzi-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heeley</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redline</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McEvoy</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sleep apnea cardiovascular clinical trials-current status and steps forward: the International Collaboration of Sleep Apnea Cardiovascular Trialists</article-title>
          <source>Sleep</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>975</fpage>
          <lpage>980</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Barb&#233; F, Dur&#225;n-Cantolla J, S&#225;nchez-de-la-Torre M, Mart&#237;nez-Alonso M, Carmona C, Barcel&#243; A, et al; Spanish Sleep And Breathing Network. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on the incidence of hypertension and cardiovascular events in nonsleepy patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;37(20):2161-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barb&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dur&#225;n-Cantolla</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;nchez-de-la-Torre</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mart&#237;nez-Alonso</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carmona</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barcel&#243;</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Spanish Sleep And Breathing Network</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on the incidence of hypertension and cardiovascular events in nonsleepy patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2161</fpage>
          <lpage>2168</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 He J, Kryger MH, Zorick FJ, Conway W, Roth T. Mortality and apnea index in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 1988;94(1):9-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kryger</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zorick</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conway</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roth</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mortality and apnea index in obstructive sleep apnea</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Haas DC, Foster GL, Nieto FJ, Redline S, Resnick HE, Robbins JA, et al. Age-dependent associations between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension: importance of discriminating between systolic/diastolic hypertension and isolated systolic hypertension in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Circulation. 2005;111(5):614-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haas</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieto</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redline</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Resnick</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robbins</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Age-dependent associations between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension: importance of discriminating between systolic/diastolic hypertension and isolated systolic hypertension in the Sleep Heart Health Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>614</fpage>
          <lpage>621</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Gami AS, Hodge DO, Herges RM, Olson EJ, Nykodym J, Kara T, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(5):565-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gami</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodge</surname>
              <given-names>DO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herges</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olson</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nykodym</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kara</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>565</fpage>
          <lpage>571</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Lavie P, Lavie L, Herer P. All-cause mortality in males with sleep apnoea syndrome: declining mortality rates with age. Eur Respir J. 2005;25(3):514-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lavie</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lavie</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>All-cause mortality in males with sleep apnoea syndrome: declining mortality rates with age</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>514</fpage>
          <lpage>520</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Lavie P. Mortality in sleep apnoea syndrome: a review of the evidence. Eur Respir Rev. 2007;16(106):203-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lavie</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mortality in sleep apnoea syndrome: a review of the evidence</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir Rev</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>106</issue>
          <fpage>203</fpage>
          <lpage>210</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Ciolac EG, Guimar&#227;es GV. Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2004;10(4):319-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ciolac</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>GV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Med Esporte</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>319</fpage>
          <lpage>324</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Faria AN, Zanella MT, Kohlman O, Ribeiro AB. Tratamento de diabetes e hipertens&#227;o no paciente obeso. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2002;46(2):137-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zanella</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kohlman</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tratamento de diabetes e hipertens&#227;o no paciente obeso</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>137</fpage>
          <lpage>142</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Santos Filho RD, Martinez TL. Fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular : velhos e novos fatores de risco, velhos problemas. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2002;46(3):212-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular : velhos e novos fatores de risco, velhos problemas</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>212</fpage>
          <lpage>214</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Al-delaimy WK, Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Snoring as a risk factor for type II diabetes mellitus : a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(5):387-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Al-delaimy</surname>
              <given-names>WK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Willett</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stampfer</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Snoring as a risk factor for type II diabetes mellitus : a prospective study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>155</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>387</fpage>
          <lpage>393</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Ancoli-Israel S, DuHamel ER, Stepnowsky C, Engler R, Cohen-Zion M, Marler M. The relantionship between congestive heart failure, sleep apnea, and mortality in older men. Chest. 2003;124(4):1400-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ancoli-Israel</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DuHamel</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stepnowsky</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engler</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen-Zion</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The relantionship between congestive heart failure, sleep apnea, and mortality in older men</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1400</fpage>
          <lpage>1405</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Quan SF, Gersh BJ; National Center on Sleep Disorders Research; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Cardiovascular consequences of sleep-disordered breathing: past, present and future: report of a workshop from the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2004;109(8):951-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Quan</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersh</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>National Center on Sleep Disorders Research</collab>
            <collab>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular consequences of sleep-disordered breathing: past, present and future: report of a workshop from the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>951</fpage>
          <lpage>957</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Spiegel K, Knutson K, Leproult R, Tasali E, Van Cauter E. Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005;99(5):2008-19.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spiegel</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knutson</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leproult</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tasali</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Cauter</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol (1985)</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>2008</fpage>
          <lpage>2019</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Gruber A, Horwood F, Sithole J, Ali NJ, Idris I. Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with the metabolic syndrome but not insulin resistance state. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006;5:22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gruber</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horwood</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sithole</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ali</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Idris</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with the metabolic syndrome but not insulin resistance state</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Diabetol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <fpage>22</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Punjabi NM, Polotsky VY. Disorders of glucose metabolism in sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005;99(5):1998-2007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Punjabi</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polotsky</surname>
              <given-names>VY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Disorders of glucose metabolism in sleep apnea</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol (1985)</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1998</fpage>
          <lpage>2007</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 Chen L, Pei JH, Chen HM. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci. 2014;10(4):637-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pei</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Arch Med Sci</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>637</fpage>
          <lpage>642</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Resta O, Foschino-barbaro MP, Legari G, Talamo S, Bonfitto P, Palumbo A, et al. Sleep-related breathing disorders, loud snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness in obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(5):669-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Resta</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foschino-barbaro</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Legari</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Talamo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonfitto</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palumbo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sleep-related breathing disorders, loud snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness in obese subjects</article-title>
          <source>Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>669</fpage>
          <lpage>675</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 Newman AB, Foster G, Givelber R, Nieto FJ, Redline S, Young T. Progression and regression of sleep-disordered breathing with changes in weight: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2015;165(20):2408-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Newman</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Givelber</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieto</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redline</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Progression and regression of sleep-disordered breathing with changes in weight: the Sleep Heart Health Study</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>165</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2408</fpage>
          <lpage>2413</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38 Silva HG, Moreira AS, Santos VR, Santos SO, R&#234;go AF. Factors associated with obstructive sleep apnea severity: obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness. Rev Bras Cardiol. 2014;27(2):76-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>VR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>SO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>R&#234;go</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Factors associated with obstructive sleep apnea severity: obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>76</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Montaye M, De Bacquer D, De Backer G, Amouyel P. Overweight and obesity: a major challenge for coronary heart disease secondary prevention in clinical practice in Europe. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(10):808-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Montaye</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Bacquer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Backer</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amouyel</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Overweight and obesity: a major challenge for coronary heart disease secondary prevention in clinical practice in Europe</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>808</fpage>
          <lpage>813</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40 Hubert HB. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease : a 26-year follow-up of participants in the framingham heart study. Circulation. 1983;67(5):968-77.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hubert</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease : a 26-year follow-up of participants in the framingham heart study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>968</fpage>
          <lpage>977</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41 Bhama JK, Spagnolo S, Alexander EP, Greenberg M, Trachiotis GD. Coronary revascularization in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Heart Surg Forum. 2006;9(6):E813-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bhama</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spagnolo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trachiotis</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary revascularization in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Heart Surg Forum</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>E813</fpage>
          <lpage>E817</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>42 Sorajja D, Gami AS, Somers VK, Behrenbeck TR, Garcia-Touchard A, Lopez-Jimenez F. Independent association between obstructive sleep apnea and subclinical coronary artery disease. Chest. 2008;133(4):927-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sorajja</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gami</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Somers</surname>
              <given-names>VK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behrenbeck</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Touchard</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez-Jimenez</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Independent association between obstructive sleep apnea and subclinical coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>927</fpage>
          <lpage>933</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation>43 Wilcox I, McNamara SG, Collins FL, Grunstein RR, Sullivan CE, Alfred RP. " Syndrome Z ": the interaction of sleep apnoea , vascular risk factors and heart disease. Thorax. 1998;53 Suppl 3:S25-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilcox</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNamara</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grunstein</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alfred</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>" Syndrome Z ": the interaction of sleep apnoea , vascular risk factors and heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Thorax</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 3</supplement>
          <fpage>S25</fpage>
          <lpage>S28</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono e Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Porto</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sakamoto</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri Saho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salles</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernanda Porto Sousa, Rua Odilon D&#243;rea. CEP 40285-450, Brotas, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>portosousaf@gmail.com</email>, <email>fernandaportosousa@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Porto F, Sakamoto YS, Salles C</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) tem sido associada a fatores de risco cardiovascular, por&#233;m a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a AOS e doen&#231;a cardiovascular ainda &#233; controversa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AOS e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM). Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de literatura por meio das fontes de dados eletr&#244;nicas MEDLINE/PubMed, PubMed Central, <italic>Web of Science</italic> e Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de (BVS). Os descritores utilizados foram: <italic>"obstructive sleep apnea"</italic> AND <italic>"polysomnography"</italic> AND <italic>"myocardial</italic>
					<italic>infarction"</italic> AND <italic>"adults"</italic> NOT <italic>"treatment".</italic>O presente trabalho analisou tr&#234;s estudos prospectivos, selecionados dentre 142 artigos encontrados. Os estudos acompanharam uma amostra total de 5.067 pacientes diagnosticados com AOS, composta majoritariamente por participantes do sexo masculino. Todos os pacientes realizaram polissonografia noturna, e todas as pesquisas encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre AOS e desfechos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais. Assim, foi poss&#237;vel observar que 644 (12,7%) dos 5.067 pacientes sofreram IM ou acidente vascular cerebral, ou precisaram de procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, sendo que 25,6% desses eventos cardiovasculares foram fatais. O IM foi respons&#225;vel por 29,5% do total de 644 desfechos analisados. Existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre AOS e IM, no sexo masculino, sendo o &#237;ndice de apneia e hipopneia (IAH) um dos marcadores mais fidedignos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Apneia do Sono Tipo Obstrutiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Adultos</kwd>
        <kwd>Polissonografia / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtornos do Sono-Vigilia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos demonstram associa&#231;&#227;o entre apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) e infarto do mioc&#225;rio (IM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> At&#233; 65% dos pacientes que procuram o servi&#231;o m&#233;dico em fun&#231;&#227;o de algum evento cardiovascular s&#227;o diagnosticados com AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Observa-se a necessidade de estudar a capacidade da AOS predizer eventos cardiovasculares, pois alguns trabalhos de coortes, ao acompanharem pacientes apneicos, identificaram elevado n&#250;mero de desfechos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o fatais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> No entanto, ainda &#233; controversa essa associa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Resultados sugerem que a hip&#243;xia intermitente poderia funcionar como fator de prote&#231;&#227;o para eventos isqu&#234;micos, fen&#244;meno que tem sido observado em apneicos que desenvolveram les&#227;o card&#237;aca menos grave do que a de pacientes sem AOS ap&#243;s um IM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Tendo em vista a preval&#234;ncia da AOS, bem como a import&#226;ncia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, a presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de literatura objetivou verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a AOS e o IM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo e estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
          <p>Trata-se de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de literatura e, por isso, n&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria aprova&#231;&#227;o de um Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa. A busca foi realizada nas fontes de dados eletr&#244;nicas MEDLINE/PubMed, PubMed Central&#174; (PMC), <italic>Web of Science</italic>, e Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de (BVS), por meio da combina&#231;&#227;o de descritores, incluindo termos do <italic>Medical Subject Headings</italic> (MeSH) e dos Descritores em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (DeCs). Os descritores utilizados, em conjunto, foram: <italic>"obstructive sleep apnea"</italic> AND <italic>"polysomnography"</italic> AND <italic>"myocardial infarction"</italic> AND <italic>"adults"</italic> NOT <italic>"treatment".</italic></p>
          <p>A busca pelos descritores no MEDLINE/PubMed resultou em: <italic>(((("obstructive sleep apnea"[All Fields]</italic> OR <italic>"sleep apnea, obstructive"[MeSH Terms]</italic> OR <italic>("sleep"[All Fields]</italic> AND <italic>"apnea"[All Fields]</italic> AND <italic>"obstructive"[All Fields]) OR "obstructive sleep apnea"[All Fields]</italic> OR <italic>("obstructive"[All Fields]</italic> AND <italic>"sleep"[All Fields]</italic> AND <italic>"apnea"[All Fields]))</italic> AND <italic>("polysomnography"[MeSH Terms] OR "polysomnography"[All Fields]))</italic> AND <italic>("myocardial infarction"[MeSH Terms]</italic> OR <italic>("myocardial"[All Fields]</italic> AND <italic>"infarction"[All Fields])</italic> OR <italic>"myocardial infarction"[All Fields]))</italic> AND <italic>("adult"[MeSH Terms] OR "adult"[All Fields]</italic> OR <italic>"adults"[All Fields]))</italic> NOT <italic>("therapy"[Subheading] OR "therapy"[All Fields]</italic> OR <italic>"treatment"[All Fields]</italic> OR <italic>"therapeutics"[MeSH Terms]</italic> OR <italic>"therapeutics"[All Fields]).</italic></p>
          <p>Posteriormente, foi realizada busca manual por meio de artigos selecionados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os trabalhos de coorte encontrados nas bases de dados, realizados em seres humanos, com idade acima de 18 anos, publicados nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos, em portugu&#234;s, ingl&#234;s e espanhol; com diagn&#243;stico da AOS realizado por polissonografia, com IM como um dos desfechos analisados. Foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles em que 100% dos pacientes estavam em tratamento para dist&#250;rbios do sono (DS), assim como n&#227;o foi analisado nenhum grupo de apneicos tratados, gestantes, portadores de outros DS, de doen&#231;as neurol&#243;gicas e/ou psiqui&#225;tricas, al&#233;m de pesquisas em que 100% da popula&#231;&#227;o tivesse doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) pr&#233;via. Foram exclu&#237;dos, tamb&#233;m, os trabalhos cuja popula&#231;&#227;o tenha sido abordada em mais de um estudo, e que, al&#233;m disso, tiveram desfechos semelhantes. Nesses casos, foi considerado o primeiro trabalho.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
          <p>Dois pesquisadores independentes fizeram a leitura dos t&#237;tulos e resumos de cada trabalho pr&#233;-selecionado identificando, separadamente, artigos que preenchessem corretamente os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o. Ap&#243;s essa etapa, cada pesquisador leu integralmente os artigos que respeitaram os crit&#233;rios expostos no resumo e selecionaram apenas os compat&#237;veis com os crit&#233;rios da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Em casos de d&#250;vida, um terceiro pesquisador teria sido consultado, por&#233;m, n&#227;o houve, neste estudo, discord&#226;ncia entre os dois primeiros pesquisadores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
          <p>Dois pesquisadores foram respons&#225;veis pela coleta de dados. Seguem caracter&#237;sticas extra&#237;das dos estudos: t&#237;tulo, autores, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, revista cient&#237;fica de publica&#231;&#227;o, forma de publica&#231;&#227;o, palavras-chave, origem geogr&#225;fica, desenho de estudo, tamanho da amostra, supervis&#227;o, financiamento, m&#233;todos, per&#237;odo de realiza&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa, crit&#233;rio de diagn&#243;stico da AOS, outros resultados da pesquisa e conclus&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, foram registrados os dados sobre os participantes de cada trabalho: n&#250;mero, g&#234;nero, idade, uso de medicamentos e comorbidades, n&#250;mero de pacientes que sofreram IM e que tiveram diagn&#243;stico de AOS, al&#233;m do &#237;ndice de apneia e hipopneia (IAH).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos artigos selecionados</title>
          <p>Dois pesquisadores fizeram a leitura dos artigos e cada um preencheu um <italic>check-list</italic> fundamentado no <italic>Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology</italic> (STROBE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os artigos selecionados foram avaliados como tendo atingido cada item completa ou parcialmente, ou item n&#227;o atendido. Foram considerados artigos de qualidade aceit&#225;vel, aqueles que contemplaram pelo menos 11 aspectos de maneira satisfat&#243;ria. Em caso de diverg&#234;ncias, um terceiro pesquisador teria sido consultado para avaliar o artigo, por&#233;m n&#227;o foi necess&#225;rio. Essa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica seguiu tamb&#233;m as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic> (PRISMA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e o passo-a-passo sugerido pela <italic>Cochrane Handbook</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> produzido pela Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
          <p>A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica reuniu 76 artigos pela estrat&#233;gia de busca tra&#231;ada nos bancos de dados eletr&#244;nicos. Quatro desses artigos se repetiram em mais de uma fonte, bem como dois artigos dos 66 encontrados na sele&#231;&#227;o manual. Por isso, dentre os 148 artigos encontrados, foram contabilizados 142 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Flowchart of the study selection process.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0361-70031-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o metodol&#243;gica dos estudos</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a leitura integral dos trabalhos selecionados, verificou-se que todos os artigos alcan&#231;aram de maneira satisfat&#243;ria pelo menos 16 aspectos do <italic>check-list.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> No estudo de Buchner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> 72,7% dos aspectos foram contemplados de maneira satisfat&#243;ria, j&#225; o estudo de Marin et al. alcan&#231;ou 77,3% e o de Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> alcan&#231;ou maior porcentagem (95,4%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos estudos selecionados</title>
          <p>O trabalho Gottlieb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><italic>The Sleep Heart Health Study</italic> (SHHS), teve como objetivo avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AOS, incid&#234;ncia de DAC e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em uma amostra da comunidade geral de homens e mulheres. O estudo incluiu pacientes com 40 anos ou mais, recrutados entre participantes de estudos de base populacional sobre doen&#231;a cardiovascular e pulmonar, incluindo o <italic>Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Cardiovascular Health Study, Framingham Heart Study, Strong Heart Study, Tucson Health and Environment Study</italic> e <italic>The New York University-Cornell Worksite and Hypertension Study</italic>. Foram exclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos com polissonografia inconclusiva, em tratamento para AOS, com dados de baixa qualidade, com DAC pr&#233;via ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sem dados de acompanhamento, com dados incompletos para &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), tabagismo, press&#227;o arterial e uso de medica&#231;&#245;es que se recusaram a participar do estudo.</p>
          <p>O SHHS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> analisou uma amostra total de 4.422 pacientes, incluindo 2.434 que possu&#237;am IAH &lt; 5. Foi visto tamb&#233;m que 5,5% de 3.794 pacientes obtiveram diagn&#243;stico de AOS cinco anos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do estudo, e desses, 2,1% referiam tratamento para AOS, por&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos sem que os resultados fossem significativamente alterados. Nesse estudo, 43,3% da popula&#231;&#227;o eram homens. Dentre os pacientes da amostra de IAH &#8805; 5, a popula&#231;&#227;o masculina representava 55,23% do total.</p>
          <p>O objetivo proposto por Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> foi comparar a incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o-fatais em roncadores simples, pacientes com AOS n&#227;o tratada, tratados com press&#227;o cont&#237;nua positiva nas vias a&#233;reas (CPAP) e homens saud&#225;veis recrutados entre a popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Nesse estudo, foram recrutados apenas homens com AOS, ou ronco simples, a partir de cl&#237;nicas do sono, e amostra de base populacional de homens saud&#225;veis, pareados por idade e IMC com pacientes apneicos graves, entre janeiro de 1992 e dezembro de 1994. Os homens saud&#225;veis foram recrutados a partir da base de dados do <italic>Zaragoza Sleep Apnea Prevalence Study</italic>.</p>
          <p>Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> investigaram prospectivamente desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com AOS tratados versus n&#227;o tratados. Nesse estudo foram recrutados todos os pacientes com suspeita de dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios obstrutivos relacionados ao sono, admitidos em uma cl&#237;nica do sono via encaminhamento n&#227;o selecionado, por m&#233;dicos de cuidados prim&#225;rios ou secund&#225;rios entre 1993 e 1998. Pacientes roncadores sem apneia e pacientes com apneia do sono central, respira&#231;&#227;o de Cheyne-Stokes, s&#237;ndromes de hipoventila&#231;&#227;o ou movimentos peri&#243;dicos dos membros durante o sono foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. A amostra de pacientes, nesse estudo, foi predominantemente masculina, 85,5% do total de 449, bem como 83,5% dentre os 85 apneicos n&#227;o tratados.</p>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de acompanhamento entre os tr&#234;s estudos foi de 8,2 &#177; 0,99 anos. O n&#250;mero de participantes variou entre 449 e 4.422. Apenas Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> avaliaram o impacto da AOS no aparecimento de DAC e, portanto, nenhum dos participantes recebeu tratamento para AOS.</p>
          <p>As comorbidades e fatores de risco comuns aos tr&#234;s estudos foram hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia e tabagismo. Todavia, apenas DM e tabagismo foram, pelos tr&#234;s estudos, relatados da mesma maneira (n&#250;mero de pacientes com DM e o n&#250;mero de pacientes tabagistas). Tratamento com insulina ou antidiab&#233;tico oral foi mencionado apenas por Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Quanto &#224; HAS e dislipidemia, Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> relataram apenas o n&#250;mero de pacientes em tratamento com anti-hipertensivos ou drogas hipolipemiantes e Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> registraram apenas o n&#250;mero total de pacientes com HAS e dislipidemia. J&#225; Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> relataram o n&#250;mero inicial de pacientes com HAS e daqueles que iniciaram acompanhamento com anti-hipertensivos, bem como o n&#250;mero de pacientes, ao t&#233;rmino do acompanhamento, em tratamento para essa patologia; o mesmo aconteceu para os casos de dislipidemia.</p>
          <p>A amostra de 5.067 pacientes analisados, nessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, deve ser considerada em seus grupos isolados, uma vez que h&#225; importantes diferen&#231;as entre os participantes de cada estudo quanto &#224;s comorbidades. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o deve ser ilustrada com as propor&#231;&#245;es, nos estudos de Gottlieb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e Buchner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> para o n&#250;mero de pacientes com IAH &#8805; 5 e com HAS ou, no caso do SHHS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> uso de anti-hipertensivos (39,2% <italic>vs</italic> 28,5% <italic>vs</italic> 69,4%); dislipidemia ou, no caso do SHHS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> uso de hipolipemiantes (7,5% <italic>vs</italic> 10,1% <italic>vs</italic> 57,6%). Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> relataram a porcentagem de pacientes que usavam anti-hipertensivos e hipolipemiantes, n&#227;o sendo registrados, portanto, pacientes com HAS ou dislipidemia sem tratamento. Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> n&#227;o relataram n&#250;mero de pacientes em tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos estudos selecionados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Autores</th>
                  <th align="center">Pa&#237;s, Ano</th>
                  <th align="center">Revista</th>
                  <th align="center">N inicial</th>
                  <th align="center">N IAH &lt; 5</th>
                  <th align="center">N IAH &gt; 5</th>
                  <th align="center">Napneicos tratados</th>
                  <th align="center">Napneicosn&#227;o tratados</th>
                  <th align="center">Follow-upM&#233;dia em anos</th>
                  <th align="center">% SexoMasculino</th>
                  <th align="center">Comorbidades Relatadas</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos, 2010</td>
                  <td align="center">Circulation</td>
                  <td align="center">4.422</td>
                  <td align="center">2.434</td>
                  <td align="center">1.988</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td align="center">1.988</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7</td>
                  <td align="center">43,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">HAS, DM, Dislipidemia, Tabagismo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Espanha, 2005</td>
                  <td align="center">The Lancet</td>
                  <td align="center">1.651</td>
                  <td align="center">264</td>
                  <td align="center">1.010</td>
                  <td align="center">372</td>
                  <td align="center">638</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                  <td align="center">HAS, DM, Dislipidemia, Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular, Tabagismo, Alcoolismo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Alemanha, 2007</td>
                  <td align="center">American Journal of Respiratory and Critical care Medicine</td>
                  <td align="center">449</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">449</td>
                  <td align="center">364</td>
                  <td align="center">85</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">85,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">HAS, DM, Dislipidemia, Doen&#231;a Coronariana, Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica, AVE, Doen&#231;a Neopl&#225;sica, DPOC e Tabagismo</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>AOS: apneia obstrutiva do sono; IAH: &#237;ndice de apneia e hipopneia; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas que comp&#245;em o perfil dos grupos comuns aos tr&#234;s estudos s&#227;o idade dos participantes, IMC, n&#250;mero de pacientes com DM, n&#250;mero de pacientes tabagistas e IAH, sendo que n&#227;o foram feitas conclus&#245;es estatisticamente significantes sobre o tabagismo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabelas 2</xref>-<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Idade dos pacientes das amostras estudadas de acordo com o &#237;ndice de apneia e hipopneia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Autores</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Idade Mediana (intervalo interquartil); M&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IAH &lt; 5</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IAH &#8805; 5</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">&lt; 5</th>
                  <th align="center">5 a &lt; 15</th>
                  <th align="center">&#8805; 15 a &#8804; 30</th>
                  <th align="center">&gt;30</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Homens</td>
                  <td align="center">61(54,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">64(57,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">64(57,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">65(58,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">60(50,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">66(58,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">66(58,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">65(58,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">49,6 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">50,3 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">49,9 &#177; 7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">57,8 &#177; 10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>NS: n&#227;o significativo; NI: n&#227;o informado; NA: n&#227;o se aplica; IAH: &#237;ndice de apneia e hipopneia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea dos pacientes das amostras estudadas de acordo com o &#237;ndice de apneia e hipopneia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Autores</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IMC Kg/m<sup>2</sup> Mediana (intervalo interquartil); M&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="3">P</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IAH &lt; 5</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IAH &#8805; 5</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">&lt; 5</th>
                  <th align="center">5 a &lt; 15</th>
                  <th align="center">&#8805; 15 a &#8804; 30</th>
                  <th align="center">&gt; 30</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Homens</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0(24.6, 29.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,8(26.2, 31.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,7(26.9, 33.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,3(27.9, 34.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">26,3 (23.6, 29.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,9(26.1, 34.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,5(27.3, 36.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,3(29.1,39.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">29,8 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">27,5 &#177; 4.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">30,3 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">29,3&#177;5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>NS: n&#227;o significativo; NI: n&#227;o informado; NA: n&#227;o se aplica; IAH: &#237;ndice de apneia e hipopneia; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,0001 versus homens com IAH &lt; 5.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>N&#250;mero de pacientes com diabetes mellitus nas amostras estudadas de acordo com o &#237;ndice de apneia e hipopneia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Autores</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Diabetes por grupos N(%)</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IAH &lt; 5</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IAH &#8805; 5</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">&lt; 5</th>
                  <th align="center">5 a &lt; 15</th>
                  <th align="center">&#8805; 15 a &#8804; 30</th>
                  <th align="center">&gt; 30</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Homens</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (8,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">77(12,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">39(13,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">29(16,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (13,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (16,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">(6,1)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">(8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">(9,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">13 (15,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>NS: n&#227;o significativo; NI: n&#227;o informado; NA: n&#227;o se aplica; IAH: &#237;ndice de apneia e hipopneia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Incid&#234;ncia de IM</title>
          <p>Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> avaliaram 4.422 indiv&#237;duos, sendo registrados 473 casos DAC - 76 mortes por DAC, 185 IM, 212 procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o - com incid&#234;ncia de 20,1 eventos por 1000 pessoa-anos entre homens, enquanto, em mulheres, essa taxa foi de 8,7 eventos por 1000 pessoa-anos. Esses dados permitiram verificar o aumento, em homens, da taxa de incid&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a gravidade da AOS, ao passo que, nas mulheres, esses valores foram menos evidentes.</p>
          <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o de 403 homens com AOS leve-moderada do estudo de Marin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> ao associar-se a taxa de eventos com a gravidade da AOS, observou-se 36 eventos cardiovasculares n&#227;o fatais, sendo a taxa de incid&#234;ncia de eventos de 8,9 eventos por 1000 pessoa-anos, bem como 22 mortes de causa cardiovascular com taxa de 5,5 eventos por 1.000 pessoa-anos. Entre os 235 homens com AOS grave, foram registrados 50 eventos cardiovasculares n&#227;o fatais com taxa de incid&#234;ncia de 21,3 eventos por 1000 pessoa-anos, e 25 mortes de causa cardiovascular com taxa de 10,6 eventos por 1000 pessoa-anos. Esse estudo n&#227;o diferenciou os dados equivalentes dos diferentes desfechos: IM fatal ou n&#227;o, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) fatal ou n&#227;o, e insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda, precisando de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou angiografia coron&#225;ria transluminal percut&#226;nea, ou ambos os procedimentos.</p>
          <p>Buchner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> ao avaliarem 85 pacientes, constataram que 28,3% experimentaram os seguintes desfechos: cinco IM, 25 procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, cinco AVE e tr&#234;s mortes de causa cardiovascular. Desses pacientes, 20 (23,5%) tiveram diagn&#243;stico de AOS leve-moderada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de literatura analisou tr&#234;s trabalhos prospectivos que acompanharam uma amostra total de 5.067 pacientes, entre homens e mulheres, da qual 53,5% possu&#237;am diferentes graus de AOS n&#227;o tratada e diagnosticada por polissonografia. Todos os estudos encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre AOS e desfechos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais. Observou-se que 644 (12,7%) dos 5.067 pacientes sofreram IM ou AVE ou precisaram de procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, sendo que 25,6% desses eventos foram fatais. N&#250;mero relevante, uma vez que a principal causa de morte e incapacidade, no mundo e no Brasil, &#233; constitu&#237;da por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De acordo com <italic>American Heart Association</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (AHA), uma a cada sete mortes, nos Estados Unidos, acontece em decorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca - a cada 34 segundos um americano sofre algum evento coronariano, e a cada um minuto e 24 segundos, ocorre uma morte por IM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Assim, os dados do presente estudo est&#227;o em acordo com a literatura vigente, pois foram contabilizados 190 casos de IM no grupo analisado (3,75%). Todavia, esse valor final pode ser ainda mais elevado, uma vez que n&#227;o foi considerada a porcentagem do grupo estudado por Marin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> pois n&#227;o constava a informa&#231;&#227;o de quantos pacientes sofreram IM. Esses autores apenas relataram que o tipo e a frequ&#234;ncia dos diferentes desfechos n&#227;o divergiram entre os grupos estudados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre IM e AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Shah et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> conclu&#237;ram que AOS aumenta o risco de IM, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e morte cardiovascular, independente de fatores de risco, como HAS, em pacientes com mais de 50 anos. No entanto, essa coorte n&#227;o excluiu pacientes que receberam tratamento para AOS ao longo de 2,9 anos de acompanhamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Com base nas evid&#234;ncias de que o tratamento com CPAP diminui o risco de eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Shah et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> afirmaram que o desenho do estudo n&#227;o permitia trabalhar com ades&#227;o e/ou efeito do tratamento, e tal achado polarizaria para nulo os resultados. Todavia, nesse estudo, 86 pacientes (6,1%) experimentaram algum dos desfechos, sendo que 74 possu&#237;am AOS e, desses, 21 sofreram IM, al&#233;m de 33 casos registrados como morte cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em contrapartida, Kendzerska et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> em um estudo que objetivava determinar se AOS aumenta de forma independente o risco de eventos coronarianos, conclu&#237;ram que o IAH associava-se com desfecho cardiovascular composto em an&#225;lise univariada, por&#233;m n&#227;o em multivariada. O argumento utilizado para explicar esse achado foi que, possivelmente, estudos de grande base comunit&#225;ria podem n&#227;o incluir importantes preditores relacionados com AOS ou relatar seletivamente as conclus&#245;es das an&#225;lises de subgrupo. Kendzerska et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> consideraram o hist&#243;rico referido pelos pacientes como tabagismo, IM, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, AVE, HAS e/ou doen&#231;a pulmonar. Com a justificativa de que a reivindica&#231;&#227;o por CPAP n&#227;o estava associada ao risco de um evento, os pacientes que precisaram de tratamento n&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos, e na an&#225;lise dos n&#227;o tratados, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; amostra completa, todos os preditores permaneceram significativamente associados ao desfecho, exceto sonol&#234;ncia diurna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; inclus&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular, as &#250;nicas comorbidades igualmente estudadas pelos autores dos trabalhos, nessa revis&#227;o sitem&#225;tica, foram DM e tabagismo. Em comum, os autores relataram, tamb&#233;m, idade, IMC e IAH. Somente Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> exclu&#237;ram, no in&#237;cio do estudo, pacientes com DAC pr&#233;via ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, enquanto os outros dois estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> inclu&#237;ram e registraram esses casos. V&#225;rios fatores, dentre eles a estreita rela&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e AOS, dificultam entender o efeito de cada patologia e a sinergia entre elas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Al&#233;m disso, m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades est&#227;o presentes nos pacientes com AOS como sindrome metab&#243;lica, DM e a pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a cardiovascular - situa&#231;&#227;o que gera o desafio de explicar se as anormalidades secund&#225;rias s&#227;o provocadas pela AOS ou outras condi&#231;&#245;es preexistentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Kendzerska et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e Shah et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> por sua vez, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o deixaram de incluir potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o em seus trabalhos. O que se pode observar, na verdade, &#233; que existem v&#225;rios fatores de risco cardiovascular que, dificilmente, s&#227;o vistos juntos em um &#250;nico estudo, inclusive hist&#243;rico familiar - assunto alvo de estudo de Gami et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Esses autores realizaram estudo transversal com mais de 500 apneicos, diagnosticados por polissonografia, e encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o forte e independente entre AOS e hist&#243;ria familiar prematura de morte por doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Essa associa&#231;&#227;o demonstra implica&#231;&#245;es importantes para a compreens&#227;o do risco cardiovascular nesses pacientes e levanta essa hip&#243;tese para que futuros trabalhos de coorte possam ser feitos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na literatura vigente, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AOS e IM &#233; demonstrada pela propor&#231;&#227;o de eventos que ocorrem ao longo dos anos. Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> relataram que a associa&#231;&#227;o evidenciada por eles &#233; consideravelmente mais fraca do que a de estudos anteriores. Os autores demonstraram as curvas para taxa de sobrevida livre de doen&#231;a coronariana e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ressaltando a queda dessas taxas, ao longo dos anos, de acordo com a gravidade da AOS. Essa fraca associa&#231;&#227;o pode ser atribu&#237;da a tr&#234;s principais aspectos: estudos que trabalham com doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, juntamente com as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, possuem taxas maiores dos desfechos; estudos que superestimam pacientes n&#227;o tratados como aqueles que recusam tratamento e, por isso, negligenciam outros cuidados com a sa&#250;de; e o estudo de Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> que selecionou uma amostra de uma comunidade que n&#227;o procurou o servi&#231;o de medicina do sono e, por isso, n&#227;o apresentava sinais e sintomas para AOS, n&#227;o sendo registrado nenhum perfil cl&#237;nico desses participantes. &#201; poss&#237;vel que AOS, em tais indiv&#237;duos, acarrete risco cardiovascular inferior, quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos que procuram uma cl&#237;nica do sono com suspeita de AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De fato, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias que, em pacientes com AOS sem sonol&#234;ncia diurna, o tratamento com CPAP n&#227;o oferece redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na incid&#234;ncia de HAS ou eventos cardiovasculares, embora Barb&#233; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> tenham admitido baixo poder para detectar diferen&#231;as entre o grupo com e sem queixas. Quanto &#224;s taxas de incid&#234;ncia dos eventos cardiovasculares, Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> registraram, por&#233;m, n&#227;o distinguiram sexo e separaram os valores por grau de gravidade da AOS e desfecho fatal ou n&#227;o. J&#225; Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> n&#227;o notificaram essa informa&#231;&#227;o. A taxa livre de sobrevida tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi vista no estudo de Marin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> enquanto Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> estimaram a sobrevida livre de doen&#231;a em pacientes com AOS leve a moderada sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular preexistente ap&#243;s 10 anos em 90,7% nos grupos de pacientes tratados, e em 68,5% em pacientes n&#227;o tratados.</p>
        <p>O IAH traduz a frequ&#234;ncia das apneias e hipopneias por hora de sono e funciona como uma medida da gravidade da AOS relacionando-se, frequentemente, &#224; idade avan&#231;ada, sexo masculino, obesidade, sonol&#234;ncia diurna e presen&#231;a de comorbidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Quanto a essa vari&#225;vel, foi visto que, no estudo de Marin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> a m&#233;dia do valor de IAH em pacientes com AOS leve a moderada foi 18,2 ev/h e apneia severa foi de 43,3 ev/h. Na amostra de pacientes n&#227;o tratados de Buchner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> o valor m&#233;dio de IAH para todos os grupos de pacientes com AOS foi de 15,3 ev/h, compat&#237;vel com a frequ&#234;ncia de apneicos leves, moderados e graves: 56,7%, 28,2% e 7,1%, respectivamente. No grupo de Gottlieb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> o valor da mediana de IAH foi 6,2 ev/h (homens) e 2,7 ev/h (mulheres), aparentemente incluindo os valores dos pacientes com IAH &lt; 5. Essa inclus&#227;o de 829 homens e 1605 mulheres saud&#225;veis, talvez tenha interferido nos valores de IAH do SHHS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Os autores tamb&#233;m observaram que a associa&#231;&#227;o de IAH com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e DAC ocorreu nos pacientes com IAH &#8805; 30.</p>
        <p>A amostra de pacientes, nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, foi composta majoritariamente por adultos acima de 40 anos, e esse foi, inclusive, o crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o de Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No estudo de Marin et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> a m&#233;dia de idade em pacientes apneicos graves foi de 49,9 anos, menor m&#233;dia registrada entre os grupos; Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> relataram m&#233;dia de 57,8 anos entre todos os pacientes apneicos n&#227;o tratados. &#201; preciso ter em mente esses valores para idade, pois He et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> sugeriram que AOS pode ter consequ&#234;ncias cardiovasculares mais graves em indiv&#237;duos com menos de 50 anos de idade. Estudos demonstraram, tamb&#233;m, que pessoas mais jovens, com AOS, podem ser mais propensas a ter HAS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e correr maior risco de morte por qualquer outra causa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Com essas evid&#234;ncias, &#233; preciso entender se uma estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica agressiva beneficiaria indiv&#237;duos, com AOS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> mais jovens e de meia-idade. Para isso, outras caracter&#237;sticas precisam ser consideradas, em estudos futuros, como etnia, g&#234;nero, al&#233;m de outros dados demogr&#225;ficos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A considera&#231;&#227;o relativa ao fator idade permitiu que Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> evidenciassem que o risco cardiovascular associado &#224; AOS diminui com a idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A coorte SHHS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> cuja idade m&#233;dia foi de 62 anos, pode ter subestimado o verdadeiro risco cardiovascular nesses pacientes. Os autores do SHHS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> argumentaram que o risco cardiovascular pode diminuir com a idade, devido &#224;s diferen&#231;as biol&#243;gicas na fisiopatologia da AOS entre pacientes de diferentes idades. Os autores relataram que o efeito <italic>"healthy survivor"</italic> &#233; uma causa prov&#225;vel de vi&#233;s em dire&#231;&#227;o a um resultado nulo, j&#225; que apneicos, mais suscept&#237;veis aos efeitos cardiovasculares da AOS, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o mais propensos a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e correm mais risco de n&#227;o sobreviver, do que aqueles com AOS que s&#227;o resistentes &#224;s consequ&#234;ncias cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesse trabalho, 51,23% dos 5.067 pacientes analisados eram do sexo masculino, sendo que Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> inclu&#237;ram apenas homens em seu estudo. Ao observar apenas a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IAH &#8805; 5, verifica-se que essa porcentagem aumenta para 65,57%. Ao realizar an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e ajustar para idade, etnia, tabagismo e IMC, houve forte associa&#231;&#227;o do IAH com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca incidente em homens, mas n&#227;o em mulheres, segundo relataram Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Da mesma forma, as taxas de eventos aumentavam com a gravidade da AOS em homens, mas isso n&#227;o foi evidenciado em mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> contaram apenas com 16,5% de mulheres, no grupo de n&#227;o tratados, afirmando n&#227;o poder extrapolar seus resultados para essa popula&#231;&#227;o. Devido ao exposto, o presente trabalho tamb&#233;m se restringir&#225; &#224; an&#225;lise da AOS na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina, sabendo-se que, na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre homens e mulheres com AOS &#233; estimada em 2:1 a 3:1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No que se refere aos fatores de confus&#227;o, como HAS, DM, dislipidemia, &#233; visto que o tratamento dessas patologias apresenta relevante impacto em desfechos como o IM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Elas comp&#245;em o quadro da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, a qual representa importante fator de risco para DAC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> sendo importante conhecer o status terap&#234;utico da popula&#231;&#227;o. Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> trabalharam apenas com pacientes em tratamento, aspecto que pode ter interferido na fraca associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada entre AOS e IM. Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> tamb&#233;m registraram o n&#250;mero de pacientes em tratamento, em contrapartida foi tamb&#233;m o estudo com maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades, aspecto que pode ter interferido no maior n&#250;mero de eventos cardiovasculares n&#227;o fatais, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e infartos observados nos tr&#234;s artigos. Marin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> por sua vez, n&#227;o informaram o status terap&#234;utico da popula&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de ser o estudo que registrou grande n&#250;mero de eventos cardiovasculares fatais.</p>
        <p>Estudos mostram a preval&#234;ncia de DM tipo II na popula&#231;&#227;o de apneicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Eleva&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas, somada &#224; priva&#231;&#227;o do sono,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> associam-se com resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. H&#225; tamb&#233;m dados que sugerem associa&#231;&#227;o entre AOS e intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, independentemente do IMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Chen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> conclu&#237;ram, em uma metan&#225;lise, que o tratamento com CPAP, embora n&#227;o altere os n&#237;veis de hemoglobina glicada, melhora significativamente a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, impactando positivamente nos sintoma da DM. Na presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, 12,7% dos 2.711 pacientes com IAH &#8805; 5 apresentaram diagn&#243;stico de DM, sendo que Gottlieb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> registraram, respectivamente, 13,7% vs 9% vs 15,2%.</p>
        <p>Quanto ao IMC, a maior mediana no estudo de Gottlieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> foi 31,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, em homens apneicos com IAH &#8805; 30 ev/h. Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> registraram a m&#233;dia de 30,3kg/m<sup>2</sup> no grupo de AOS grave n&#227;o tratada e 27,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para AOS leve-moderada. Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> informaram a m&#233;dia de 29,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para toda amostra, sendo que 55% eram apneicos leves. Resta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> e Newman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> observaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de AOS entre obesos, assim como Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> conclu&#237;ram que a obesidade &#233; um fator determinante na AOS. Newman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> estimaram que obesos podem ter cerca de dez vezes mais chances de desenvolver AOS. IMC elevado tamb&#233;m est&#225; associado ao aumento da mortalidade por v&#225;rias patologias cr&#244;nicas, em especial as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Framingham evidenciou que peso elevado aumenta o risco de DAC independentemente de outros fatores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Essas observa&#231;&#245;es auxiliam a compreender a import&#226;ncia do alto valor de IMC registrado pelos artigos, nessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, assim como a rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre IMC e gravidade da AOS. &#201; preciso conhecer, tamb&#233;m, o hist&#243;rico pessoal de doen&#231;a cardiovascular dos pacientes da amostra analisada nessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Gottlieb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Marin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> registraram, respectivamente, 0% vs 6,3% vs 70,5%.</p>
        <p>Pelo exposto, nota-se que Buchner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> reuniram condi&#231;&#245;es que favoreciam desfechos cardiovasculares: HAS, DM, dislipidemia, al&#233;m da alta percentagem de pacientes com hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a cardiovascular n&#227;o serem simples fatores de confus&#227;o independentes da AOS. Eles podem contribuir para os efeitos adversos da AOS no desfecho cardiovascular, portanto, a maior propor&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovasculares e doen&#231;as poderia explicar o n&#250;mero de casos e o benef&#237;cio do tratamento em pacientes com AOS leve a moderada, como relatado pelos autores.</p>
        <p>A compreens&#227;o dos efeitos da AOS pode sugerir explica&#231;&#245;es para a associa&#231;&#227;o dessa patologia com o IM. A preval&#234;ncia de DS em pacientes com DAC &#233; at&#233; duas vezes maior do que aquela em indiv&#237;duos sem DAC. Bhama et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> relataram uma preval&#234;ncia de at&#233; 30% de apneicos entre os pacientes com DAC.</p>
        <p>H&#225; mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que apontam a contribui&#231;&#227;o da AOS na origem e progress&#227;o da DAC: hipoxemia grave intermitente, acidose, aumento da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, em conjunto com mudan&#231;as simult&#226;neas nas press&#245;es transmurais, intrator&#225;cicas e card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Esses fatores fortalecem o argumento de que AOS possui forte potencial desencadeador de isquemia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Em longo prazo, os mecanismos da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e vascular, incluindo disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, podem ocasionar danos &#224;s estruturas das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Sorajja et. al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> ao estudar pacientes sem hist&#243;ria de DAC, observaram a presen&#231;a de importante calcifica&#231;&#227;o nas art&#233;rias coronarianas de pacientes com AOS, pelo escore de calcifica&#231;&#227;o igual a nove (unidades Agatston) e escore zero, em pacientes sem AOS (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>H&#225; relatos de que o n&#250;mero reduzido de eventos cardiovasculares separados entre si, e as varia&#231;&#245;es de defini&#231;&#245;es utilizadas pelas pesquisas limitam as conclus&#245;es de estudos que abordam a tem&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica teve ainda como limita&#231;&#245;es a heterogeneidade dos estudos selecionados em rela&#231;&#227;o a aspectos como objetivo, perfil cl&#237;nico e polissonogr&#225;fico dos pacientes, al&#233;m da diverg&#234;ncia na apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de pacientes e sua classifica&#231;&#227;o quanto ao IAH.</p>
        <p>Esse cen&#225;rio evidencia os desafios para investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre AOS e DAC, considerando que ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o cr&#244;nicas e possuem per&#237;odos longos de lat&#234;ncia at&#233; o surgimento das queixas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Al&#233;m disso, as duas patologias possuem, tamb&#233;m, origem multifatorial, com sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco comuns como sexo, idade, obesidade e tabagismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Definir a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre DAC e AOS significa esclarecer cuidados que a popula&#231;&#227;o de apneicos precisa ter em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o do IM. Tornar a apneia do sono um marcador de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca implica rastreio precoce desses pacientes, bem como incentivo ao tratamento de uma doen&#231;a que vem sendo associada &#224;s in&#250;meras consequ&#234;ncias cardiovasculares. As altera&#231;&#245;es endoteliais, neuro-hormonais e metab&#243;licas n&#227;o podem ser negligenciadas, mesmo que pare&#231;a complexo dissociar o in&#237;cio da DAC e da AOS, pois somente assim ser&#225; poss&#237;vel compreender se AOS pode interferir no desenvolvimento ou agravamento da DAC. A AOS tem tratamento e, portanto, pode, se assim confirmado, ser um dos determinantes control&#225;veis de DAC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Essa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica demonstrou que existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre AOS e IM. Foi poss&#237;vel observar, tamb&#233;m, que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AOS e IM foi maior em homens, e que o IAH foi considerado um dos marcadores para essa rela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
