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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Bq6J34zyVmMdBSZpY4T7zQJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000400347</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170032</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005005103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quality of Life Score as a Predictor of Death in Dogs with Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strunz</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia M. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcondes-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takada</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Yoshio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fragata</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio de P&#225;dua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor)-HC.FMUSP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Veterin&#225;rio Sena Madureira</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Veterin&#225;rio Sena Madureira, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: C&#233;lia Maria C&#225;ssaro Strunz</bold>, Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Andar AB, Bloco 2. Postal Code 05403-000, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>labcelia@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Strunz CMC; Acquisition of data:Marcondes-Santos M, Fragata FS; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content:Strunz CMC, Marcondes-Santos M, Takada JY, Fragata FS, Mansur AP; Statistical analysis: Takada JY, Mansur AP; Obtaining financing:Strunz CMC, Marcondes-Santos M; Writing of the manuscript:Strunz CMC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>347</fpage>
      <lpage>353</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The knowledge of the variables predicting mortality is important in clinical practice and for therapeutic monitoring in mitral valve disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To determine whether a quality of life score evaluated with the Functional Evaluation of Cardiac Health questionnaire would predict mortality in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Thirty-six client-owned dogs with mitral valve disease underwent clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic evaluations at baseline and were monitored for 6 months. Cardiovascular death was the primary outcome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The 36 dogs were classified as survivors or nonsurvivors. Higher values of the following variables were obtained at baseline in the nonsurviving group (12 dogs): amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels, plasma norepinephrine, heart rate, quality of life score, diastolic left ventricular internal dimension to aortic root ratio, systolic left ventricular internal dimension to aortic root ratio, and left atrium to aortic root ratio. NT-proBNP levels and quality life score were independently associated with death in the multivariable analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The quality life score was an independent variable for cardiac death in dogs with DMVD. This result is encouraging, as this score is easy to apply and does not require any technology, only a veterinarian and an observant owner.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Dogs</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve / abnormalities</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) is the most commonly diagnosed disease in routine veterinary cardiology in dogs. Therefore, the knowledge of the variables that can predict mortality in DMVD is important for the clinical practice and for therapeutic monitoring of these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diagnostic tests, such as electrocardiography, echocardiography, chest radiography, and blood pressure measurement, are routinely used to evaluate these patients and the effectiveness of their treatments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Other tests have been identified as useful in monitoring the progression of this valvular heart disease. For example, exacerbated activation of the sympathetic nervous system developed during heart failure associated with mitral valve disease can be monitored by measuring the plasma concentration of norepinephrine (NE), which is associated with severe symptoms and a higher risk of death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The importance of the amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), an inactive amino-terminal fragment of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide, has been recognized in recent years. In veterinary medicine, studies in dogs have suggested that NT-proBNP is a marker of the presence and severity of cardiac disease. Cutoff values for the concentrations of this peptide have been established and used to estimate the risk of the onset of congestive heart failure and to predict mortality in dogs with mitral valve disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition to this biochemical marker, the echocardiographic variables left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left atrial (LA) to aortic root (Ao) ratio (LA/Ao), and E wave transmitral peak velocity are predictors of all-cause mortality in dogs with DMVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> These diagnostic variables may be used to predict mortality in therapeutic management. Nevertheless, several clinical variables, such as respiratory signs, difficulties with mobility, etc., could together be an important tool to predict death and be very useful in veterinary clinics where technology is unavailable. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a score obtained with the Functional Evaluation of Cardiac Health, a quality of life questionnaire, could be used as a predictor of death in dogs with DMVD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>The dogs included in this prospective study were referred from a private veterinary ambulatory clinic at the time of their first presentation of signs or symptoms of congestive heart failure. The inclusion criteria for participation in the study were dogs with mitral regurgitation (MR) and LA enlargement (LA/Ao &gt; 1.2) normal laboratory renal (creatinine &lt; 2.1 mg/dL) and liver function results, and no other associated diseases. All dogs underwent a clinical evaluation consisting of physical examination, electrocardiography, blood pressure measurement, thoracic radiography, blood cell count, plasma and serum biochemical analysis, and two-dimensional, M-mode spectral-pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Therapeutic adjustments were only made when the dogs had undergone all diagnostic tests and the quality of life questionnaire had been applied, which occurred after the selection of the animals.</p>
        <p>The definitive diagnosis of DMVD was obtained during an echocardiographic examination performed by a veterinary specialist who was blinded to the quality of life questionnaire and laboratory results. The dogs were classified as having grade I to IV DMVD according to the New York Heart Association functional class scoring system modified for veterinary use.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Briefly, functional class I was defined as a heart murmur of mitral origin with no signs of heart enlargement and no limitation to physical activity, class II included slight limitation to physical activity with varying degrees of heart enlargement without clinical signs, class III included marked limitation of physical activity with radiologic signs of congestive heart failure, and class IV comprised severe limitation of physical activity with radiologic signs of congestive heart failure.</p>
        <p>Before enrollment in the study, 17 animals were already being treated with diuretics, inotropic agents, and/or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The drugs administered at the beginning of the study were adjusted according to the severity of the disease and included angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, inotropic agents, diuretics, and beta-blockers (when well tolerated). During the 6-month follow-up period, the treatment was adjusted whenever necessary. The owners of the dogs were asked to inform the researcher in case a cardiac-related death occurred outside of the hospital. None of the dogs were euthanized.</p>
        <p>An informed written consent was obtained from each dog owner, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee Heart Institute (InCor), University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School (number 072/05).</p>
        <p>The variables of the survivors and nonsurvivors at baseline were compared before any therapeutic adjustment was made. The significance of the variables that were clinically relevant in predicting death was analyzed after 6 months of follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of quality of life</title>
        <p>A total of 36 client-owned dogs were chosen by convenience for our study. As previously described, the Functional Evaluation of Cardiac Health quality of life questionnaire was developed based on widely accepted clinical signs of cardiac disease in dogs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The questionnaire consists of 17 questions answered by the dog owner, who grades the severity of symptoms on a scale from 0 to 5, in which 0 = few symptoms and 5 = several symptoms , with higher scores indicating a poorer health-related quality of life. The questions are mainly related to respiratory signs, difficulties with mobility (such as walking and climbing stairs), physical activity, irritability, appetite, sleepiness, and frequency of urination and vomiting. The score was established using information obtained from the owner by a veterinarian during the anamnesis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory measurements</title>
        <p>Blood samples were obtained early in the morning for measurement of plasma concentrations of NE, NT-proBNP, and other biochemical variables. An appropriately sized heparinized catheter was inserted into the saphenous vein of each dog. The dog was then placed in lateral recumbency on a table with minimal restraint for 20 minutes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The first mL of blood collected from the catheter was discarded. The subsequent 3 to 5 mL of blood were collected and immediately transferred to ice-chilled tubes containing a mixture of ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid - glutathione (20 <italic>&#181;</italic>L of anticoagulant/mL of blood) for NE analysis. Other samples were collected from the same catheter and transferred to an EDTA tube for NT-proBNP measurement and into a plain tube for other biochemical analyses. Within 1 hour of blood collection, the plasma and serum were separated and immediately frozen at -70&#176;C. NE levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> (Model 515, Waters Corp, Milford, MA, USA) and sodium (Na) levels were analyzed with a selective electrode (Dimension RXL, Dade Behring, Newark, DE, USA). Specific kits for automated equipment were used to measure urea and creatinine levels (Dimension RXL). The concentrations of plasma NT-proBNP were measured in duplicate using a commercial ELISA kit specific for canine NT-proBNP (Vet Sign Canine CardioSCREEN NT- Pro-BNP kit, Guildhay, UK).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic evaluation</title>
        <p>The arterial blood pressure was measured indirectly by vascular Doppler (Medmega DV-610, Medmega, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) while the dogs were in lateral recumbency. The cuff width was approximately 40% of the limb circumference. Each systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure value was calculated as the mean of three to four measurements.</p>
        <p>The heart rate (HR) and cardiac rhythm were evaluated using a short-term electrocardiographic recorder (Ecafix model E.C.G.-6, Ecafix , S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The echocardiographic examination was performed using an ultrasound system with a 5-MHz microconvex transducer (Aloka SSD 650 Ultrasound System, Aloka Inc., Tokyo, Japan).</p>
        <p>The M-mode echocardiographic variables studied were the diastolic interventricular septal thickness (IVSd), diastolic left ventricular wall thickness (LVWd), diastolic ventricular internal dimension (LVIDd), systolic ventricular internal dimension (LVIDs), fractional shortening (FS), Ao, and LA dimension. The left ventricular dimensions and the LA were indexed to the Ao. FS values were calculated using the equation FS = [(LVIDd - LVIDs) / LVIDd] X 100. The intraobserver variability of the M-mode echocardiographic variables was calculated using 15 measurements of each variable (obtained from three recordings measured five times each) in five dogs (the coefficients of variation ranged from 2.6% to 6.5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The severity of the MR was estimated with spectral-pulsed Doppler ultrasonography based on the percentage of the LA occupied by the regurgitant jet (mild &lt; 20%, moderate 20 to 50%, severe &gt; 50%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data with normal distribution are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), while those with non-normal distribution are shown as median and interquartile range (IQR). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was used to test for the normality of the data. When the data were normally distributed, the parametric Student's <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples was used, as displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. When the data were not normally distributed, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test for independent samples (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) and Kruskal-Wallis test (NT-proBNP) were used. In addition, the chi-square test and Fishers' exact test were used when the groups were evaluated in relation to their proportions. The Spearman test was used to measure the statistical association between two variables.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of 36 dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DDMV) categorized as survivors or nonsurvivors. Variables with normal distribution, described as mean and standard deviation (SD)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">All</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mortality</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">DMVD dogs (n = 36)</th>
                <th align="center">Surviving dogs (n = 24)</th>
                <th align="center">Nonsurviving dogs (n = 12)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (SD) yrs</td>
                <td align="center">10.7 (2.0)</td>
                <td align="center">10.5 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">11.0 (1.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.478</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (63.9)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (50.0)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (91.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC III-IV, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (41.7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (25.0)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (75.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FETCH (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">14.9 (10.5)</td>
                <td align="center">10.5 (7.9)</td>
                <td align="center">23.7 (10.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Na (SD) mEq/L</td>
                <td align="center">147.0 (4.00)</td>
                <td align="center">147.2 (4.19)</td>
                <td align="center">146.4 (3.60)</td>
                <td align="center">0.550</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR (ECG),(SD),bpm</td>
                <td align="center">144.3 (33.8)</td>
                <td align="center">137.3 (36.6)</td>
                <td align="center">158.3 (22.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP (SD) mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">135.5 (24.8)</td>
                <td align="center">134.8 (26.2)</td>
                <td align="center">136.7 (23.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.831</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP (SD) mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">80.1 (16.9)</td>
                <td align="center">79.3 (15.3)</td>
                <td align="center">81.9 (21.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVIDd/Ao (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">2.23 (0.44)</td>
                <td align="center">2.07 (0.39)</td>
                <td align="center">2.54 (0.36)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVIDs/Ao (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">1.17 (0.28)</td>
                <td align="center">1.07 (0.23)</td>
                <td align="center">1.36 (0.28)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47.7 (6.7)</td>
                <td align="center">48.5 (7.0)</td>
                <td align="center">45.9 (6.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.277</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>FC: functional classification; FETCH: Functional Evaluation of Cardiac Health; Na: sodium; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LVIDd/Ao: diastolic left ventricular internal dimension/aortic root ratio; LVIDs/Ao: systolic left ventricular internal dimension/aortic root ratio; FS: fractional shortening.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of 36 dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DDMV) categorized as survivors or nonsurvivors. Variables without normal distribution, described as median and interquartile range (IQR)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">All</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mortality</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">DMVD dogs (n = 36)</th>
                <th align="center">Surviving dogs (n = 24)</th>
                <th align="center">Nonsurviving dogs (n = 12)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (IQR) kg</td>
                <td align="center">6.2 (4.5-9.9)</td>
                <td align="center">6.2 (4.6-9.9)</td>
                <td align="center">6.0 (4.3-10.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.920</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-proBNP (IQR) pmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">1282 (699-2477)</td>
                <td align="center">859 (619-1345)</td>
                <td align="center">4055 (2070-6452)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NE (IQR) pg/mL</td>
                <td align="center">386 (250-574)</td>
                <td align="center">293 (214-430)</td>
                <td align="center">574 (357-998)</td>
                <td align="center">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (IQR) mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0.85 (0.70-1.00)</td>
                <td align="center">0.80 (0.70-1.00)</td>
                <td align="center">0.90 (0.80-1.10)</td>
                <td align="center">0.119</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IVSd (IQR) cm</td>
                <td align="center">0.60 (0.50-0.70)</td>
                <td align="center">0.60 (0.50-0.70)</td>
                <td align="center">0.60 (0.50-0.70)</td>
                <td align="center">0.890</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LA/Ao (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">1.56 (1.38-2.00)</td>
                <td align="center">1.44 (1.30-1.65)</td>
                <td align="center">2.09 (1.70-2.28)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>NT-proBNP: amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; NE: norepinephrine; IVSd: diastolic interventricular septal thickness; LA/Ao: left atrium dimension/aortic root ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>We performed a multivariable logistic analysis in a forward stepwise approach considering death at 6 months as the dependent variable. The independent variables were functional classification, LA/Ao, creatinine, quality of life score, ranked NT-proBNP, and dichotomized HR as &#8804; 130 bpm or &gt; 130 bpm. NT-proBNP values were ranked in units of 1,000 pmol/L, in order to make it easier to interpret the results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Only variables with p &lt; 0.1 were included in the multivariable regression model.</p>
        <p>Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to determine the optimal cutoff values for selected variable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Odds ratios (OR) were calculated as part of the logistic regression analysis. The significance level adopted for the statistical tests was 5%. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software program for Windows, version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., 1989-1996, Cary, NC, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The following breeds of dogs were enrolled in the study: 23 Poodles, five mixed-breed dogs, one Basset hound, one Beagle, one Cocker Spaniel, one Dachshund, one Lhasa Apso, and three Pinschers. The baseline characteristics of the 36 DMVD dogs are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>. The dogs were classified as having mild (n = 4), moderate (n = 18), or severe (n = 14) MR.</p>
      <p>We investigated the correlation between laboratory, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and clinical variables obtained at baseline. A positive correlation was identified between quality of life scores and the following variables: functional classification of the dog (r = 0.729, p &lt; 0.0001), LA/Ao (r = 0.591, p = 0.0001), and plasma NE (r = 0.430, p = 0.009).</p>
      <p>NT-proBNP concentrations correlated positively with LA/Ao (r = 0.615, p &lt; 0.001), LVIDd/Ao (r = 0.502, p = 0.0018), and LVIDs/Ao (r = 0.622, p = 0.0001) and negatively with FS (r = -0.386, p = 0.020). The only clinical and biochemical variables that correlated positively with NT-proBNP levels were the quality life score (r = 0.537, p = 0.001) and the plasma NE levels (r = 0.383, p = 0.021).</p>
      <p>Dogs with mild (n = 4), moderate (n = 18), and severe (n = 14) MR had NT-proBNP values of 751 pmol/L (IQR 539 - 1017 pmol/L), 1183 pmol/L (IQR 701 - 1850 pmol/L), and 2070 pmol/L (IQR 878 - 5461 pmol/L), respectively (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0849).</p>
      <p>The 36 DMVD dogs were further classified as survivors and nonsurvivors. We compared the clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic variables of the dogs in both groups to identify factors predictive of death (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>). The following variables were significantly higher among the animals that did not survive when compared with those that survived: NT-proBNP, NE, HR, quality of life score, LVIDd/Ao, LVIDs/Ao, and LA/Ao. Additionally, most nonsurvival dogs were male (91.7%) and had functional classes III-IV (75.0%).</p>
      <p>On multivariable logistic analysis, the variables independently associated with death were NT-proBNP (OR = 2.29, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.24 - 4.2, p = 0.008) and quality of life score (OR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.02 - 1.45, p = 0.027).</p>
      <p>The area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity (obtained from ROC curves) of the univariate models associating NT-proBNP (cutoff = 1850 pmol/L) and the quality of life score (cutoff = 17) with death were 0.91 (95%CI 0.77 - 0.98, standard error [SE] = 0.05, p &lt; 0.0001), 0.83 and 0.88, respectively, and 0.86 (95%CI 0.70 - 0.95, SE = 0.06, p &lt; 0.0001), 0.75 and 0.79, respectively.</p>
      <p>Finally, ROC curves were developed for the multivariable model with NT-proBNP and the quality of life score as predictors (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the comparison of the Functional Evaluation of Cardiac Health (FETCH) score and NT-proBNP levels.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0347-70032-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The dogs enrolled in this study had mainly MR, LA enlargement, and preserved renal function. According to our results, the quality of life scores correlated with the functional classification and NE concentrations, while NT-proBNP values correlated with the quality of life score, NE concentrations, and certain echocardiographic findings. On multivariable regression analysis, NT-proBNP concentrations and quality of life score emerged as independent predictors of death after a follow-up period of 6 months. We were also able to calculate the NT-proBNP levels and the quality of life score cutoff values that best predicted mortality.</p>
      <p>The association between quality of life scores and NE values with the severity of mitral valve disease has been previously described in the veterinary literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The positive correlation between these variables suggests that dogs with mitral valve disease that develop heart failure and experience increased sympathetic activity have a decreased quality of life.</p>
      <p>The correlation between natriuretic peptide levels and the echocardiographic variables LVIDd/Ao, LVIDs/Ao, LA/Ao, and FS observed in this study have been previously reported by other investigators,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> confirming that this peptide is a marker of cardiac remodeling and left ventricular dysfunction in dogs with mitral valve disease.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, animals with higher concentrations of NT-proBNP or a higher quality of life score had a higher risk of death. The prognostic value of NT-proBNP has been discussed by other investigators. Chetboul et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> demonstrated the ability of NT-proBNP to predict the transition from asymptomatic mitral insufficiency to a symptomatic disease in dogs. In a prospective study of dogs with symptomatic mitral valve disease over a 6-month follow-up period, Serres et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> demonstrated that NT-proBNP was a good predictor of survival.</p>
      <p>Questionnaires assessing the health-related quality of life of dogs have been validated for a variety of diseases, including cardiac disease, diabetes, neuropathic pain, and skin diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The questionnaire used in the present study has been already validated in dogs with heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> All studies recommend using the owner-perceived quality of life score for disease management.</p>
      <p>In the multivariable regression model, both NT-proBNP concentrations and quality of life score were equally significant and independent predictors of mortality. Still, our most interesting finding was the quality of life score as a predictor of risk of mortality. This result is encouraging, as this questionnaire is easy to apply and does not require any technology, only a veterinarian and an observant owner.</p>
      <p>One limitation of our study was the small sample size, which may limit the validity of the results. Another limitation was that the dogs were at different stages of the disease, as shown by their different functional classification. Finally, it is possible that the owner-reported data may have introduced subjectivity into the evaluation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The quality of life score was an independent predictor of cardiac death in dogs with DMVD.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Laborat&#243;rio Cl&#237;nico do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) e Hospital Veterin&#225;rio Sena Madureira.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by M&#225;rio Marcondes-Santos, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The present work was supported by and performed at Sena Madureira Veterinary Hospital, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil and at the Clinical Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S&#227;o Paulo, Medical School.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escore de Qualidade de Vida como Preditor de Mortalidade em C&#227;es com Doen&#231;a Degenerativa da Valva Mitral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strunz</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia M. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcondes-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takada</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Yoshio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fragata</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio de P&#225;dua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor)-HC.FMUSP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Veterin&#225;rio Sena Madureira, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: C&#233;lia Maria C&#225;ssaro Strunz</bold>, Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Andar AB, Bloco 2. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>labcelia@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Strunz CMC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Marcondes-Santos M, Fragata FS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o Cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Strunz CMC, Marcondes-Santos M, Takada JY, Fragata FS, Mansur AP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Takada JY, Mansur AP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Strunz CMC, Marcondes-Santos M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Strunz CMC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O conhecimento das vari&#225;veis preditoras de mortalidade &#233; importante para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e para o acompanhamento terap&#234;utico na doen&#231;a da valva mitral.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Determinar se um escore de qualidade de vida avaliado com o <italic>Functional Evaluation of Cardiac Health</italic> poderia auxiliar na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em c&#227;es com doen&#231;a degenerativa da valva mitral (DDVM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trinta e seis c&#227;es de estima&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a valvar mitral foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, laboratorial e ecocardiogr&#225;fica no in&#237;cio do estudo e monitorizados durante 6 meses. A morte cardiovascular foi o desfecho prim&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os 36 c&#227;es foram classificados como sobreviventes ou n&#227;o sobreviventes. Os valores mais elevados das seguintes vari&#225;veis foram obtidos no in&#237;cio do estudo no grupo de n&#227;o sobreviventes (12 c&#227;es): fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP), norepinefrina plasm&#225;tica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, escore de qualidade de vida, raz&#227;o da dimens&#227;o interna diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e raiz a&#243;rtica, raz&#227;o da dimens&#227;o interna sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e raiz a&#243;rtica e a rela&#231;&#227;o da dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo e a raiz a&#243;rtica. Concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-proBNP e o escore de qualidade de vida foram independentemente associados com morte na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O escore de qualidade de vida foi uma vari&#225;vel independente para a morte por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca em c&#227;es com DDVM. Este resultado &#233; encorajador, pois este escore &#233; de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o requer o emprego de tecnologia, necessitando apenas de um veterin&#225;rio e um dono observador.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>C&#227;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Valva Mitral / anormalidades</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a degenerativa da valva mitral (DDVM) &#233; a doen&#231;a mais comumente diagnosticada na rotina da cardiologia veterin&#225;ria em c&#227;es. Portanto, o conhecimento das vari&#225;veis que podem predizer a mortalidade na DDVM &#233; importante para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e para o monitoramento terap&#234;utico destes pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Testes diagn&#243;sticos como a eletrocardiografia, ecocardiografia, radiografia de t&#243;rax e medida da press&#227;o arterial s&#227;o rotineiramente utilizados para avaliar estes pacientes e a efetividade dos seus tratamentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Outros testes t&#234;m sido identificados como &#250;teis no acompanhamento da progress&#227;o desta doen&#231;a valvar. Por exemplo, a ativa&#231;&#227;o exacerbada do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico desenvolvida durante a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca associada com a doen&#231;a mitral valvar pode ser monitorizada atrav&#233;s da medida da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de norepinefrina (NE), que est&#225; associada com sintomas graves e risco aumentado de morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A import&#226;ncia do fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP), um fragmento amino terminal inativo do horm&#244;nio pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral, tem sido reconhecida nos &#250;ltimos anos. Na medicina veterin&#225;ria, estudos em c&#227;es t&#234;m sugerido que o NT-proBNP &#233; um marcador da presen&#231;a e gravidade de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. Os valores de corte para as concentra&#231;&#245;es desse pept&#237;deo foram estabelecidos e utilizados para estimar o risco de aparecimento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e predizer mortalidade em c&#227;es com doen&#231;a valvar mitral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m deste marcador bioqu&#237;mico, as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, raz&#227;o entre o &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e a raiz a&#243;rtica (Ao; AE/Ao) e o pico da velocidade da onda E transmitral s&#227;o preditoras de mortalidade por todas as causas em c&#227;es com DDVM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Estas vari&#225;veis diagn&#243;sticas podem ser utilizadas para predizer a mortalidade no manejo terap&#234;utico. No entanto, diversas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, tais como sinais respirat&#243;rios, dificuldades com mobilidade etc., poderiam juntas compor uma ferramenta importante na predi&#231;&#227;o de morte e ser muito &#250;teis em cl&#237;nicas veterin&#225;rias desprovidas de tecnologia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se o escore obtido com o <italic>Functional Evaluation of Cardiac Health</italic> (Avalia&#231;&#227;o Funcional da Sa&#250;de Card&#237;aca), um question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida, poderia ser utilizado como um preditor de morte em c&#227;es com DDVM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Os c&#227;es inclu&#237;dos neste estudo prospectivo foram encaminhados a partir de uma cl&#237;nica veterin&#225;ria de atendimento particular no momento da primeira apresenta&#231;&#227;o de sinais ou sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo foram c&#227;es com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM) e alargamento do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE/Ao &gt; 1,2), normalidade no exame laboratorial renal (creatinina &lt; 2,1 mg/dL) e de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e aus&#234;ncia de outras doen&#231;as associadas. Todos os c&#227;es foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que consistiu em exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiografia, medida da press&#227;o arterial, radiografia de t&#243;rax, hemograma, an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica plasm&#225;tica e s&#233;rica e ecocardiografia com Doppler espectral pulsado modo M e bidimensional. Ajustes terap&#234;uticos foram feitos apenas quando os c&#227;es j&#225; haviam sido submetidos a todos os testes diagn&#243;sticos e o question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida j&#225; havia sido aplicado, o que ocorreu ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o dos animais.</p>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico definitivo da DDVM foi obtido durante o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico realizado por um veterin&#225;rio especialista cego para o question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida e resultados de laborat&#243;rio. Os c&#227;es foram classificados com DDVM grau I a IV de acordo com o sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> modificado para uso veterin&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Resumidamente, foi definido como classe funcional I a presen&#231;a de sopro card&#237;aco de origem mitral sem sinais de aumento card&#237;aco e sem limita&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade f&#237;sica, como classe II a ocorr&#234;ncia de ligeira limita&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade f&#237;sica com diferentes graus de aumento card&#237;aco sem sinais cl&#237;nicos, como classe III a ocorr&#234;ncia de limita&#231;&#227;o acentuada da atividade f&#237;sica com sinais radiol&#243;gicos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e como classe IV a presen&#231;a de grave limita&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica com sinais radiol&#243;gicos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.</p>
          <p>Antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo, 17 animais j&#225; estavam sendo tratados com diur&#233;ticos, agentes inotr&#243;picos e/ou inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina. As drogas administradas no in&#237;cio do estudo foram ajustadas de acordo com a gravidade da doen&#231;a e inclu&#237;ram inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina, agentes inotr&#243;picos, diur&#233;ticos e betabloqueadores (quando bem tolerado). Durante os 6 meses do per&#237;odo de seguimento, o tratamento foi ajustado sempre que necess&#225;rio. Os propriet&#225;rios dos c&#227;es foram solicitados a informar o pesquisador no caso de morte associada a problema card&#237;aco que tenha ocorrido fora do hospital. Nenhum c&#227;o foi eutanasiado.</p>
          <p>Um termo de consentimento informado foi obtido de cada propriet&#225;rio de c&#227;o. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor)-HC.FMUSP (n&#250;mero 072/05).</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis dos sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes no momento basal foram comparadas antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o de qualquer ajuste terap&#234;utico. O significado das vari&#225;veis que se mostraram clinicamente relevantes em predizer a morte foi analisado ap&#243;s 6 meses de seguimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida</title>
          <p>No total, 36 c&#227;es de estima&#231;&#227;o foram escolhidos por conveni&#234;ncia para este estudo. Como descrito anteriormente, o question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida <italic>Functional Evaluation of Cardiac Health</italic> foi desenvolvido com base em sinais cl&#237;nicos amplamente aceitos de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca em c&#227;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O question&#225;rio consiste em 17 perguntas respondidas pelo propriet&#225;rio do c&#227;o, que gradua a gravidade dos sintomas em uma escala de 0 a 5, na qual 0 = poucos sintomas e 5 = muitos sintomas, com escores mais altos indicando uma pior qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de. As perguntas est&#227;o relacionadas principalmente a sinais respirat&#243;rios, dificuldades com mobilidade (tais como caminhar e subir escadas), atividade f&#237;sica, irritabilidade, apetite, sonol&#234;ncia e frequ&#234;ncia de mic&#231;&#227;o e v&#244;mitos. O escore foi estabelecido utilizando informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas a partir do propriet&#225;rio por um veterin&#225;rio durante a anamnese.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Amostras de sangue foram obtidas no in&#237;cio da manh&#227; para medida da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de NE, NT-proBNP, e outras vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas. Um cateter heparinizado de tamanho adequado foi inserido na veia safena de cada c&#227;o. O c&#227;o foi ent&#227;o colocado em dec&#250;bito lateral sobre uma mesa sob restri&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima por 20 minutos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O primeiro mL de sangue colhido do cateter foi descartado. Os 3 a 5 mL de sangue subsequentes foram coletados e transferidos imediatamente para tubos refrigerados contendo uma mistura de &#225;cido etilenodiamino tetra-ac&#233;tico - glutationa (20 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de anticoagulante/mL de sangue) para an&#225;lise de NE. Outras amostras foram coletadas a partir do mesmo cateter e transferidas para um tubo de EDTA para medida de NT-proBNP e para um tubo simples para outras an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas. Dentro de 1 hora de coleta do sangue, o plasma e o soro foram separados e imediatamente congelados a -70&#176;C. Os n&#237;veis de NE foram determinados por cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta efici&#234;ncia com um detector eletroqu&#237;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> (Model 515, Waters Corp, Milford, MA, EUA) e os n&#237;veis de s&#243;dio (Na) foram analisados com um eletrodo seletivo (Dimension RXL, Dade Behring, Newark, DE, EUA). <italic>Kits</italic> espec&#237;ficos para equipamentos automatizados foram utilizados para medi&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de ureia e creatinina (Dimension RXL). As concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de NT-proBNP foram medidas em duplicata com um <italic>kit</italic> comercial ELISA espec&#237;fico para NT-proBNP canino (Vet Sign Canine CardioSCREEN NT- Pro-BNP kit, Guildhay, Reino Unido).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica e eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi medida indiretamente por Doppler vascular (Medmega DV-610, Medmega, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) enquanto os c&#227;es permaneciam em dec&#250;bito lateral. A largura do manguito era de aproximadamente 40% da circunfer&#234;ncia do membro. Cada valor de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foi calculado como a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s a quatro medidas.</p>
          <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e o ritmo card&#237;aco foram avaliados por meio de um eletrocardi&#243;grafo para uso a curto prazo (Ecafix model E.C.G.-6, Ecafix, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado utilizando um sistema de ultrassom com um transdutor microconvexo de 5 MHz (Aloka SSD 650 Ultrasound System, Aloka Inc., T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o).</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis estudadas na ecocardiografia modo M foram a espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular (EDSIV), a espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na di&#225;stole (EPVEd), dimens&#227;o interna do ventr&#237;culo na di&#225;stole (DIVd), dimens&#227;o interna do ventr&#237;culo na s&#237;stole (DIVs), fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento (FE), Ao e dimens&#227;o do AE. As dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e do AE foram indexadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Ao. Os valores de FE foram calculados com a f&#243;rmula FE = [(DIVd - DIVs)) / DIVd] X 100. A variabilidade intraobservador para vari&#225;veis analisadas na ecocardiografia modo M foi calculada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de 15 medidas de cada vari&#225;vel (obtidas a partir de tr&#234;s grava&#231;&#245;es medidas cinco vezes cada) em cinco c&#227;es (os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o variaram de 2,6% a 6,5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A gravidade da RM foi estimada com a ecocardiografia com Doppler espectral pulsado baseada na percentagem do AE ocupado pelo jato regurgitante (leve &lt; 20%, moderada de 20 a 50%, grave &gt; 50%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal est&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), e os com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). O teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para testar a normalidade dos dados. Quando os dados apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, o teste param&#233;trico <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes foi utilizado, conforme exibido na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. Quando os dados apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico <italic>U</italic> de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>) e Kruskal-Wallis (NT-proBNP) foram utilizados. Al&#233;m disso, o teste do qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher foram utilizados quando os grupos foram avaliados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas propor&#231;&#245;es. O teste de Spearman foi utilizado para medir a associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre duas vari&#225;veis.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos 36 c&#227;es com doen&#231;a degenerativa da valva mitral (DDVM) categorizados como sobreviventes ou n&#227;o sobreviventes. Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Todos</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mortalidade</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
									</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">C&#227;es com DDVM (n = 36)</th>
                  <th align="center">C&#227;es sobreviventes (n = 24)</th>
                  <th align="center">C&#227;es n&#227;o sobreviventes (n = 12)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (DP) anos</td>
                  <td align="center">10,7 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,0 (1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,478</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Machos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (63,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (91,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CF III-IV, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (41,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FETCH (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,9 (10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5 (7,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,7 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Na (DP) mEq/L</td>
                  <td align="center">147,0 (4,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">147,2 (4,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">146,4 (3,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,550</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC (ECG),(DP),bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">144,3 (33,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">137,3 (36,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">158,3 (22,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS (DP) mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">135,5 (24,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">134,8 (26,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">136,7 (23,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,831</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD (DP) mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">80,1 (16,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,3 (15,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,9 (21,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,689</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DIVd/Ao (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,23 (0,44)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,07 (0,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,54 (0,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DIVs/Ao (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 (0,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (0,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36 (0,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,7 (6,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,5 (7,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,9 (6,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,277</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>CF: classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional; FETCH: Functional Evaluation of Cardiac Health, Na: s&#243;dio; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; DIVd/Ao: raz&#227;o da dimens&#227;o interna do ventr&#237;culo na di&#225;stole /raiz a&#243;rtica; DIVs/Ao: raz&#227;o da dimens&#227;o interna do ventr&#237;culo na s&#237;stole /raiz a&#243;rtica; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos 36 c&#227;es com doen&#231;a degenerativa da valva mitral (DDVM) categorizados como sobreviventes ou n&#227;o sobreviventes. Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, descritas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Todos</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mortalidade</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
									</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">C&#227;es com DDVM (n = 36)</th>
                  <th align="center">C&#227;es sobreviventes (n = 24)</th>
                  <th align="center">C&#227;es n&#227;o sobreviventes (n = 12)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (IIQ) kg</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 (4,5-9,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 (4,6-9,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0 (4,3-10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,920</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NT-proBNP (IIQ) pmol/L</td>
                  <td align="center">1282 (699-2477)</td>
                  <td align="center">859 (619-1345)</td>
                  <td align="center">4055 (2070-6452)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NE (IIQ) pg/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">386 (250-574)</td>
                  <td align="center">293 (214-430)</td>
                  <td align="center">574 (357-998)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (IIQ) mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 (0,70-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80 (0,70-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 (0,80-1,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,119</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EDSIV (IIQ) cm</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60 (0,50-0,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60 (0,50-0,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60 (0,50-0,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,890</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AE/Ao (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56 (1,38-2,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44 (1,30-1,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,09 (1,70-2,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; NE: norepinefrina; EDSIV: espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular; AE/Ao: raz&#227;o da dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo/raiz a&#243;rtica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Realizamos uma an&#225;lise log&#237;stica multivariada com abordagem <italic>stepwise forward</italic> considerando a morte em 6 meses como vari&#225;vel dependente. As vari&#225;veis independentes foram a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional, AE/Ao, creatinina, escore de qualidade de vida, NT-proBNP classificado e FC dicotomizada como &#8804; 130 bpm ou &gt; 130 bpm. Valores de NT-proBNP foram classificados em unidades de 1.000 pmol/L, a fim de tornar mais f&#225;cil a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Apenas as vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,1 foram inclu&#237;das no modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada.</p>
          <p>An&#225;lises de <italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic> (ROC) foram realizadas para determinar os valores de ponto de corte &#243;timos para vari&#225;veis selecionadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><italic>Odds ratios</italic> (OR) foram calculados como parte da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para os testes estat&#237;sticos foi de 5%. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o programa <italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic> (SAS) para Windows, vers&#227;o 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., 1989-1996, Cary, NC, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As seguintes ra&#231;as de c&#227;es foram inclu&#237;das no estudo: 23 Poodles, cinco c&#227;es mesti&#231;os, um Basset Hound, um Beagle, um Cocker Spaniel, um Dachshund, um Lhasa Apso, e tr&#234;s Pinschers. As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos 36 c&#227;es com DDVM est&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>. Os c&#227;es foram classificados com RM leve (n = 4), moderada (n = 18), ou grave (n = 14).</p>
        <p>Foi investigada a correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis laboratoriais, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas obtidas na condi&#231;&#227;o basal. Foi identificada uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os escores de qualidade de vida e as seguintes vari&#225;veis: classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional do c&#227;o (r = 0,729, p &lt; 0,0001), AE/Ao (r = 0,591, p = 0,0001) e NE plasm&#225;tica (r = 0,430, p = 0,009).</p>
        <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP se correlacionou positivamente com a AE/Ao (r = 0,615, p &lt; 0,001), DIVd/Ao (r = 0,502, p = 0,0018) e DIVs/Ao (r = 0,622, p = 0,0001) e negativamente com a FE (r = -0,386, p = 0,020). As &#250;nicas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas que se correlacionaram positivamente com os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP foram o escore de qualidade vida (r = 0,537, p = 0,001) e os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NE (r = 0,383, p = 0,021).</p>
        <p>C&#227;es com RM leve (n = 4), moderada (n = 18) e grave (n =14) apresentaram valores de NT-proBNP de 751 pmol/L (IIQ 539 - 1017 pmol/L), 1183 pmol/L (IIQ 701 - 1850 pmol/L) e 2070 pmol/L (IIQ 878 - 5461 pmol/L), respectivamente (teste de Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0,0849).</p>
        <p>Os 36 c&#227;es com DDVM foram ainda classificados como sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes. Foram comparadas as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos c&#227;es em ambos os grupos para identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores preditivos de morte (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>). As seguintes vari&#225;veis estiveram significativamente mais elevadas entre os animais que n&#227;o sobreviveram quando comparados com os que sobreviveram: NT-proBNP, NE, FC, escore de qualidade de vida, DIVd/Ao, DIVs/Ao e AE/Ao. Al&#233;m disso, a maioria dos c&#227;es n&#227;o sobreviventes era do sexo masculino (91,7%) e apresentava classes funcionais III e IV (75,0%).</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise log&#237;stica multivariada, as vari&#225;veis independentemente associadas com morte foram NT-proBNP (OR = 2,29, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC95%] 1,24 - 4,2, p = 0,008) e escore de qualidade de vida (OR = 1,22, IC95% 1,02 - 1,45, p = 0,027).</p>
        <p>A &#225;rea sob a curva, sensibilidade e especificidade (obtidas a partir de curvas ROC) dos modelos univariados associando NT-proBNP (corte = 1850 pmol/L) e o escore de qualidade de vida (corte = 17) com morte foram 0,91 (IC95% 0,77 - 0,98, erro padr&#227;o [SE] = 0,05, p &lt; 0,0001), 0,83 e 0,88, respectivamente, e 0,86 (IC95% 0,70 - 0,95, SE = 0,06, p &lt; 0,0001), 0,75 e 0,79, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Por &#250;ltimo, curvas ROC foram desenvolvidas para o modelo multivariado com o NT-proBNP e o escore de qualidade de vida como preditores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas receiver operating characteristic (ROC) para a compara&#231;&#227;o do escore na Avalia&#231;&#227;o Funcional da Sa&#250;de Card&#237;aca (Functional Evaluation of Cardiac Health, FETCH) e n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0347-70032-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os c&#227;es inclu&#237;dos neste estudo apresentavam principalmente RM, aumento de AE e fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada. De acordo com nossos resultados, o escore de qualidade de vida se correlacionou com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional e as concentra&#231;&#245;es de NE, enquanto valores de NT-proBNP se correlacionaram com o escore de qualidade de vida, concentra&#231;&#245;es de NE e certos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, as concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-proBNP e o escore de qualidade de vida emergiram como preditores independentes de morte ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de seguimento de 6 meses. Foram tamb&#233;m calculados os valores de corte dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e do escore de qualidade de vida que se mostraram como melhores preditores de mortalidade.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o escore de qualidade de vida e os valores de NE com a gravidade da doen&#231;a valvar mitral j&#225; foi descrita anteriormente na literatura veterin&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre essas vari&#225;veis sugere que os c&#227;es com doen&#231;a valvar mitral que desenvolvem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e apresentam aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica t&#234;m diminui&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida.</p>
        <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico e as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas DIVd/Ao, DIVs/Ao, AE/Ao e FE, observada neste estudo, j&#225; foi relatada previamente por outros investigadores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> confirmando que esse pept&#237;deo &#233; um marcador de remodelamento card&#237;aco e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em c&#227;es com doen&#231;a valvar mitral.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, animais com concentra&#231;&#245;es mais elevadas de NT-proBNP ou um maior escore de qualidade de vida apresentaram um maior risco de morte. O valor progn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP tem sido discutido por outros investigadores. Chetboul et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> demonstraram a habilidade do NT-proBNP em predizer a transi&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral assintom&#225;tica para sintom&#225;tica em c&#227;es. Em um estudo prospectivo de c&#227;es com doen&#231;a valvar mitral sintom&#225;tica durante 6 meses de seguimento, Serres et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> demonstraram que o NT-proBNP foi um bom preditor de sobrevida.</p>
        <p>Question&#225;rios que avaliam a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de em c&#227;es t&#234;m sido validados para diversas doen&#231;as, incluindo doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, diabetes, dor neurop&#225;tica e doen&#231;as de pele.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> O question&#225;rio utilizado no presente estudo j&#225; foi validado em c&#227;es com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Todos os estudos recomendam o uso do escore de qualidade de vida percebida pelo propriet&#225;rio no manejo da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>No modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada, tanto as concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-proBNP quanto o escore de qualidade de vida foram igualmente significativos e preditores independentes de mortalidade. Ainda assim, o nosso achado mais interessante foi o escore de qualidade de vida como um preditor de risco de mortalidade. Este resultado &#233; animador, j&#225; que este question&#225;rio &#233; de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o requer qualquer tecnologia, apenas um veterin&#225;rio e um propriet&#225;rio observador.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo foi o pequeno tamanho da amostra, o que pode limitar a validade dos resultados. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi a de que os c&#227;es estavam em diferentes fases da doen&#231;a, como mostrado pelas suas diferentes classifica&#231;&#245;es funcionais. Finalmente, &#233; poss&#237;vel que dados reportados pelos propriet&#225;rios possam ter introduzido subjetividade na avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O escore de qualidade de vida foi um preditor independente de morte card&#237;aca em c&#227;es com DDVM.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Laborat&#243;rio Cl&#237;nico do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) e Hospital Veterin&#225;rio Sena Madureira.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de doutorado de M&#225;rio Marcondes-Santos pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>O presente trabalho foi apoiado e realizado no Hospital Veterin&#225;rio Sena Madureira, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, e no Laborat&#243;rio Cl&#237;nico do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
