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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RK9SrVTFjnXPy8CdMjvYy4H</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000400339</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170035</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Valvular Heart Diseases</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Papillary Muscle Free Strain in Patients with Severe Degenerative and Functional Mitral Regurgitation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>K&#305;l&#305;cgedik</surname>
            <given-names>Alev</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kahveci</surname>
            <given-names>Gokhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gurbuz</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet Seyfeddin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karabay</surname>
            <given-names>Can Yucel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guler</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Efe</surname>
            <given-names>Suleyman Cagan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aung</surname>
            <given-names>Soe Moe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arslantas</surname>
            <given-names>Ugur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Serdar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izgi</surname>
            <given-names>Ibrahim Akin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kirma</surname>
            <given-names>Cevat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu Heart &amp; Research Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu Heart &amp; Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alev K&#305;l&#305;cgedik</bold>, Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu Heart &amp;Research Hospital, Cardiology Clinic, 34846, Kartal, &#304;stanbul, TR. E-mail: <email>akilicgedik@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A, Kahveci G; Acquisition of data: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A, Gurbuz AS, Karabay CY, Guler A, Efe SC, Aung SM, Arslantas U, Demir S; Analysis and interpretation of the data: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A, Kahveci G, Gurbuz AS, Karabay CY, Guler A, Efe SC, Aung SM, Arslantas U, Demir S, Izgi IA, Kirma C; Statistical analysis: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A, Kahveci G, Gurbuz AS, Karabay CY, Efe SC, Kirma C; Obtaining financing: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A; Writing of the manuscript: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A, Kahveci G, Aung SM, Arslantas U, Demir S, Izgi IA, Kirma C; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A, Kahveci G, Guler A, Izgi IA, Kirma C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>339</fpage>
      <lpage>346</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>The role of papillary muscle function in severe mitral regurgitation with preserved and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and the method of choice to evaluate PM have still been the subjects of controversy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate and compare papillary muscle function in and between patients with severe degenerative and functional mitral regurgitation by using the free strain method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>64 patients with severe mitral regurgitation - 39 patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR group) and 25 patients with severe functional mitral regurgitation (FMR group) - and 30 control subjects (control group) were included in the study. Papillary muscle function was evaluated through the free strain method from apical four chamber images of the anterolateral papillary muscle (APM) and from apical three chamber images of the posteromedial papillary muscle (PPM). Global left ventricular longitudinal and circumferential strains were evaluated by applying 2D speckle tracking imaging.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Global left ventricular longitudinal strain (DMR group, -17 [-14.2/-20]; FMR group, -9 [-7/-10.7]; control group, -20 [-18/-21] p &lt; 0.001), global left ventricular circumferential strain (DMR group, -20 [-14.5/-22.7]; FMR group, -10 [-7/-12]; control group, -23 [-21/-27.5] p &lt; 0.001) and papillary musle strains (PPMS; DMR group, -30.5 [-24/-46.7]; FMR group, -18 [-12/-30]; control group; -43 [-34.5/-39.5] p &lt; 0.001; APMS; DMR group, (-35 [-23.5/-43]; FMR group, -20 [-13.5/-26]; control group, -40 [-32.5/-48] p &lt; 0.001) were significantly different among all groups. APMS and PPMS were highly correlated with LVEF (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.001; respectively), GLS (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.001; respectively) and GCS (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.00; respectively) of LV among all groups. No correlation was found between papillary muscle strains and effective orifice area (EOA) in both groups of severe mitral regurgitation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Measuring papillary muscle longitudinal strain by the free strain method is practical and applicable. Papillary muscle dysfunction plays a small role in severe MR due to degenerative or functional causes and papillary muscle functions in general seems to follow left ventricular function. PPM is the most affected PM in severe mitral regurgitation in both groups of DMR and FMR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency / diagnostic</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Papillary Muscles / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Mitral regurgitation (MR) is one of the most common valve diseases in developed countries. The main etiologies of MR are classified as degenerative, dilatative and ischemic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Severe MR may compromise left ventricular function and worsen patients' prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The mitral subvalvular apparatus contributes significantly to left ventricular function and occurrence of mitral regurgitation. The impairment of the subvalvular apparatus is detrimental to the left ventricular systolic function and mitral regurgitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Papillary muscle dysfunction has previously been shown as a mechanical cause of mitral regurgitation in patients with functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) in some studies, but, in some others, no correlation was found between mitral regurgitation and papillary muscle dysfunction and even an attenuating effect of papillary muscle dysfunction was reported in most studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In experimental studies, under the range of normal loading and inotropic conditions, papillary muscle contraction normally follows the general characteristics of left ventricular contraction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> but ischemia or stunning may disrupt this course. It is reported that in ischemic mitral regurgitation, diminished papillary muscle shortening, which is termed as papillary muscle dysfunction, paradoxically decreases the degree of MR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In patients with normal LV function and MR, fractional shortening has been shown to be normal, similarly to patients with mild or more severe MR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR), there is no sufficient knowledge about the role of papillary muscle (PM) dysfunction. The role of papillary muscle function in severe MR and the method of choice to evaluate PM are still controversial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare papillary muscle functions in and between patients with severe DMR and severe FMR by using the free strain method.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Population</title>
        <p>This is a prospective study and included 64 patients with severe MR who were referred for echocardiographic examination at the Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Education and Research Hospital between January 2014 and April 2015. A total of 39 patients had degenerative severe MR (DMR group) and 25 patients had functional severe MR (FMR group). The control group consisted of 30 subjects with no MR and normal ejection fraction. Patients with DMR (mitral valve prolapse, chordae tendinea rupture) and normal ejection fraction (&gt; 60%), and patients with ischemic or non-ischemic FMR with ejection fraction &lt; 40% were enrolled in the study prospectively. In the DMR group, 6 patients had anterior leaflet prolapsus, 26 patients had posterior prolapsus (18 patients with P2 scallop prolapsus, 4 patients with P1 scallop prolapsus and 4 patients with P3 scallop prolapsus) and 6 patients with Barlow's disease. In the FMR group, 21 patients had ischemic heart disease that did not require revascularization, and 4 patients had non-ischemic dilated heart disease. Patients with organic MR caused by other reasons, including rheumatic or senile degenerative heart valve disease, mitral annular calcification, infective endocarditis, and patients with reduced ejection fraction were excluded from the study. Only patients with appropriate echocardiographic images were included in the study. The Local Ethics Committee approved this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Standard Echocardiography</title>
        <p>Standard echocardiographic evaluations were performed using a 1 to 5 MHz X5-1 transducer (iE33, Philips Healthcare Inc., Andover, MA). Patients were examined in the left lateral position. Measurements were averaged over 3 consecutive heart cycles. All standard 2D transthoracic echocardographic images from parasternal long axis, short axis, apical four, three and two chamber views, color Doppler and Tissue Doppler images were stored in cine loop format triggered to the QRS complex. Left ventricular diastolic and systolic diameters were measured using M-mode or 2-dimensional echocardiography. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated according to Simpson's formula employing a two-dimensional image of the LV chamber during systole and diastole in the four- and two-chamber apical views.</p>
        <p>The quantification of MR was assessed as recommended.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) was visualized from apical four-chamber view. The radius of the PISA was measured at mid-systole using the first aliasing. Regurgitant volume (RV) and effective orifice area (EOA) were obtained using the standard formula. For DMR; RV &gt; 60 mL/beat or EOA &gt; 0.4 cm<sup>2</sup>, and for FMR; RV &gt; 30 mL and EOA &gt; 0.2 cm<sup>2</sup> were considered as severe MR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The configuration of mitral leaflets was assessed from the parasternal long axis and apical views. In addition to 2D transthoracic echocardiographic views, all patients with severe DMR underwent 2D and 3D transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE), which provided precise information on type and extent of anatomical lesions, mechanism of regurgitation, etiology and reparability of the valve. The mitral annular diameter seen from the bi-commissural view (MAbic) was measured by conventional 2D TEE at 60-75 degrees and anterior-posterior diameter (MAap) was measured at 120 degrees in the parasternal long-axis view. Anterior and posterior leaflet lengths were measured in diastole at 120&#186;.</p>
        <p>Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (STE): Left ventricular strain (circumferential and longitudinal) was evaluated using 2D speckle-tracking imaging. Global circumferential strain (GCS) was assessed from parasternal short axis views of the left ventricle at three levels (base-mid-apical). Global longitudinal strain (GLS) was assessed from apical four, three and two chamber views.</p>
        <p>Longitudinal myocardial strain of PMs was evaluated using the free strain method from apical four chamber view for anterolateral PM (APM) and apical long axis view for posteromedial PM (PPM). Patients in whom PM views were visually clear in both systole and diastole were considered eligible for the assessment. Of 110 patients, 15% were excluded from the study because of inadequate image quality.</p>
        <p>Free strain is an application of the commercially available software program of Philips (CMQ Q-app). This method enables the measurement of user defined custom local velocities, displacement and deformation using unlimited directional chords display technic. This workflow measures strain within the myocardial region, free of restraints on the location or direction of the measurements, which can be radial, longitudinal, and circumferential. Free strain is thought to be an easy, quick and practical method of measuring myocardial deformation. This method may be particularly preferable in measuring the deformation of PMs since these structures are relatively separate from the LV myocardium and are not included in the commercially available LV strain models.</p>
        <p>In order to measure the longitudinal strain by using the free strain method, a region of interest should be selected by clicking two points manually. The first point was selected from the base of the PM at its attachment zone to the LV wall. The second point was selected from the tip of the PM with special attention to keep a 3-5 mm distance from the chordae in order to avoid artifacts.</p>
        <p>All STE acquisitions were performed at frame rates between 50-70 Hz frames per second. The average value of strain was taken from the three consecutive beats. The peak systolic values were recorded for GCS, GLS and longitudinal S of APM and PPM.</p>
        <p>The details of the longitudinal strain measurement with the "free strain" method for both PMs are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Free strain measurement of the APM from apical four chamber image in a patient with FMR. B) Free strain measurement of PPM from apical long axis image of the same patient.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0339-70035-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis:</title>
        <p>Data management and analysis were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 16.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL) software. Continuous variables are expressed as mean (SD) or median (25th to 75th interquartile range [IR]) depending upon variable distribution. Normal distribution was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical variables are presented by absolute and percentage numbers and compared using Chi-Square or Fisher's Exact test as appropriate. One-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc was used to compare continuous variables among groups; when homogeneity of variance was not present, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for nonparametric independent samples. Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric independent samples for inter-group comparisons were performed to confirm significance. Correlations were tested by Pearson or Spearman's correlation tests, as appropriate.</p>
        <p>A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Demographic characteristics of the study population are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Age and gender were similar in all groups. Standard echocardiographic and STE characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>. LA and LV diameters were statistically different among all groups. Atrial fibrillation ratio was statistically different between DMR and FMR groups but this did not seem to significantly affect the results of the study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline Clinical Characteristics of Study Population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">DMR (n: 39)</th>
              <th align="center">FMR (n: 25)</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n: 30)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">52.5 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">57 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">52.7 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender, male</td>
              <td align="center">29 (%74)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (%80)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (%67)</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA class 3-4</td>
              <td align="center">10 (%26)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (%24)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (% 0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 &#177; 0.26</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.78</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM</td>
              <td align="center">4 (%10)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (%20)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (%10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">128.8 &#177; 6.8</td>
              <td align="center">113.4 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">127.6 &#177; 9.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">78.2 &#177; 5.3</td>
              <td align="center">71&#177;5.2</td>
              <td align="center">80.8 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic AF</td>
              <td align="center">2 (5.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (44%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p> DM: Diabetes Mellitus; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; AF: atrial fibrillation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of mean and median values of echocardiographic parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Groups</th>
              <th align="center">DMR Group (n: 39)</th>
              <th align="center">FMR Group (n: 25)</th>
              <th align="center">Control Group (n: 30)</th>
              <th align="center">p value (all groups)</th>
              <th align="center">P&#945;</th>
              <th align="center">P&#946;</th>
              <th align="center">P&#947;</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.18 &#177; 0.73</td>
              <td align="center">4.72 &#177; 0.79</td>
              <td align="center">3.31 &#177; 0.37</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVESD (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.56 &#177; 0.67</td>
              <td align="center">5.14 &#177; 0.73</td>
              <td align="center">2.89 &#177; 0.40</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEDD (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">5.80 &#177; 0.74</td>
              <td align="center">6.51 &#177; 0.81</td>
              <td align="center">4.71 &#177; 0.41</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">64.5 &#177; 2.02</td>
              <td align="center">33.4 &#177; 9.06</td>
              <td align="center">65.1 &#177; 1.94</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EOA (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">68.75 &#177; 27.23</td>
              <td align="center">33.43 &#177; 11.03</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV (ml)</td>
              <td align="center">95.97 &#177; 30.6</td>
              <td align="center">50.3 &#177; 13.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AL LENGHT (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">27.8 &#177; 6.41</td>
              <td align="center">25.8 &#177; 3.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.465</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PL LENGHT (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">17.5 &#177; 4.15</td>
              <td align="center">14 &#177; 1.41</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.049</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MAbic (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">46.6 &#177; 7.13</td>
              <td align="center">33.5 &#177; 14.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MAap (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">41.0 &#177; 5.62</td>
              <td align="center">34.6 &#177; 1.86</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>LA: left atrium; LVESD: left ventricular end systolic diameter; LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PISA: proximal velosity surface area; RV: regurgitant volume; AL LENGHT: anterior leaflet length; PL LENGHT: posterior leaflet length; MAbic: bi-commissural mitral annulus diameter; MAap: A2P2 mitral annulus diameter; P&#945;: p value of comparing groups DMR-FMR; P&#946;:p value of comparing groups DMR-control; P&#947;: p value of comparing groups FMR-control.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Strain values of study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Groups</th>
              <th align="center">DMR (n: 39)</th>
              <th align="center">FMR (n: 25)</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n: 30)</th>
              <th align="center">P value (all groups)</th>
              <th align="center">P&#945;</th>
              <th align="center">P&#946;</th>
              <th align="center">P&#947;</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GCS (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-20 (-14.5/ -22.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-10 (-7/-12)</td>
              <td align="center">-23 (-21/-27.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GLST (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-17 (-14.2/-20)</td>
              <td align="center">-9 (-7/-10.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-20 (-18/-21)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">APMS (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-35 (-23.5/-43)</td>
              <td align="center">-20 (-13.5/-26)</td>
              <td align="center">-40 (-32.5/-48)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.102</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PPMS (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-30.5 (-24/-46.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-18 (-12/-30)</td>
              <td align="center">-43 (-34.5/-39.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>GCS: global circumferential left ventricular strain; GLS: global longitudinal left ventricular strain; APMS: anterolateral papillary muscle strain from apical four chamber; PPMS: posteromedial papillary muscle strain from apical long axis; P&#945;: p value of comparing groups DMR-FMR; P&#946;: p value of comparing groups DMR-control; P&#947;: p value of comparing groups FMR-control.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Global left ventricular longitudinal strain and PM longitudinal strains were significantly different among all groups. Posteromedial PM strain (PPMS) of the control group was better than PPMS of the DMR and FMR groups. There was no significant difference in anterolateral PM strain (APMS) between the DMR and control groups, and both strains of the FMR group were significantly lower than PM longitudinal strains of the DMR and control groups. PPMS had the lowest values in both MR groups. Global left ventricular longitudinal and circumferential strains of all three groups followed the same order as PPMS, and were better in the control group than in the DMR group, and the DMR group was better than the FMR group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Box-plot values of median (IQR) for APMS, PPMS, GCS, GLS values according to the groups DMR, FMR and controls.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0339-70035-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>APMS and PPMS were highly correlated to LVEF (both p &lt; 0.001), GLS (both p &lt; 0.001) and GCS (both p &lt; 0.001) of the LV among all groups.</p>
      <p>No correlation was found between PM strains and EOA in either group with severe MR.</p>
      <p>In the DMR group, there was no statistical correlation between PM longitudinal strains and EOA. Any scallop prolapse in the anterior leaflet versus posterior leaflet was correlated to APMS (p = 0.04). Moreover, there was a moderate correlation between the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and EOA (r = 0.38, p = 0.02). APMS and PPMS were not correlated with LVEF (p = 0.55, p = 0.13; respectively), GLS (p = 0.62, p = 0.54; respectively) and GCS (p = 0.77, p = 0.38; respectively).</p>
      <p>In the FMR group, there was also no correlation between EOA and PM longitudinal strains. MAbic was negatively correlated with APMS (r = -0.76, p = 0.03). Posterior leaflet length was correlated with PPMS (r = 0.88, p = 0.01). APMS and PPMS were not correlated with LVEF (p = 0.18, p = 0.09; respectively), GLS (p = 0.33, p = 0.33; respectively) and GCS (p = 0.83, p = 0.93; respectively).</p>
      <p>Also, the in the control group, APMS and PPMS were not correlated to LVEF (p = 0.80, p = 0.65; respectively), GLS (p = 0.25, p = 0.43; respectively) and GCS (p = 0.63, p = 0.85; respectively).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our study demonstrated that PM functions acts in a manner similar to the left ventricle, and is diminished in severe degenerative and functional MR similarly to global ventricular strain. PPMS of the control group was better than in the DMR group and the PPMS of the DMR group was better than in the FMR group. APMS of the control group was similar to the DMR group and better than the FMR group. Although patients had normal ejection fraction in the DMR group, PM longitudinal strain values ordinarily followed GLS and GCS, which were diminished when compared to control group, reflecting a latent systolic dysfunction in the DMR group. Also, in the FMR group, PM longitudinal strain values were well-matched to the diminished global longitudinal and circumferential strain of the impaired LV. No correlation was found between PM free strains and EOA in either group with severe MR. Kisanuki et al. showed that the occurrence of moderate to severe MR was significantly more frequent in patients with combined anterior and posterior PM dysfunction than in those with isolated PM dysfunction or normal PM function. However, they supposed that isolated or combined PM dysfunction was not the only cause for MR unless it was together with left ventricular wall motion abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> It has been shown in experimental studies that selective paresis of the PMs does not affect the competence of the mitral valve and does not cause MR in a normally contracting ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The main mechanism of MR in FMR is increased tethering forces and reduced coaptation of the mitral valve leaflets by medial/ lateral and apical displacement of the PMs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Tigen et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> demonstrated that PM desynchrony was the independent predictor of moderate or moderate-to-severe MR in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. But in another study that included patients with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, the circumferential strain of PM was evaluated and a straight relationship between PM desynchrony and MR degree was not found; conversely, an inverse relationship between PM longitudinal strain and the degree of MR was found in patients with basal inferior LV remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> There are several studies supporting the paradoxical decrease in ischemic MR by PM dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This is attributed to a decreased shortening of PMs resulting in the reduction of tethering and MR by PM dysfunction. Although some studies show acute improvement of MR with cardiac resynchronization therapy, the main mechanism is ambiguous and it is considered that if there is PM desynchrony with left ventricular desynchrony, improved coordination of PM contraction can cause acute improvement of MR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Also, in patients with normal ejection fraction, it is reported that PM dysfunction had no significant role in the occurrence of MR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our study demonstrated that in the DMR group, APMS was similar to the control group and better than PPMS. In degenerative mitral valve disease, perivalvular ventricular fibrosis and PM fibrosis have been shown in some pathological and MRI studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Foci of necrosis are also common in patients with recent onset severe valvular regurgitation, and, in our study, most of the patients had chordal rupture with prolapse. Necrosis or fibrosis may be either focal or diffuse and can involve only one PM or both. The APM is slightly larger and has a richer blood supply than the PPM. Thus, if only one PM contains foci of fibrosis, it is almost always the PPM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Moreover, combined PM dysfunction is frequently seen in patients with FMR, in contrast to patients with apparent mitral valve prolapse in which combined PM dysfunction was noted in a small number of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, in our study, any scallop prolapse on anterior leaflet was associated to a decreased APMS value when compared to posterior leaflet prolapse. This may be because the anterior leaflet is larger, longer and usually thicker than the posterior leaflet. The posterior leaflet is crescent-shaped with a short radial length and a long circumferential base.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Thus, severe MR may cause less shortening of PM in systole caused by redundant anterior leaflet movement towards the left atrium by the driving force of the mitral regurgitant jet. In addition, the mitral annulus is a nonplanar saddle-shaped structure. The anterior portion of the mitral annulus is continuous with the rigid aortic annulus and is elevated towards the atrium as a 'horn'. However, the posterior mitral annulus is more flexible, allowing a systolic apical bending along a commissural axis. This helps to reduce tissue stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Anterior leaflet prolapse may be more associated with increased tissue stress than with posterior prolapse.</p>
      <p>In the FMR group, an increase in MAbic is associated with decreased APMS. When the LV dilates, the mitral annulus also dilates and flattens, loses its saddle shape and systolic annular contraction. This causes malcoaptation of mitral leaflets,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and an increase in tethering forces resulting in less shortening of PMs. In addition, we found that posterior leaflet length was associated with PPMS. In FMR, tethering of the mitral leaflets is often on the posterior leaflet and particularly on the posteromedial scallop.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> According to this finding, as the posterior leaflet length increases, tethering of the mitral leaflet diminishes and PM function improves.</p>
      <p>As far as we know, ours is the only study that compares PM function in degenerative and functional severe MR patients by using the free strain method. In previous studies, longitudinal and circumferential strain methods were used to evaluate PM function. We used the free strain method to measure the longitudinal strain of two points on the PMs, which seems easier and more practical in clinical use, although there is no standard guideline on free strain in PM function evaluation so far.</p>
      <p>Some studies with animals have shown that under the range of normal loading and inotropic conditions, PM dynamics closely follow the dynamics of the LV as a whole. They shorten during ejection like the rest of LV, and their lengths change only very slightly during the isovolumic periods. During isovolumic contraction they shorten slightly and during isovolumic relaxation they lenghten slightly. Under ischemic conditions, the dynamic behaviour of PMs reverse during isovolumic contraction and isovolumic relaxation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In the study by Kisanuki et al., fractional shortening of PMs was calculated by using end diastolic and end systolic length of PMs on 2D TTE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In our study, the values of longitudinal strain of PMs, using free strain method, were correlated with their values of fractional shortening of PMs.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Only patients with severe MR were included in the study. Patients with mild or moderate MR were excluded. We evaluated PM function in severe MR comparing and associating with EOA in DMR and FMR patients. The behavior of free strain patterns in patients with mild or moderate MR is unknown. We used the free strain method to evaluate PM function, but there is no standard usage or values about this method. Since this is study with a small population, the present results should be confirmed in further studies with a larger number of patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our study, in accordance with previous studies, has demonstrated that PM dysfunction plays a small role in severe MR due to degenerative or functional causes, and PM function in general seems to follow LV function. PPM is the most affected PM and has the lowest longitudinal strain values in both severe MR groups. Free strain is a practical and applicable method of choice to measure PM longitudinal strain.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Valvopatias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><italic>Free Strains</italic> de M&#250;sculos Papilares em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral Funcional e Degenerativa Grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>K&#305;l&#305;cgedik</surname>
            <given-names>Alev</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kahveci</surname>
            <given-names>Gokhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gurbuz</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet Seyfeddin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karabay</surname>
            <given-names>Can Yucel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guler</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Efe</surname>
            <given-names>Suleyman Cagan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aung</surname>
            <given-names>Soe Moe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arslantas</surname>
            <given-names>Ugur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Serdar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izgi</surname>
            <given-names>Ibrahim Akin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kirma</surname>
            <given-names>Cevat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu Heart &amp; Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alev K&#305;l&#305;cgedik</bold>, Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu Heart &amp;Research Hospital, Cardiology Clinic, 34846, Kartal, &#304;stanbul, TR. E-mail: <email>akilicgedik@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A, Kahveci G; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A, Gurbuz AS, Karabay CY, Guler A, Efe SC, Aung SM, Arslantas U, Demir S; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A, Kahveci G, Gurbuz AS, Karabay CY, Guler A, Efe SC, Aung SM, Arslantas U, Demir S, Izgi IA, Kirma C; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A, Kahveci G, Gurbuz AS, Karabay CY, Efe SC, Kirma C; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A, Kahveci G, Aung SM, Arslantas U, Demir S, Izgi IA, Kirma C; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: K&#305;l&#305;cgedik A, Kahveci G, Guler A, Izgi IA, Kirma C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O papel da fun&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar na regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada e reduzida e o m&#233;todo de escolha para avaliar PM ainda s&#227;o objetos de controv&#233;rsia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar e comparar a fun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares entre pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral funcional e degenerativa pelo m&#233;todo <italic>free strain.</italic></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>64 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave - 39 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral degenerativa grave (grupo IMD) e 25 com insufici&#234;ncia mitral funcional grave (grupo IMF) - e 30 indiv&#237;duos controle (grupo controle) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A fun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo <italic>free strain</italic> a partir de imagens apicais quatro-c&#226;maras do m&#250;sculo papilar anterolateral (MPA) e imagens apicais tr&#234;s-c&#226;maras do m&#250;sculo papilar posteromedial (MPP). Strains circunferenciais e longitudinais globais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram avaliados por meio de imagens bidimensionais a partir do rastreamento de conjunto de pontos de cinza <italic>(speckle tracking)</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O strain longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (grupo IMD, -17 [-14,2/-20]; grupo IMF, -9 [-7/-10,7]; grupo controle, -20 [-18/-21] p &lt; 0,001); strain circunferencial global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (grupo IMD, -20 [-14,5/-22,7]; grupo IMF, -10 [-7/-12]; grupo controle, -23 [-21/-27,5] p &lt; 0,001) e strains de m&#250;sculos papilares (MPP; grupo IMD, -30,5 [-24/-46,7]; grupo IMF, -18 [-12/-30]; grupo controle; -43 [-34,5/-39,5] p &lt; 0,001; MPA; grupo IMD, (-35 [-23,5/-43]; grupo IMF, -20 [-13,5/-26]; grupo controle, -40 [-32,5/-48] p &lt; 0,001) mostraram-se significativamente diferentes nos grupos. MPA e MPP mostraram-se altamente correlacionados com a FEVE (p &lt; 0,001, p &lt; 0,00; respectivamente), SLG (p &lt; 0,001, p &lt; 0,001; respectivamente) e SCG (p &lt; 0,001, p &lt; 0,001; respectivamente) do VE entre todos os grupos. N&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o entre os strains de m&#250;sculos papilares e &#225;rea eficaz do orif&#237;cio (AEO) nos grupos de insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o do strain longitudinal de m&#250;sculos papilares pelo m&#233;todo <italic>free strain</italic> &#233; pr&#225;tica e aplic&#225;vel. A disfun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares tem um papel pequeno em IM grave devido a causas degenerativas e funcionais, e a fun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares, em general, parece seguir a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. O MPP &#233; o MP mais afetado na insufici&#234;ncia mitral em ambos os grupos, IMD e IMF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral / diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#250;sculos Papilares / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) &#233; uma das doen&#231;as valvares mais comuns em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. As principais etiologias de IM s&#227;o classificadas como degenerativa, dilatada e isqu&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A IM grave compromete a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e piora o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O aparelho subvalvar mitral contribui significativamente para a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e a ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Danos no aparelho subvalvar &#233; prejudicial &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda e &#224; insufici&#234;ncia mitral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares j&#225; foi, em alguns estudos, apontada como causa mec&#226;nica de insufici&#234;ncia mitral em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral funcional (IMF); mas, em outros, n&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o entre insufici&#234;ncia mitral e disfun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares, e at&#233; mesmo um efeito atenuante da disfun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares foi relatada na maioria dos estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Em estudos experimentais, sob o intervalo de carga normal e condi&#231;&#245;es inotr&#243;picas, a contra&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares normalmente segue as caracter&#237;sticas gerais da contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> mas uma isquemia ou atordoamento podem interferir nesse curso. &#201; relatado que na insufici&#234;ncia mitral isqu&#234;mica, a diminui&#231;&#227;o do encurtamento dos m&#250;sculos papilares, chamado disfun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares, diminui paradoxalmente o grau de IM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o do VE normal e IM, um encurtamento fracional &#233; normal, da mesma forma que em pacientes com IM leve ou mais grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral degenerativa (IMD), n&#227;o h&#225; conhecimento suficiente sobre o papel da disfun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares (MP). O papel da fun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares na IM grave e o m&#233;todo para avaliar os MP ainda s&#227;o controversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O objetivo desse estudo &#233; avaliar e comparar as fun&#231;&#245;es dos m&#250;sculos papilares entre pacientes com IMD e IMF graves pelo m&#233;todo <italic>free strain.</italic></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo em que foram inclu&#237;dos 64 pacientes com IM grave, encaminhados para exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos no hospital <italic>Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Education and Research Hospital</italic> entre janeiro de 2014 e abril de 2015. Um total de 39 pacientes apresentaram IM degenerativa grave (grupo IMD), e 25 tinham IM funcional grave (grupo IMF). O grupo controle foi composto por 30 indiv&#237;duos sem IM e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal. Os pacientes com IMD (prolapso da v&#225;lvula mitral, ruptura das cordas tend&#237;neas) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal (&gt; 60%) e pacientes com IMF isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40% foram inscritos no estudo prospectivamente. No grupo IMD, seis pacientes apresentavam prolapso do folheto anterior, 26 tinham prolapso posterior (18 pacientes com prolapso do segmento P2, 4 pacientes com prolapso do segmento P1 e 4 pacientes com prolapso do segmento P3) e 6 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Barlow. No grupo IMF, 21 pacientes apresentavam doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica sem necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, e 4 pacientes tinham doen&#231;a card&#237;aca dilatada n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. Pacientes com IM org&#226;nica advinda de outras causas, incluindo doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica ou doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca degenerativa, calcifica&#231;&#227;o anular mitral e endocardite infecciosa e pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Apenas pacientes com imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas apropriadas foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia padr&#227;o</title>
          <p>Avalia&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o de ecocardiografia foram feitas com transdutor de 1 a 5 MHz X5-1 (iE33, Philips Healthcare Inc., Andover, MA, EUA). Os pacientes foram examinados na posi&#231;&#227;o lateral esquerda. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas em m&#233;dia durante 3 ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos. Todas as imagens transtor&#225;cicas bidimensionais padr&#227;o na vista paraesternal do eixo longo, eixo curto, no corte apical quatro, tr&#234;s e duas c&#226;maras, Doppler de cor e Doppler tecidual foram armazenadas em formato cine loop desencadeadas para o complexo QRS. Os di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico ventriculares esquerdos foram medidos via ecocardiografia em modo M ou bidimensional. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi calculada de acordo com a f&#243;rmula de Simpson, usando-se uma imagem bidimensional da c&#226;mara do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo durante a s&#237;stole e a di&#225;stole no corte apical quatro e duas c&#226;maras. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral foi avaliada conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie de isovelocidade proximal (PISA) foi visualizada do corte apical quatro c&#226;maras. O raio da PISA foi medido durante a s&#237;stole utilizando-se o primeiro aliasing. O volume regurgitante (VR) e a &#225;rea eficaz do orif&#237;cio (AEO) foram obtidos pela f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o. Para IMD; VR &gt; 60 mL/batida ou AEO &gt; 0,4 cm<sup>2</sup>, e para IMF; VR &gt; 30 mL e AEO &gt; 0,2 cm<sup>2</sup> foram considerados IM grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A configura&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos mitrais foi avaliada da vista paraesternal do eixo longo e apical. Al&#233;m das visualiza&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas transtor&#225;cicas bidimensionais, todos os pacientes com IMD grave foram submetidos a um ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (TEE) bi e tri-dimensional para obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es precisas sobre o tipo e extens&#227;o das les&#245;es anat&#244;micas, mecanismo da regurgita&#231;&#227;o, etiologia e reparabilidade da v&#225;lvula. O di&#226;metro do anel mitral na vis&#227;o bi-comissural (MAbic) foi medido por TEE bidimensional convencional a 60-75 graus, e o di&#226;metro anterior-posterior (MAap) foi medido a 120 graus na vista paraesternal do eixo longo. O comprimento anterior e posterior dos folhetos foi medido em di&#225;stole a 120&#176;. Ecocardiografia <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> (STE): O strain ventricular esquerdo (circunferencial e longitudinal) foi avaliado por meio de imagens bidimensionais <italic>speckle tracking</italic>. O strain circunferencial global (SCG) foi avaliado da vista paraesternal do eixo curto do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em tr&#234;s n&#237;veis (base-m&#233;dio-apical). O strain longitudinal global (SLG) foi avaliado no corte apical quatro, tr&#234;s e duas c&#226;maras. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do strain mioc&#225;rdico longitudinal dos MPs foi feita utilizando-se o m&#233;todo <italic>free strain</italic> no corte apical quatro c&#226;maras para o MP anterolateral (MPA) e no corte apical do eixo longo para o MP posteromedial (PPM). Os pacientes, cujas imagens dos MPs mostraram-se claras na s&#237;stole e na di&#225;stole, foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para a avalia&#231;&#227;o. Dos 110 pacientes, 15% foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo devido &#224; qualidade inadequada das imagens.</p>
          <p>O <italic>free strain</italic> &#233; uma aplica&#231;&#227;o do software comercialmente dispon&#237;vel da Philips (CMQ Q-app). Esse m&#233;todo possibilita a medi&#231;&#227;o de velocidades, deslocamentos e deforma&#231;&#227;o locais definidas pelo usu&#225;rio com o uso de t&#233;cnicas ilimitadas de exibi&#231;&#227;o direcional de cordas. Esse fluxo mede strains dentro da regi&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sem limita&#231;&#245;es de localiza&#231;&#227;o ou dire&#231;&#227;o das medi&#231;&#245;es, que podem ser radiais, longitudinais e circunferenciais. Acredita-se que o <italic>free strain</italic> &#233; um m&#233;todo f&#225;cil, r&#225;pido e pr&#225;tico de medir deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Esse m&#233;todo pode ser especialmente bom na medi&#231;&#227;o de deforma&#231;&#245;es dos MPs, j&#225; que essas estruturas est&#227;o relativamente separadas do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular esquerdo e n&#227;o est&#227;o inclu&#237;das nos modelos de strain do VE dispon&#237;veis no mercado.</p>
          <p>Para medir o strain longitudinal pelo m&#233;todo <italic>free strain,</italic> deve-se selecionar uma regi&#227;o de interesse, clicando manualmente em dois pontos. O primeiro ponto foi selecionado da base do MP no local em que este est&#225; conectado &#224; parede do VE. O segundo ponto foi selecionado da ponta do MP com aten&#231;&#227;o especial para manter uma dist&#226;ncia de 3-5 mm das cordas para evitar artefatos. Todas as STEs foram feitas em frequ&#234;ncia de quadros entre 50-70 Hz quadros por segundo. O valor m&#233;dio do strain foi obtido de tr&#234;s batimentos consecutivos. Os valores de pico sist&#243;lico foram registrados para SCG, SLG e S longitudinal do MPA e MPP.</p>
          <p>Os detalhes da medi&#231;&#227;o do strain longitudinal com o m&#233;todo <italic>free strain</italic> para ambos os MPs est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Medi&#231;&#227;o free strain do MPA do corte apical quatro-c&#226;maras num paciente com IMF. B) Medi&#231;&#227;o free strain do MPP da vista apical do eixo longo do mesmo paciente.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0339-70035-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O gerenciamento e an&#225;lise dos dados foram feitos com o software IBM SPSS Statistics 16.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, EUA). Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas est&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia (DP) ou mediana (intervalo interquartil 25 a 75 [IR]) dependendo da distribui&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi analisada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas est&#227;o apresentadas em n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens e foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado. A ANOVA de uma via foi usada com o post hoc de Tukey para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos; quando n&#227;o havia homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncia, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi usado para amostras independentes n&#227;o-param&#233;tricas. O teste de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes n&#227;o-param&#233;tricas para compara&#231;&#245;es inter-grupos foi feito para confirmar signific&#226;ncia. As correla&#231;&#245;es foram testadas pela correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson ou Spearman, conforme apropriado. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. Idade e g&#234;nero eram similares em todos os grupos. Caracter&#237;sticas de ecocardiografia padr&#227;o e STE est&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">3</xref>. Os di&#226;metros do AE e VE mostraram-se estatisticamente diferentes entre todos os grupos. O raio de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial mostrou-se estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos IMD e IMF, por&#233;m isso n&#227;o pareceu afetar significativamente os resultados do estudo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas base da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">IMD (n: 39)</th>
                <th align="center">IMF (n: 25)</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n: 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">52,5 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">52,7 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero, masc.</td>
                <td align="center">29 (%74)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (%80)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (%67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA classe 3-4</td>
                <td align="center">10 (%26)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (%24)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (% 0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 &#177; 0,26</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">4 (%10)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (%20)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (%10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">128,8 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">113,4 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">127,6 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">78,2 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">80,8 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FA cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>DM: Diabetes Mellitus; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de base dos valores m&#233;dios e medianos dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Grupos</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo IMD (n: 39)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo IMF (n: 25)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo controle (n: 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p (todos os grupos)</th>
                <th align="center">P&#945;</th>
                <th align="center">P&#946;</th>
                <th align="center">P&#947;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,18 &#177; 0,73</td>
                <td align="center">4,72 &#177; 0,79</td>
                <td align="center">3,31 &#177; 0,37</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSVE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,56 &#177; 0,67</td>
                <td align="center">5,14 &#177; 0,73</td>
                <td align="center">2,89 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">5,80 &#177; 0,74</td>
                <td align="center">6,51 &#177; 0,81</td>
                <td align="center">4,71 &#177; 0,41</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">64,5 &#177; 2,02</td>
                <td align="center">33,4 &#177; 9,06</td>
                <td align="center">65,1 &#177; 1,94</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AEO (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">68,75 &#177; 27,23</td>
                <td align="center">33,43 &#177; 11,03</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VR (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">95,97 &#177; 30,6</td>
                <td align="center">50,3 &#177; 13,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COMPRIMENTO FA (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">27,8 &#177; 6,41</td>
                <td align="center">25,8 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,465</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COMPRIMENTO FP (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">17,5 &#177; 4,15</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 1,41</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAbic (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">46,6 &#177; 7,13</td>
                <td align="center">33,5 &#177; 14,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAap (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">41,0 &#177; 5,62</td>
                <td align="center">34,6 &#177; 1,86</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PISA: &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie de isovelocidade proximal; VR: volume regurgitante; comprimento FA: comprimento do folheto anterior; comprimento FP: comprimento do folheto posterior; MAbic: di&#226;metro do anel mitral na vis&#227;o bi-comissural; MAap: di&#226;metro do anel mitral A2P2; P&#945;: valor de p da compara&#231;&#227;o dos GRUPOS IMD-IMF; P&#946;: valor de p da compara&#231;&#227;o dos GRUPOS IMD-controle; P&#947;: valor de p da compara&#231;&#227;o dos GRUPOS IMF-controle.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores de strain da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center">IMD (n: 39)</th>
                <th align="center">IMF (n: 25)</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n: 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p (todos os Grupos)</th>
                <th align="center">P&#945;</th>
                <th align="center">P&#946;</th>
                <th align="center">P&#947;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SCG (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-20 (-14,5/ -22,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-10 (-7/-12)</td>
                <td align="center">-23 (-21/-27,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SLGT (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-17 (-14,2/-20)</td>
                <td align="center">-9 (-7/-10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-20 (-18/-21)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SMPA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-35 (-23,5/-43)</td>
                <td align="center">-20 (-13,5/-26)</td>
                <td align="center">-40 (-32,5/-48)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SMPP (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-30,5 (-24/-46,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-18 (-12/-30)</td>
                <td align="center">-43 (-34,5/-39,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>SCG: strain circunferencial global ventricular esquerdo; SLG: strain longitudinal global ventricular esquerdo; SMPA: strain do m&#250;sculo papilar anterolateral do corte apical quatro-c&#226;maras; SMPP: strain do m&#250;sculo papilar posteromedial da vista apical do eixo longo; P&#945;: valor de p da compara&#231;&#227;o dos GRUPOS IMD-IMF; P&#946;: valor de p da compara&#231;&#227;o dos GRUPOS IMD-controle; P&#947;: p valor de p da compara&#231;&#227;o dos GRUPOS IMF controle.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O strain longitudinal ventricular esquerdo global e o strain longitudinal dos MPs mostraram-se significativamente diferentes entre todos os grupos. O strain do MP posteromedial (SMPP) do grupo controle foi melhor do o SMPP dos grupos IMD e IMF. N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa no strain do MP anterolateral (SMPA) entre os grupos IMD e controle, e ambos os strains do grupo IMF estavam significativamente mais baixos do que os strains longitudinais dos MPs dos grupos IMD e controle. O SMPP teve os menores valores em ambos os grupos com IM. Os strains longitudinais e circunferenciais ventriculares esquerdos globais dos tr&#234;s grupos seguiram a mesma ordem que o SMPP e mostraram-se melhores no grupo controle do que no grupo IMD, e o grupo IMD teve melhor resultado do que o grupo IMF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores box-plot dos valores medianos (IR) de SMPA, SMPP, SCG e SLG de acordo com os grupos IMD, IMF e controle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0339-70035-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O SMPA e o SMPP mostraram-se altamente correlacionados &#224; FEVE (ambos p &lt; 0,001), SLG (ambos p &lt; 0,001) e SCG (ambos p &lt; 0,001) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre todos os grupos.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o entre strains dos MPs e AEO em nenhum dos grupos com IM grave.</p>
        <p>No grupo IMD, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre strains longitudinais de MPs e AEO. Qualquer prolapso em segmento do folheto esquerdo versus o folheto posterior foi correlacionado a SMPA (p = 0,04). Al&#233;m disso, houve correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) e AEO (r = 0,38, p = 0,02). O SMPA e SMPP n&#227;o se mostraram correlacionados com a FEVE (p = 0,55, p = 0,13; respectivamente), SLG (p = 0,62, p = 0,54; respectivamente) e SCG (p = 0,77, p = 0,38; respectivamente).</p>
        <p>No grupo IMF, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre AEO e strains longitudinais de MPs. O MAbic mostrou-se negativamente correlacionado com o SMPA (r = -0,76, p = 0,03). O comprimento do folheto posterior estava correlacionado com o SMPP (r = 0,88, p = 0,01). SMPA e SMPP n&#227;o se mostraram correlacionados &#224; FEVE (p = 0,18, p = 0,09; respectivamente), SLG (p = 0,33, p = 0,33; respectivamente) e SCG (p = 0,83, p = 0,93; respectivamente).</p>
        <p>Ademais, no grupo controle, SMPA e SMPP n&#227;o estavam correlacionados &#224; FEVE (p = 0,80, p = 0,65; respectivamente), SLG (p = 0,25, p = 0,43; respectivamente) e SCG (p = 0,63, p = 0,85; respectivamente).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que as fun&#231;&#245;es dos MPs agem de maneira similar &#224; do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e s&#227;o reduzidas na presen&#231;a de IM degenerativa e funcional, da mesma forma que o strain ventricular global. O SMPP do grupo controle mostrou-se melhor do que no grupo IMD e o SMPP do grupo IMD mostrou-se melhor do que no grupo IMF. O SMPA do grupo mostrou-se similar ao do grupo IMD e melhor do que o do grupo IMF. Apesar de os pacientes do grupo IMD apresentarem fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal, os valores do strain longitudinal dos MPs seguiram o SLG e SCG, que apareceram diminu&#237;dos quando comparados ao grupo controle, refletindo uma disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica latente no grupo IMD. Al&#233;m disso, no grupo IMF, os valores do strain longitudinal dos MPs estavam em acordo com o strain circunferencial e longitudinal global reduzido do VE comprometido. N&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o entre os <italic>free strains</italic> dos MPs e AEO em nenhum dos grupos com IM grave. Kisanuki et al. mostraram que a ocorr&#234;ncia de IM moderada &#224; grave foi significativamente mais frequente em pacientes com uma combina&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o dos MPs anterior e posterior do que naqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o isolada do MP ou fun&#231;&#227;o dos MPs normal. Todavia, os autores supuseram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o dos MPs isolada ou combinada n&#227;o foi a &#250;nica causa para a IM, ao menos que acompanhada com anormalidades no movimento da parede ventricular esquerda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> J&#225; foi demonstrado em estudos experimentais que a paresia seletiva dos MPs n&#227;o afeta a compet&#234;ncia da v&#225;lvula mitral e n&#227;o causa IM em ventr&#237;culo com contra&#231;&#227;o normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O principal mecanismo da IM na IMF s&#227;o as for&#231;as de amarra&#231;&#227;o aumentadas e coapta&#231;&#227;o reduzida dos folhetos da v&#225;lvula mitral pelo deslocamento medial/lateral e apical dos MPs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Tigen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> demonstraram que a dessincronia dos MPs &#233; preditora independente de IM moderada ou moderada &#224; grave em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica. Por&#233;m, em outro estudo que incluiu pacientes com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica e n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, o strain circunferencial dos MP foi avaliado, e uma estreita rela&#231;&#227;o entre a dessincronia dos MP e o grau de IM n&#227;o foi encontrada. Contudo, uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o strain longitudinal dos MP e o grau de IM foi encontrada em pacientes com remodela&#231;&#227;o de VE inferior basal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> H&#225; diversos estudos que sustentam a diminui&#231;&#227;o paradoxal em IM isqu&#234;mica por disfun&#231;&#227;o dos MP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Tal fato &#233; atribu&#237;do a um encurtamento diminu&#237;do dos MP, resultando na redu&#231;&#227;o da amarra&#231;&#227;o e IM por disfun&#231;&#227;o dos MP. Embora alguns estudos mostrem melhoria aguda da IM com terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, o principal mecanismo &#233; amb&#237;guo e considera-se que se h&#225; dessincronia dos MP com dessincronia ventricular esquerda, a melhoria da coordena&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o dos MP pode resultar em melhoria aguda da IM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Al&#233;m disso, em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal, &#233; relatado que a disfun&#231;&#227;o dos MP n&#227;o tinha papel significativo na ocorr&#234;ncia de IM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que no grupo IMD, o SMPA mostrou-se similar ao do grupo controle e melhor que o SMPP. Na doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral degenerativa, a fibrose ventricular perivalvular e fibrose do MP foram demonstradas em alguns estudos patol&#243;gicos e estudos de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Focos de necrose tamb&#233;m s&#227;o comuns em pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar grave recente e, em nosso estudo, a maioria dos pacientes apresentava ruptura cordal com prolapso. A necrose ou fibrose podem ser focais ou difusas e podem envolver apenas um MP, ou os dois. O MPA &#233; levemente maior e tem fornecimento de sangue mais rico do que o MPP. Portanto, se apenas um dos MPs contem focos de fibrose, &#233; quase sempre o MPP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Ademais, a disfun&#231;&#227;o combinada dos dois MPs &#233; frequentemente vista em pacientes com IMF, ao contr&#225;rio de pacientes com prolapso da v&#225;lvula mitral aparente, em que a disfun&#231;&#227;o dos dois MPs foi notada em um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, em nosso estudo, qualquer prolapso em um segmento do folheto anterior estava associado a um valor reduzido de SMPA em compara&#231;&#227;o a um prolapso no folheto posterior. Isto se deve ao fato de que o folheto anterior &#233; maior, mais comprido e geralmente mais grosso do que o folheto posterior. O folheto posterior tem formato de lua crescente com comprimento radial curto e uma longa base circunferencial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Portanto, IM grave pode causar encurtamento do m&#250;sculo papilar na s&#237;stole causado pelo movimento redundante do folheto anterior em dire&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio esquerdo pela for&#231;a do jato regurgitante mitral. Al&#233;m disso, o anel mitral &#233; uma estrutura em forma de sela n&#227;o planar. A por&#231;&#227;o anterior do anel mitral &#233; cont&#237;nua com o anel a&#243;rtico r&#237;gido e &#233; elevada em dire&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio como um "chifre". Todavia, o anel mitral posterior &#233; mais flex&#237;vel, possibilitando a curvatura apical sist&#243;lica ao longo de um eixo comissural. Isto ajuda a reduzir o estresse tecidual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> O prolapso no folheto anterior pode estar mais associado ao aumento do estresse tecidual do que ao prolapso posterior. No grupo IMF, um aumento MAbic mostrou-se associado ao SMPA reduzido. Quando ocorre a dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE, o anel mitral tamb&#233;m dilata e aplaina, perde seu formato de sela e contra&#231;&#227;o anular sist&#243;lica. Isto causa a m&#225; coapta&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos mitrais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> o aumento da for&#231;a de amarra&#231;&#227;o, resultando num menor encurtamento dos MPs. Al&#233;m disso, vimos que o comprimento do folheto posterior estava associado ao SMPP. Na IMF, a amarra&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos mitrais aparece frequentemente no folheto posterior e, particularmente, no segmento posteromedial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> De acordo com esse achado, &#224; medida que o comprimento do folheto posterior aumenta, a amarra&#231;&#227;o do folheto mitral diminui, e a fun&#231;&#227;o do MP melhora.</p>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, nosso estudo &#233; o &#250;nico que compara a fun&#231;&#227;o dos MPs em pacientes com IMD e IMF graves pelo m&#233;todo <italic>free strain</italic>. Em estudos pr&#233;vios, m&#233;todos de strains longitudinais e circunferenciais foram usados para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o dos MPs. Utilizamos o m&#233;todo <italic>free strain</italic> para medir o strain longitudinal de dois pontos nos MPs, o que parece mais f&#225;cil e pr&#225;tico no uso cl&#237;nico, embora ainda n&#227;o haja diretrizes padr&#227;o sobre o <italic>free strain</italic> para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o dos MPs.</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos com animais mostraram que dentro da carga normal e condi&#231;&#245;es inotr&#243;picas, a din&#226;mica dos MPs segue de forma pr&#243;xima &#224; din&#226;mica do VE como um todo. H&#225; o encurtamento durante a eje&#231;&#227;o da mesma forma que no VE, e seu comprimento muda apenas levemente durante per&#237;odos isovolum&#233;tricos. Durante a contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica, h&#225; um leve encurtamento, e durante o relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico, h&#225; um leve alongamento. Em condi&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas, o comportamento din&#226;mico dos MPs &#233; invertido durante a contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica e o relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> No estudo de Kisanuki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> um encurtamento fracional dos MPs foi calculado, utilizando-se os comprimentos sist&#243;lico final e diast&#243;lico final dos MPs no TEE bidimensional. Em nosso estudo, os valores do strain longitudinal dos MPs foram correlacionados, pelo m&#233;todo <italic>free strain</italic>, a seus valores de encurtamento fracional dos MPs.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Apenas pacientes com IM grave foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Pacientes com IM leve ou moderada foram exclu&#237;dos. Avaliamos a fun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares em pacientes com IM grave, comparando e associando-a com AEO em pacientes com IMD e IMF. O comportamento dos padr&#245;es de <italic>free strain</italic> nos pacientes com IM leve ou moderada &#233; desconhecido. Utilizamos o m&#233;todo <italic>free strain</italic> para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares, mas n&#227;o h&#225; padr&#227;o de uso nem de valores para tal m&#233;todo. Considerando-se que este &#233; um estudo com uma popula&#231;&#227;o pequena, os resultados devem ser confirmados em outros estudos com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo, da mesma forma que estudos pr&#233;vios, demonstrou que a disfun&#231;&#227;o dos MPs tem um papel pequeno na IM degenerativa ou funcional grave, e a fun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares, em geral, parece seguir a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE. O MPP &#233; o mais afetado MP e tem os valores de strain longitudinal mais baixos em ambos os grupos (IMD e IMF). O m&#233;todo <italic>free strain</italic> &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica e aplic&#225;vel para a medi&#231;&#227;o do strain longitudinal dos MPs.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
