<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">64M3sDdMk97ZdLDPXmbYTHy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000400323</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170029</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005005101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Kinetics of Hypotension during 50 Sessions of Resistance and Aerobic Training in Hypertensive Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damorim</surname>
            <given-names>Igor Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Tony Meireles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Willames Pimentel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Cavalcanti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o da F&#237;sica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o da F&#237;sica da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Addres: Paulo Roberto Cavalcanti Carvalho</bold>, Avenida Jornalista An&#237;bal Fernandes, s/n. Postal Code 50670-901. Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>paulo.robertocarvalho@ufpe.br</email>, <email>prc2005@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Damorim IR, Barros GWP, Carvalho PRC; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Damorim IR, Santos TM; Obtaining financing: Damorim IR, Carvalho PRC; Writing of the manuscript: Damorim IR, Santos TM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Damorim IR, Santos TM, Barros GWP, Carvalho PRC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>323</fpage>
      <lpage>330</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Resistance and aerobic training are recommended as an adjunctive treatment for hypertension. However, the number of sessions required until the hypotensive effect of the exercise has stabilized has not been clearly established.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To establish the adaptive kinetics of the blood pressure (BP) responses as a function of time and type of training in hypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We recruited 69 patients with a mean age of 63.4 &#177; 2.1 years, randomized into one group of resistance training (n = 32) and another of aerobic training (n = 32). Anthropometric measurements were obtained, and one repetition maximum (1RM) testing was performed. BP was measured before each training session with a digital BP arm monitor. The 50 training sessions were categorized into quintiles. To compare the effect of BP reduction with both training methods, we used two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for the BP values obtained before the interventions. The differences between the moments were established by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The reductions in systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were 6.9 mmHg and 5.3 mmHg, respectively, with resistance training and 16.5 mmHg and 11.6 mmHg, respectively, with aerobic training. The kinetics of the hypotensive response of the SBP showed significant reductions until the 20th session in both groups. Stabilization of the DBP occurred in the 20th session of resistance training and in the 10th session of aerobic training.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>A total of 20 sessions of resistance or aerobic training are required to achieve the maximum benefits of BP reduction. The methods investigated yielded distinct adaptive kinetic patterns along the 50 sessions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Kinetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Movement Techniques</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Trial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The practice of physical exercise is the most used strategy for nonpharmacological treatment of hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Aerobic stimuli between 40-60% of the maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2max</sub>) are recommended two to three times a week during sessions of 30 to 60 minutes, performed in association with resistance training using multiarticular exercises with at least one series of 8-12 repetitions for 30 to 60 minutes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Reductions of 6.9 mmHg in the systolic BP (SBP) and 4.9 mmHg in the diastolic BP (DBP) during rest have been reported as a result of adaptations enabled by aerobic training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Although aerobic training is the most established strategy among the methods of physical training for hypertensive individuals, other methods have been shown to be effective in reducing BP levels, such as resistance dynamic,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> isometric,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> combined (aerobic and resistance),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and high-intensity interval training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p> Studies with resistance training as the only nonpharmacological strategy to treat hypertension have demonstrated BP reductions between 2 and 12 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Even after interruption, the effects of training persist for up to 4 weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, available studies directly comparing different training methods, such as aerobic <italic>versus</italic> resistance training,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> have not identified the number of sessions required until stabilization of the hypotensive effect of the exercise in hypertensive patients. More precisely, it is important to clarify how many sessions are necessary to ensure that the training programs provide the maximum possible benefits. This outcome has not been investigated with priority, and the results regarding the number of sessions are still inconclusive in the literature (between 12 to 48 sessions),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> hindering the interpretation of the adjustments provided by different methods of training and the consequent decision for the best treatment strategy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, the objective of this study was to establish the adaptive kinetics of the BP responses as a function of time and type of training (resistance or aerobic) in individuals classified with stage 1 hypertension.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHOD</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental design</title>
        <p>Clinical trial with two parallel groups conducted according to the CONSORT recommendations, but without registration. Eligible subjects were randomized into two independent training groups: resistance and aerobic. On the first visit, the subjects received instructions regarding the procedures of the study, had their questions answered, and signed a free and informed consent form (ICF). On the second visit, anthropometric and BP measurements were obtained. On the third visit, one repetition maximum (1RM) testing was performed in the resistance group, and recommendations regarding the prescription of training were delivered in the aerobic group. On the fourth visit, adaptations of the participants to their respective training methods were made. From the fifth visit onwards, the training protocols were carried out in both groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Subject</title>
        <p>We recruited for the study 20 men and 49 women, whose characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. All subjects participated voluntarily after being contacted through invitations and reports on the practice of physical activity for hypertensive patients, distributed on the campus of the <italic>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</italic>. All participants used medication for BP control (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The research was approved by the Ethics Committee at <italic>Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</italic> at <italic>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</italic> (case 321/11).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General characteristics of the investigated subjects before training</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Resistance Group</th>
                <th align="center">Aerobic Group</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">62.8 &#177; 1.22</td>
                <td align="center">63.9 &#177; 2.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">69.2 &#177; 13.7</td>
                <td align="center">70.6 &#177; 11.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP</td>
                <td align="center">147.0 &#177; 9.4</td>
                <td align="center">151.8 &#177; 11.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP</td>
                <td align="center">95.8 &#177; 7.9</td>
                <td align="center">93.9 &#177; 10.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg.m<sup>-2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">30.3 &#177; 30.1</td>
                <td align="center">29.2 &#177; 4.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WHR</td>
                <td align="center">0.95 &#177; 0.21</td>
                <td align="center">0.90 &#177; 0.76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CI</td>
                <td align="center">1.55 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">1.56 &#177; 0.23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">98.2 &#177; 6.0</td>
                <td align="center">97.9 &#177; 13.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">102.0 &#177; 9.4</td>
                <td align="center">99.2 &#177; 12.3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist-hip ratio; CI: conicity index; WC: waist circumference; AC: abdomen circumference.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency and percentage of medications used by the participants</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Antihypertensive drugs</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Resistance<break/> Group</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Aerobic<break/> Group</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total<break/> Frequency</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">(n = 28)</th>
                <th align="center">(n = 27)</th>
                <th align="center">(n = 55)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors</td>
                <td align="center">5 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (45%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center">5 (45%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angiotensin receptor II antagonists</td>
                <td align="center">15 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (55%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calcium channel antagonists</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (9%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As the inclusion criteria, the subjects should have stage 1 hypertension, use controlled medications, and be older than 60 years. On the first visit, we measured the participants' BP at rest, which was considered as the initial reference (moment 0) and was used to classify the subjects regarding their hypertension level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>We excluded subjects using beta-blockers, since this type of medication changes the individual's cardiovascular responses, hindering the interpretation of the data and the use of the heart rate to prescribe training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> We also excluded participants who had any other disease affecting cardiovascular responses to physical exercise, or with joint limitations resulting in functional limitations. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the flowchart of the subjects throughout the study.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flow diagram of the randomization of the subjects.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0323-70029-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>For randomization, we used a digital tool available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.randomizer.org">www.randomizer.org</ext-link>. The eligible subjects were listed numerically in order of arrival by one of the researchers without access to any of the evaluations. A second researcher was blindly responsible for the allocation of the participants to each group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedures</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometric assessments and weight indices</title>
          <p>We measured the participants' body mass (kg), height (cm), and waist and hip circunferences (cm). Body mass was measured using a portable scale accurate to 0.1 kg (PL 200, Filizola S.A., S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil). The height was measured with a stadiometer accurate to 0.1 cm (Professional Stadiometer Sanny, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil). The waist circumference was measured at the narrowest level between the rib margin and the iliac crest using a non-flexible anthropometric tape precise to 0.1 mm (SN-4010, Sanny, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil). The hip circumference was measured at the level of the pubic symphysis using the same tape. We then calculated the subjects' body mass index (BMI = body weight &#247; height<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>), their waist/hip ratio (WHR = waist circumference &#247; hip circumference), and their conicity index [CI = (circumference of the abdomen &#247; 0.169) x &#8730;(body weight &#247; height)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure measurement</title>
          <p>The BP was measured at rest in the left superior limb according to recommendation by the American Heart Association, using a digital BP monitor (Digital Omron BP Monitor, Model 11 EM403c, Tokyo, Japan). Considered as the primary outcome in the present study, the BP was monitored before each training session, and the last measurement was performed 48 h after the 50th session. The subjects were instructed to not drink alcohol and/or caffeine for 24 h before the measurements. For each measurement, the subjects rested for 15 min in the sitting position with their feet supported and kept their arm at the heart level.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>One repetition maximum testing</title>
          <p>The 1RM test was performed according to the protocol of the American College of Sports Medicine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> For that, the subjects performed warm-up exercises with 10 repetitions with a light load. After 5 min, the 1RM load testing was carried out, in which each subject performed at the most five attempts of each exercise with an interval of 5 min between each one, in which the largest lifted load was the load selected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resistance training protocol</title>
          <p>The resistance training sessions were carried out on exercise equipment (Technogym, Cesena, Italy). The subjects performed a program of resistance training alternated by segment, with two types of series (A and B), alternated by session (48 h). The order of the exercises was: A series - vertical bench press, seated leg curl, triceps cable curl, seated leg abduction, shoulder lift, plantar flexion, and upper abdominal; B series - frontal cable pull, leg press, shoulder abduction, leg extension, biceps curl, seated leg adduction, and lower abdominal. The training program was performed three times a week, with three sets of 12 repetitions at 50-70% of the maximum load and adjusted throughout the program for the achievement of a perceived exertion (Borg) classified as moderate. A 1 min recovery between each series and exercises was administered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aerobic training protocol</title>
          <p>The sessions of aerobic training consisted of walking on track three times a week for 30 min, maintaining the heart rate between 40-60% of the predicted maximum rate for age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The intensity was adjusted over the course of the sessions based on the participant's subjective perception of effort, aiming to reach a moderate intensity. All training sessions were supervised.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Quantitative variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical variables are presented by their absolute and relative frequencies. The 50 training sessions were divided into quintiles, yielding five comparative moments (sessions 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50). The BP result at each quintile represents the average of 10 sessions grouped for each variable investigated (SBP and DBP) measured before each training session. The pretreatment measurement of the dependent variables was used as a covariate to control the initial differences between the groups. Given the possibility of sampling mortality, the analyses conducted were not based on an "intention to treat". After verifying the conceptual assumptions, to compare the effect of the methods of resistance and aerobic training on the SBP and DBP measurements, we used two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA; training method x moment) with repeated measures for the second factor.</p>
        <p>The identification of the differences between the investigated moments for each training method was established with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. For both analyses, we used the <italic>post hoc</italic> Bonferroni test, when necessary. The analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism, v. 5.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA), with a significance level set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We performed preliminary verifications to ensure that there was no violation of the assumptions of normality, linearity, variance homogeneity, regression slope homogeneity, and reliable covariate measurement. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows a comparison of the BP along the 50 sessions of resistance and aerobic training, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> highlights the differences (&#916;) observed and their respective confidence intervals. ANCOVA indicated a significant interaction between the training methods in regards to the SBP (F [4, 29] = 3.431, p = 0.021), with a small <italic>eta squared</italic> effect size (&#951;<sup>2</sup> = 0.321). The analysis of the main effects showed no significant differences between the training methods in terms of SBP (p = 0.690); however, the results suggested that the SBP responded with different reductions in both groups.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Responses in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest obtained before the exercise sessions in the resistance and aerobic groups. BP: Blood Pressure.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0323-70029-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Difference (&#916;), standard deviation, and confidence intervals of the hypotensive responses of the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at five different moments in the resistance and aerobic groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Blood Pressure</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Resistance Group</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Aerobic Group</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Systolic</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916; 10-0</td>
              <td align="center">-7 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">-7.2; -6.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-4.4 &#177; 0.34</td>
              <td align="center">-4.6; -4.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916; 20-0</td>
              <td align="center">-9.7 &#177; 8.7</td>
              <td align="center">-14.0; -5.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-9.5 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">-13.0; -6.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916; 30-0</td>
              <td align="center">-9.7 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">-13.0; -6.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-8.0 &#177; 9.2</td>
              <td align="center">-13.0; -3.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916; 40-0</td>
              <td align="center">-6.7 &#177; 7.2</td>
              <td align="center">-10.0; -3.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-13.0 &#177; 9.2</td>
              <td align="center">-17.0; -7.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916; 50-0</td>
              <td align="center">-8.2 &#177; 8.4</td>
              <td align="center">-12.0; -4.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-16.0 &#177; 9.2</td>
              <td align="center">-20.0; -11.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Diastolic</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916; 10-0</td>
              <td align="center">-2.8 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">-2.9; -2.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-2.7 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">-2.9; -2.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916; 20-0</td>
              <td align="center">-7.1 &#177; 5.6</td>
              <td align="center">-9.9; -4.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-5.1 &#177; 7.0</td>
              <td align="center">-8.7; -1.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916; 30-0</td>
              <td align="center">-7.4 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">-10.0; -4.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-6.0 &#177; 9.2</td>
              <td align="center">-11.0; -1.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916; 40-0</td>
              <td align="center">-5.9 &#177; 8.4</td>
              <td align="center">-10.0; -1.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-8.3 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">-12.0; -4.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#916; 50-0</td>
              <td align="center">-6.0 &#177; 8.0</td>
              <td align="center">-10.0; -2.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-9.2 &#177; 8.6</td>
              <td align="center">-14.0; -4.7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>&#916; - Difference between the moments 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 in regard to moment 0. CI: Confidence interval; SD: Standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The interaction between the training methods in regards to the DBP showed an absence of statistically significant results (F [4, 29] = 1.835, p = 0.149), with a small effect size (&#951;<sup>2</sup> = 0.202). In the analysis of the main effects in the DBP (p = 0.091), the groups responded in a similar manner.</p>
      <p>The identification of the moments of BP stabilization as a result of the training strategies is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> for the SBP and in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> for the DBP. The stabilization of the reductions in the SBP was observed in the 20th session for both methods. For the DBP, the reductions were significant until the 20th session of resistance training and up to the 10th session of aerobic training.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Indicator matrix of statistical significance of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (within) with post hoc Bonferroni for systolic blood pressure comparisons at different moments</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Moment</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Resistance Group</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Aerobic Group</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">10</th>
              <th align="center">20</th>
              <th align="center">30</th>
              <th align="center">40</th>
              <th align="center">50</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">10</th>
              <th align="center">20</th>
              <th align="center">30</th>
              <th align="center">40</th>
              <th align="center">50</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">10</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">20</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">40</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Indicator matrix of statistical significance of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (within) with post hoc Bonferroni for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) comparison at different moments</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Moment</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Resistance Group</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Aerobic Group</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">10</th>
              <th align="center">20</th>
              <th align="center">30</th>
              <th align="center">40</th>
              <th align="center">50</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">10</th>
              <th align="center">20</th>
              <th align="center">30</th>
              <th align="center">40</th>
              <th align="center">50</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">10</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">20</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">40</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study demonstrated that resistance training was able to reduce the SBP in 6.9 &#177; 2.8 mmHg and the DBP in 5.3 &#177; 1.9 mm Hg, while aerobic training showed reductions of 16.5 &#177; 3.4 mmHg in SBP and 11.6 &#177; 3.6 mmHg in DBP. The interaction between the methods investigated indicates apparently higher hypotensive effects with aerobic training when compared with resistance training. However, the comparison of the mean standardized reductions between the methods by the analysis of the &#951;<sup>2</sup> showed a small magnitude for both strategies. In the temporal analysis of the training methods, we observed that the kinetics of the hypotensive response of the SBP showed significant reductions until the 20th session in both groups. After that, there was a plateau in the adaptations yielded by resistance training. This is a novel information that should be considered in therapeutic decisions using exercise as an adjuvant in BP treatment.</p>
      <p>Even though a statistically significant difference occurred after the 40th session, a regression of the SBP to mean values close to those of the 10th session seems to have occurred. The mechanisms underlying such adaptation could not be identified. Future studies should investigate the hypothesis of the increased arterial stiffness generated by resistance training, as suggested by Okamoto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In addition, aerobic training maintained nonsignificant reductions until the 50th session, which may clinically represent some treatment benefit, especially in patients within the classification limit of a given category (borderline), since an SBP reduction of 10 mmHg reduces the mortality risk by 13%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a similar way, we observed that resistance training yielded a significant DBP reduction until the 20th session, while with aerobic training the stabilization occurred after the 10th session. Together, these results provide a better understanding of the adaptive behavior of the SBP and DBP as a result of the investigated training methods, since they provided different kinetic responses.</p>
      <p>The physiological mechanisms explaining the BP reductions after physical exercise are, on the one hand, due to a decrease in cardiac output following a reduction in the systolic volume and heart rate and a decrease in the sympathetic tone<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and, on the other hand, due to an increase in the baroreflex sensitivity and control, associated with a peripheral local action, mediated mainly by nitric oxide released in the endothelium as a result of stress generated by physical exercise (shear stress).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Together, these mechanisms trigger adaptations such as arterial vasodilation, generating a reduction in peripheral resistance and, consequently, in BP after physical exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> For example, Santana et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> subjected hypertensive elderly women to aerobic exercise with one session at moderate intensity for 20 min and another session at high intensity for 20 min. Nitric oxide levels after the activity increased by 30% and 33%, respectively, and there was a significant reduction in BP with both interventions.</p>
      <p>In a recent meta-analysis that investigated the effect of different exercise methods on the magnitude of the effect in reducing the BP, Cornelissen and Smart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> did not find differences in effect size between aerobic and resistance training, concluding that both training methods provide BP reductions of similar magnitude. Furthermore, the results reported by the authors presented larger reductions with aerobic training. Both aspects were similar to those found in the present study. In addition, the results of the present study add information to these findings, setting the kinetic standard of BP responses yielded by the two investigated training methods. Future studies should investigate other training strategies.</p>
      <p>About the kinetics of BP stabilization, we identified only one study using resistance training,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> in which the SBP stabilized at the 6th training session, while in our study we observed significant reductions until the 20th training session. For the DBP, the same study found that the stabilization occurred in the 30th session, while in our study it occurred in the 20th session. It is possible that the differences encountered are the result of the difference in data sampling, since the present study considered the training sessions grouped into quintiles. It is noteworthy that the protocols of resistance training in both studies were similar and were performed with moderate loads (between 50-70% of the 1RM load), with three sets of 12 repetitions.</p>
      <p>Regarding aerobic training, Kokkinos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> compared the BP responses after 48 and 96 training sessions to the initial BP values, observing a nonsignificant decrease of 1.0 &#177; 4.0 mmHg (p = 0.150), but with a substantial reduction in the use of medications. On the other hand, Seals and Reiling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> found BP reductions in elderly individuals after 72 sessions of aerobic training. Later, when 72 additional sessions of aerobic training were performed, there was an additional SBP reduction of 4.0 &#177; 4.0 mmHg (p &lt; 0.05), but no DBP reductions. Jennings et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> found a BP decrease at the 30th session of aerobic training, which corresponded to 75% of the hypotensive effect at the 60th session. This same proportion was found in the present study. Together, this evidence shows that the results of physical exercises on BP treatment in the long term seem to bring benefits only in the maintenance of the initial reductions and do not result in additional gains.</p>
      <p>Although resistance training generates smaller reductions when compared with aerobic training,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> its recommendation is supported by the reduction in BP responses in daily life activities, since the improvement in resistance promotes a relative reduction in the intensity in which daily tasks are performed, with consequent mitigation of BP responses. Considering that, resistance training seems to be a relevant strategy for BP control and maintenance of functional aspects. One should also consider that, in the light of the available knowledge, the clinical effects of BP reduction by resistance training are similar to those observed with aerobic training.</p>
      <p>Some limitations of the present study need to be highlighted. The study did not take into account the doses of the medications used by each subject, which may have influenced the responses observed. However, this approach presents greater external validity considering that the individuals exercising in centers of physical activity and exercise clinics do not interrupt the use of their medications to practice their physical activities. In addition, physical exercise is considered an adjuvant treatment and should be performed along with the use of medications, which should be frequently evaluated for possible adjustments. Another limitation was the lack of use of ambulatory BP monitoring, which enables a more reliable measurement by evaluating the BP levels for a longer period of time. And finally, the absence of a control group limits the conclusion that it was only the exercise that determined the BP decrease. However, prior evidence has established with certainty the benefits of an exercise group (aerobic and resistance) in relation to a control group,(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>) which would characterize as ethically questionable the decision to deprive a group of individuals from exercise treatment.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>We observed that 20 sessions of resistance or aerobic training are necessary to achieve BP reductions resulting from physical exercise, and that the BP reductions respond differently over the course of 50 sessions. A mean reduction per session of 0.5 mmHg in the SBP for both training methods, and 0.2 to 0.3 mmHg in the DBP for resistance and aerobic training, respectively, can be expected up to the 20th training session. The addition of more training sessions seems to provide smaller BP reductions, but without statistical significance. Our results support the recommendation of the use of resistance training with benefits close to those of aerobic training in reducing the BP.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Mediano MF, Paravidino V, Sim&#227;o R, Pontes FL, Polito MD. Comportamento subagudo da press&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s o treinamento de for&#231;a em hipertensos controlados. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2005;11(6):337-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mediano</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paravidino</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pontes</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polito</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comportamento subagudo da press&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s o treinamento de for&#231;a em hipertensos controlados</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Med Esporte</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>337</fpage>
          <lpage>340</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Canuto PM, Nogueira ID, Cunha ES, Ferreira GM, Mendon&#231;a KM, Costa FA, et al. Influ&#234;ncia do treinamento resistido realizado em intensidades diferentes e mesmo volume de trabalho sobre a press&#227;o arterial de idosas hipertensas. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2011;17(4):246-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Canuto</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>ID</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia do treinamento resistido realizado em intensidades diferentes e mesmo volume de trabalho sobre a press&#227;o arterial de idosas hipertensas</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Med Esporte</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>246</fpage>
          <lpage>249</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 ACSM. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 9<sup>th</sup> ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>ACSM</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <edition>9th ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(7):493-503.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Whelton</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xin</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>136</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>493</fpage>
          <lpage>503</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Queiroz AC, Kanegusuku H, Forjaz CL. Effects of resistance training on blood pressure in the elderly. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(1):135-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Queiroz</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanegusuku</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forjaz</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of resistance training on blood pressure in the elderly</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>135</fpage>
          <lpage>140</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Owen A, Wiles J, Swaine I. Effect of isometric exercise on resting blood pressure: a meta analysis. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24(12):796-800.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Owen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiles</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swaine</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of isometric exercise on resting blood pressure: a meta analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>796</fpage>
          <lpage>800</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Carvalho PR, Barros GW, Melo TT, Santos PG, Oliveira GT, D'Amorim IR. Efeito dos treinamentos aer&#243;bio, resistido e concorrente na press&#227;o arterial e morfologia de idosos normotensos e hipertensos. Rev Bras Ativ Fis e Sa&#250;de. 2013;18(3):363-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barros</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>TT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Amorim</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efeito dos treinamentos aer&#243;bio, resistido e concorrente na press&#227;o arterial e morfologia de idosos normotensos e hipertensos</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ativ Fis e Sa&#250;de</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>363</fpage>
          <lpage>370</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Lamina S. Effects of continuous and interval training programs in the management of hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12(11):841-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lamina</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of continuous and interval training programs in the management of hypertension: a randomized controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>841</fpage>
          <lpage>849</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Cardoso CG, Jr., Gomides RS, Queiroz AC, Pinto LG, da Silveira Lobo F, Tinucci T, et al. Acute and chronic effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on ambulatory blood pressure. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2010;65(3):317-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomides</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Queiroz</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silveira Lobo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tinucci</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute and chronic effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on ambulatory blood pressure</article-title>
          <source>Clinics (Sao Paulo)</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>317</fpage>
          <lpage>325</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Stensvold D, Tjonna AE, Skaug EA, Aspenes S, Stolen T, Wisloff U, et al. Strength training versus aerobic interval training to modify risk factors of metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010;108(4):804-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stensvold</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tjonna</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skaug</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aspenes</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stolen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wisloff</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Strength training versus aerobic interval training to modify risk factors of metabolic syndrome</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol (1985)</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>804</fpage>
          <lpage>810</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Nascimento Dda C, Tibana RA, Benik FM, Fontana KE, Ribeiro Neto F, Santana FS, et al. Sustained effect of resistance training on blood pressure and hand grip strength following a detraining period in elderly hypertensive women: a pilot study. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:219-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento Dda</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tibana</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benik</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontana</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santana</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sustained effect of resistance training on blood pressure and hand grip strength following a detraining period in elderly hypertensive women: a pilot study</article-title>
          <source>Clin Interv Aging</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <fpage>219</fpage>
          <lpage>225</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Blumenthal JA, Siegel WC, Appelbaum M. Failure of exercise to reduce blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension. Results of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1991;266(15):2098-104.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blumenthal</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siegel</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appelbaum</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Failure of exercise to reduce blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension. Results of a randomized controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>266</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>2098</fpage>
          <lpage>2104</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Cononie CC, Graves JE, Pollock ML, Phillips MI, Sumners C, Hagberg JM. Effect of exercise training on blood pressure in 70- to 79-yr-old men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(4):505-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cononie</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graves</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pollock</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phillips</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sumners</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagberg</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of exercise training on blood pressure in 70- to 79-yr-old men and women</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>505</fpage>
          <lpage>511</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Alves LL, Forjaz CL. Influence of aerobic training intensity and volume on blood pressure reduction in hypertensives. R bras Ci e Mov. 2007;15(3):115-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forjaz</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of aerobic training intensity and volume on blood pressure reduction in hypertensives</article-title>
          <source>R bras Ci e Mov</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>115</fpage>
          <lpage>122</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Laterza MC, de Matos LD, Trombetta IC, Braga AM, Roveda F, Alves MJ, et al. Exercise training restores baroreflex sensitivity in never-treated hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2007;49(6):1298-306.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laterza</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Matos</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trombetta</surname>
              <given-names>IC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braga</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roveda</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise training restores baroreflex sensitivity in never-treated hypertensive patients</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1298</fpage>
          <lpage>1306</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al; Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chobanian</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakris</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izzo</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure</collab>
            <collab>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</collab>
            <collab>National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1206</fpage>
          <lpage>1252</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Wonisch M, Hofmann P, Fruhwald FM, Kraxner W, Hodl R, Pokan R, et al. Influence of beta-blocker use on percentage of target heart rate exercise prescription. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2003;10(4):296-301.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wonisch</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hofmann</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fruhwald</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kraxner</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodl</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pokan</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of beta-blocker use on percentage of target heart rate exercise prescription</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>296</fpage>
          <lpage>301</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Norton K, Olds T, Australian Sports Commission; 1996. Anthropometrica: a textbook of body measurement for sports and health courses. Sydney (Australia): UNSW Press; 1996.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Norton</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olds</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Australian Sports Commission 1996</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Anthropometrica: a textbook of body measurement for sports and health courses</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <publisher-loc>Sydney (Australia)</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>UNSW Press</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Gellish RL, Goslin BR, Olson RE, McDonald A, Russi GD, Moudgil VK. Longitudinal modeling of the relationship between age and maximal heart rate. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(5):822-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gellish</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goslin</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olson</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McDonald</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russi</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moudgil</surname>
              <given-names>VK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Longitudinal modeling of the relationship between age and maximal heart rate</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>822</fpage>
          <lpage>829</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Okamoto T, Masuhara M, Ikuta K. Effects of eccentric and concentric resistance training on arterial stiffness. J Hum Hypertens. 2006;20(5):348-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okamoto</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masuhara</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ikuta</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of eccentric and concentric resistance training on arterial stiffness</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>348</fpage>
          <lpage>354</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387(10022):957-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ettehad</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emdin</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiran</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Callender</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emberson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>387</volume>
          <issue>10022</issue>
          <fpage>957</fpage>
          <lpage>967</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Forjaz CL, Rondon MUPB, Negr&#227;o CE. Efeitos hipotensores e simpatol&#237;ticos do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio na hipertens&#227;o arterial. Rev Bras Hipertens. 2005;12(4):245-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Forjaz</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rondon</surname>
              <given-names>MUPB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efeitos hipotensores e simpatol&#237;ticos do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio na hipertens&#227;o arterial</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Hipertens</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>245</fpage>
          <lpage>250</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Kingwell BA. Nitric oxide as a metabolic regulator during exercise: effects of training in health and disease. FASEB J. 2000;14(12):685-96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kingwell</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nitric oxide as a metabolic regulator during exercise: effects of training in health and disease</article-title>
          <source>FASEB J</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>685</fpage>
          <lpage>696</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Polito MD, Farinatti PT. The effects of muscle mass and number of sets during resistance exercise on postexercise hypotension. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(8):2351-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Polito</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farinatti</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effects of muscle mass and number of sets during resistance exercise on postexercise hypotension</article-title>
          <source>J Strength Cond Res</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>2351</fpage>
          <lpage>2357</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Santana HA, Moreira SR, Asano RY, Sales MM, Cordova C, Campbell CS, et al. Exercise intensity modulates nitric oxide and blood pressure responses in hypertensive older women. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2013;25(1):43-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santana</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asano</surname>
              <given-names>RY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sales</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cordova</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise intensity modulates nitric oxide and blood pressure responses in hypertensive older women</article-title>
          <source>Aging Clin Exp Res</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Cornelissen VA, Smart NA. Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(1):e004473.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cornelissen</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smart</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e004473</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Moraes MR, Bacurau RF, Casarini DE, Jara ZP, Ronchi FA, Almeida SS, et al. Chronic conventional resistance exercise reduces blood pressure in stage 1 hypertensive men. Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength &amp; Conditioning Association. 2012;26(4):1122-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacurau</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casarini</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jara</surname>
              <given-names>ZP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ronchi</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic conventional resistance exercise reduces blood pressure in stage 1 hypertensive men</article-title>
          <source>Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength &amp; Conditioning Association</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1122</fpage>
          <lpage>1129</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Kokkinos PF, Narayan P, Colleran JA, Pittaras A, Notargiacomo A, Reda D, et al. Effects of regular exercise on blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in African-American men with severe hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(22):1462-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kokkinos</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Narayan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colleran</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pittaras</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Notargiacomo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reda</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of regular exercise on blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in African-American men with severe hypertension</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>333</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>1462</fpage>
          <lpage>1467</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Seals DR, Reiling MJ. Effect of regular exercise on 24-hour arterial pressure in older hypertensive humans. Hypertension. 1991;18(5):583-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seals</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reiling</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of regular exercise on 24-hour arterial pressure in older hypertensive humans</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>583</fpage>
          <lpage>592</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Jennings G, Deakin G, Korner P, Kingwell B, Nelson L. What is the dose-response relationship between exercise training and blood pressure. Ann Med. 1991;23(3):313-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jennings</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deakin</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Korner</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kingwell</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nelson</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>What is the dose-response relationship between exercise training and blood pressure</article-title>
          <source>Ann Med</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>313</fpage>
          <lpage>318</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cin&#233;tica Hipotensiva durante 50 Sess&#245;es de Treinamento de For&#231;a e Aer&#243;bio em Hipertensos: Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Randomizado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damorim</surname>
            <given-names>Igor Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Tony Meireles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Willames Pimentel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Cavalcanti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o da F&#237;sica da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Roberto Cavalcanti Carvalho</bold>, Avenida Jornalista An&#237;bal Fernandes, s/n. CEP: 50670-901. Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>paulo.robertocarvalho@ufpe.br</email>, <email>prc2005@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Damorim IR, Barros GWP, Carvalho PRC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Damorim IR, Santos TM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Damorim IR, Carvalho PRC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Damorim IR, Santos TM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Damorim IR, Santos TM, Barros GWP, Carvalho PRC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os treinamentos de for&#231;a e aer&#243;bio s&#227;o indicados para o tratamento adjuvante da hipertens&#227;o. Entretanto, o n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es necess&#225;rias at&#233; estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do efeito hipotensor com o exerc&#237;cio ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claramente estabelecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estabelecer a cin&#233;tica adaptativa das respostas tensionais em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo e do tipo de treinamento em hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram recrutados 69 hipertensos com idade m&#233;dia de 63,4 &#177; 2,1 anos, randomizados em um grupo de treinamento de for&#231;a (n = 32) e outro de treinamento aer&#243;bio (n = 32). Foram realizadas medidas antropom&#233;tricas e testes de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (1RM). A press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi medida antes de cada sess&#227;o de treinamento com um aparelho de press&#227;o digital de bra&#231;o. As 50 sess&#245;es de treinamento foram categorizadas em quintis. Para comparar o efeito da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA entre os m&#233;todos de treinamentos (<italic>between</italic>), utilizamos an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA) bifatorial ajustada para os valores de PA pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o. As diferen&#231;as entre os momentos foram estabelecidas por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unifatorial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As redu&#231;&#245;es na PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram de 6,9 mmHg e 5,3 mmHg, respectivamente, com o treinamento de for&#231;a e 16,5 mmHg e 11,6 mmHg, respectivamente, com o treinamento aer&#243;bio. A cin&#233;tica hipotensiva da PAS apresentou redu&#231;&#245;es significativas at&#233; a 20&#170; sess&#227;o em ambos os grupos. Observou-se estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da PAD na 20&#170; sess&#227;o com o treinamento de for&#231;a e na 10&#170; sess&#227;o com o aer&#243;bio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>S&#227;o necess&#225;rias 20 sess&#245;es de treinamento de for&#231;a ou aer&#243;bio para alcance dos benef&#237;cios m&#225;ximos de redu&#231;&#227;o da PA. Os m&#233;todos investigados proporcionaram padr&#245;es cin&#233;ticos adaptativos distintos ao longo das 50 sess&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cin&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Exerc&#237;cio e de Movimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensaio Cl&#237;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos &#233; a estrat&#233;gia mais utilizada para o tratamento n&#227;o medicamentoso da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> S&#227;o recomendados est&#237;mulos aer&#243;bios entre 40-60% do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2max</sub>) duas a tr&#234;s vezes por semana, durante 30 a 60 minutos, realizados em associa&#231;&#227;o a um treinamento de for&#231;a utilizando exerc&#237;cios multiarticulares com pelo menos uma s&#233;rie de 8-12 repeti&#231;&#245;es durante 30 a 60 minutos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Redu&#231;&#245;es em repouso de 6,9 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial (PA) sist&#243;lica (PAS) e 4,9 mmHg na PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) j&#225; foram reportadas em decorr&#234;ncia de adapta&#231;&#245;es proporcionadas pelo treinamento aer&#243;bio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Apesar do treinamento aer&#243;bio ser a estrat&#233;gia mais consagrada entre os m&#233;todos de treinamento f&#237;sico para indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, outros m&#233;todos t&#234;m mostrado efic&#225;cia na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, como o treinamento de for&#231;a din&#226;mico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> isom&#233;trico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> combinado (aer&#243;bio e for&#231;a)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e intervalado de alta intensidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p> Estudos utilizando apenas o treinamento de for&#231;a como estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o medicamentosa para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o demonstraram redu&#231;&#245;es na PA entre 2 a 12 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Mesmo ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do treinamento, seus efeitos perduram por at&#233; 4 semanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entretanto, at&#233; onde pudemos identificar, os estudos dispon&#237;veis realizando compara&#231;&#245;es diretas entre diferentes m&#233;todos de treinamento, como por exemplo, o treinamento aer&#243;bio <italic>versus</italic> o de for&#231;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> n&#227;o identificaram o n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es necess&#225;rias at&#233; estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do efeito hipotensor com o exerc&#237;cio em pacientes hipertensos. Mais precisamente, &#233; importante esclarecer quantas sess&#245;es s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para que os programas de treinamento proporcionem ao m&#225;ximo os benef&#237;cios poss&#237;veis. Este desfecho n&#227;o tem sido prioritariamente investigado, e os resultados a respeito do n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es ainda s&#227;o inconclusivos na literatura (entre 12 a 48 sess&#245;es),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> dificultando a interpreta&#231;&#227;o das adapta&#231;&#245;es proporcionadas por diferentes m&#233;todos de treinamento e a consequente decis&#227;o pela melhor estrat&#233;gia para o tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi estabelecer a cin&#233;tica adaptativa das respostas tensionais em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo e do tipo de treinamento (for&#231;a ou aer&#243;bio) em indiv&#237;duos classificados como hipertensos est&#225;gio 1.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento experimental</title>
          <p>Ensaio cl&#237;nico com dois grupos paralelos, conduzido de acordo com as normas do CONSORT, por&#233;m sem registro realizado. Os sujeitos eleg&#237;veis foram randomizados em dois grupos independentes de treinamento: for&#231;a e aer&#243;bio. Na primeira visita, os sujeitos foram instru&#237;dos quanto aos procedimentos que seriam realizados no estudo, tiveram suas d&#250;vidas esclarecidas e assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE). Na segunda visita, foram realizadas as medidas antropom&#233;tricas e de PA. Na terceira visita foram realizados os testes de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (1RM) para o grupo for&#231;a e realizadas recomenda&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o de treinamento para o grupo aer&#243;bio. Na quarta visita foram realizadas as adapta&#231;&#245;es dos participantes aos seus respectivos m&#233;todos de treinamento. A partir da quinta visita, foram realizados os protocolos de treinamento para ambos os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sujeitos</title>
          <p>Foram recrutados para participar do estudo 20 homens e 49 mulheres, cujas caracter&#237;sticas est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>. Todos participaram voluntariamente ap&#243;s terem sido contatados por meio de convites e informes sobre a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica para hipertensos, distribu&#237;dos no campus da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Todos faziam uso de medicamentos para controle da PA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>). A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (processo 321/11).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos sujeitos investigados antes do treinamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo For&#231;a</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo Aer&#243;bio</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,8 &#177; 1,22</td>
                  <td align="center">63,9 &#177; 2,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">69,2 &#177; 13,7</td>
                  <td align="center">70,6 &#177; 11,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">147,0 &#177; 9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">151,8 &#177; 11,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">95,8 &#177; 7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">93,9 &#177; 10,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg.m<sup>-2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,3 &#177; 30,1</td>
                  <td align="center">29,2 &#177; 4,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RCQ</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95 &#177; 0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 &#177; 0,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56 &#177; 0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CC (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,2 &#177; 6,0</td>
                  <td align="center">97,9 &#177; 13,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CA (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">102,0 &#177; 9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">99,2 &#177; 12,3</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; RCQ: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura quadril; IC: &#237;ndice de conicidade; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia do abd&#244;men.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem das medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas pelos participantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Drogas Anti-hipertensivas</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo For&#231;a</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo Aer&#243;bio</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Frequ&#234;ncia Total</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">(n = 28)</th>
                  <th align="center">(n = 27)</th>
                  <th align="center">(n = 55)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (16%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antagonistas do receptor de angiotensina II</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (55%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (9%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, os sujeitos deveriam ter hipertens&#227;o arterial est&#225;gio 1, fazer uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo controlado e possuir idade superior a 60 anos. Na primeira visita, foi obtida a medida da PA em repouso, que foi considerada como refer&#234;ncia inicial (momento zero) e de classifica&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos quanto ao n&#237;vel de hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os sujeitos que faziam uso de betabloqueadores, pois esse tipo de medicamento altera as respostas cardiovasculares, dificultando a intepreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e o uso da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para a prescri&#231;&#227;o do treinamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos os participantes que possu&#237;ssem qualquer outra enfermidade que comprometesse as respostas cardiovasculares ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, ou com limita&#231;&#245;es articulares com consequentes limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> mostra o fluxograma dos sujeitos ao longo do estudo.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma de randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0323-70029-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Para a randomiza&#231;&#227;o, foi utilizada uma ferramenta digital dispon&#237;vel no endere&#231;o <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.randomizer.org">www.randomizer.org</ext-link>. Os sujeitos eleg&#237;veis foram listados numericamente por ordem de chegada por um dos pesquisadores sem acesso a qualquer avalia&#231;&#227;o. De modo cego, um segundo pesquisador foi respons&#225;vel pela aloca&#231;&#227;o dos participantes em cada grupo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas e &#237;ndices ponderais</title>
            <p>Foram mensuradas a massa corporal (kg), a estatura (m) e as circunfer&#234;ncias (cm) de cintura e quadril. A massa corporal foi mensurada em balan&#231;a port&#225;til com precis&#227;o de 0,1 kg (PL 200, Filizola S.A., S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil). A estatura foi medida com um estadi&#244;metro com precis&#227;o de 0,1 mm (Estadi&#244;metro Professional Sanny, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil). A circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura foi medida no n&#237;vel mais estreito entre a margem costal e a crista il&#237;aca com uso de fita antropom&#233;trica n&#227;o flex&#237;vel com precis&#227;o de 0,1 mm (SN-4010, Sanny, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), e a circunfer&#234;ncia de quadril foi obtida ao n&#237;vel da s&#237;nfise p&#250;bica com uso da mesma fita. Em seguida, foram calculados o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC = massa corporal &#247; estatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>), a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/quadril (RCQ = circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &#247; circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril) e o &#237;ndice de conicidade [IC = (circunfer&#234;ncia do abd&#244;men &#247; 0,169) x &#8730;(peso corporal &#247; estatura)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Medida da press&#227;o arterial</title>
            <p>A PA em repouso foi aferida no membro superior esquerdo seguindo recomenda&#231;&#227;o da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>, com um aparelho de press&#227;o digital de bra&#231;o (Omron Digital BP Monitor, Modelo 11 EM403c, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o). Considerada o desfecho prim&#225;rio no presente estudo, a PA foi monitorada antes de cada sess&#227;o de treinamento, e sua &#250;ltima medida foi realizada 48 h ap&#243;s a 50&#170; sess&#227;o. Os sujeitos foram orientados a n&#227;o ingerir bebidas alco&#243;licas e/ou cafe&#237;na nas 24 h precedentes &#224;s aferi&#231;&#245;es. Para a medi&#231;&#227;o, os sujeitos repousaram por 15 min em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada com os p&#233;s apoiados e mantiveram o bra&#231;o na altura do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Teste de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima</title>
            <p>O teste de 1RM foi realizado seguindo o protocolo do <italic>American College of Sports Medicine.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Para tal, foi realizado um aquecimento com 10 repeti&#231;&#245;es com carga leve. Ap&#243;s 5 min, foram realizadas as testagens da carga de 1RM, na qual cada sujeito realizou no m&#225;ximo cinco tentativas para cada exerc&#237;cio com intervalo de 5 min entre cada uma, tendo sido considerada a maior carga levantada.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Protocolo de treinamento de for&#231;a</title>
            <p>As sess&#245;es de treinamento de for&#231;a foram realizadas em aparelhos (Technogym, Cesena, It&#225;lia). Os sujeitos realizaram um programa de treinamento de for&#231;a alternado por segmento, com dois tipos de s&#233;rie (A e B), com altern&#226;ncia por sess&#227;o (48 h). A ordem dos exerc&#237;cios foi: s&#233;rie A - supino vertical, cadeira flexora, tr&#237;ceps no <italic>pulley</italic>, cadeira abdutora, eleva&#231;&#227;o de ombros, flex&#227;o plantar e abdominais supra; s&#233;rie B - puxada frontal, <italic>leg press</italic>, abdu&#231;&#227;o de ombros, cadeira extensora, rosca b&#237;ceps, cadeira adutora e abdominais infra. O programa de treinamento foi realizado tr&#234;s vezes por semana, com tr&#234;s s&#233;ries de 12 repeti&#231;&#245;es a 50-70% da carga m&#225;xima e ajustadas ao longo do programa para o alcance de uma percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o (Borg) classificada como moderada. Foi administrada recupera&#231;&#227;o de 1 min entre cada s&#233;rie e exerc&#237;cio.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Protocolo de treinamento aer&#243;bio</title>
            <p>As sess&#245;es de treinamento aer&#243;bio consistiram em caminhadas em pista realizadas tr&#234;s vezes por semana por 30 min, mantendo a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre 40-60% da frequ&#234;ncia m&#225;xima prevista para idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A intensidade foi ajustada ao longo das sess&#245;es com base na percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o pelo participante, objetivando o alcance de uma intensidade moderada. Todas as sess&#245;es de treinamento foram supervisionadas.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas est&#227;o representadas por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas est&#227;o representadas por suas frequ&#234;ncias absoluta e relativa. As 50 sess&#245;es de treino foram subdivididas em quintis, estabelecendo cinco momentos comparativos (sess&#245;es 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50). O resultado da PA de cada quintil representa a m&#233;dia das 10 sess&#245;es agrupadas de cada vari&#225;vel investigada (PAS e PAD) medida antes de cada sess&#227;o de treinamento. A medida pr&#233;-tratamento das vari&#225;veis dependentes foi utilizada como covari&#225;vel para controlar as diferen&#231;as iniciais entre os grupos. As an&#225;lises realizadas n&#227;o se basearam na "inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar". Ap&#243;s a verifica&#231;&#227;o dos pressupostos conceituais, para comparar o efeito dos m&#233;todos de treinamento de for&#231;a e aer&#243;bio (<italic>between</italic>) sobre as medidas de PAS e PAD, foi utilizada an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA) bifatorial (m&#233;todo de treino x momento) com medidas repetidas para o segundo fator.</p>
          <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as entre os momentos investigados para cada m&#233;todo de treinamento foi estabelecida por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unifatorial com medidas repetidas. Para ambas as an&#225;lises, foi utilizado quando necess&#225;rio o teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Bonferroni. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no GraphPad Prism, v. 5.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA), com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram realizadas verifica&#231;&#245;es preliminares para garantir que n&#227;o houve viola&#231;&#227;o dos pressupostos de normalidade, linearidade, homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncias, homogeneidade de inclina&#231;&#227;o da regress&#227;o e medi&#231;&#227;o confi&#225;vel da covari&#225;vel. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref> mostra uma compara&#231;&#227;o da PA ao longo das 50 sess&#245;es dos treinamentos de for&#231;a e aer&#243;bio, e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref> destaca as diferen&#231;as (&#916;) observadas e os seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a. A ANCOVA indicou haver uma intera&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os m&#233;todos de treinamento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PAS (F [4, 29] = 3,431, p = 0,021), com um tamanho de efeito <italic>eta squared</italic> pequeno (&#951;<sup>2</sup> = 0,321). A an&#225;lise para efeitos principais n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;as significativas entre os m&#233;todos de treinamento na PAS (p = 0,690), por&#233;m, os resultados sugerem que a PAS respondeu com redu&#231;&#245;es diferentes entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Respostas tensionais sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas em repouso, obtidas antes da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios nos grupos for&#231;a e aer&#243;bio. PA: Press&#227;o Arterial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0323-70029-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;a (&#916;) m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o e intervalos de confian&#231;a das respostas hipotensivas da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) em cinco momentos diferentes nos grupos for&#231;a e aer&#243;bio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Press&#227;o Arterial</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo For&#231;a</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo Aer&#243;bio</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IC95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Sist&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916; 10-0</td>
                <td align="center">-7 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">-7,2; -6,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-4,4 &#177; 0,34</td>
                <td align="center">-4,6; -4,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916; 20-0</td>
                <td align="center">-9,7 &#177; 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">-14,0; -5,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-9,5 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">-13,0; -6,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916; 30-0</td>
                <td align="center">-9,7 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">-13,0; -6,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-8,0 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">-13,0; -3,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916; 40-0</td>
                <td align="center">-6,7 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">-10,0; -3,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-13,0 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">-17,0; -7,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916; 50-0</td>
                <td align="center">-8,2 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">-12,0; -4,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-16,0 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">-20,0; -11,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Diast&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916; 10-0</td>
                <td align="center">-2,8 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">-2,9; -2,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-2,7 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">-2,9; -2,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916; 20-0</td>
                <td align="center">-7,1 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">-9,9; -4,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-5,1 &#177; 7,0</td>
                <td align="center">-8,7; -1,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916; 30-0</td>
                <td align="center">-7,4 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">-10,0; -4,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-6,0 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">-11,0; -1,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916; 40-0</td>
                <td align="center">-5,9 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">-10,0; -1,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-8,3 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">-12,0; -4,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916; 50-0</td>
                <td align="center">-6,0 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">-10,0; -2,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-9,2 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">-14,0; -4,7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>&#916; - Diferen&#231;a entre os momentos 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao momento 0. DP: Desvio Padr&#227;o; IC: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A intera&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos de treinamento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PAD n&#227;o mostrou resultados estaticamente significativos (F [4, 29] = 1,835, p = 0,149), com um tamanho de efeito pequeno (&#951;<sup>2</sup> = 0,202). Na an&#225;lise sobre os efeitos principais na PAD (p = 0,091), os grupos responderam de forma semelhante.</p>
        <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o dos momentos de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da PA em decorr&#234;ncia das estrat&#233;gias de treinamento est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref> para a PAS e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref> para a PAD. A estabiliza&#231;&#227;o das redu&#231;&#245;es da PAS foi observada na 20&#170; sess&#227;o para ambos os m&#233;todos. Para a PAD, as redu&#231;&#245;es foram significativas at&#233; a 20&#170; sess&#227;o para o treinamento de for&#231;a e at&#233; a 10&#170; sess&#227;o para o treinamento aer&#243;bio.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Matriz indicativa das signific&#226;ncias estat&#237;sticas da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unifatorial (within) com teste post hoc de Bonferroni na compara&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica entre os diferentes momentos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Momento</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo For&#231;a</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo Aer&#243;bio</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">10</th>
                <th align="center">20</th>
                <th align="center">30</th>
                <th align="center">40</th>
                <th align="center">50</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">10</th>
                <th align="center">20</th>
                <th align="center">30</th>
                <th align="center">40</th>
                <th align="center">50</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">20</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">40</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Matriz indicativa das signific&#226;ncias estat&#237;sticas da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unifatorial (within) com teste post hoc de Bonferroni na compara&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica entre os diferentes momentos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Momento</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo For&#231;a</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo Aer&#243;bio</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">10</th>
                <th align="center">20</th>
                <th align="center">30</th>
                <th align="center">40</th>
                <th align="center">50</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">10</th>
                <th align="center">20</th>
                <th align="center">30</th>
                <th align="center">40</th>
                <th align="center">50</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">20</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">40</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que o treinamento de for&#231;a foi capaz de reduzir a PAS em 6,9 &#177; 2,8 mmHg e a PAD em 5,3 &#177; 1,9 mmHg, enquanto o treinamento aer&#243;bio mostrou redu&#231;&#245;es de 16,5 &#177; 3,4 mmHg para a PAS e 11,6 &#177; 3,6 mmHg para a PAD. A intera&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos investigados indica efeitos hipotensores aparentemente superiores com o treinamento aer&#243;bio comparativamente ao treinamento de for&#231;a. Entretanto, a compara&#231;&#227;o das redu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias padronizadas entre os m&#233;todos pela an&#225;lise do &#951;<sup>2</sup> demonstrou magnitude pequena para ambas as estrat&#233;gias. Na an&#225;lise temporal dos m&#233;todos de treinamento, observou-se que a cin&#233;tica hipotensiva da PAS apresentou redu&#231;&#245;es significativas at&#233; a 20&#170; sess&#227;o para ambos os grupos. A partir deste per&#237;odo, observou-se um plat&#244; das adapta&#231;&#245;es proporcionadas pelo treinamento de for&#231;a. Este dado apresenta car&#225;ter in&#233;dito e deve ser considerado nas decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas que utilizem o exerc&#237;cio de modo coadjuvante no tratamento da PA.</p>
        <p>Embora n&#227;o tenha ocorrido uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ap&#243;s a 40&#170; sess&#227;o, parece ter existido uma regress&#227;o da PAS para os valores m&#233;dios pr&#243;ximos da 10&#170; sess&#227;o. Os mecanismos que determinaram tal adapta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o puderam ser identificados. Futuros estudos dever&#227;o investigar a hip&#243;tese do aumento da rigidez arterial gerado pelo treinamento de for&#231;a, como sugerido por Okamoto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Complementarmente, o treinamento aer&#243;bio manteve redu&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o significativas at&#233; a 50&#170; sess&#227;o, o que clinicamente pode representar algum benef&#237;cio ao tratamento, em especial para os pacientes no limite de classifica&#231;&#227;o de uma dada categoria (<italic>borderline</italic>), j&#225; que uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 10 mmHg na PAS reduz em 13% o risco de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De maneira semelhante, observou-se que o treinamento de for&#231;a proporcionou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PAD at&#233; a 20&#170; sess&#227;o, enquanto no treinamento aer&#243;bio houve estabiliza&#231;&#227;o a partir da 10&#170; sess&#227;o. Em conjunto, estes resultados proporcionam um melhor entendimento do comportamento adaptativo da PAS e da PAD em decorr&#234;ncia dos m&#233;todos de treinamento investigados, visto que os mesmos proporcionaram respostas cin&#233;ticas diferentes.</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos que explicam as redu&#231;&#245;es evidenciadas na PA ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico s&#227;o causados, por um lado, pela redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, em decorr&#234;ncia da diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico, da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da diminui&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e, por outro, pelo aumento da sensibilidade e do controle barorreflexo, associado a uma a&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica local, mediada principalmente pelo &#243;xido n&#237;trico, liberado no endot&#233;lio em decorr&#234;ncia do estresse gerado pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (<italic>shear stress</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Em conjunto, esses mecanismos provocam adapta&#231;&#245;es como a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o arterial, gerando redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica e, consequentemente, da PA ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Por exemplo, Santana et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> submeteram idosas hipertensas a exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio com uma sess&#227;o em intensidade moderada por 20 min e outra em intensidade alta por 20 min. Os n&#237;veis de &#243;xido n&#237;trico ap&#243;s cada atividade aumentaram 30% e 33%, respectivamente, e houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PA com ambas as interven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Em uma metan&#225;lise recente que investigou o efeito de diferentes m&#233;todos de exerc&#237;cio sobre a magnitude dos efeitos na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, Cornelissen e Smart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as no tamanho do efeito entre treinamento aer&#243;bio e o treinamento de for&#231;a, concluindo que ambos os m&#233;todos de treinamento proporcionam redu&#231;&#245;es da PA em magnitudes semelhantes. Al&#233;m disso, os resultados reportados pelos autores apresentavam maiores redu&#231;&#245;es para o treinamento aer&#243;bio. Ambos os aspectos foram semelhantes aos encontrados no presente estudo. Complementarmente, os resultados do presente estudo acrescentam informa&#231;&#245;es a esses achados, definindo o padr&#227;o cin&#233;tico das respostas press&#243;ricas proporcionadas pelos dois m&#233;todos de treinamento investigados. Futuros estudos dever&#227;o investigar outras estrat&#233;gias de treinamento.</p>
        <p>Acerca da cin&#233;tica de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da PA, n&#243;s identificamos um &#250;nico estudo utilizando o treinamento de for&#231;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> no qual a PAS se estabilizou na 6&#170; sess&#227;o de treinamento, enquanto em nosso estudo foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es significativas at&#233; a 20&#170; sess&#227;o de treinamento. Para a PAD, o mesmo estudo encontrou que o momento de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o ocorreu na 30&#170; sess&#227;o, enquanto em nosso estudo tal fato ocorreu na 20&#170; sess&#227;o. &#201; poss&#237;vel que as diferen&#231;as encontradas tenham resultado da diferen&#231;a da amostragem de dados utilizada, uma vez que o presente estudo considerou as sess&#245;es de treinamento agrupadas em quintis. Destaca-se que os protocolos do treinamento de for&#231;a de ambos os estudos foram similares, realizados com cargas moderadas (entre 50-70% da carga de 1RM), com tr&#234;s s&#233;ries de 12 repeti&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao treinamento aer&#243;bio, Kokkinos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> compararam as respostas da PA ap&#243;s 48 e 96 sess&#245;es de treinamento aos valores iniciais da PA, observando uma queda n&#227;o significante de 1,0 &#177; 4,0 mmHg (p = 0,150), por&#233;m com substancial redu&#231;&#227;o no uso de medicamentos. Em contrapartida, Seals e Reiling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> encontraram redu&#231;&#245;es da PA em idosos ap&#243;s 72 sess&#245;es de treinamento aer&#243;bio. Posteriormente, quando realizada 72 sess&#245;es adicionais de treinamento aer&#243;bio, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o adicional de 4,0 &#177; 4,0 mmHg (p &lt; 0,05) na PAS, por&#233;m sem redu&#231;&#245;es na PAD. Jennings et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> encontraram queda da PA na 30&#170; sess&#227;o de treinamento aer&#243;bio, que correspondeu a 75% do efeito hipotensor da 60&#170; sess&#227;o. Esta mesma propor&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada no presente estudo. Em conjunto, estas evid&#234;ncias mostram que os resultados do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico no tratamento da PA a longo prazo parecem trazer benef&#237;cios apenas na manuten&#231;&#227;o das redu&#231;&#245;es iniciais e n&#227;o resultam em ganhos adicionais.</p>
        <p>Apesar do treinamento de for&#231;a gerar redu&#231;&#245;es menores quando comparado ao aer&#243;bio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> sua recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; suportada pela redu&#231;&#227;o das respostas press&#243;ricas nas atividades da vida di&#225;ria, uma vez que a melhoria da for&#231;a promove redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de intensidade na realiza&#231;&#227;o das tarefas cotidianas, com consequente ameniza&#231;&#227;o das respostas tensionais. Diante disso, o treinamento de for&#231;a parece se mostrar uma estrat&#233;gia relevante para ao controle da PA e manuten&#231;&#227;o dos aspectos funcionais. Deve-se considerar ainda que, &#224; luz do conhecimento dispon&#237;vel, os efeitos cl&#237;nicos da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA pelo treinamento de for&#231;a s&#227;o semelhantes aos observados pelo treinamento aer&#243;bio.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo precisam ser destacadas. A princ&#237;pio, o estudo n&#227;o considerou a dosagem dos medicamentos utilizada por cada sujeito, o que pode ter influenciado as respostas observadas. Entretanto, tal abordagem apresenta maior validade externa considerando que os indiv&#237;duos que se exercitam em centros de atividades f&#237;sicas e cl&#237;nicas de exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o interrompem o uso de suas medica&#231;&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de suas pr&#225;ticas de atividades f&#237;sicas. Al&#233;m disso, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; considerado uma medida coadjuvante de tratamento, devendo ser realizado em conjunto com o uso da medica&#231;&#227;o, que deve ser frequentemente avaliada para poss&#237;veis ajustes. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi a falta de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA, que possibilita um registro mais confi&#225;vel da medida uma vez que avalia os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos por um per&#237;odo maior de tempo. Por fim, a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle limita a conclus&#227;o de que apenas o exerc&#237;cio foi determinante na queda da PA. Entretanto, evid&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias estabelecem como certos os benef&#237;cios do grupo de exerc&#237;cio (aer&#243;bio e for&#231;a) em rela&#231;&#227;o a um grupo controle,(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>) o que caracterizaria como eticamente question&#225;vel a decis&#227;o de privar um grupo de indiv&#237;duos do tratamento com exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Observamos que 20 sess&#245;es de treinamento de for&#231;a ou aer&#243;bio s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para alcan&#231;ar as redu&#231;&#245;es tensionais decorrentes do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e que as redu&#231;&#245;es tensionais respondem de forma diferente ao longo de 50 sess&#245;es. Pode-se esperar at&#233; a 20&#170; sess&#227;o de treinamento uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 0,5 mmHg por sess&#227;o na PAS para ambos os m&#233;todos de treinamento e de 0,2 e 0,3 mmHg por sess&#227;o na PAD para os treinamentos for&#231;a e aer&#243;bio, respectivamente. A adi&#231;&#227;o de mais sess&#245;es de treinamento parece proporcionar menores redu&#231;&#245;es da PA, mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Nossos resultados suportam a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do uso do treinamento de for&#231;a com benef&#237;cios pr&#243;ximos aos obtidos com treinamento aer&#243;bio na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
