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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hFQPf5LCDyqHJPjr8tvnxbk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000400315</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170036</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Exercise</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Continuous and Accumulated Exercise on Endothelial Function in Rat Aorta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Edwiges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taipeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Elane de F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chies</surname>
            <given-names>Agnaldo Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Mar&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia, Mar&#237;lia, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Juliana Edwiges Martinez</bold>, Alameda Guanabara, 555. Postal Code 17602-110, Ibirapuera, Tup&#227;, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>julianaedwmartinez@hotmail.com</email>, <email>julianaedwmartinez@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Martinez JE, Taipeiro EF; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Martinez JE, Chies AB, Taipeiro EF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>315</fpage>
      <lpage>322</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The practice of exercise in short bouts repeated throughout the day may be an alternative strategy to lift people out of physical inactivity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to evaluate if accumulated exercise, as occurs in continuous exercise training, improve endothelial function in rat aorta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Wistar male rats were divided into three groups: continuous exercise (CEx, 1 hour on the treadmill) or accumulated exercise (AEx, 4 bouts of 15 minutes / day) for 5 days/week for 8 weeks, or sedentary (SED). During the training period, body weight gain and increase in exercise performance were recorded. On sacrifice day, aorta was dissected into rings (3-5 mm) and mounted on the organ bath.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Fitness was significantly greater in CEx and AEx rats as compared with SED animals. In addition, compared with the SED group, CEx animals had a lower body mass gain, and the aorta obtained from these animals had reduced contractile response to norepinephrine and greater acetylcholine-induced relaxation. These results were not observed in ACEx animals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Both CEx and AEx improved fitness, but only CEx led to reduced body weight gain and improved endothelial function.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Fitness</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Acetylcholine</kwd>
        <kwd>Norepinephrine</kwd>
        <kwd>Weight Loss</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Exercise has been considered an important instrument for the promotion of health and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. It is defined as any "physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and [that] has as a final or intermediate objective the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The pattern of regular exercise that brings better health benefits is still debated in the literature. Normally, it is recommended exercise of moderate intensity, at least 3 days a week.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Alternatively, exercise may be performed by bouts of at least 10 minutes of high intensity exercise interspersed with intervals of recovery, i.e., periods of mild exercises or simply rest.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> On the other hand, current recommendations also suggest that short sessions of moderate-intensity physical activity accumulated throughout the day to attain a daily goal of 30 min of exercise - named accumulated exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - may be employed to improve the health or as adjuvant treatment of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Indeed, the practice of exercise in accumulated sessions can be an alternative to lift people out of physical inactivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Health benefits of the accumulated exercise have already been demonstrated: elevation of high-density lipoprotein levels,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> reduction of postprandial triglycerides,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> blood pressure levels,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> skinfold thickness and waist circumference,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and improvement of fitness<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and mood state.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, there is no evidence of the influence of accumulated exercise on endothelial function.</p>
      <p>The benefits of exercise on endothelial function occur mostly by the increment of shear stress on endothelial surface, thereby stimulating the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD- 1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>However, it has been demonstrated in endothelial cell cultures that the exposure time to the shear stress influences the expression of these enzymes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Particularly in relation to eNOS, it was demonstrated that the shear stress exposure time influences its degree of phosphorylation, thus regulating its activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Thus, it is reasonable to infer that the exposure to different exercise times may have different effects on the expression of endothelial enzymes. Thus, the aim of the present study was to verify whether training by accumulated exercise improves endothelial function in rat aorta such as it occurs in consequence of training by continuous exercise.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Thirty three male Wistar rats weighing 300-400 g were housed in plastic cages (50 x 40 x 20 cm), 5 animals per cage, with food and water "ad libitum". The sample size (n) was established on the basis of studies that evaluated the effects of continuous exercise on endothelial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Notably, these studies were the basis for the present investigation that investigate the cardiovascular effects of accumulated exercise. During the exercise protocol, the animals were maintained in the training room under a 12 h light-dark cycle beginning at 7:00 h, at room temperature (25&#176;C). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use of Marilia School of Medicine (protocol n&#176; 627/13).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise protocol</title>
        <p>Rats were initially trained to walk on a treadmill (Movement Technology LX 170) then submitted to daily sessions of 10 minutes, from 0.3 up to 0.5 km/h, without slope, for 2 weeks. At the end of this period, the animals were submitted to the treadmill running test, consisted of graded treadmill exercise at increments of 0.3 km/h every 3 minutes, starting at 0.3 km/h and increased up to the maximal intensity attained for each rat. Based on the results in this test, the animals were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: sedentary (SED), trained by continuous exercise (CEx) or trained by accumulated exercise (AEx), with a similar mean maximal exercise capacity in each group. Subsequently, the animals of the CEx group were exposed to this exercise 5 days per week, 1 hour per day (starting at 09:00am) for 8 weeks. The exercise intensity was increased progressively by a combination of time and velocity, to a maximum of 2 hours per day at a velocity correspondent to 60% of maximal exercise capacity, which was attained by the third week. In parallel, the animals belonging to the AEx group were submitted to 4 short exercise sessions (15 minutes, at similar speed to the CEx group), regularly distributed throughout the day (starting at 07:30am, 10:25am, 01:05pm and 03:45pm), 5 days per week, for 8 weeks. Rats allocated to the SED group were also handled every day and put on a stopped treadmill. Body weight was measured weekly during the training period. Running capacity tests were performed on each rat at the beginning of the protocol and on week 6, for adjustment of exercise intensity and assessment of increase in performance.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Euthanasia and sample collection</title>
        <p>At the end of the training period, the animals were sacrificed by inhalation of CO<sub>2</sub> and exsanguination by puncture of the vena cava. Blood samples were collected in heparinized syringe and centrifuged (3500 rpm/10 min/4&#176;C) to obtain the plasma, which was stored at -80&#176;C. Later, the aortas were removed and immediately immersed in cold Krebs-Henseleit solution, and the hearts were weighed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS)</title>
        <p>TBARS levels were measured according to a method adapted from Yagi.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Briefly, the lipid peroxidation was determined by the reaction of malondialdehyde (MDA) with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) to form a pink chromogen that can be quantified by spectrophotometry (in 532 nm). The values of absorbance detected in the samples were interpolated to a tetramethoxypropane standard curve (0 to 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>M).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Plasma antioxidant capacity (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma FRAP)</title>
        <p>The method described by Benzie &amp; Strain<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> is based on the ability of plasma to reduce Fe<sup>+++</sup> to Fe<sup>++</sup> ions in the presence of 2,4,6 tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) at low pH with the formation of Fe<sup>++</sup>-tripyridyltriazin, a blue colored complex. Before the beginning of the experiments, three solutions were prepared: A (Acetate buffer: 300 mM, pH 3.6 and 40 mMHCl), B (TPTZ - 2,4,6-tri- [2-pyridyl]-s-triazine - 10 mm) and C (FeCl<sub>3</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O - 20 mM). The working reagent was prepared by adding A + B + C in the ratio 10: 1: 1 (V/V). Later, the plasma samples (0,08 mL) were added to the mixture of deionized water (2,4 mL) and working reagent (0.25 ml). This solution was placed in microplates in parallel with the blank sample (only working reagent) and the standard curve samples (FeSO<sub>4</sub> 0-1000 mmol/L). These samples were read in spectrophotometer at 593 nm, and the concentrations (in uM/L) were calculated by interpolation in the standard curve.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Organ bath studies</title>
        <p>In a Petri dish covered with paraffin containing Krebs-Henseleit solution, the aortas were carefully divided into rings (3-5 mm). These rings were, then, set in 2 mL organ baths, fixed to a lower stainless steel hook attached to a stationary support and to an upper one connected to an isometric force transducer. The organ bath contained Krebs-Henseleit solution of the following composition (mM): NaCl 130; KCl 4.7; CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1.6; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1.2; MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1.2; NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 15 and glucose 11.1. The Kreb-Henseleit solution was kept at 37<sup>o</sup>C, pH 7.4 and continuously bubbled with a mixture of 95% CO<sub>2</sub> and 5% O<sub>2</sub>. Tension was continuously monitored and recorded using a Powerlab 8/30 data acquisition system (Australia ADInstruments). Prior to the addition of drugs, the rings were equilibrated for 60 minutes under a resting tension of 1.5 g.</p>
        <p>All preparations were challenged with 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L acetylcholine (ACh), after precontraction induced by10<sup>-5</sup> mol/L phenylephrine (Phe), to verify the endothelial integrity. Some preparations had their endothelium mechanically removed, which was confirmed by the absence of relaxation in response to ACh. Later, both intact and endothelium-denuded preparations were challenged with cumulative concentrations of norepinephrine (NE; 10<sup>-10</sup> - 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L). Intact preparations were also challenged with cumulative concentrations of NE in presence of N<sub>&#969;</sub>-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L, a non-selective NOS inhibitor added 20 minutes before the challenging. In parallel, intact preparations were challenged with single concentrations of ACh (10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L) after precontraction induced by10<sup>-5</sup> mol/L Phe.</p>
        <p>The evoked responses (in g) to the aforementioned vasoactive agents, cumulatively added into the organ bath, were plotted to obtain concentration-response curves. Non-linear regressions (variable slope) of these curves revealed the R<sub>max</sub> (maximal response; highest point of each concentration-response curve) and the pEC<sub>50</sub> (negative logarithm of the concentration that evoked 50% of the maximal response). The pEC<sub>50</sub> is indicative of the sensitivity to the studied drug.</p>
        <p>The following drugs were used: Acetylcholinechloride;L-(-)-norepinephrine(+)-bitartrate salt monohydrate, N<sub>&#969;</sub>-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, and phenylephrine hydrochloride, all purchased from Sigma Chemical Co.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data are reported as mean &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM). Data obtained from the CEx and AEx groups were compared independently with those obtained from SED group by unpaired Student "t" test. Before applying the Student "t" test, the Gaussian distribution of data was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prism 6.0 software. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Running capacity test</title>
        <p>During the training period, a significant improvement in running performance was observed in the CEx and AEx groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1B</xref>) as compared with the SED animals. In contrast, in the same period, a reduction in performance was observed in the SED group.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Performance gain (%) of animals submitted to continuous exercise training (CEx; A) or accumulated exercise (AEx; B) in comparison to sedentary animals (SED). Columns represent mean &#177; SEM; in parenthesis, number of independent determinations. *** p &lt; 0.001 compared to SED animals (unpaired Student's t-test).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0315-70036-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Body and heart weight</title>
        <p>During the training period, body weight gain was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower in CEx animals (11.69 &#177; 3.28%; n = 11) than in SED animals (21.38 &#177; 1.19%; n = 11). On the other hand, body weight gain in AEx animals (21.38 &#177; 1.19%; n = 11) was not statistically different in comparison with SED animals. Heart weight in CEx (1.30 &#177; 0.04 g; n = 11) or AEx (1.37 &#177; 0.05 g; n = 11) animals was not significantly different from that in SED animals (1.38 &#177; 0.05g; n = 11).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>TBARS and FRAP</title>
        <p>The TBARS values in CEx and AEx animals [17.85 &#177; 3.57 (n = 11) and 24.91 &#177; 5.18 (n = 11), respectively] were not significantly different in comparison with SED animals [20.88 &#177; 5.29 (n = 11)].</p>
        <p>Both continuous and accumulated exercise had no effect on plasma antioxidant capacity, since FRAP values in CEx and AEx groups [1309.00 &#177; 74.04 (n = 11) and 1222.00 &#177; 55.98 (n = 11), respectively] were not significantly different than in SED animals [1215.00 &#177; 57.11 (n = 11)].</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular responses</title>
        <p>The CEx reduced the magnitude of responses to NE in the aorta, with a significant reduction in R<sub>max</sub> values compared to SED animals. However, no significant differences in pEC<sub>50</sub> were observed between these groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>). This reduction in NE R<sub>max</sub> was not observed in L-NAME pre-treated preparations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2C</xref>) or in preparations without endothelium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2E</xref>). On the other hand, the slight reduction of NE responses induced by ExA did not result in significant reduction of R<sub>max</sub> or pEC<sub>50</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>), and was suppressed by the presence of L-NAME (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">D</xref>) or the endothelium removal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2E</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">F</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concentration-response curves to norepinephrine determined in intact thoracic aorta preparations obtained from animals trained by continuous (ExA) or accumulated exercise (ExA), in comparison to sedentary animals (SED), not treated (A and B) or treated with 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L L-NAME (C and D) as well as in not treated endothelium denuded thoracic aorta preparations (E and F). In parentheses, the number of independent determinations (n) followed by pEC50 values. Data in mean &#177; SEM. * p &lt; 0.05 compared with the SED group ("t" test of Student).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0315-70036-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Moreover, the CEx also increased the 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L ACh-induced relaxation of intact aorta precontracted with 10<sup>-5</sup> mol/L Phe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>). This effect was not observed in AEx (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relaxation induced by acetylcholine (ACh; 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L), in % of phenylephrine-induced pre-contraction (Phe; 10<sup>-5</sup> mol/L), in animals submitted to continuous exercise (ExC; A) or accumulated exercise (ExA; B) training, in comparison with sedentary animals (SED). Columns represent mean &#177; SEM; in parenthesis, number of independent determinations. *p &lt; 0.05 compared to the SED animals (unpaired Student's t-test).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0315-70036-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The practice of regular exercises has been proven effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, the concept that only intense and long-lasting sessions of exercises are beneficial to health may compromise the adherence to this practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>Indeed, the flexibility of exercise plan, including intensity, duration and frequency, can lead to improved adherence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The practice of short, but repeated exercise bouts throughout the day, may be an alternative way to get exercise benefits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding cardiovascular diseases, further studies are needed to confirm the beneficial effects of exercise accumulated in several short bouts on vascular endothelium. In this context, we compared one continuous bout of exercise (1 hour/day) with the same amount of exercise distributed in short, repeated bouts (4 bouts/day), to assess the beneficial, cumulative effects of exercise. Although it was not the objective of this study to propose an exercise program that could be used in humans, which limits the extrapolation of our results to humans, the study raises the discussion about the usefulness of accumulated exercise in the clinical practice.</p>
      <p>Interestingly, in the present study, not only continuous exercise, but also accumulated exercise increased the animals' running capacity on the treadmill. Despite the limitations of experimental models to reproduce exercise training protocols designed for humans, these findings suggest that the positive effects of accumulated exercise on fitness observed in animals, may also occur in humans.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> For example, accumulated exercise can be an alternative approach to help individuals to get away from a sedentary lifestyle.</p>
      <p>The improvements in running capacity on treadmill were not accompanied by changes in heart weight or in TBARS or FRAP values. These results indicate that, although the CEx and the AEx protocols were not able to increase the antioxidant defenses, no significant changes in plasma levels of free radicals were observed either. This may be explained by the intensity of exercise applied - 50-60% of maximum capacity - which is considered moderate.</p>
      <p>In addition, accumulated aerobic exercise has been suggested as a strategy in weight control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>It has been proven effective in reducing blood pressure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>post prandial triglycerides,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> skinfold thickness and waist circumference,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and in increasing high-density lipoprotein levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In the present study, however, as compared with SED group animals, body weight gain was significantly lower in the CEx group but not in the AEx group.</p>
      <p>Exercise may also increase the laminar blood flow on endothelial surface, thereby increasing the shear stress on this surface.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>An increased shear stress on the endothelium may induce the expression of several enzymes involved in the synthesis of substances that regulate vascular tone, local oxidative balance, coagulation process and endothelial inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>Therefore, exercise may increase the endothelial production of vasodilator substances, and hence modulate the NE responses in several vascular beds, including rat aorta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study showed that the CEx decreased the responses to NE in aorta with a reduction of R<sub>max</sub>, indicating an improvement in endothelial function. The main endothelium-derived relaxing factor is NO, a diffusible gas synthesized mainly by eNOS in the vascular endothelium. In our study, the reduction of R<sub>max</sub> was suppressed by L-NAME, a non-selective NOS inhibitor, or reversed in preparations without endothelium. Since the eNOS expression may be increased by shear stress, thereby increasing the synthesis of NO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> the reduction of NE responses in rat aorta induced by the CEx may be due to a greater efficiency of endothelial NO-related mechanisms, resulting from an increased expression of endothelial eNOS. The involvement of endothelium-derived NO in the reduction of NE responses in aorta of animals exposed to CEx has been also described by other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The increased NE response, characterized by elevation of R<sub>max</sub> and pEC<sub>50</sub>, induced by CEx in aorta preparations without endothelium was unexpected, but also reinforces the pivotal role of the endothelium in the modulation of this response in these preparations. In addition, it has been proposed that NO is the principal mediator of the ACh-induced relaxation in rat aorta preparations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In this manner, as previously described, the increased ACh-induced relaxation corroborates the involvement of NO-related mechanisms in the endothelium in these preparations.</p>
      <p>Unfortunately, evidence of an exercise-induced enhancement in endothelial function has been demonstrated only by continuous or intermittent exercise studies. Evidences of a direct effect of AEx on the endothelium are scarce in the literature. Thus, once verified that CEx may improve the endothelial function in our experimental conditions, we began to investigate whether splitting the exercise in short bouts (with a total time corresponding to one continuous session) promoted similar effects on the endothelium. No significant increases in NE and ACh responses, induced by AEx were found in rat aorta preparations, suggesting that this type of exercise has no effect on endothelial function. It is worth mentioning that previous reports have shown that the effects of shear stress on the enzymes involved in the endothelial production of modulatory substances depends on time of exposure to exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Our results suggest that the beneficial effects of exercise on endothelial function are achieved only if exercise are practiced for a long enough period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> However, the minimum time required for such effects remains to be determined.</p>
      <p>The findings on the effect of AEx on vascular endothelium are not conclusive and may not be extrapolated to the clinical setting, since, to our knowledge, this is the first study investigating a direct effect of AEx on vascular endothelium in experimental conditions. Yet, in the present study, the concentration-response curves to NE had a descending trend. Thus, the improvement in endothelial function induced by AEx may occur in animals with endothelial dysfunction caused by aging, hypertension, atherosclerosis or diabetes and those chronically exposed to alcohol and/or smoke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> In fact, one of the few studies on the direct effect of AEx on the endothelial function was performed in adolescent boys submitted to an ingestion of a high-fat breakfast and lunch. This diet has induced endothelial dysfunction in these boys, which was reversed by short bouts of exercise that were repeated throughout a day.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>Also, it was demonstrated that 30 min walk divided into sessions of 10 min (with intervals of 50 minutes to rest) was effective in reducing systolic blood pressure in pre-hypertensive individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Such reduction in blood pressure may be involved at least partially in the exercised-induced improvement of endothelial function. Thus, further studies on endothelial dysfunction models are required to better understand the therapeutic potential of AEx.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, the continuous and accumulated exercise protocols employed in this study increased the fitness of the animals, which suggests the usefulness of the AEx as a strategy to introduce people to physical training programs. However, as compared with CEx, AEx was not as effective in preventing body weight gain or improving the endothelial function of aorta of these animals.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Juliana Edwiges Martinez, from Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Exerc&#237;cio</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do Exerc&#237;cio Acumulado e Cont&#237;nuo sobre a Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Aorta de Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Edwiges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taipeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Elane de F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chies</surname>
            <given-names>Agnaldo Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia, Mar&#237;lia, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Juliana Edwiges Martinez</bold>, Alameda Guanabara, 555. CEP 17602-110, Ibirapuera, Tup&#227;, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>julianaedwmartinez@hotmail.com</email>, <email>julianaedwmartinez@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Martinez JE, Taipeiro EF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Martinez JE, Chies AB, Taipeiro EF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios em sess&#245;es curtas que se repetem ao longo do dia pode ser uma alternativa para tirar as pessoas da inatividade f&#237;sica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Verificar se o exerc&#237;cio acumulado, tal como ocorre com o treinamento com exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo, melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na aorta de ratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em 3 grupos: treinamento com exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo (ExC; 1 hora em esteira) ou com exerc&#237;cio acumulado (ExA; 4 sess&#245;es de 15 minutos ao longo do dia) por 5 dias/semana, durante 8 semanas, ou grupo sedent&#225;rio (SED). Durante o treinamento, foram registrados o ganho de peso corporal e desempenho na esteira. No dia do sacrif&#237;cio, an&#233;is (3-5 mm) da aorta foram obtidos e montados em banho de &#243;rg&#227;os.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Animais ExC e ExA mostraram aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com os SED. Paralelamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o com SED, animais ExC tiveram menor ganho de massa corporal, e aortas retiradas desses animais mostraram respostas contr&#225;cteis &#224; noradrenalina reduzidas e maior relaxamento induzido pela acetilcolina. Esses resultados n&#227;o foram observados no grupo ExA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Tanto o ExC quanto o ExA melhoraram a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, mas somente o ExC foi capaz de reduzir o ganho de peso corporal dos animais e melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>Acetilcolina</kwd>
        <kwd>Norepinefrina</kwd>
        <kwd>Perda de Peso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O exerc&#237;cio &#233; considerado um importante instrumento na promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. &#201; definido como qualquer "atividade f&#237;sica planejada, estruturada e repetitiva que tem como objetivo final ou intermedi&#225;rio a melhora ou manuten&#231;&#227;o da forma f&#237;sica".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O padr&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica que traz melhor benef&#237;cio &#224; sa&#250;de ainda &#233; discutido na literatura. Normalmente, recomenda-se a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios de intensidade moderada no m&#237;nimo 3 dias por semana,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> ou por sess&#245;es de 10 minutos ou mais em alta intensidade intercalados com intervalos de recupera&#231;&#227;o, i.e., per&#237;odos de exerc&#237;cios leves ou repouso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Por outro lado, recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais tamb&#233;m sugerem que sess&#245;es curtas de atividade f&#237;sica de intensidade moderada acumuladas ao longo do dia, at&#233; alcan&#231;ar a meta de 30 minutos de exerc&#237;cios - o chamado exerc&#237;cio acumulado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - podem ser aplicadas para melhorar a sa&#250;de ou como tratamento adjuvante de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> De fato, a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio acumulado pode ser uma alternativa para tirar as pessoas da inatividade f&#237;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio acumulado para a sa&#250;de j&#225; foram demonstrados: aumento dos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis p&#243;s-prandiais de triglicer&#237;deos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> das dobras cut&#226;neas e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, e melhora da forma f&#237;sica e estado de humor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias sobre a influ&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio acumulado sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        <p>Os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ocorrem principalmente pelo aumento da tens&#227;o de cisalhamento na superf&#237;cie endotelial, estimulando assim, a express&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial (eNOS), ciclooxigenase 2 (COX-2) e super&#243;xido dismutase-1 (SOD-1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> No entanto, foi demonstrado, em culturas de c&#233;lulas endoteliais, que o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; tens&#227;o de cisalhamento tem influ&#234;ncia sobre a express&#227;o dessas enzimas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao eNOS, foi demonstrado que o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o influencia o grau de fosforila&#231;&#227;o e, dessa forma, regula sua atividade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Portanto, pode-se inferir que a exposi&#231;&#227;o a diferentes tempos de exerc&#237;cio possa ter diferentes efeitos na express&#227;o de enzimas endoteliais. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o treinamento por exerc&#237;cio acumulado melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em aorta de rato similarmente ao que ocorre em consequ&#234;ncia do treinamento por exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Trinta e tr&#234;s ratos machos Wistar pesando 300-400g foram mantidos em gaiolas pl&#225;sticas (50 x 40 x 20 cm), 5 animais por gaiola, com comida e &#225;gua "ad libitum". O tamanho da amostra (n) foi determinado com base em estudos que avaliaram os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Esses estudos serviram de base para o presente estudo que investiga os efeitos cardiovasculares do exerc&#237;cio acumulado. Durante o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio, os animais foram mantidos na sala de treinamento em ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas, com in&#237;cio &#224;s 7h, &#224; temperatura ambiente (25&#176;C). O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais da Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia (protocolo n&#250;mero 627/13).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>Os ratos foram inicialmente treinados para caminhar em uma esteira (Movement Technology LX 170). Em seguida, foram submetidos a sess&#245;es di&#225;rias de 10 minutos de 0,3 a 0,5 km/h, sem inclina&#231;&#227;o, por duas semanas. No final desse per&#237;odo, os animais foram submetidos ao teste de desempenho de corrida na esteira. O teste consistia de exerc&#237;cio graduado na esteira com aumentos de 0,3 km/h a cada 3 minutos, iniciando a 0,3 km/h e aumentado at&#233; a intensidade m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada por cada rato. Com base nos resultados nesse teste, os animais foram aleatoriamente alocados em um dos seguintes grupos: sedent&#225;rios (SED), treinados por exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo (ExC), ou treinados por exerc&#237;cio acumulado (ExA), com m&#233;dia de capacidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio similar em cada grupo. Em seguida, os animais do grupo ExC foram expostos a esse exerc&#237;cio 5 dias por semana, 1 hora por dia (iniciando &#224; 9h da manh&#227;) por 8 semanas. A intensidade do exerc&#237;cio foi aumentada progressivamente at&#233; a terceira semana, combinando-se tempo e velocidade, at&#233; o m&#225;ximo de 2 horas por dia de exerc&#237;cio, a 60% da capacidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio. Paralelamente, os animais do grupo ExA foram submetidos a quatro sess&#245;es curtas de exerc&#237;cio (15 minutos, &#224; mesma velocidade que aplicado ao grupo ExC) distribu&#237;das regularmente ao longo do dia (07:30am, 10:25am, 01:05pm e 03:45pm), 5 dias por semana, por 8 semanas. Os ratos do grupo SED eram diariamente colocados na esteira parada. O peso corporal era medido semanalmente durante o per&#237;odo de treinamento. Cada animal foi submetido aos testes de capacidade de corrida no in&#237;cio do protocolo e na semana 6, para ajuste da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio e avalia&#231;&#227;o da melhora no desempenho.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eutan&#225;sia e coleta das amostras</title>
          <p>Ao final do per&#237;odo de treinamento, os animais foram sacrificados por inala&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> e exsanguina&#231;&#227;o por pun&#231;&#227;o da veia cava. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em seringas heparinizadas e centrifugadas (3500 rpm/10 min/4&#176;C) para obten&#231;&#227;o do plasma, que foi armazenado a -80&#176;C. Em seguida, as aortas foram removidas e imersas em solu&#231;&#227;o gelada de Krebs-Henseleit, e os cora&#231;&#245;es foram pesados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subst&#226;ncias Reativas com &#193;cido Tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBARS)</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de TBARS foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo de Yagi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> adaptado. Em resumo, a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica foi determinada por rea&#231;&#227;o do malondialde&#237;do (MDA) com o &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico para formar um composto cromog&#234;nico de cor de rosa que pode ser quantificado por espectrofotometria (em 532 nm). Os valores de absorb&#226;ncia detectados nas amostras foram interpolados na curva padr&#227;o do tetrametoxipropano (0-100 <italic>&#181;</italic>M).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Capacidade antioxidante do plasma (Capacidade do plasma em reduzir &#237;on f&#233;rrico - FRAP)</title>
          <p>O m&#233;todo descrito por Benzie e Strain<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> baseia-se na capacidade do plasma em reduzir &#237;ons Fe<sup>+++</sup> a Fe<sup>++</sup> (FRAP, <italic>Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma</italic>) na presen&#231;a de 2,4,6 tripiridil-s-triazina (TPTZ) em pH baixo, com a forma&#231;&#227;o de Fe++-tripiridiltriazina, de cor azul. Tr&#234;s solu&#231;&#245;es foram preparadas antes do in&#237;cio dos experimentos: A (tamp&#227;o acetato: 300 mM, pH 3,6 e 40 mMHCl), B (TPTZ - 2,4,6-tri- [2-piridil]-s-triazina -10 mm), e C (FeCl<sub>3</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O - 20 mM). O reagente de trabalho foi preparado adicionando-se A + B + C na raz&#227;o 10:1:1 (V/V). Em seguida, as amostras de plasma (0,08 mL) foram adicionadas &#224; mistura de &#225;gua deionizada (2,4 mL) e reagente de trabalho (0,25mL). Essa solu&#231;&#227;o foi distribu&#237;da em microplaca em paralelo com a usada como branco (somente reagente de trabalho) e as amostras da curva padr&#227;o (FeSO4 0-1000 mmol/L). As amostras foram lidas em espectofot&#244;metro a 593 nm, e suas concentra&#231;&#245;es calculadas (em uM/L) por interpola&#231;&#227;o na curva padr&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Banho de &#243;rg&#227;os</title>
          <p>Em uma placa de Petri coberta com parafina, contendo solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit, as aortas foram cuidadosamente divididas em an&#233;is (3-5mm). Esses an&#233;is foram colocados em banho de &#243;rg&#227;os de 2mL, fixado a um ganho de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel ligado a um suporte estacion&#225;rio e a um gancho conectado a um transdutor de for&#231;a isom&#233;trica. O banho de &#243;rg&#227;os continha uma solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit composta de (em mM): NaCl 130; KCl 4,7; CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1,6; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1,2; MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1,2; NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 15 e glicose 11,1). A solu&#231;&#227;o de Kreb-Henseleit foi mantida a 37&#176;C e pH 7,4, e continuamente borbulhada com uma mistura de 95% de CO<sub>2</sub> e 5% de O<sub>2</sub>. A tens&#227;o foi monitorada constantemente e registrada utilizando-se o sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados Powerlab 8/30 d (ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia). Antes de se adicionar o medicamento, os an&#233;is foram equilibrados durante 60 minutos sob uma tens&#227;o de repouso de 1,5 g.</p>
          <p>Todas as prepara&#231;&#245;es foram desafiadas com 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L de acetilcolina (ACh) ap&#243;s contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por fenilefrina para se verificar a integridade endotelial. Algumas tiveram o endot&#233;lio removido mecanicamente, o que foi confirmado pela aus&#234;ncia de relaxamento em resposta &#224; ACh. Posteriormente, as prepara&#231;&#245;es intactas e as prepara&#231;&#245;es sem endot&#233;lio foram desafiadas com concentra&#231;&#245;es cumulativas de noradrenalina (10<sup>-10</sup> - 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L). As prepara&#231;&#245;es intactas tamb&#233;m foram desafiadas com concentra&#231;&#245;es cumulativas de noradrenalina na presen&#231;a de N<sub>&#969;</sub>-nitro-L-arginina metil &#233;ster (L-NAME, 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L), um inibidor n&#227;o seletivo de NOS, adicionado 20 minutos antes do desafio. Ainda, as prepara&#231;&#245;es intactas foram desafiadas com concentra&#231;&#245;es simples de ACh (10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L) ap&#243;s contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por fenilefrina 10<sup>-5</sup> mol/L.</p>
          <p> Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta foram constru&#237;das com as respostas (g) a esses agentes vasoativos (adicionados em concentra&#231;&#245;es cumulativas ao banho de &#243;rg&#227;os). Regress&#245;es n&#227;o lineares (inclina&#231;&#245;es vari&#225;veis) revelaram a Rmax (resposta m&#225;xima; ponto mais elevado de cada curva concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta) e o pEC<sub>50</sub> (logaritmo negativo da concentra&#231;&#227;o que provocou 50% da resposta m&#225;xima). O pEC<sub>50</sub> &#233; indicativo da sensibilidade &#224; droga estudada.</p>
          <p>As seguintes drogas foram utilizadas: cloreto de acetilcolina, bitartarato de norepinefrina L monohidratada, hidrocloreto d Nw-nitro-L-arginina metil &#233;ster, e hidrocloreto de fenilefrina, todos adquiridos da Sigma Chemical Co.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados s&#227;o descritos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. Os dados obtidos nos grupos ExC e ExA foram comparados independentemente com os obtidos no grupo SED pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. Antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste, a normalidade dos dados foi testada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando-se o programa GraphPad Prism vers&#227;o 6.0. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de capacidade de corrida</title>
          <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de treinamento, uma melhora significativa no desempenho da corrida foi observada nos grupos ExC e ExA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">1B</xref>) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais SED. Em contraste, no mesmo per&#237;odo, observou-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no desempenho no grupo SED.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ganho de desempenho (%) nos animais submetidos ao treinamento com exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo (ExC; A) ou exerc&#237;cio acumulado (ExA; B), em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais sedent&#225;rios (SED). As colunas representam m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia; em par&#234;nteses, n&#250;mero de medidas independentes. ***p &lt; 0,001 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais SED (teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0315-70036-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Peso corporal e peso do cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de treinamento, o ganho de peso corporal foi significativamente menor (p &lt; 0,05) nos ratos do grupo ExC (11,69 &#177; 3,28%; n = 11) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais SED (21,38 &#177; 1,19%; n = 11). Por outro lado, o ganho de peso corporal em animais do grupo ExA (21,38 &#177; 1,19%; n = 11) n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais SED. O peso do cora&#231;&#227;o no grupo ExC (1,30 &#177; 0,04 g; n = 11) ou ExA (1,37 &#177; 0,05 g; n = 11) n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente daquele encontrado no grupo SED (1,38 &#177; 0,05 g; n = 11).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TBARS e FRAP</title>
          <p>Os valores de TBARS nos animais ExC e ExA [17,85 &#177; 3,57 (n = 11) e 24,91 &#177; 5,18 (n = 11), respectivamente] n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes que no grupo SED [20,88 &#177; 5,29 (n = 11)].</p>
          <p>Tanto o exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo como o exerc&#237;cio acumulado n&#227;o tiveram efeito sobre a capacidade antioxidante do plasma, uma vez que os valores de FRAP nos grupos ExC e ExA [1309,00 &#177; 74,04 (n = 11) e 1222,00 &#177; 55,98 (n = 11), respectivamente] n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes que no grupo SED [1215,00 &#177; 57,11 (n = 11)].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Respostas vasculares</title>
          <p>O ExC reduziu a magnitude das respostas &#224; noradrenalina na aorta, com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos valores da R<sub>max</sub> em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais do grupo SED. No entanto, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos valores pEC<sub>50</sub> entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2A</xref>). Tal redu&#231;&#227;o na R<sub>max</sub> &#224; noradrenalina n&#227;o foi observada nas prepara&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-tratadas com L-NAME (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2C</xref>) ou em prepara&#231;&#245;es sem endot&#233;lio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2E</xref>). Por outro lado, a pequena diminui&#231;&#227;o nas respostas &#224; noradrenalina induzida por ExA n&#227;o resultou em redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na R<sub>max</sub> ou pEC<sub>50</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2B</xref>), e foi suprimida pela presen&#231;a de L-NAME (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 2C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">D</xref>) ou pela remo&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 2E</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">F</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta &#224; noradrenalina determinadas em prepara&#231;&#245;es intactas de aorta obtida de animais submetidos a exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo (ExC) ou exerc&#237;cio acumulado (ExA), em compara&#231;&#227;o a animais sedent&#225;rios (SED) n&#227;o tratados (A e B) ou tratados com L-NAME 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L (C e D), e de prepara&#231;&#245;es de aorta tor&#225;cica sem endot&#233;lio n&#227;o tratadas (E e F). Em par&#234;nteses, n&#250;mero de medidas independentes (n) seguido pelos valores de pEC50. Dados em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia.*p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SED (teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0315-70036-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Ainda, o ExC aumentou o relaxamento induzido por ACh (10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L) da aorta intacta previamente contra&#237;da com fenilefrina (10<sup>-5</sup> mol/L) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3A</xref>). Tal efeito n&#227;o foi observado com o ExA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Relaxamento induzido por acetilcolina (ACh; 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L), em % da pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por fenilefrina (Phe; 10<sup>-5</sup> mol/L), em animais submetidos ao treinamento com exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo (ExC, A) ou exerc&#237;cio acumulado (ExA, B) em compara&#231;&#227;o a animais sedent&#225;rios (SED). As colunas representam m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia; em par&#234;nteses, n&#250;mero de medidas independentes. *p &lt; 0,001 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais SED (teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-04-0315-70036-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A efic&#225;cia da pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios regulares na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foi comprovada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, a ideia de que somente longas sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios ou exerc&#237;cios intensos s&#227;o ben&#233;ficos &#224; sa&#250;de pode comprometer a ades&#227;o a essa pr&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> De fato, a flexibilidade no regime de exerc&#237;cio, incluindo intensidade, dura&#231;&#227;o e frequ&#234;ncia, pode levar &#224; melhora na ades&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio em sess&#245;es curtas, por&#233;m repetidas ao longo do dia pode ser uma maneira alternativa de se alcan&#231;ar os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para se confirmar os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do exerc&#237;cio acumulado praticado em v&#225;rias sess&#245;es curtas sobre o endot&#233;lio vascular. Nesse contexto, n&#243;s comparamos uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo (1 hora/dia) com a mesma quantidade de exerc&#237;cio distribu&#237;do em quatro sess&#245;es curtas, repetidas ao longo do dia para avaliar os efeitos ben&#233;ficos e cumulativos do exerc&#237;cio. Apesar de n&#227;o ter sido objetivo deste estudo, propor um programa de exerc&#237;cio que pudesse ser usado em humanos (o que limita a extrapola&#231;&#227;o de nossos dados a humanos), o estudo levanta a discuss&#227;o sobre a utilidade do exerc&#237;cio acumulado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Interessante ressaltar que, neste estudo, n&#227;o s&#243; o exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo, como tamb&#233;m o exerc&#237;cio acumulado aumentou a capacidade de corrida na esteira dos animais. Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es de modelos experimentais em reproduzir protocolos de treinamento destinados a humanos, esses achados sugerem que os efeitos positivos do exerc&#237;cio acumulado sobre a forma f&#237;sica observada nos animais tamb&#233;m possam ocorrer em humanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Por exemplo, o exerc&#237;cio acumulado pode ser uma abordagem alternativa para ajudar indiv&#237;duos a abandonarem um estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>A melhora na capacidade de corrida na esteira n&#227;o foi acompanhada por mudan&#231;as no peso do cora&#231;&#227;o ou nos n&#237;veis de TBARS ou FRAP. Esses resultados indicam que, apesar de os protocolos de ExC e ExA n&#227;o haverem aumentado as defesas antioxidantes, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o aumentaram significativamente os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de radicais livres. Tal fato pode ser explicado pela intensidade de exerc&#237;cios aplicada - 50-60% da capacidade m&#225;xima - considerada uma intensidade moderada.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico foi sugerido como uma estrat&#233;gia no controle de peso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Sua efetividade foi comprovada na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> dos n&#237;veis p&#243;s-prandiais de triglicer&#237;deos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> das pregas cut&#226;neas e da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e no aumento nos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> No presente estudo, contudo, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais do grupo SED, o ganho de peso corporal foi significativamente mais baixo no ExC mas n&#227;o no grupo ExA.</p>
        <p>Ainda, o exerc&#237;cio pode causar um aumento do fluxo laminar na superf&#237;cie endotelial, aumentando, assim, a tens&#227;o de cisalhamento nessa superf&#237;cie.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Uma tens&#227;o de cisalhamento aumentada no endot&#233;lio pode induzir a express&#227;o de v&#225;rias enzimas envolvidas na s&#237;ntese de subst&#226;ncias que regulam o t&#244;nus vascular, o equil&#237;brio oxidativo local, o processo de coagula&#231;&#227;o e inflama&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Assim, o exerc&#237;cio pode aumentar a produ&#231;&#227;o endotelial de subst&#226;ncias vasodilatadoras e, dessa forma, modular as respostas &#224; noradrenalina em leitos vasculares, incluindo a aorta em ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo mostrou que o ExC diminuiu as respostas &#224; noradrenalina na aorta, com redu&#231;&#227;o da R<sub>max</sub>, o que indica uma melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. O principal fator relaxante derivado do endot&#233;lio &#233; o NO, um g&#225;s difus&#237;vel sintetizado principalmente pela enzima eNOS no endot&#233;lio vascular. Em nosso estudo, a redu&#231;&#227;o da R<sub>max</sub> foi suprimida pelo L-NAME, um inibidor n&#227;o-seletivo de NOS, ou revertida em prepara&#231;&#245;es sem endot&#233;lio. Uma vez que a express&#227;o de eNOS pode aumentar com a tens&#227;o de cisalhamento, aumentando, assim, a s&#237;ntese de NO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> a redu&#231;&#227;o das respostas &#224; noradrenalina na aorta de rato induzida pelo ExC pode ser explicada pela maior efici&#234;ncia dos mecanismos relacionados ao NO endotelial, em consequ&#234;ncia de uma maior express&#227;o de eNOS endotelial. O envolvimento do NO derivado do endot&#233;lio na redu&#231;&#227;o das respostas &#224; noradrenalina em aorta de animais expostos ao ExC tamb&#233;m foi descrito por outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O aumento na resposta &#224; noradrenalina, caracterizada por eleva&#231;&#227;o da R<sub>max</sub> e pEC<sub>50</sub>, induzido por ExC nas prepara&#231;&#245;es da aorta sem endot&#233;lio foi inesperado, mas refor&#231;a o papel fundamental do endot&#233;lio na modula&#231;&#227;o dessa resposta nessas prepara&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, o NO parece ser o principal mediador do relaxamento induzido por ACh nas prepara&#231;&#245;es com aorta de ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Dessa forma, o aumento no relaxamento induzido por ACh corrobora o envolvimento de mecanismos relacionados ao NO no endot&#233;lio dessas prepara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Infelizmente, a evid&#234;ncia de uma melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi demonstrada somente por estudos envolvendo exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo ou intermitente. Evid&#234;ncias de um efeito direto do ExA sobre o endot&#233;lio s&#227;o escassas na literatura. Assim, uma vez que verificamos que o ExC melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em nossas condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais, come&#231;amos a investigar se a distribui&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio em sess&#245;es curtas (com dura&#231;&#227;o total correspondente a uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo) levava a efeitos similares sobre o endot&#233;lio. O ExA n&#227;o levou a aumentos significativos nas respostas &#224; noradrenalina ou &#224; ACh nas prepara&#231;&#245;es da aorta, sugerindo que essa modalidade de exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o exerce nenhum efeito sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Vale ressaltar que estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que os efeitos da tens&#227;o de cisalhamento sobre as enzimas envolvidas na produ&#231;&#227;o endotelial de subst&#226;ncias regulat&#243;rias dependem do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Nossos achados sugerem que os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do exerc&#237;cio sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial s&#227;o alcan&#231;ados somente se o exerc&#237;cio for praticado por um per&#237;odo suficiente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Contudo, o tempo m&#237;nimo necess&#225;rio para que tais efeitos sejam observados &#233; ainda desconhecido.</p>
        <p>Nossos achados sobre o efeito do ExA sobre o endot&#233;lio vascular n&#227;o s&#227;o conclusivos e n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, dada a natureza experimental deste estudo, e ao fato de que, em nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que investiga esse efeito nessas condi&#231;&#245;es. Ainda, em nosso estudo, as curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta &#224; noradrenalina apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia descendente. Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial induzida por ExA ocorra em animais com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial causada por envelhecimento, hipertens&#227;o, aterosclerose ou diabetes, e animais com exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao &#225;lcool e/ou fumo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Na realidade, um dos poucos estudos sobre o efeito direto do ExA sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi realizado em adolescentes do sexo masculino submetidos &#224; ingest&#227;o de caf&#233; da manh&#227; e almo&#231;o ricos em gordura. A dieta induziu a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nesses indiv&#237;duos, a qual foi revertida por sess&#245;es curtas de exerc&#237;cio repetidas ao longo de um dia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que 30 minutos de caminhada divididos em sess&#245;es de 10 minutos (com intervalos de 50 minutos de descanso) foi eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Tal redu&#231;&#227;o pode estar envolvida, ao menos em parte, com a melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio. Portanto, outros estudos com modelos de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor compreens&#227;o do potencial terap&#234;utico do ExA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os protocolos de exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e acumulado utilizado neste estudo melhorou a forma f&#237;sica dos animais, o que sugere a utilidade do ExA como estrat&#233;gia para introduzir os indiv&#237;duos a programas de treinamento f&#237;sico. No entanto, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao ExC, o ExA n&#227;o foi efetivo na preven&#231;&#227;o do ganho de peso corporal ou na melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial da aorta desses animais.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Juliana Edwiges Martinez pela Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
