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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">W6pv3JZLJmkbpsbdC9SqzgL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000300279</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160192</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Miniaturized Transcatheter Leadless Pacemaker in a Patient with Double Mechanical Prosthesis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pach&#243;n</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puchol</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akerstr&#246;m</surname>
            <given-names>Finn</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;nchez-P&#233;rez</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arias</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Virgen de la Salud</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiac Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Toledo</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiac Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit - Department of Cardiology - Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo - Espanha</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Miguel A. Arias</bold>. Avda Barber. Postal Code: 45003, Toledo - Spain. E-mail: <email>maapalomares@secardiologia.es</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Pach&#243;n M, Arias MA; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Pach&#243;n M, Puchol A, Akerstr&#246;m F, S&#225;nchez-P&#233;rez A, Arias MA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pach&#243;n M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pach&#243;n M, Puchol A, Akerstr&#246;m F, Arias MA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>279</fpage>
      <lpage>280</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pacemaker, Artificial/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac/therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Despite technical advances and accumulated experience, complications continue being a concern for patients implanted with permanent pacemakers. Several leadless pacemaker systems have now been developed in order to reduce the rate of complications in patients implanted with conventional transvenous pacemaker.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>A 75-year-old female patient with a background of systemic arterial hypertension, chronic atrial fibrillation with an episode of peripheral arterial embolism in the right upper limb and rheumatic valve disease, underwent mitral and aortic valve replacement receiving two mechanical valve prosthesis in combination with left atrial appendage occlusion. Six months after surgery, pharmacologic therapy to achieve heart rate control was very difficult and inadequate and the patient was scheduled for permanent pacemaker implantation. In order to avoid lead or pocket complications, the Micra transcatheter leadless pacemaker (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) was implanted through the femoral vein using a steerable catheter delivery system with the use of a 23-French introducer. The procedure was performed under uninterrupted acenocoumarol therapy with therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR 2.5). Sedation and local anesthesia was applied and the implant was successful upon initial device positioning at the mid-septum of the right ventricle with no complications. Access site closure was performed using a subcutaneous venous figure-of-8 suture. The pacing capture threshold at implant was 0.38 V measured at 0.24 ms, the R-wave sensing amplitude was 8.8, and the pacing impedance was 730 ohms. There were no complications and the patient was discharged home the next day after chest X-ray showed the device was positioned perfectly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure1</xref>) and electrical pacing parameters were appropriate. At three months of follow-up the patient has shown no complications and the pacing capture threshold was 0.38 V at 0.24 ms, the R-wave sensing amplitude was 9.2 and the pacing impedance was 680 ohms.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chest X-Ray of the patient (panel A, posteroanterior view; panel B: lateral view) after leadless pacemaker implantation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0279-60192-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In spite of technological advances and the enormous accumulated experience, conventional pacemaker therapy continues to be associated with a great variety of potential complications either in the short and long-term.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> They are particularly related to the device (hematoma, skin erosion, pocket infection) or as a result from transvenous lead placement (pneumothorax, cardiac perforation, lead dislodgement, venous occlusion, loose connector pin, conductor lead fracture, insulation lead break, infections, tricuspid valve damage, etc.). Early performance and safety data for the Micra transcatheter leadless pacemaker are positive<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and leadless pacemakers represent a promising alternative for many patients, eliminating the main sources of complications associated with conventional transvenous pacemaker implantation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Patients with mechanical heart valve prosthesis might represent a subgroup of patients for whom this new therapy can bring higher benefits due to the need for lifelong anticoagulation and the serious consequences of permanent transvenous pacemaker system infections.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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          <article-title>Complications after cardiac implantable electronic device implantations: an analysis of a complete, nationwide cohort in Denmark</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
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          <volume>35</volume>
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        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Reynolds D, Duray GZ, Omar R, Soejima K, Neuzil P, Zhang S , et al. A leadless intracardiac transcatheter pacing system. N Engl J Med. 2015;374(6):533-41.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Reynolds</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duray</surname>
              <given-names>GZ</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Omar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soejima</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neuzil</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A leadless intracardiac transcatheter pacing system</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>374</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Pach&#243;n M, Puchol A, Akerstr&#246;m A, Rodr&#237;guez-Padial L, Arias MA. Micra transcatheter pacing system implantation: initial experience in a single Spanish Center. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed).2016;69(3):346-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Pach&#243;n</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puchol</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akerstr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodr&#237;guez-Padial</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arias</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Micra transcatheter pacing system implantation: initial experience in a single Spanish Center</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed)</source>
          <year>2016</year>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Marca-passo Miniaturizado sem Eletrodo em um paciente com Dupla Pr&#243;tese Mec&#226;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pach&#243;n</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puchol</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akerstr&#246;m</surname>
            <given-names>Finn</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;nchez-P&#233;rez</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arias</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiac Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit - Department of Cardiology - Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo - Espanha</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Miguel A. Arias</bold>. Avda Barber. Postal Code: 45003, Toledo - Spain. E-mail: <email>maapalomares@secardiologia.es</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pach&#243;n M, Arias MA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pach&#243;n M, Puchol A, Akerstr&#246;m F, S&#225;nchez-P&#233;rez A, Arias MA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pach&#243;n M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pach&#243;n M, Puchol A, Akerstr&#246;m F, Arias MA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Marca-passo Artificial/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;tese de Valva Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;aca/terapia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os t&#233;cnicos e experi&#234;ncia acumulada, complica&#231;&#245;es continuam sendo uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o para os pacientes implantados com marca-passo permanente. V&#225;rios sistemas de marca-passo sem eletrodo foram desenvolvidos at&#233; o momento a fim de reduzir a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es em pacientes implantados com marca-passo transvenoso convencional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>Uma paciente de 75 anos de idade, com hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica com um epis&#243;dio de embolia arterial perif&#233;rica no membro superior direito e doen&#231;a valvar reum&#225;tica, foi submetida &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o das v&#225;lvulas mitral e a&#243;rtica recebendo duas pr&#243;teses valvares mec&#226;nicas, em combina&#231;&#227;o com oclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Seis meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia, a terapia farmacol&#243;gica para atingir o controle do batimento card&#237;aco n&#227;o foi bem-sucedida e era inadequada, e o implante de marca-passo definitivo foi agendado para a paciente. A fim de evitar complica&#231;&#245;es com o eletrodo ou local do implante, o marca-passo transcateter sem eletrodo Micra (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, EUA) foi implantado atrav&#233;s da veia femoral utilizando um sistema dirig&#237;vel de implante de cateter com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um introdutor 23-French. O procedimento foi realizado sob terapia ininterrupta com acenocoumarol com Raz&#227;o Normalizada Internacional terap&#234;utica (RNI 2,5). Foram aplicadas seda&#231;&#227;o e anestesia local, e o implante foi bem sucedido com o posicionamento inicial do dispositivo no meio do septo do ventr&#237;culo direito, sem complica&#231;&#245;es. A oclus&#227;o do local de acesso foi realizada utilizando uma sutura em 8 subcut&#226;nea venosa. O limiar de captura no momento do implante foi de 0,38 V, medido a 0,24 ms, a amplitude de detec&#231;&#227;o da onda R foi de 8,8, e a imped&#226;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o foi de 730 ohms. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es e a paciente recebeu alta hospitalar no dia seguinte, ap&#243;s a radiografia de t&#243;rax mostrar o dispositivo perfeitamente posicionado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura1</xref>) e par&#226;metros de estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica adequados. Aos tr&#234;s meses de acompanhamento a paciente n&#227;o apresentou complica&#231;&#245;es e o limiar de captura foi de 0,38 V a 0,24 ms, a amplitude de detec&#231;&#227;o de ondas R foi 9,2 e a imped&#226;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o 680 ohms.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Radiografia do t&#243;rax da paciente (painel A, vis&#227;o p&#243;stero-anterior; painel B: vis&#227;o lateral) ap&#243;s o implante do marca-passo sem eletrodo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0279-60192-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos e da enorme experi&#234;ncia acumulada, a terapia convencional com marca-passo continua a ser associada com uma grande variedade de potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es tanto em curto como em longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Elas est&#227;o relacionadas particularmente com o dispositivo (hematoma, eros&#227;o cut&#226;nea, infec&#231;&#227;o local) ou como resultado da coloca&#231;&#227;o transvenosa do eletrodo (pneumot&#243;rax, perfura&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, deslocamento do eletrodo, oclus&#227;o venosa, pino do conector solto, fratura do eletrodo condutor, ruptura do isolamento do eletrodo, infec&#231;&#245;es, danos na v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide, etc.). Os dados iniciais de desempenho e de seguran&#231;a para o marca-passo Micra transcateter sem eletrodo s&#227;o positivos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e o marca-passo sem eletrodo representa uma alternativa promissora para muitos pacientes, eliminando as principais fontes de complica&#231;&#245;es associadas com implante de marca-passo transvenoso convencional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes com pr&#243;tese valvar card&#237;aca mec&#226;nica podem representar um subgrupo de pacientes para os quais essa nova terapia pode trazer benef&#237;cios ainda maiores devido &#224; necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o por toda a vida e as graves consequ&#234;ncias de infec&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas de marca-passos permanentes transvenosos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
