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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wTpSLxCD655MwXwfBMWNKQw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000300271</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170020</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aerobic Exercise and The Heart: Discussing Doses</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Lucia Barros de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franca</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, CLINIMEX, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</bold>. Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101, Copacabana. Postal Code: 22031-070, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ara&#250;jo CGS, Castro CLB, Franca JF, Souza e Silva CG</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>271</fpage>
      <lpage>275</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Running</kwd>
        <kwd>Longevity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The recent and exciting images of the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Rio will be forever imprinted in our minds. Hundreds of world, Olympic, continental and national records were conquered with a combination of discipline, resilience, competitiveness and overcoming challenges. Overcoming them in every sense - a result of thousands of hours of training that ensure exceptional aerobic performance from athletes with powerful and extremely healthy hearts.</p>
    <p>The theme of aerobic exercise and the heart has never been so in evidence. Thus, in the perspective of this Olympic legacy, it is very appropriate to address the relation between aerobic exercise and the heart in the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology. More specifically, it is important to discuss the most suitable posology or dosage of exercise for adults in the context of primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Succinctly, the objective of this viewpoint to discuss and delimit the therapeutic range of the aerobic exercise dose for the heart and make suggestions about how this dose can be individualized according to certain criteria and objectives.</p>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Preliminary considerations</title>
      <p>Free animals have been and will always be active, with confinement or sedentary styles considered unnatural. Humankind, as it is known today, was able to set off from central regions and, through its own means of locomotion (exercise) spread across far areas of the planet. Seeking food and water, running from predators, from childhood to old age, have always been linked to exercise. Indeed, a sedentary lifestyle is very recent in the history of humankind.</p>
      <p>Before approaching the theme of exercise and the heart, it is important to conceptualize some terms (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Chart 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Among several terms, it is worth highlighting the difference between physical activity and exercise. While both involve movement and/or muscle contraction with energy expenditure, in exercise there is movement intention (physical activity) in a structured and repetitive manner, with the objective of maintenance or optimization of physical conditioning and/or health and/or body aesthetics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Chart 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Main concepts and terms relevant to the analysis of aerobic dose recommendations for the heart</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="80%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical fitness</td>
              <td align="left">Ability to perform different forms of activities and physical exercise expected for their age group, gender and physical dimensions, favoring health maintenance, survival, and adequate functionally of individuals in their environment. It can be divided into aerobic and non-aerobic components (strength/muscle power, flexibility, balance, and body composition).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical activity</td>
              <td align="left">any body movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Exercise</td>
              <td align="left">structured and repetitive physical activity, whose objective is the maintenance or optimization of physical conditioning and/or body aesthetics and/or health.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sport</td>
              <td align="left">physical exercise of variable energy demand which involve rules and competitions.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary lifestyle</td>
              <td align="left">it is the condition in which there is complete absence of regular physical exercise and frequent physical activity that involves energy expenditure (&gt; 2 to 3 times the rest value), be it of laborious nature, for transportation or leisure.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Exerciser</td>
              <td align="left">it is the denomination given to the individual who exercises, that is, practices physical exercise.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Athlete</td>
              <td align="left">those who simultaneously meet the following criteria: a) sports training to improve performance; B) actively participate in sporting competitions; c) formally registered in sporting federations; and d) having training and sporting competitions as their main interest focus or way of life.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> max</td>
              <td align="left">Maximum aerobic power or maximum oxygen consumption or, simply, aerobic condition reflects the maximum quantity of oxygen that an individual can consume in one minute of an exercise activity that involves large masses or muscle groups; it can be expressed in L.min<sup>-1</sup> or, ideally, relativized by body weight and expressed in mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aerobic exercise volume (h/week)</td>
              <td align="left">it is the number of hours (or fractions of hours) per week of aerobic exercise; it is equivalent to the product (hours/week) of the number of weekly sections by the mean duration of sessions measured in hours.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Exercise intensity</td>
              <td align="left">it is expressed as the caloric expenditure in relation to the rest value (1 MET); aerobic intensity (METs) is frequently expressed by adjectives - low (light); medium (moderate); high (vigorous) - according to the % of the individuals&#8217; own VO<sub>2</sub>max. Low intensity is considered up to 30% of VO<sub>2</sub>max, medium from 30 to 60 or 70% of the VO<sub>2</sub>max (or anaerobic threshold); and high if it is above this value. In simple terms, it is possible to suppose that aerobic intensity is high when it is not possible to maintain normal conversation and/ or when this intensity cannot be maintained at the same level for a long period of time.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aerobic exercise dose</td>
              <td align="left">it is the product of the average intensity of exercise sessions by the respective duration in hours throughout (METs-h/week) the week.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the pharmacological dose, it can generally be defined by a therapeutic range with objective minimum and maximum limits. For a given individual, it is also possible to characterize an optimal dose with the best benefit/harm ratio. In the relation between aerobic exercise and the heart, it is also possible that there is something similar; however, to better understand this matter, we will use a few extreme examples.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>From one extreme to another</title>
      <p>In 1968, the Dallas Bed Rest Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> analysed the cardiovascular effects of extreme inactivity. Five healthy young individuals were bedridden for 21 days, and at the end of this period, a reduction of 30% was observed in VO<sub>2</sub>max (maximum oxygen consumption), and it took them 60 days of training to recover pre-admission conditions. This 30% loss was greater then the "physiologic" reduction of aging observed in a re-evaluation done 30 years later.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In October of 2016, two fantastic aerobic feats were accomplished. In the United States, Pete Kostelnick ran from San Francisco to New York (&#177; 5,000 km), with an average of 110 km/day at different altitudes (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.petesfeetaa.com/">http://www.petesfeetaa.com/</ext-link>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In England, Ben Smith burned over 2.5 million calories to complete 401 marathons (42.195 km) in 401 days (&#177; 17,000 km) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.the401challenge.co.uk/">http://www.the401challenge.co.uk/</ext-link>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> These two integrate the growing contingent of ultra-runners - &gt; 60,000 Americans in 2013 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ultrarunning.com/featured/which-state-has-the-most-ultrarunning-finishers-as-percentage-of-population/">https://www.ultrarunning.com/featured/which-state-has-the-most-ultrarunning-finishers-as-percentage-of-population/</ext-link>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - that is, those who participate in running competitions (most of which are off-road) over distances longer than marathons and, in general, more than 50 miles (80 km). These ultra-runners compose an advanced and differentiated group when compared to the more than half a million Americans who complete a marathon every year.</p>
      <p>These two paragraphs above illustrate the extremes between the "almost zero" physical activity or exercise (bed rest) and running several hours on consecutive days for long periods of time, without even one day of rest. It objectively shows how exercise dosage is, in fact, very wide and more elastic than any cardiovascular drug, and it exemplifies the cardiac tolerance of certain individuals to enormous doses of aerobic exercise.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Discussing doses: minimum, optimal, and maximum</title>
      <p>There is a lot of epidemiological evidence that regular aerobic exercise and high functional capacity and/or aerobic condition (VO<sub>2</sub>max) are associated to better health and longevity, while with a sedentary lifestyle, the opposite occurs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Indeed, the VO<sub>2</sub>max obtained (ideally through direct measure with the analysis of expired gases) in an incremental and truly maximum exercise test is an excellent health indicator<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and has recently been suggested as a vital sign.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Even more importantly, VO<sub>2</sub>max estimates the prognosis for mortality from all causes better than any other biological marker, including glycidic/lipid profile and inflammatory markers. For example, data from Myers et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> indicate that, for every 1 more MET in the aerobic condition, there is a reduction of 12% in mortality from all causes; therefore, the difference in risk between two middle-age individuals with 50% and 100% of the predicted VO<sub>2</sub>max (age and gender) can be up to five times, that is, respectively, something like 1% vs 5% per year. Furthermore, in an recent example from Finland, Laukkanen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> verified that, in healthy 50-year-old men, who increased their aerobic condition (direct measure) in 1 MET after 11 years of follow-up, the risk of mortality decreased by five times, when compared to those who kept their aerobic condition, and in up to 20 times, when compared to those with VO<sub>2</sub>max reduced by 4 or 5 METs in the same period. Thus, having a VO<sub>2</sub>max equal to or above the predicted (age/gender) should become a goal in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>In the characterization of the exercise dose, it is appropriate to have a unit of measurement. While there are several units proposed in literature, a very convenient one is METs-h/week, which consists of multiplying the number of exercise hours, in a given week, by the mean intensity in METs. Thus, considering that walking fast (6 km/h) and slow running (8 km/h) demand, respectively, 4 and 8 METs, we have that: if the individual completes the dose recommended in most guidelines and walks fast for 30 minutes 5x/week (150 minutes or 2 and a half hours/week) or runs slowly for 25 minutes 3x/week (total of 75 minutes or 1.25 hours/week), the exercise dose will be the same in both examples - 2.5x4 or 1.25x8 - that is, &#177; 10 METs-h/week.</p>
      <p>Two articles from 2015 brought relevant contributions regarding the relation between all-cause mortality and exercise dose, considering, separately, relative volume and intensity of the exercise. Arem et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> identified that a maximum reduction in mortality was obtained with a dose of aerobic exercise corresponding to 3 to 5x the minimum dose recommended in the guidelines, that is, something between 20 and 50 METs-h/week (running 2 to 5 hours per week at 10 km/h) and that even a very high dose of 75-100 METs-h/week (8 to 12 hours of running per week) maintained the benefits of mortality reduction. Yet Gebel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> showed that, for a given weekly duration of exercise, benefits were greater when, in at least 30% of the duration, aerobic exercise was of high intensity. In fact, these two important facts can be conflated towards the definition of an optimum dose, and also characterize what could be denominated as extreme exerciser; that is, the one that exceeds 100 METs-h/week for long periods of time, which is still scarcely found in literature. We can then initially propose that the therapeutic range of aerobic exercise dose is between approximately 7.5 to 100 METs-h/week.</p>
      <p>In our opinion, the issue of aerobic exercise dose should be individualized according to objectives to be reached. The only known way to increase VO<sub>2</sub> max, regardless of the current level, is by incrementing the dose of aerobic exercise. Therefore, if there is a clinical objective of increasing VO<sub>2</sub>max to reduce future mortality rate, or for the individual's sport goal, we can define the optimum dose as the one capable of offering the desired gains within a pre-established period. On the other hand, if the objective is only to maintain an excellent VO<sub>2</sub>max (&gt; 120% of the predicted for age and gender), the optimum aerobic exercise dose may be one that is able to ensure the maintenance of this privileged aerobic condition, according to cyclical adjustments recommended by the science of physical training. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Chart 2</xref> presents recommendations of aerobic dose and periodicity of re-evaluations, considering a classification founded on the % of the predicted VO<sub>2</sub>max obtained through assessment and based on the current exercise pattern.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Chart 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Aerobic exercise dose recommendations for adults based on: predicted %VO<sub>2</sub>max obtained in the evaluation, and current exercise pattern</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Predicted %VO2max (adjusted for age and gender) obtained in the evaluation<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Current exercise pattern</th>
              <th align="center">Aerobic dose</th>
              <th align="center">Recommendation details: practical suggestions<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Periodicity ofaerobic re-evaluations<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">***</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 120%</td>
              <td align="center">regular</td>
              <td align="center">maintain</td>
              <td align="center">Evaluate according to clinical or sporting objectives.</td>
              <td align="center">Elective</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">irregular</td>
              <td align="center">adjust</td>
              <td align="center">Make it regular (minimum of 3x/week); consider varying modality and/or dose per exercise session; intensity can be high, at least occasionally.</td>
              <td align="center">Biannual</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">100 to 120%</td>
              <td align="center">regular</td>
              <td align="center">maintain</td>
              <td align="center">Evaluate according to clinical and/or sporting objective.</td>
              <td align="center">Biannual</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">irregular</td>
              <td align="center">adjust</td>
              <td align="center">Make it regular (minimum of 3x/week); increase % of high intensity in the exercise session.</td>
              <td align="center">Annual</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">80 to 99%</td>
              <td align="center">regular</td>
              <td align="center">increase</td>
              <td align="center">+1 day/week or &gt; total duration or increase of mean intensity of the exercise session.</td>
              <td align="center">Annual</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">irregular</td>
              <td align="center">increase</td>
              <td align="center">Make it regular (minimum of 4x/week); increase % high intensity in the exercise session.</td>
              <td align="center">Annual</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">none ou almost none</td>
              <td align="center">start/increase</td>
              <td align="center">3-4x/week 20 to 40 min; increase initially duration and then mean intensity; increase mean intensity; stimulate interval training and vary aerobic modalities.</td>
              <td align="center">Semester</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60 to 79%</td>
              <td align="center">regular</td>
              <td align="center">increase</td>
              <td align="center">+2 days/week or &gt;20% total duration and increase of average intensity; mean intensity; stimulate interval training and vary aerobic modalities.</td>
              <td align="center">Semester</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">irregular</td>
              <td align="center">increase</td>
              <td align="center">Make it regular (minimum of 4x/week); simultaneously increase volume and % high intensity.</td>
              <td align="center">Semester</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">none ou almost none</td>
              <td align="center">start/increase</td>
              <td align="center">4 to 6x/week 15 to 45 min; increase initially duration and after reaching 150 min/week also increase mean intensity of exercise session; consider varying aerobic modalities.</td>
              <td align="center">Semester</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 60%</td>
              <td align="center">regular</td>
              <td align="center">increase</td>
              <td align="center">Make it practically daily or &gt;30% total duration and increase mean intensity stimulate interval training and vary aerobic modalities.</td>
              <td align="center">Semester</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">irregular</td>
              <td align="center">increase</td>
              <td align="center">Make it regular (minimum de 4x/week); significantly increase volume and % high intensity.</td>
              <td align="center">Semester</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">none ou almost none</td>
              <td align="center">start/increase</td>
              <td align="center">4a7x/week 10 to 50 min (possible to make it 2 daily sessions of 10-15 min); increase initially duration, and after reaching 150 min/week also increase mean intensity of exercise session; consider varying aerobic modalities.</td>
              <td align="center">Quarterly or Semester</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>preferably performed with maximum exercise test (ideally direct measure); clinical or sporting objectives can determine the need for a re-evaluation at any moment.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>if there are clinical or sporting objectives to be reached, the exercise dose should be increased according to the objective to be contemplated; on the other hand, in case of clinical restrictions, it may be convenient to reduce the dose, especially when the exercise is not performed in exercising program sessions with medical supervision.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>***</label>
            <p>the suggestion of evaluation periodicity is specific for VO2max; clinical criteria or other objectives can determine different periodicities.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Exercise exaggeration?</title>
      <p>In 1899, Williams &amp; Arnold<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> did a thorough medical evaluation of Boston Marathon runners before the competition and one hour after completion (first place time of completion = 2h54m). They concluded that participation in the marathon did not seem to cause significant damage to the cardiovascular system of those young and healthy individuals. After more than 110 years of this rich description, there is a lot of positive evidence of athletes' and exercisers' cardiac health, such as the observation that athletes who participate in longer sporting competitions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and physically active adults tend to live longer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and there is also the fact that deaths are extremely rare in half-marathons and marathons, with a rate under 1/100,000 participants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In this context, it is worth mentioning the case of Alexandre Ribeiro, six-time Ultraman champion, who, at 47 years of age, had accumulated 50,000 hours of aerobic training, in a typical dose of 250 METs-h/week. After extensive cardiologic, functional and image evaluation, the only finding worth commenting on was a discreet increase in the left atrium in the MRI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On the other hand, there are data from observational studies suggesting that there seems to be an increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> of having coronary artery calcification, and presenting late enhancement or other abnormalities in cardiac imaging exams.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, to our best current knowledge, the clinical significance of these "abnormal" findings is still unknown.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In this context, further studies involving large samples of ultra-runners and/or individuals who have been exercisers for over 40 years may contribute to a better understanding of the real cause-effect relation between exercise dose and benefit or harm and/or unfavorable cardiac outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The fact is that it is currently known that very low doses of aerobic exercise bring benefits, while the maximum limit of the therapeutic dose of aerobic exercise is still unknown. That is, from a medical perspective, there is no evidence that founds a hypothesis of exercise exaggeration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Contextualizing in terms of public healthcare</title>
      <p>Recent global data suggest that around 5 million deaths per year (almost 10% of total non-violent deaths) are caused by sedentary lifestyles. Moreover, it is estimated that annual worldwide costs due to low levels of physical activity/exercise surpass 67 billion dollars.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In Brazil, government data indicate that tens of millions of Brazilians - almost half the adult population - do not exercise enough. At another extreme, it is estimated that, including athletes and exercisers, much less than 10,000 individuals do intense aerobic training regularly and for periods longer than 10 hours per week or 100 METs-h/week. That is, for every one "extreme" exerciser, there are approximately 5,000 to 10,000 sedentary individuals. It is then clear that the question of a rare and unlikely theoretical excess of exercise for the heart is not a priority in terms of public healthcare.</p>
      <p>Therefore, a priority for cardiologists must be the reduction or elimination of the sedentary lifestyle and stimulation of an increase in the exercise dose of the population in general, thus obtaining an improvement in the aerobic condition, and, consequently, a higher life expectancy with the additional bonus of a wide range of beneficial physiological effects. On the other hand, in the case of those rare "extreme" exercisers, we can suggest that they be monitored by qualified professionals when dealing with health and training issues pertinent to this performance profile, while new evidence is gathered on the results of this "extreme" dose of aerobic exercise and its effect on the heart through the future analysis of a cohort made up of 1,200 ultra-runners.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq and FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exerc&#237;cio Aer&#243;bico e Cora&#231;&#227;o: Discutindo Doses</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Lucia Barros de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franca</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, CLINIMEX, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</bold>. Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101, Copacabana. CEP 22031-070, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ara&#250;jo CGS, Castro CLB, Franca JF, Souza e Silva CG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Corrida, Longevidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>As recentes empolgantes imagens dos Jogos Ol&#237;mpicos e Paral&#237;mpicos, Rio 2016, ficar&#227;o para sempre na mente de cada um de n&#243;s. Centenas de recordes mundiais, ol&#237;mpicos, continentais e nacionais foram conquistados a partir da combina&#231;&#227;o de disciplina, resili&#234;ncia, competitividade e supera&#231;&#227;o. Supera&#231;&#227;o em todos os sentidos - fruto de milhares de horas de treinamento, que resultaram em desempenhos aer&#243;bicos excepcionais de atletas com cora&#231;&#227;o poderoso e extremamente saud&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>O tema exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico e cora&#231;&#227;o nunca esteve t&#227;o em evid&#234;ncia. Sendo assim, na perspectiva de legado ol&#237;mpico, &#233; muito apropriado abordar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico e cora&#231;&#227;o nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. Mais especificamente, &#233; oportuno discutir a posologia ou a dosagem mais adequada de exerc&#237;cio para adultos no contexto da preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Sucintamente, esse ponto-de-vista pretende discutir e delimitar a faixa terap&#234;utica da dose de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico para o cora&#231;&#227;o e propor sugest&#245;es sobre como a dose pode ser individualizada em fun&#231;&#227;o de determinados crit&#233;rios e objetivos.</p>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es preliminares</title>
        <p>Os animais livres sempre foram e ser&#227;o seres fisicamente ativos, sendo o confinamento ou o sedentarismo condi&#231;&#245;es antinaturais. O homem, tal como &#233; conhecido hoje, foi capaz de partir de regi&#245;es centrais e, por seus pr&#243;prios meios de locomo&#231;&#227;o (exerc&#237;cio), espalhar-se por long&#237;nquas &#225;reas do planeta. Buscar alimento e &#225;gua e fugir de predadores, da inf&#226;ncia at&#233; a senilidade, sempre estiveram atrelados ao exerc&#237;cio. De fato, o sedentarismo &#233; muito recente na hist&#243;ria da humanidade.</p>
        <p>Antes de discutir o tema exerc&#237;cio e cora&#231;&#227;o, &#233; apropriado conceituar alguns termos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">quadro 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Dentre os v&#225;rios termos, vale ressaltar a diferen&#231;a entre atividade f&#237;sica e exerc&#237;cio. Enquanto ambos envolvem movimento e/ou contra&#231;&#227;o muscular com gasto energ&#233;tico, no exerc&#237;cio h&#225; intencionalidade de movimento (atividade f&#237;sica) de modo estruturado e repetitivo, objetivando a manuten&#231;&#227;o ou a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do condicionamento f&#237;sico e/ou da sa&#250;de e/ou da est&#233;tica corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais conceitos e termos relevantes para a an&#225;lise das recomenda&#231;&#245;es de dose aer&#243;bica para o cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="80%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="left">capacidade de realizar diferentes formas de atividades e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos esperados para seu grupo et&#225;rio, sexo e dimens&#245;es f&#237;sicas, favorecendo a manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, a sobreviv&#234;ncia e a adequada funcionalidade dos indiv&#237;duos no meio ambiente em que vivem; pode ser dividida em componentes aer&#243;bico e n&#227;o aer&#243;bico (for&#231;a/pot&#234;ncia muscular, flexibilidade, equil&#237;brio e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="left">qualquer movimento corporal produzido pelos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos que resulte em gasto energ&#233;tico.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</td>
                <td align="left">&#233; a atividade f&#237;sica estruturada e repetitiva, tendo como prop&#243;sito a manuten&#231;&#227;o ou a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do condicionamento f&#237;sico e/ou da est&#233;tica corporal e/ou da sa&#250;de.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Esporte</td>
                <td align="left">s&#227;o exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos de demanda energ&#233;tica vari&#225;vel, que envolvem regras e competi&#231;&#245;es.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="left">&#233; a condi&#231;&#227;o na qual h&#225; completa aus&#234;ncia de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular e de atividade f&#237;sica frequente, que envolva gasto energ&#233;tico apreci&#225;vel (&gt;2 a 3 vezes o valor de repouso), seja de natureza laborativa ou para transporte pessoal ou para lazer</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exercitante</td>
                <td align="left">&#233; a denomina&#231;&#227;o que pode ser dada ao indiv&#237;duo que se exercita, isso &#233;, que est&#225; fazendo ou que faz exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atleta</td>
                <td align="left">&#233; aquele que atende simultaneamente os seguintes crit&#233;rios: a) treinar esportes para melhorar desempenho, b) participar ativamente de competi&#231;&#245;es desportivas, c) estar formalmente registrado em federa&#231;&#245;es desportivas e d) ter o treinamento e a competi&#231;&#227;o desportiva como seu principal foco de interesse ou forma de vida.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo</td>
                <td align="left">pot&#234;ncia aer&#243;bica m&#225;xima ou consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio ou, simplesmente, condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica, reflete a maior quantidade de oxig&#234;nio que o indiv&#237;duo consegue consumir em um minuto de um exerc&#237;cio que envolva grandes massas ou grupos musculares; pode ser expresso em L.min<sup>-1</sup> ou, idealmente, relativizado pelo peso corporal e expresso em mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico (horas/semana)</td>
                <td align="left">&#233; o n&#250;mero de horas (ou fra&#231;&#245;es de horas) semanais de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico; equivale ao produto do n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es semanais pela dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia das sess&#245;es medida em horas.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intensidade do exerc&#237;cio</td>
                <td align="left">expressa como gasto cal&#243;rico do exerc&#237;cio em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor de repouso (1 MET); intensidade aer&#243;bica (METs) &#233;, frequentemente, expressa por adjetivos - baixa (leve), m&#233;dia (moderada), alta (vigorosa) - em fun&#231;&#227;o do % do VO2 m&#225;ximo do pr&#243;prio indiv&#237;duo. Considera-se intensidade baixa at&#233; 30% do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo, m&#233;dia de 30 a 60 ou 70 % do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (ou limiar anaer&#243;bico) e alta, acima desse patamar. Em termos simplistas, &#233; poss&#237;vel supor que a intensidade aer&#243;bica &#233; alta quando n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel manter uma conversa&#231;&#227;o normal, e/ou quando essa intensidade n&#227;o pode ser mantida no mesmo patamar por um per&#237;odo muito maior de tempo.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dose aer&#243;bica de exerc&#237;cio (METs-h/semana)</td>
                <td align="left">&#233; o produto da m&#233;dia da intensidade das sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios pela respectiva dura&#231;&#227;o em horas ao longo de uma semana</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dose farmacol&#243;gica, pode-se, geralmente, definir uma faixa terap&#234;utica com limites m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo objetivos. Para um dado indiv&#237;duo, &#233; ainda poss&#237;vel caracterizar uma dose &#243;tima com a melhor rela&#231;&#227;o benef&#237;cio/malef&#237;cio. Na rela&#231;&#227;o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico e cora&#231;&#227;o, &#233; tamb&#233;m poss&#237;vel que exista algo similar; todavia, para melhor entender essa quest&#227;o, vamos lan&#231;ar m&#227;o de alguns exemplos extremos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indo de um extremo ao outro</title>
        <p>Em 1968, o <italic>Dallas Bed Rest Study</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> analisou os efeitos cardiovasculares da inatividade extrema. Cinco jovens saud&#225;veis ficaram 21 dias acamados, e ao final desse per&#237;odo observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% no VO<sub>2</sub>max (consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio), sendo necess&#225;rios 60 dias de treinamento para recuperar as condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-interna&#231;&#227;o. Essa perda de 30% foi maior do que a redu&#231;&#227;o "fisiol&#243;gica" do envelhecimento observada em uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o feita 30 anos depois. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em outubro de 2016, duas fant&#225;sticas proezas aer&#243;bicas foram realizadas. Nos Estados Unidos, Pete Kostelnick correu de S&#227;o Francisco a Nova Iorque (&#177;5 mil km), com uma m&#233;dia de 110 km/dia em diferentes altitudes. (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.petesfeetaa.com/">http://www.petesfeetaa.com/</ext-link>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Na Inglaterra, Ben Smith gastou mais de 2,5 milh&#245;es de calorias para completar 401 maratonas (42,195 km) em 401 dias (&#177;17 mil km) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.the401challenge.co.uk/">http://www.the401challenge.co.uk/</ext-link>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Esses dois integram o crescente contingente de ultra corredores - &gt;60 mil americanos em 2013 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ultrarunning.com/featured/which-state-has-the-most-ultrarunning-finishers-as-percentage-of-population/">https://www.ultrarunning.com/featured/which-state-has-the-most-ultrarunning-finishers-as-percentage-of-population/</ext-link>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> -, isto &#233;, aqueles que participam de provas (a maioria delas em terrenos acidentados ou <italic>off-road</italic>) com dist&#226;ncias superiores a da maratona e, em geral, acima de 50 milhas (80 km). Esses ultra corredores comp&#245;em um grupo avan&#231;ado e diferenciado, quando comparados ao mais de meio milh&#227;o de americanos que completam, a cada ano, uma maratona.</p>
        <p>Os dois par&#225;grafos acima ilustram os extremos entre o "quase zero" de atividade f&#237;sica e exerc&#237;cio (repouso no leito) e o correr v&#225;rias horas em dias consecutivos por per&#237;odos longos de tempo, sem um dia sequer de descanso. Isso demonstra, objetivamente, como a dose de exerc&#237;cio &#233;, na realidade, extremamente ampla e muito mais el&#225;stica do que a de qualquer f&#225;rmaco de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, e exemplifica, tamb&#233;m, a toler&#226;ncia card&#237;aca de determinados indiv&#237;duos a enormes doses de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Discutindo doses: m&#237;nima, &#243;tima e m&#225;xima</title>
        <p>H&#225; in&#250;meras evid&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas que exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico regular e alta capacidade funcional e/ou condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica (VO<sub>2</sub>max) s&#227;o associados a melhor sa&#250;de e longevidade, enquanto, com o sedentarismo, ocorre o reverso. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> De fato, o VO<sub>2</sub>max obtido (idealmente por medida direta com an&#225;lise de gases expirados) em um teste de exerc&#237;cio incremental e verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo &#233; um excelente indicador de sa&#250;de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e tem sido, recentemente, sugerido como um sinal vital. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ainda mais relevante, o VO<sub>2</sub>max estima o progn&#243;stico para mortalidade por todas as causas melhor do que qualquer outro marcador biol&#243;gico, incluindo os perfis glic&#237;dico/lip&#237;dico e os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios. Por exemplo, dados de Myers et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> indicam que, para cada 1 MET a mais na condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica, h&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 12% na mortalidade por todas as causas, de modo que, a diferen&#231;a no risco entre dois indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade com 50% e 100% do VO<sub>2</sub>max previsto (idade e sexo) pode chegar a quase cinco vezes, ou seja, respectivamente, algo como 1% versus 5%/ano. Ainda, em um exemplo recente vindo da Finl&#226;ndia, Laukkanen et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> verificaram que em homens saud&#225;veis de 50 anos de idade, que ap&#243;s 11 anos de seguimento aumentavam a condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica (medida direta) em 1 MET, o risco de mortalidade diminu&#237;a cinco vezes, quando comparado aos que mantinham a condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica, e em at&#233; 20 vezes, quando contrastado com aqueles que tinham o VO<sub>2</sub>max reduzido em 4 ou 5 METs no mesmo per&#237;odo de tempo. Dessa forma, ter um VO<sub>2</sub>max igual ou acima do previsto (idade/sexo) deve-se tornar uma meta nas preven&#231;&#245;es prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da dose de exerc&#237;cio &#233; apropriado ter uma unidade de medida. Enquanto h&#225; v&#225;rias unidades propostas na literatura, uma bastante conveniente &#233; a METs-h/semana, que consiste em multiplicar o n&#250;mero de horas de exerc&#237;cio, em uma dada semana, pela sua intensidade m&#233;dia em METs. Assim, considerando que o caminhar r&#225;pido (6 km/h) e que o correr lento (8 km/h) demandam, respectivamente, 4 e 8 METs, temos que: se o indiv&#237;duo cumprir a "dose recomendada" na maioria das diretrizes e caminhar r&#225;pido por 30 minutos 5x/semana (150 minutos ou 2 horas e meia/semana) ou correr lento por 25 minutos 3x/semana (total de 75 minutos ou 1,25 horas/semana), a dose de exerc&#237;cio ser&#225; a mesma nos dois exemplos - 2,5x4 ou 1,25x8 -, isto &#233;, &#177; 10 METs-h/semana.</p>
        <p>Dois artigos de 2015 trouxeram contribui&#231;&#245;es relevantes quanto &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o entre mortalidade por todas as causas e dose de exerc&#237;cio, considerando, separadamente, volume e intensidade relativa do exerc&#237;cio. Arem et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> identificaram que uma m&#225;xima redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade foi obtida com uma dose de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico correspondente a 3 a 5x a dose m&#237;nima preconizada nas diretrizes, ou seja, algo entre 20 a 50 METs-h/semana (correr 2 a 5 horas/semana a 10 km/h) e que at&#233; uma dose bem alta de 75-100 METs-h/semana (8 a 12 horas de corrida semanais) mantinha os benef&#237;cios de redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade. J&#225; Gebel et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> mostraram que, para uma dada dura&#231;&#227;o semanal de exerc&#237;cio, os benef&#237;cios eram maiores quando, em pelo menos 30% da dura&#231;&#227;o, o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico era realizado em alta intensidade. Na realidade, essas duas importantes informa&#231;&#245;es podem ser conjugadas em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o de uma dose &#243;tima e tamb&#233;m para caracterizar o que se poderia denominar de exercitante extremo, isto &#233;, aquele que excede 100 METs-h/semana por longos per&#237;odos de tempo, sobre o qual a literatura ainda &#233; escassa. Sendo assim, pode-se propor, em princ&#237;pio, que a faixa terap&#234;utica da dose de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico situa-se entre algo como 7,5 a 100 METs-h/semana.</p>
        <p>A nosso ver, a quest&#227;o da dose de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico deve ser individualizada em fun&#231;&#227;o dos objetivos a serem alcan&#231;ados. A &#250;nica forma conhecida de aumentar o VO<sub>2</sub>max, independentemente do n&#237;vel atual, &#233; incrementando a dose de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico. Ent&#227;o, se h&#225; um objetivo cl&#237;nico de aumentar o VO<sub>2</sub>max para reduzir a taxa futura de mortalidade, ou para algum objetivo desportivo do indiv&#237;duo, pode-se definir a dose &#243;tima como aquela capaz de proporcionar os ganhos desejados dentro de um per&#237;odo de tempo pr&#233;-estabelecido. Por outro lado, se o objetivo for apenas manter um j&#225; excelente VO<sub>2</sub>max (&gt; 120% do previsto para idade e sexo), a dose &#243;tima de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico poder&#225; ser aquela capaz de assegurar a manuten&#231;&#227;o dessa condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica privilegiada, atendendo aos ajustes c&#237;clicos preconizados pela ci&#234;ncia do treinamento f&#237;sico. O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">quadro 2</xref> apresenta recomenda&#231;&#245;es de dose aer&#243;bica e de periodicidade de reavalia&#231;&#245;es, considerando uma classifica&#231;&#227;o fundamentada em % VO<sub>2</sub>max previsto obtido na avalia&#231;&#227;o e no padr&#227;o atual de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Quadro 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es da dose aer&#243;bica de exerc&#237;cio para adultos baseadas em: % do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo previsto obtido na avalia&#231;&#227;o e padr&#227;o atual de exerc&#237;cio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">%VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo previsto (ajustado para idade e sexo) obtido na avalia&#231;&#227;o <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Padr&#227;o atual de exerc&#237;cio</th>
                <th align="center">Dose aer&#243;bica</th>
                <th align="center">Detalhamento das recomenda&#231;&#245;es: sugest&#245;es pr&#225;ticas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">**</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Periodicidade das reavalia&#231;&#245;esaer&#243;bicas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 120%</td>
                <td align="center">regular</td>
                <td align="center">manter</td>
                <td align="center">Avaliar de acordo com objetivos cl&#237;nicos e/ou desportivos</td>
                <td align="center">Eletiva</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">irregular</td>
                <td align="center">ajustar</td>
                <td align="center">Tornar regular (m&#237;nimo de 3x/semana); considerar variar modalidades e/ou dose por sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio; intensidade deve ser alta, pelo menos eventualmente.</td>
                <td align="center">Bianual</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">100 a 120%</td>
                <td align="center">regular</td>
                <td align="center">manter</td>
                <td align="center">Avaliar de acordo com objetivos cl&#237;nicos e/ou desportivos.</td>
                <td align="center">Bianual</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">irregular</td>
                <td align="center">ajustar</td>
                <td align="center">Tornar regular (m&#237;nimo de 3x/semana); aumentar % alta intensidade na sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</td>
                <td align="center">Anual</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">80 a 99%</td>
                <td align="center">regular</td>
                <td align="center">aumentar</td>
                <td align="center">+1 dia/semana ou &gt;20% dura&#231;&#227;o total, ou aumentar intensidade m&#233;dia da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</td>
                <td align="center">Anual</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">irregular</td>
                <td align="center">aumentar</td>
                <td align="center">Tornar regular (m&#237;nimo de 4x/semana); aumentar % alta intensidade na sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</td>
                <td align="center">Anual</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">nenhum ou quase nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">iniciar/aumentar</td>
                <td align="center">3-4x/semana 20 a 40 min; aumentar inicial/ dura&#231;&#227;o e depois intensidade m&#233;dia; aumentar intensidade m&#233;dia; estimular treinamento intervalado e variar modalidades aer&#243;bicas.</td>
                <td align="center">Semestral</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60 a 79%</td>
                <td align="center">regular</td>
                <td align="center">aumentar</td>
                <td align="center">+2 dias/semana ou &gt;20% dura&#231;&#227;o total e aumentar intensidade m&#233;dia; aumentar intensidade m&#233;dia; estimular treinamento intervalado e variar modalidades aer&#243;bicas.</td>
                <td align="center">Semestral</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">irregular</td>
                <td align="center">aumentar</td>
                <td align="center">Tornar regular (m&#237;nimo de 4x/semana); aumentar simultaneamente volume e % alta intensidade.</td>
                <td align="center">Semestral</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">nenhum ou quase nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">iniciar/aumentar</td>
                <td align="center">4 a 6x/semana 15 a 45 min; aumentar inicial/ dura&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s alcan&#231;ar 150 min/semana aumentar tamb&#233;m a intensidade m&#233;dia da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio; considerar variar modalidades aer&#243;bicas.</td>
                <td align="center">Semestral</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 60%</td>
                <td align="center">regular</td>
                <td align="center">aumentar</td>
                <td align="center">Tornar praticamente di&#225;rio ou &gt;30% dura&#231;&#227;o total e aumentar intensidade m&#233;dia; estimular treinamento intervalado e variar modalidades aer&#243;bicas.</td>
                <td align="center">Semestral</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">irregular</td>
                <td align="center">aumentar</td>
                <td align="center">Tornar regular (m&#237;nimo de 4x/semana); aumentar significativamente volume e % alta intensidade.</td>
                <td align="center">Semestral</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">nenhum ou quase nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">iniciar/aumentar</td>
                <td align="center">4a7x/semana 10 a 50 min (poss&#237;vel fazer 2 sess&#245;es di&#225;rias de 10-15 min); aumentar inicial/ dura&#231;&#227;o, e ap&#243;s alcan&#231;ar 150 min/semana aumentar, tamb&#233;m, a intensidade m&#233;dia da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio; considerar variar modalidades aer&#243;bicas.</td>
                <td align="center">Trimestral ou Semestral</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>preferencialmente realizada com teste de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo (idealmente medida direta); raz&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou desportivas podem determinar necessidade de reavalia&#231;&#227;o a qualquer momento.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>se h&#225; objetivos cl&#237;nicos ou desportivos ainda a serem alcan&#231;ados, a dose de exerc&#237;cio dever&#225; ser aumentada consoante com o objetivo a ser contemplado; por outro lado, em caso de restri&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, pode ser conveniente reduzir a dose, especialmente quando o exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o vier a ser realizado em sess&#245;es de programas de exerc&#237;cio com supervis&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>a sugest&#227;o de periodicidade das avalia&#231;&#245;es &#233; espec&#237;fica para VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo; crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos ou outros objetivos podem determinar periodicidades distintas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exagerando no exerc&#237;cio?</title>
        <p>Em 1899, Williams &amp; Arnold <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> fizeram uma detalhada avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica pr&#233; e na hora seguinte &#224; chegada de concluintes da maratona de Boston (tempo do vencedor = 2h54min), tendo conclu&#237;do que a participa&#231;&#227;o na maratona n&#227;o parece ter acarretado danos importantes ao sistema cardiovascular desses jovens saud&#225;veis. Ap&#243;s mais de 110 anos dessa rica descri&#231;&#227;o, acumularam-se muitas evid&#234;ncias positivas da sa&#250;de card&#237;aca de atletas e exercitantes como, por exemplo, a observa&#231;&#227;o de que atletas que participam de provas desportivas mais longas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e adultos fisicamente ativos tendem a ser mais longevos, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> assim como, a informa&#231;&#227;o de que &#243;bitos s&#227;o muito raros em meias-maratonas e maratonas, com taxa inferior a 1/100 mil participantes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Nesse contexto, &#233; interessante comentar o caso de Alexandre Ribeiro, que venceu seis vezes o <italic>Ultraman</italic> e acumulava, aos 47 anos de idade, 50 mil horas de treinamento aer&#243;bico, em uma dose t&#237;pica de 250 METs-h/semana. Ap&#243;s extensa avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica, funcional e com imagens, o &#250;nico achado a comentar foi um discreto aumento do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, alguns dados de estudos observacionais sugerem que parece haver um aumento da probabilidade de desenvolver fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> de aumentar a calcifica&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e de apresentar realce tardio ou outras anormalidades em exames de imagem card&#237;aca. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Contudo, ao melhor do conhecimento atual, o significado cl&#237;nico desses achados "anormais" de imagens ainda &#233; desconhecido. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Nesse contexto, futuros estudos envolvendo grandes amostras de ultra corredores e/ou exercitantes por mais de 40 anos poder&#227;o contribuir para uma melhor compreens&#227;o da real rela&#231;&#227;o causa-efeito entre dose aer&#243;bica de exerc&#237;cio e benef&#237;cios ou malef&#237;cios e/ou desfechos card&#237;acos desfavor&#225;veis. O fato &#233; que, no estado atual da arte, sabe-se com certeza que doses bem baixas de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico j&#225; resultam benef&#237;cios, enquanto se desconhece o limite superior da dose terap&#234;utica de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico. Isto &#233;, do ponto de vista m&#233;dico, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias que fundamentem uma hip&#243;tese de exagero no exerc&#237;cio. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contextualizando em termos de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica</title>
        <p>Dados mundiais recentes sinalizam que cerca de cinco milh&#245;es de mortes anuais (quase 10% do total de &#243;bitos n&#227;o violentos) s&#227;o devidas ao sedentarismo. Em adendo, estima-se que os preju&#237;zos anuais em todo o mundo com rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis baixos de atividade f&#237;sica/exerc&#237;cio superam os 67 bilh&#245;es de d&#243;lares. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> No Brasil, dados governamentais sugerem que dezenas de milh&#245;es de brasileiros - quase a metade da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta - n&#227;o se exercitam o suficiente. No outro extremo, empiricamente, pode-se estimar que, incluindo atletas e exercitantes, bem menos de dez mil indiv&#237;duos fazem treinos aer&#243;bicos intensos, regulares e por per&#237;odos prolongados por mais de 10 horas semanais ou 100 METs-h/semana. Ou seja, para cada um exercitante "extremo" h&#225; aproximadamente 5 a 10 mil sedent&#225;rios. Fica assim &#243;bvio, que a quest&#227;o de um raro e improv&#225;vel excesso te&#243;rico de exerc&#237;cio para o cora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; prioridade em termos de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.</p>
        <p>Ent&#227;o, a prioridade para o cardiologista deve ser reduzir ou zerar o sedentarismo e estimular o aumento da dose de exerc&#237;cio da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral conseguindo, assim, uma melhoria da condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica e, consequentemente, uma maior expectativa de vida, tendo ainda os b&#244;nus adicionais de uma ampla gama de efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos ben&#233;ficos. Por outro lado, no caso daqueles raros exercitantes "extremos", pode-se sugerir que devam ser acompanhados por profissionais qualificados em lidar com as quest&#245;es de sa&#250;de e de treinamento pr&#243;prias desse perfil de desempenho, enquanto s&#227;o obtidas novas evid&#234;ncias e ser&#227;o conhecidos os resultados dessa dose "extrema" de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o pela an&#225;lise futura da coorte de 1200 ultra corredores. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq e FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
