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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NCt9kKQNG94Srt6yMxQxCjt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000300255</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170024</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Other Diagnostic Tests (not involving imaging)</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sensitivity, Specificity and Predictive Value of Heart Rate Variability Indices in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Anne Kastelianne Fran&#231;a da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Christofaro</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Giuliano Destro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardo</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Fernanda Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Franciele Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Cultura de Vilhena</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vilhena</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Cultura de Vilhena, Vilhena, RO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Anne Kastelianne Fran&#231;a da Silva</bold>. Rua Roberto Simonsen, n 305. Postal Code: 19060-900, Centro Educacional, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>anne_franca@hotmail.com</email>, <email>annekastelianne@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva AKF, Christofaro DGD, Bernardo AFB, Vanderlei FM, Vanderlei LCM; Acquisition of data: Silva AKF, Bernardo AFB; Statistical analysis: Silva AKF, Christofaro DGD, Vanderlei LCM; Obtaining funding: Silva AKF, Vanderlei LCM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>255</fpage>
      <lpage>262</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart rate variability (HRV) indices may detect autonomic changes with good diagnostic accuracy. Type diabetes mellitus (DM) individuals may have changes in autonomic modulation; however, studies of this nature in this population are still scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare HRV indices between and assess their prognostic value by measurements of sensitivity, specificity and predictive values in young individuals with type 1 DM and healthy volunteers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In this cross-sectional study, physical and clinical assessment was performed in 39 young patients with type 1 DM and 43 young healthy controls. For HRV analysis, beat-to-beat heart rate variability was measured in dorsal decubitus, using a Polar S810i heart rate monitor, for 30 minutes. The following indices were calculated: SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50, TINN, RRTri, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, LF un, HF un, LF/HF, SD1, SD2, SD1/SD2, and ApEn.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Type 1 DM subjects showed a decrease in sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, and overall variability of autonomic nervous system. The RMSSD, SDNN, PNN50, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, RRTri, SD1 and SD2 indices showed greater diagnostic accuracy in discriminating diabetic from healthy individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Type 1 DM individuals have changes in autonomic modulation. The SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50, RRtri, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, SD1 and SD2 indices may be alternative tools to discriminate individuals with type 1 DM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Predictive Value of Tests</kwd>
        <kwd>Sensitivity and Specificity</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2013 / 19055-00</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> This study was funded by FAPESP (Case number: 2013 / 19055-00).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells with consequent insulin deficiency,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> has affected an increasing number of individuals in the world at younger ages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Every year, approximately 15 thousand children are diagnosed with type 1 DM and 3,700 children with type 2 DM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Type 1 DM patients may have autonomous nervous system (ANS) dysfunction, which may be identified by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> HRV is a simple, accessible, non-invasive method that describes oscillations between consecutive heartbeats (RR intervals, RRIs), which are associated with the effects of ANS on sinus node.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Analysis of HRV has shown that individuals with type 1 DM have reduced overall variability as compared with healthy subjects of different ages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Besides, parasympathetic loss with sympathetic override<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and reduced magnitude and complexity of HRV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have been reported in these individuals.</p>
      <p>HRV has been used to identify autonomic changes and, despite studies showing its efficacy in the clinical practice in different populations, the use of HRV for this purpose is still incipient. In this context, studies have indicated that some HRV indices can detect autonomic changes with relative sensitivity and describe changes in cardiac rhythm with good diagnostic and prognostic value.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In middle-aged adults with type 2 DM, Khandoker <italic>et</italic> al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> found that the SD1 (standard deviation of the instantaneous beat-to-beat variability) index, extracted from the Poincar&#233; plot, and the SampEn (sample entropy) can identify cardiac autonomic dysfunction with the best diagnostic accuracy. The authors also showed that the HRV may have a practical diagnostic and prognostic marker in this population.</p>
      <p>However, in type 1 DM patients, studies of this nature are still scarce, since most of them provides a comparison of HRV between subjects with and without DM, without analyzing the discriminatory power of these indices. Such studies would not only provide new information on the theme, but also determine HRV indices with the best diagnostic and prognostic value in these individuals. This would allow a better risk stratification, and elaboration of preventive programs and new therapeutic strategies for these patients.</p>
      <p>In light of this, the aim of this study was to compare HRV indices and evaluate their sensitivity, specificity and predictive value in young type 1 diabetic patients and healthy volunteers. We hypothesize that changes in autonomic behavior in young subjects with type 1 DM can be identified by HRV analysis and that this is an effective diagnostic and prognostic marker in this population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>Patients with diagnosis of type 1DM were recruited from the database of community health centers and by contact with endocrinologists in Presidente Prudente, Brazil, and healthy volunteers were recruited from a public university of the same city. Sample size calculation was performed based on the RMSSD (square root of the mean of the squares of successive differences between normal RRI). Considering a magnitude of the difference of 19.85, standard deviation of 25,30,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and alpha and beta risk of 5% and 80% respectively, the sample size calculated was 25 individuals per group.</p>
        <p>A total of 88 volunteers of both sexes, aged between 18 and 30 years were recruited and allocated into two groups: type 1 DM group, composed of 43 young type 1 DM patients (20 men and 23 women, mean age of 21.82 &#177; 5.07 years, time of diagnosis of 11.20 &#177; 6.01 years), and control group, composed of 45 young healthy volunteers (21 men and 24 women; mean age of 21.35 &#177; 2.82 years).</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria were age between 18 and 30 years, clinical diagnosis of type 1 DM confirmed by blood test and medical records (for type 1 DM group), and individuals with cardiorespiratory diseases, smoking habit, or alcoholics were excluded. Six volunteers with RRI time series with a sinus beat &lt; 95%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> were excluded.</p>
        <p>All subjects were informed about the objectives and procedures of the study, and those who agreed to participate signed an informed consent form before being included in the study. All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Science and Technology of UNESP, Presidente Prudente campus (report number 417.031).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection</title>
        <p>Data were collected in a temperature (21&#186;C-23&#186;C) and humidity (40%-60%) controlled room, in the afternoon period from 13h and18h to minimize the influence of the circadian rhythm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> For individual assessments, patients were instructed to abstain from alcohol and autonomic nervous system stimulants, such as coffee, tea and cocoa in the 24 hours before the study day.</p>
        <p>All volunteers were assessed using a protocol that included 'identification' - age, sex, time of diagnosis (for DM group) and use of drug therapy, 'physical examination', 'clinical evaluation', and 'autonomic assessment, in this order. Physical and clinical evaluation included the assessment of cardiovascular and body composition parameters, physical activity level and postprandial glycemia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Physical and clinical assessment</title>
        <p>Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) were measured on the left arm, in patients in sitting position, using a stethoscope (Littman, Saint Paul, USA) and aneroid sphygmomanometer (Welch Allyn - Tycos, New York, USA), according to the VI Brazilian Guidelines for Arterial Hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Heart rate (HR) was determined using the Polar S810i monitor (Polar Electro, Kampele, Finland).</p>
        <p>Anthropometric measurements and body fat percentage were determined in all volunteers. Body weight was measured using a digital scale (Welmy R/I 200, Brazil), height was determined using a stadiometer (Sanny, Brazil), and body mass index (BMI) (weight/height<sup>2</sup>, kg/m<sup>2</sup>) was calculated according to the Brazilian Guidelines for Obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Waist circumference (narrowest abdominal perimeter between the lowest ribs and the iliac crest) and hip circumference (widest part of the gluteal region at the level of the great trochanters) were measured with an inelastic tape (Sanny, Brazil), and the waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Percentage of body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (Maltron BF 906 Body Fat Analyser).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The level of physical activity was determined by the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> For random glucose test, a drop of blood from a finger prick was placed on a One touch ultra test strip (Johnson &amp; Johnson Medical, Brazil) and analyzed by its glucometer. All participants were free to eat, and fasting was not required for the tests.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Autonomic assessment</title>
        <p>After initial instructions, a chest strap was placed on the distal third of the sternum, and the Polar S810i HR monitor was placed on the wrist (Polar Electro, Finland). This instrument has been previously validated for detecting beat-to-beat heart rate variability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Then, the volunteers were placed on a bed in dorsal decubitus position, and instructed to breath spontaneously remain at rest, yet awake, for 30 minutes, and avoid conversation. After data collection for autonomic modulation analysis, the subjects were allowed to leave the room.</p>
        <p>For HRV analysis, beat-to-beat heart rate was recorded during all the experiment. One thousand consecutive RRIs were selected from the highest signal stability period by digital filtering<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> (using the Polar Precision Performance SW software, version 4.01.029 with a moderate filter), complemented by manual filtering to eliminate premature, ectopic beats and artifacts. Only series with more than 95% of sinus beats were included in the study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> By a visual analysis, there were no artifacts or ectopic beats that could affect the HRV analysis. For analysis of HRV, time- and frequency-domain linear indices, geometric indices and nonlinear indices were used.</p>
        <p>Time-domain analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> was performed by SDNN (standard deviation of normal RR intervals), RMSSD and PNN50 (percentage of adjacent RRIs that differ by more than 50 ms). For frequency-domain analysis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> low-frequency (LF: 0.04 - 0.15 Hz) and high-frequency (HF: 0.15 - 0.40 Hz) spectral components (ms<sup>2</sup> and normalized unit) were used, as well as the LF/HF ratio). Spectral analysis was calculated using the fast Fourier Transform algorithm.</p>
        <p>The triangular index and TINN (triangular interpolation of RR intervals) were calculated using the density histogram of normal RRIs, which displayed all possible RRIs values in the horizontal axis and their frequencies in the vertical axis. The connection of the midpoints of each column of the histogram generates a triangular figure, from which these indices were extracted. Both triangular index and TINN values express the global ANS condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The nonlinear indices used for the analysis were the Poincar&#233; plot and the approximate entropy (ApEn). The Poincar&#233; plot is a time series graphic representation which plots each RRI against its previous interval.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> The plot was analyzed by using the following indices: SD1, SD2 (long term variability of continuous RRIs) and SD1/SD2 ratio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> ApEn describes the RRI complexity; it measures the regularity and the logarithmic probability that the time series patterns remain similar for all comparisons. The greater the ApEn value, the higher the RR series complexity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>All indices were calculated by the HRV analysis software, version 2.0<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> (Kubios, Biosignal Analysis and Medical Image Group, Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, Finland).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>First, data normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Between-group comparisons were performed by the independent t test (for parametric data) or the Mann-Whitney test (for nonparametric test). Data with Gaussian distribution (height, HR, WHR and body fat percentage) were expressed as mean and standard deviation, whereas data whose normality was not confirmed (age, weight, BMI, SAP, DAP, glycemia and weekly physical activity) were presented as median and interquartile range. Between-group comparisons of HRV data were performed by covariance analysis, adjusted by confounding factors (BMI and random glucose levels).</p>
        <p>The HRV cutoff points were defined by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for the occurrence of events were also determined. An area under the curve &#8805; 0.650 was considered significant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The level of significance was set at 5%. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) and MedCalc Software bvba, version 14.10.2 (Ostend, Belgium).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Data of 88 volunteers (43 type 1 DM patients and 45 healthy controls) were assessed. Six volunteers were excluded because of errors in RRIs greater than 5%, and the final sample was composed of 39 young subjects with type 1 DM (19 men and 20 women) and 43 young healthy controls (21men and 22 women).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> describes general characteristics of both groups. Subjects with type 1 DM had higher body mass, BMI, HR, random glucose levels and % body fat than controls (p &lt; 0.05). All diabetic individuals were insulin-dependent, and 15 (38.46%) used additional medications, other than insulin - five (12.82%) used antihypertensive agents, eight (20.51%) for thyroid diseases, three (7.69%) for cholesterol control, five (12.82%) used contraceptive agents, and eight for other conditions, including rhinitis, diabetic polyneuropathy, peripheral neuropathy and epilepsy.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of diabetes mellitus and control groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Control (43)</th>
              <th align="center">Type 1 DM (39)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref></sup> (years)</td>
              <td align="center">21.00 (5.00)</td>
              <td align="center">21.00 (7.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.534</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref></sup> (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">60.30 (22.80)</td>
              <td align="center">68.15 (22.90)</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref></sup> (m)</td>
              <td align="center">1.69 (0.09)</td>
              <td align="center">1.73 (0.17)</td>
              <td align="center">0.461</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref></sup> (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">22.19 (4.67)</td>
              <td align="center">24.19 (5.84)</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WHR<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref></sup> (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 (0.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 (0.10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.102</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAP<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref></sup> (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">110.00 (20.00)</td>
              <td align="center">110.00 (10.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.757</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DAP<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref></sup> (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">70.00 (10.00)</td>
              <td align="center">60.00 (10.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.620</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref></sup> (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">70.76 (10.04)</td>
              <td align="center">80.00 (16.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Random glycemia<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref></sup> (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">93.00 (20.00)</td>
              <td align="center">162.00 (168.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref></sup> (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21.86 (7.58)</td>
              <td align="center">26.00 (9.60)</td>
              <td align="center">0.044</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weekly physical activity<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref></sup> (minutes)</td>
              <td align="center">320.00 (440.00)</td>
              <td align="center">280.00 (510.00)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time of diagnosis<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
              <td align="center">11.71 (5.99)</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>mean (standard deviation);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>median (interquartile range). Type 1 DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist-hip ratio; SAP: systolic arterial pressure; DAP: diastolic arterial pressure; HR: heart rate.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows linear and nonlinear values of HRV of both groups. Diabetic subjects had significant lower values of DNN, RMSSD, PNN50, RRTri, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, SD1 and SD2.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Indices of heart rate variability in diabetes mellitus and control groups adjusted by body mass index and random glucose levels</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Index</th>
              <th align="center">Controls (n = 43)</th>
              <th align="center">Type 1 DM (n = 39)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SDNN</td>
              <td align="center">66.97 (22.17)</td>
              <td align="center">41.99 (19.65)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RMSSD</td>
              <td align="center">55.59 (21.60)</td>
              <td align="center">32.73 (17.43)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PNN50</td>
              <td align="center">33.64 (19.97)</td>
              <td align="center">14.79 (15.68)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TINN</td>
              <td align="center">220.81 (85.36)</td>
              <td align="center">191.25 (76.14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.439</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RRTri</td>
              <td align="center">16.31 (4.95)</td>
              <td align="center">12.62 (9.76)</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">1187.97 (743.46)</td>
              <td align="center">556.25 (542.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">1141.65 (899.22)</td>
              <td align="center">572.87 (517.38)</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF un</td>
              <td align="center">49.76 (16.72)</td>
              <td align="center">54.54 (14.83)</td>
              <td align="center">0.452</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF un</td>
              <td align="center">50.23 (16.72)</td>
              <td align="center">45.45 (14.84)</td>
              <td align="center">0.452</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF/HF</td>
              <td align="center">1.24 (0.84)</td>
              <td align="center">1.65 (1.71)</td>
              <td align="center">0.562</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD1</td>
              <td align="center">39.01 (15.43)</td>
              <td align="center">23.16 (12.33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD2</td>
              <td align="center">85.64 (29.36)</td>
              <td align="center">54.41 (25.54)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD1/SD2</td>
              <td align="center">0.46 (0.15)</td>
              <td align="center">0.41 (0.12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.469</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ApEn</td>
              <td align="center">1.46 (0.10)</td>
              <td align="center">1.44 (0.11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.677</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Type 1 DMT1: type 1 diabetes mellitus; SDNN: standard deviation of normal RR intervals in a time interval (ms) RMSSD: square root of the mean of the squares of successive differences between normal RR intervals in a time interval (ms); PNN50: percentage of adjacent RRIs that differ by more than 50ms; TINN: triangular interpolation of RR intervals; RRTri: triangular index; LF: low-frequency component; HF: high frequency component; SD1: standard deviation of the instantaneous RR intervals; SD2: long-term variability of continuous RR intervals; ApEn: approximate entropy.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows sensitivity, specificity, ROC curve, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of HRV. The RMSSD, SDNN, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, RRTri, SD1 and SD2 indices showed the best diagnostic accuracy (ROC curve &gt; 0.65).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sensitivity, specificity, ROC curve, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for heart rate variability indices</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Indices</th>
              <th align="center">SEN</th>
              <th align="center">SPE</th>
              <th align="center">ROC</th>
              <th align="center">PPV</th>
              <th align="center">NPV</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RMSSD</td>
              <td align="center">0.66 [0.49 - 0.80]</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 [0.66 - 091]</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 [0.69 - 0.87]</td>
              <td align="center">0.76 [0.58 - 0.89]</td>
              <td align="center">0.72 [0.58 - 0.84]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SDNN</td>
              <td align="center">0.57 [0.40 - 0.73]</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 [0.74 - 0.96]</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 [0.70 - 0.88]</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 [0.61 - 0.93]</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 [0.56 - 0.82]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PNN50</td>
              <td align="center">0.71 [0.55-0.85]</td>
              <td align="center">0.72 [0.56-0.84]</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 [0.66-0.85]</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 [0.53-0.83]</td>
              <td align="center">0.73 [0.58-0.83]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 [0.63 - 0.90]</td>
              <td align="center">0.69 [0.53 - 0.82]</td>
              <td align="center">0.75 [0.64 - 0.84]</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 [0.54 - 0.83]</td>
              <td align="center">0.75 [0.59 - 0.87]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 [0.66 - 0.92]</td>
              <td align="center">0.55 [0.39 - 0.70]</td>
              <td align="center">0.74 [0.63 - 0.83]</td>
              <td align="center">0.62 [0.47 - 0.76]</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 [0.58 - 0.90]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF/HF (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">0.84 [0.69 - 0.94]</td>
              <td align="center">0.32 [0.19 - 0.48]</td>
              <td align="center">0.56 [0.45 - 0.67]</td>
              <td align="center">0.53 [0.40 - 0.66]</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 [0.45 - 0.88]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF nu</td>
              <td align="center">0.84 [0.69 - 0.94]</td>
              <td align="center">0.32 [0.19 - 0.48]</td>
              <td align="center">0.56 [0.45 - 0.67]</td>
              <td align="center">0.53 [0.40 - 0.66]</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 [0.45 - 0.88]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF nu</td>
              <td align="center">0.84 [0.69 - 0.94]</td>
              <td align="center">0.32 [0.19 - 0.48]</td>
              <td align="center">0.56 [0.45 - 0.67]</td>
              <td align="center">0.53 [0.40 - 0.66]</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 [0.45 - 0.88]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TINN</td>
              <td align="center">0.53 [0.37 - 0.69]</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 [0.64 - 0.90]</td>
              <td align="center">0.63 [0.52 - 0.74]</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 [0.50 - 0.85]</td>
              <td align="center">0.65 [0.50 - 0.78]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RRTri</td>
              <td align="center">0.69 [0.52 - 0.83]</td>
              <td align="center">0.76 [0.61 - 0.88]</td>
              <td align="center">0.76 [0.65 - 0.85]</td>
              <td align="center">0.73 [0.55 - 0.86]</td>
              <td align="center">0.73 [0.58 - 0.85]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD1</td>
              <td align="center">0.66 [0.49 - 0.80]</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 [0.64 - 0.90]</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 [0.68 - 0.87]</td>
              <td align="center">0.74 [0.56 - 0.87]</td>
              <td align="center">0.72 [0.57 - 0.84]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD2</td>
              <td align="center">0.61 [0.44 - 0.76]</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 [0.74 - 0.96]</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 [0.70 - 0.88]</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 [0.64 - 0.94]</td>
              <td align="center">0.71 [0.57 - 0.83]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD1/SD2</td>
              <td align="center">0.46 [0.30 - 0.62]</td>
              <td align="center">0.76 [0.61 - 0.88]</td>
              <td align="center">0.58 [0.46 - 0.68]</td>
              <td align="center">0.64 [0.44 - 0.81]</td>
              <td align="center">0.61 [0.46 - 0.74]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ApEn</td>
              <td align="center">0.35 [0.21 - 0.52]</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 [0.72 - 0.94]</td>
              <td align="center">0.56 [0.44 - 0.67]</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 [0.45 - 0.88]</td>
              <td align="center">0.59 [0.46 - 0.71]</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>SEN: sensitivity; SPE: specificity; PPV: positive predictive value; NPP: negative predictive value; SDNN: standard deviation of normal RR intervals in a time interval (ms); RMSSD: square root of the mean of the squares of successive differences between normal RR intervals in a time interval (ms); PNN50: percentage of adjacent RRIs that differ by more than 50 ms; TINN: triangular interpolation of RR intervals; RRTri: triangular index; LF: low-frequency component; HF: high-frequency component; nu: normalized unit; SD1: standard deviation of the instantaneous RR intervals; SD2: long-term variability of continuous RR intervals; ApEn: approximate entropy.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows sensitivity, specificity, ROC curve and cutoff point for HRV indices that had a ROC curve &gt; 0.65. Among these indices, the SDNN and SD2 showed the best accuracy.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sensitivity, specificity, ROC curve and cutoff points of heart rate variability indices with ROC curve &gt; 0.65</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Indices</th>
              <th align="center">SEN</th>
              <th align="center">SPE</th>
              <th align="center">ROC</th>
              <th align="center">Cutoff point</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RMSSD</td>
              <td align="center">0.66 [0.49 - 0.80]</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 [0.66 - 091]</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 [0.69 - 0.87]</td>
              <td align="center">37.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SDNN</td>
              <td align="center">0.57 [0.40 - 0.73]</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 [0.74 - 0.96]</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 [0.70 - 0.88]</td>
              <td align="center">41.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PNN50</td>
              <td align="center">0.71 [0.55-0.85]</td>
              <td align="center">0.72 [0.56-0.84]</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 [0.66-0.85]</td>
              <td align="center">18.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 [0.63 - 0.90]</td>
              <td align="center">0.69 [0.53 - 0.82]</td>
              <td align="center">0.75 [0.64 - 0.84]</td>
              <td align="center">711.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 [0.66 - 0.92]</td>
              <td align="center">0.55 [0.39 - 0.70]</td>
              <td align="center">0.74 [0.63 - 0.83]</td>
              <td align="center">826.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RRTri</td>
              <td align="center">0.69 [0.52 - 0.83]</td>
              <td align="center">0.76 [0.61 - 0.88]</td>
              <td align="center">0.76 [0.65 - 0.85]</td>
              <td align="center">12.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD1</td>
              <td align="center">0.66 [0.49 - 0.80]</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 [0.64 - 0.90]</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 [0.68 - 0.87]</td>
              <td align="center">26.20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD2</td>
              <td align="center">0.61 [0.44 - 0.76]</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 [0.74 - 0.96]</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 [0.70 - 0.88]</td>
              <td align="center">55.60</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>SEN: sensitivity; SPE: specificity; RMSSD: square root of the mean of the squares of successive differences between normal RR intervals in a time interval (ms); SDNN: standard deviation of normal RR intervals in a time interval (ms); LF: low-frequency component; HF: high-frequency component; RRTri: triangular index; SD1: standard deviation of the instantaneous RR intervals; SD2: long-term variability of continuous RR intervals.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our findings indicate that individuals with type 1 DM have altered HRV, characterized by a reduction in sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, and in overall variability as compared with healthy controls. In addition, the RMSSD, SDNN, PNN50, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, RRTri, SD1 and SD2 indices had the best diagnostic accuracy in discriminating type 1 diabetic patients from healthy individuals.</p>
      <p>Also, type 1 DM subjects had higher body mass, BMI, random glucose levels, and percentage of body fat compared with healthy volunteers, whereas the variables age, height, WHR, SAP, DAP and physical activity were not different between the groups. Similar results were reported by Javorka et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> for age, BMI, SAP and DAP, and by Jaiswal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> for HR and physical activity.</p>
      <p>The HRV results indicated a decrease in sympathetic (LF ms<sup>2</sup>) and parasympathetic activities (RMSSD, PNN50, HF ms<sup>2</sup>), and in overall variability (SDNN, RRtri and SD2) in type 1 DM subjects as compared with healthy controls. These findings are corroborated by Javorka et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>, who reported a decrease in SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50, LF ms<sup>2</sup> and HF ms<sup>2</sup> in 17 type 1 DM subjects (22.4 &#177; 1.0 years). Jaiswal et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> in a study on more than 350 young individuals (18.8 &#177; 3.3 years with type 1 DM), observed significantly lower SDNN, RMSSD, HF nu, LF nu and LF/HF ratio in this population than in healthy controls. However, in our study, no differences in SD1/SD2, LF/HF and LF and HF in normalized units were observed between the groups.</p>
      <p>Changes in HRV are indicative of abnormal, insufficient adaptation of ANS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> which increases the risk of sudden death for heart arrhythmias, and is associated with increased mortality rate for other causes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> This indicates that the cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction may be a complicating factor in patients already at risk, as in DM patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Other studies demonstrated that some HRV indices have good diagnostic accuracy in some populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In our study, the RMSSD, SDNN, PNN50, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, RRtri, SD1 and SD2 indices showed greater sensitivity and specificity to detect autonomic dysfunction in type 1 DM patients and in healthy individuals. Indices with higher discriminatory power were those with significantly lower values in the type 1 DM group than in the control group.</p>
      <p>These indices are associated with the analysis of parasympathetic activity (RMSSD, PNN50, HF ms<sup>2</sup> and SD1), sympathetic activity (LF ms<sup>2</sup>) and overall ANS behavior (SDNN, RRtri and SD2),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> suggesting that discrimination of patients with type 1 DM may be related to the reduction in autonomic, global and sympathetic modulation of the heart.</p>
      <p>Few studies have evaluated the diagnostic power of HRV in type 1 DM. Ziegler et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> have shown that the HF index showed greater sensitivity to detect early autonomic dysfunction in type 1 and type 2 DM patients classified in the three stages of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Khandoker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> found that the SampEn and the SD1/SD2 ratio, obtained from the Poincar&#233; plot, were better discriminators of type 1 or type 2 DM patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy, with a 100% sensitivity and 75% specificity.</p>
      <p>Takase et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> demonstrated that SDANN lower than 30ms had greater sensitivity (72%) and specificity (92%) than SDANN higher than 20 ms (31% sensitivity and 100% specificity) to detect autonomic dysfunction and cardiac events in type 2 DM patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy.</p>
      <p>Nonetheless, in these studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> only patients with established cardiac autonomic neuropathy were included, except for the study by Khandoker et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> that evaluated diabetic individuals, regardless of the diagnosis of neuropathy. In our study, diagnostic accuracy of HRV was analyzed in both groups (DM and control) at the same time, aiming to evaluate the power to discriminate type 1 DM subjects from controls by the presence of changes in cardiac autonomic modulation, providing results that are closer to the clinical practice.</p>
      <p>Therefore, a strength of the study is that the capacity of HRV to diagnose possible autonomic changes were assessed in type 1 DM individuals, resulting in a cutoff value that provides evidence to healthcare professionals for changes that may be associated with early cardiac autonomic neuropathy. It is worth mentioning that none of the volunteers had cardiac autonomic neuropathy as a complication of type 1 DM. For this reason, different from previous studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> we cannot affirm that the cutoff values identified in this study are associated with this condition, but rather with an ANS depression possibly related to the type 1 DM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> that should be investigated and treated, to prevent the progression to cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Also, it is worth mentioning that a decrease in HRV is the first sign of autonomic neuropathy and suggested as one of the diagnostic tests in a statement by the American Diabetes Association's position statement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The validity of a test refers to its capacity in diagnosing or predicting an event, and the values of sensitivity and specificity give the probability of a test to correctly discriminate an individual with a disease from a healthy individual,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> hence reducing the risk of an erroneous diagnosis. In our study, 8 of the 14 indices tested showed greater sensitivity and specificity in discriminating type 1 DM individuals from those without the disease, and their use as diagnostic tools may be encouraged.</p>
      <p>HRV analysis is a fast, safe, non-invasive and financially accessible method, which enables the clinical follow-up of ANS condition. This is essential to reduce and intervene in case of complications to reduce cardiovascular events,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> sudden death,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> and loss of quality of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> in this population.</p>
      <p>One limitation of this study is its cross-sectional design that prevented us to evaluate the autonomic behavior for a longer period and conclude whether the changes in ANS condition, detected in the study, were in their initial stage or not. In addition, the fact the group of diabetic patients had different time of diagnosis, and that this group had greater mean BMI and body fat percentage than the control group may have influenced the results. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm whether these indices with the best discriminatory power maintain their prognostic capacity in long term.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>type 1 DM patients have autonomic changes characterized by reduction in sympathetic and parasympathetic activities and overall variability. The SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50, RRtri, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, SD1 and SD2 indices had the best diagnostic accuracy in discriminating individuals with type 1 DM.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP (Case number: 2013 / 19055-00).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Anne Kastelianne Fran&#231;a da Silva, from Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 World Health Organization. (WHO). Department of Noncommunicable Disease Survellance. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Geneva; 1999.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization. (WHO)</collab>
            <collab>Department of Noncommunicable Disease Survellance</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Outros Testes Diagn&#243;sticos (N&#227;o de Imagem)</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sensibilidade, Especificidade e Valor Preditivo dos &#205;ndices da Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca no Diabetes <italic>Mellitus</italic> Tipo 1</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Anne Kastelianne Fran&#231;a da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Christofaro</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Giuliano Destro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardo</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Fernanda Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Franciele Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Cultura de Vilhena, Vilhena, RO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Anne Kastelianne Fran&#231;a da Silva</bold>. Rua Roberto Simonsen, n 305. CEP 19060-900, Centro Educacional, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>anne_franca@hotmail.com</email>, <email>annekastelianne@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva AKF, Christofaro DGD, Bernardo AFB, Vanderlei FM, Vanderlei LCM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva AKF, Bernardo AFB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva AKF, Christofaro DGD, Vanderlei LCM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Silva AKF, Vanderlei LCM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Alguns &#237;ndices da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) podem ser capazes de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas com boa acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica. Indiv&#237;duos com Diabetes <italic>Mellitus</italic> (DM) tipo 1 podem apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, contudo, estudos dessa natureza s&#227;o incipientes nesses sujeitos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar diferentes &#237;ndices da VFC e avaliar seu valor progn&#243;stico por medidas da sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos em jovens com DM tipo 1 e jovens controles saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Neste estudo transversal, foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e cl&#237;nicas em 39 jovens com DM tipo 1 e 43 jovens saud&#225;veis. Para an&#225;lise da VFC, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi captada batimento a batimento usando um monitor de frequ&#234;ncia acard&#237;aca, PolarS810i, por 30 minutos com os volunt&#225;rios em dec&#250;bito dorsal. Foram calculados os &#237;ndices: SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50, TINN, RRTri, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, LF un, HF um, LF/HF, SD1, SD2, SD1/SD2, ApEn.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1 apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade simp&#225;tica, parassimp&#225;tica e na variabilidade global do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo. &#205;ndices RMSSD, SDNN, PNN50, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, RRTri, SD1 e SD2 representam melhor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica para discriminar indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos de saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1 apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e os &#237;ndices SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50, RRtri, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, SD1 e SD2 podem ser uma op&#231;&#227;o utilizada para discriminar indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes <italic>Mellitus</italic> Tipo 1</kwd>
        <kwd>Valor Preditivo dos Testes</kwd>
        <kwd>Sensibilidade e Especificidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2013 / 19055-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (n&#250;mero do processo: 2013 / 19055-0).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O Diabetes <italic>Mellitus</italic> (DM) tipo 1, doen&#231;a auto-imune resultante da destrui&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas betapancre&#225;ticas com consequente defici&#234;ncia de insulina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> est&#225; aumentando mundialmente e ocorrendo em indiv&#237;duos cada vez mais jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Estima-se que aproximadamente 15 mil crian&#231;as s&#227;o diagnosticadas anualmente com DM tipo 1 e 3.700 com DM tipo 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1 podem apresentar comprometimentos no sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA), os quais podem ser identificados por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Trata-se de um m&#233;todo simples, acess&#237;vel e n&#227;o invasivo que descreve as oscila&#231;&#245;es nos intervalos entre batimentos card&#237;acos consecutivos (intervalos RR, iRR), as quais est&#227;o relacionadas &#224;s influ&#234;ncias do SNA sobre o n&#243;dulo sinusal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>An&#225;lises da VFC t&#234;m apontado que existe uma redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade global em indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1 em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis para diversas faixas et&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Al&#233;m disso, perda no componente parassimp&#225;tico com aumento simp&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e redu&#231;&#227;o da magnitude e complexidade dos mecanismos de controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nesses indiv&#237;duos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> tamb&#233;m tem sido relatado.</p>
        <p>Embora a VFC seja utilizada para avaliar e identificar altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas, seu uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica ainda &#233; incipiente, apesar de alguns trabalhos demonstrarem sua efic&#225;cia para esses fins em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. Neste contexto, estudos t&#234;m apontado que alguns &#237;ndices da VFC permitem detectar altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas com relativa sensibilidade e podem descrever altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo card&#237;aco com bom valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em adultos de meia idade com DM tipo 2, Khandoker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> observaram que os &#237;ndices SD1 (desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea batimento a batimento), extra&#237;do do plot de Poincar&#233;, e a SampEn (entropia de amostra) podem identificar a presen&#231;a de comprometimento auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco com melhor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e apontaram que a VFC pode ser um marcador diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico pr&#225;tico nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Entretanto, em indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1, estudos dessa natureza ainda s&#227;o escassos, uma vez que a maioria dos trabalhos limita-se a comparar os valores de VFC em indiv&#237;duos com e sem DM, sem de fato analisar o poder discriminat&#243;rio desses &#237;ndices. Tais estudos permitiriam, al&#233;m de fornecer novas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o tema, determinar os &#237;ndices de VFC que oferecem melhor poder diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico desses indiv&#237;duos. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es poder&#227;o contribuir para melhores condi&#231;&#245;es de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco desses pacientes, conscientiza&#231;&#227;o para elabora&#231;&#227;o de programas preventivos e novas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento para esses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os &#237;ndices da VFC e avaliar sua sensibilidade, especificidade e valor preditivo em jovens com DM tipo 1 e saud&#225;veis. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que altera&#231;&#245;es no comportamento auton&#244;mico de jovens com DM tipo 1 podem ser identificadas pela an&#225;lise da VFC, e que essa ferramenta &#233; &#250;til e eficaz como marcador diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Casu&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foram recrutados indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de DM tipo 1 a partir de banco de dados de Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de e por contato com m&#233;dicos especializados em endocrinologia na cidade de Presidente Prudente, Brasil, e volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis em uma universidade p&#250;blica do mesmo munic&#237;pio. O c&#225;lculo amostral foi realizado com base no &#237;ndice RMSSD (raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre os iRRs normais adjacentes); considerando a magnitude da diferen&#231;a de 19,85, desvio padr&#227;o de 25,30,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e risco alfa de 5% e beta de 80%, o tamanho amostral resultou em ao menos 25 indiv&#237;duos para cada grupo.</p>
          <p>O recrutamento final totalizou 88 volunt&#225;rios com idade entre 18 a 30 anos, de ambos os sexos, os quais foram alocados em dois grupos: Grupo DM tipo 1, composto por 43 jovens com diagn&#243;stico de DM tipo 1 (20 homens e 23 mulheres; m&#233;dia de idade de 21,82 &#177; 5,07 anos; tempo de diagn&#243;stico de 11,20 &#177; 6,01 anos) e Grupo Controle, composto por 45 jovens saud&#225;veis (21 homens e 24 mulheres; m&#233;dia de idade 21,35 &#177; 2,82 anos).</p>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo jovens que possu&#237;am as seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es: diagn&#243;stico de DM tipo 1 confirmado por exame sangu&#237;neo e diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico (para o Grupo DM tipo 1), n&#227;o possu&#237;am doen&#231;as cardiorrespirat&#243;rias, e n&#227;o eram tabagistas e/ou alco&#243;latras. Foram exclu&#237;dos seis volunt&#225;rios que apresentaram s&#233;ries temporais de iRR com menos de 95% de batimentos sinusais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram esclarecidos sobre os objetivos e procedimentos do estudo e, aqueles que concordaram em participar, assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes de serem inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Todos os procedimentos do estudo seguiram a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia - FCT/UNESP, Campus de Presidente Prudente (Parecer: 417.031).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de Dados</title>
          <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada em uma sala com temperatura entre 21&#186;C e 23&#186;C e umidade entre 40 e 60%, no per&#237;odo da tarde, entre 13 e 18h para minimizar as influ&#234;ncias do ritmo circadiano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Para as avalia&#231;&#245;es individuais, os volunt&#225;rios foram orientados a n&#227;o ingerirem bebidas alco&#243;licas e/ou estimulantes do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo como caf&#233;, ch&#225; e achocolatados nas 24 horas precedentes &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos a um protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o constitu&#237;do por 'identifica&#231;&#227;o' - idade, g&#234;nero, tempo de diagn&#243;stico (para os diab&#233;ticos) e uso de terapia medicamentosa, 'avalia&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica', 'avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica' e 'avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica'. Ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o, foram realizadas as avali&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e cl&#237;nicas que inclu&#237;ram: avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros cardiovasculares e da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, determina&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e medida da glicemia p&#243;s-prandial. Finalmente, foi realizada a avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>Foram verificadas a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) de forma indireta com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estetosc&#243;pio (Littman, Saint Paul, USA) e esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide (Welch Allyn - Tycos, New York, USA) no bra&#231;o esquerdo, com o indiv&#237;duo na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, utilizando os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelas VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> O valor da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foi determinado por meio do cardiofrequenc&#237;metro Polar S810i (Polar Electro, Kampele, Finland).</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, todos os volunt&#225;rios tiveram suas medidas antropom&#233;tricas e percentual de gordura mensurados. A mensura&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal foi realizada por meio de uma balan&#231;a digital (Welmy R/I 200, Brasil) e a altura por meio de estadi&#244;metro (Sanny, Brasil). A partir dos dados obtidos, foi calculado o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) = peso/altura<sup>2</sup> (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) conforme as Diretrizes Brasileiras de Obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> As medidas da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (menor per&#237;metro abdominal situado entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca superior) e da circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (maior por&#231;&#227;o gl&#250;tea na altura do troc&#226;nter maior) foram obtidas com o aux&#237;lio de uma fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica (Sanny, Brasil). A partir dos valores obtidos, foi calculada a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/quadril (RCQ).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O percentual de gordura corporal foi determinado por meio do equipamento de Bioimped&#226;ncia Maltron BF 906 Body Fat Analyser (Maltron, Reino Unido).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> O n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica foi determinado pelo question&#225;rio internacional de atividade f&#237;sica (IPAQ, <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</italic>) vers&#227;o curta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A glicemia casual foi colhida por pun&#231;&#227;o da polpa digital; a amostra obtida foi depositada em uma fita reagente One touch ultra (Johnson &amp; Johnson Medical, Brasil) e analisada pelo seu glicos&#237;metro. Os volunt&#225;rios n&#227;o foram restritos quanto &#224; sua alimenta&#231;&#227;o e per&#237;odo de jejum.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica</title>
          <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, ap&#243;s as orienta&#231;&#245;es iniciais, foi posicionada uma cinta de capta&#231;&#227;o no t&#243;rax dos volunt&#225;rios na regi&#227;o do ter&#231;o distal do esterno, e no punho o receptor de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca Polar S810i (Polar Electro, Finl&#226;ndia), equipamento previamente validado para capta&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca batimento a batimento e para utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos seus dados para an&#225;lise da VFC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o da cinta e do monitor, os volunt&#225;rios foram posicionados em dec&#250;bito dorsal em uma maca onde permaneceram em repouso por 30 minutos. Os volunt&#225;rios foram orientados a manterem-se em repouso, acordados, em respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea, evitando conversas durante a coleta. Ap&#243;s a coleta da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica os volunt&#225;rios foram liberados.</p>
          <p>Para an&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices de VFC, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi registrada batimento a batimento durante todo o protocolo experimental. Do per&#237;odo de maior estabilidade do sinal, foram selecionados 1000 intervalo iRR consecutivos ap&#243;s filtragem digital utilizando um filtro moderado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> pelo <italic>software Polar Precision Performance SW</italic> (vers&#227;o 4.01.029) complementada por manual, para elimina&#231;&#227;o de batimentos ect&#243;picos prematuros e artefatos. Somente s&#233;ries com mais de 95% de batimentos sinusais foram inclu&#237;das no estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Por meio da an&#225;lise visual das s&#233;ries temporais, foi observada a aus&#234;ncia de artefatos ou batimentos ect&#243;picos que pudessem interferir na an&#225;lise da VFC. Para a an&#225;lise da VFC, foram utilizados &#237;ndices lineares nos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia, &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos e &#237;ndices n&#227;o lineares.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> foi realizada por meio dos &#237;ndices SDNN (desvio-padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia dos iRR normais), RMSSD e pNN50 (porcentagem dos iRR adjacentes com diferen&#231;a de dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 50 ms). J&#225; para an&#225;lise da VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> foram utilizados os componentes espectrais de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF: 0,04 - 0,15 Hz) e alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF: 0,15 - 0,40 Hz), em ms<sup>2</sup> e em unidades normalizada, assim como a raz&#227;o entre esses componentes (LF/HF). A an&#225;lise espectral foi calculada usando o algoritmo da Transformada R&#225;pida de Fourier.</p>
          <p>Os &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos triangular e TINN (interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular dos intervalos RR) foram calculados a partir da constru&#231;&#227;o do histograma de densidade dos iRR normais, o qual mostra no eixo horizontal todos os poss&#237;veis valores dos iRR e no eixo vertical a frequ&#234;ncia com que cada um deles ocorreu. A uni&#227;o dos pontos dessas colunas do histograma forma uma figura semelhante a um tri&#226;ngulo, do qual foram extra&#237;dos esses &#237;ndices. Os valores de ambos os &#237;ndices expressam a condi&#231;&#227;o global do SNA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os &#237;ndices n&#227;o lineares utilizados foram o plot de Poincar&#233; e entropia aproximada (ApEn). O plot de Poincar&#233; &#233; uma representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica de uma s&#233;rie temporal e permite que cada iRR seja representado em fun&#231;&#227;o do intervalo anterior definindo um ponto no plot.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Para an&#225;lise do plot, foram calculados os seguintes &#237;ndices: SD1, SD2 (desvio-padr&#227;o a longo prazo dos iRRs cont&#237;nuos) e a rela&#231;&#227;o SD1/SD2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A ApEn descreve a complexidade do iRR. &#201; uma medida que quantifica a regularidade e a probabilidade logar&#237;tmica de que os padr&#245;es de s&#233;ries temporais permane&#231;am semelhantes uns aos outros ap&#243;s nova compara&#231;&#227;o. Quanto maior for o seu valor, maior &#233; a complexidade da s&#233;rie RR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Todos os &#237;ndices avaliados foram calculados pelo <italic>software</italic> HRV <italic>analysis</italic> - vers&#227;o 2.0<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> (Kubios, Biosignal Analysis and Medical Image Group, Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, Finland).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, foi determinada a normalidade dos dados por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis entre o grupo de sujeitos com DM tipo 1 e o grupo de pessoas sem a doen&#231;a foram realizadas pelos teste t independente (dados param&#233;tricos) ou pelo teste de Mann-Whitney (dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos). Os dados que se enquadraram no modelo Gaussiano de distribui&#231;&#227;o (altura, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, rela&#231;&#227;o cintura quadril e percentual de gordura) foram expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e os dados que n&#227;o tiveram sua normalidade detectada (idade, peso, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, glicemia e atividade f&#237;sica semanal), foram apresentados em mediana e intervalo interquartil. Para compara&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices da VFC entre os grupos, foi utilizada an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA), ajustando-se por fatores de confus&#227;o (IMC e glicemia casual).</p>
          <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte para os &#237;ndices da VFC foi obtida pela curva <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic> (ROC). Tamb&#233;m foram registrados a sensibilidade, a especificidade, o valor preditivo positivo e o valor preditivo negativo para ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos. A &#225;rea sob a curva foi considerada significativa quando valores &#8805; 0,650 foram obtidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Todos os resultados foram discutidos no n&#237;vel de 5% de signific&#226;ncia. A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada por meio do <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> - vers&#227;o 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) e <italic>MedCalc Software bvba -</italic> vers&#227;o 14.10.2 (Oostende, B&#233;lgica).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dados de 88 volunt&#225;rios foram analisados, dos quais 43 eram DM tipo 1 e 45 saud&#225;veis. Deste total de volunt&#225;rios, 6 foram exclu&#237;dos por apresentaram erros na s&#233;rie de iRRs superiores a 5%. Sendo assim, a amostra final foi composta por 39 jovens com DM tipo 1 (19 homens e 20 mulheres) e de 43 jovens saud&#225;veis (21 homens e 22 mulheres).</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 1</xref>, est&#227;o apresentadas as caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos grupos controle e diab&#233;ticos. Maiores valores para as vari&#225;veis massa corporal, IMC, FC, glicemia casual e % de gordura foram encontradas no grupo DM tipo 1 (p &lt; 0,05) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles. Todos os volunt&#225;rios com DM tipo 1 eram insulinodependentes e 15 (38,46%) tomavam outros medicamentos al&#233;m da insulina. Desses, cinco (12,82%) faziam uso de medicamentos para controle da press&#227;o arterial, oito (20,51%) para dist&#250;rbios da tireoide, tr&#234;s (7,69%) para controle do colesterol, cinco (12,82%) utilizavam anticoncepcional e oito (20,51%) para doen&#231;as diversas, como rinite, polineuropatia diab&#233;tica, neuropatia perif&#233;rica e epilepsia.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos de indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos e controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (43)</th>
                <th align="center">DMT1 (39)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup> (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">21,00 (5,00)</td>
                <td align="center">21,00 (7,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,534</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa corporal<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup> (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">60,30 (22,80)</td>
                <td align="center">68,15 (22,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatura<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup> (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1,69 (0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">1,73 (0,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,461</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup> (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">22,19 (4,67)</td>
                <td align="center">24,19 (5,84)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o C/Q<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup> (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 (0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">110,00 (20,00)</td>
                <td align="center">110,00 (10,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,757</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">70,00 (10,00)</td>
                <td align="center">60,00 (10,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,620</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup> (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">70,76 (10,04)</td>
                <td align="center">80,00 (16,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia casual<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup> (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">93,00 (20,00)</td>
                <td align="center">162,00 (168,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gordura Corporal<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21,86 (7,58)</td>
                <td align="center">26,00 (9,60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF semanal<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup> (minutos)</td>
                <td align="center">320,00 (440,00)</td>
                <td align="center">280,00 (510,00)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de Diagn&#243;stico<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">11,71 (5,99)</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>mediana (intervalo interquartil). DMT1: diabetes mellitus tipo 1; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; C/Q: cintura/quadril; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AF: atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 2</xref> representa os valores dos &#237;ndices lineares e n&#227;o lineares da VFC para ambos os grupos. Observaram-se valores significativamente menores no grupo DM tipo 1 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle para os &#237;ndices: SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50, RRTri, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, SD1 e SD2.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valore dos &#237;ndices da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dos grupos controle e diab&#233;ticos ajustados por valores de &#237;ndice de massa corporal e glicemia casual</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#205;ndice</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 43)</th>
                <th align="center">DMT1 (n = 39)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SDNN</td>
                <td align="center">66,97 (22,17)</td>
                <td align="center">41,99 (19,65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RMSSD</td>
                <td align="center">55,59 (21,60)</td>
                <td align="center">32,73 (17,43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PNN50</td>
                <td align="center">33,64 (19,97)</td>
                <td align="center">14,79 (15,68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TINN</td>
                <td align="center">220,81 (85,36)</td>
                <td align="center">191,25 (76,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,439</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RRTri</td>
                <td align="center">16,31 (4,95)</td>
                <td align="center">12,62 (9,76)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1187,97 (743,46)</td>
                <td align="center">556,25 (542,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1141,65 (899,22)</td>
                <td align="center">572,87 (517,38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF un</td>
                <td align="center">49,76 (16,72)</td>
                <td align="center">54,54 (14,83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,452</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF un</td>
                <td align="center">50,23 (16,72)</td>
                <td align="center">45,45 (14,84)</td>
                <td align="center">0,452</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF/HF</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 (0,84)</td>
                <td align="center">1,65 (1,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,562</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD1</td>
                <td align="center">39,01 (15,43)</td>
                <td align="center">23,16 (12,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD2</td>
                <td align="center">85,64 (29,36)</td>
                <td align="center">54,41 (25,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD1/SD2</td>
                <td align="center">0,46 (0,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41 (0,12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,469</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ApEn</td>
                <td align="center">1,46 (0,10)</td>
                <td align="center">1,44 (0,11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,677</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>DMT1: diabetes mellitus tipo 1; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo, expresso em ms; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes, em um intervalo de tempo, expresso em ms; PNN50: porcentagem dos intervalos RR adjacentes com diferen&#231;a de dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 50 ms; TINN: interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular dos intervalos RR; RRTri: &#237;ndice triangular; LF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia; SD1: desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea batimento a batimento; SD2: desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade a longo prazo; ApEn: entropia aproximada.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 3</xref> apresenta os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, curva ROC, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo dos &#237;ndices da VFC analisados nesse estudo. Nota-se que os &#237;ndices RMSSD, SDNN, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, RRTri, SD1 e SD2 foram os &#237;ndices que apresentaram melhor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, com valores de curva ROC maiores que 0,65.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sensibilidade, Especificidade, Curva ROC, valor preditivo positivo e negativo para os &#237;ndices da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#205;ndices</th>
                <th align="center">SEN</th>
                <th align="center">ESP</th>
                <th align="center">ROC</th>
                <th align="center">VPP</th>
                <th align="center">VPN</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RMSSD</td>
                <td align="center">0,66 [0,49 - 0,80]</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 [0,66 - 091]</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 [0,69 - 0,87]</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 [0,58 - 0,89]</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 [0,58 - 0,84]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SDNN</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 [0,40 - 0,73]</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 [0,74 - 0,96]</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 [0,70 - 0,88]</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 [0,61 - 0,93]</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 [0,56 - 0,82]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PNN50</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 [0,55-0,85]</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 [0,56-0,84]</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 [0,66-0,85]</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 [0,53-0,83]</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 [0,58-0,83]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 [0,63 - 0,90]</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 [0,53 - 0,82]</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 [0,64 - 0,84]</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 [0,54 - 0,83]</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 [0,59 - 0,87]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 [0,66 - 0,92]</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 [0,39 - 0,70]</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 [0,63 - 0,83]</td>
                <td align="center">0,62 [0,47 - 0,76]</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 [0,58 - 0,90]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF/HF (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 [0,69 - 0,94]</td>
                <td align="center">0,32 [0,19 - 0,48]</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 [0,45 - 0,67]</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 [0,40 - 0,66]</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 [0,45 - 0,88]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF nu</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 [0,69 - 0,94]</td>
                <td align="center">0,32 [0,19 - 0,48]</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 [0,45 - 0,67]</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 [0,40 - 0,66]</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 [0,45 - 0,88]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF nu</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 [0,69 - 0,94]</td>
                <td align="center">0,32 [0,19 - 0,48]</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 [0,45 - 0,67]</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 [0,40 - 0,66]</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 [0,45 - 0,88]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TINN</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 [0,37 - 0,69]</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 [0,64 - 0,90]</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 [0,52 - 0,74]</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 [0,50 - 0,85]</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 [0,50 - 0,78]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RRTri</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 [0,52 - 0,83]</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 [0,61 - 0,88]</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 [0,65 - 0,85]</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 [0,55 - 0,86]</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 [0,58 - 0,85]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD1</td>
                <td align="center">0,66 [0,49 - 0,80]</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 [0,64 - 0,90]</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 [0,68 - 0,87]</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 [0,56 - 0,87]</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 [0,57 - 0,84]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD2</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 [0,44 - 0,76]</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 [0,74 - 0,96]</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 [0,70 - 0,88]</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 [0,64 - 0,94]</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 [0,57 - 0,83]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD1/SD2</td>
                <td align="center">0,46 [0,30 - 0,62]</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 [0,61 - 0,88]</td>
                <td align="center">0,58 [0,46 - 0,68]</td>
                <td align="center">0,64 [0,44 - 0,81]</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 [0,46 - 0,74]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ApEn</td>
                <td align="center">0,35 [0,21 - 0,52]</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 [0,72 - 0,94]</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 [0,44 - 0,67]</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 [0,45 - 0,88]</td>
                <td align="center">0,59 [0,46 - 0,71]</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>SEN: sensibilidade; ESP: especificidade; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; VPN: valor preditivo negativo; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo, expresso em ms; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes, em um intervalo de tempo, expresso em ms; PNN50: porcentagem dos intervalos RR adjacentes com diferen&#231;a de dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 50 ms; TINN: interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular dos intervalos RR; RRTri: &#237;ndice triangular; LF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia; nu: unidade normalizada; SD1: desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea batimento a batimento; SD2: desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade a longo prazo; ApEn: entropia aproximada.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 4</xref> apresenta os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, curva ROC e ponto de corte para os &#237;ndices da VFC que apresentaram valor de curva ROC &gt; 0,65. Dentre todos os &#237;ndices com valores de curva ROC superior a 0,65 os que apresentaram melhor acur&#225;cia foram o SDNN e o SD2.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sensibilidade, Especificidade, Curva ROC e ponto de corte para os &#237;ndices de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com curva ROC &gt; 0,65</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#205;ndices</th>
                <th align="center">SEN</th>
                <th align="center">ESP</th>
                <th align="center">ROC</th>
                <th align="center">Ponto de Corte</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RMSSD</td>
                <td align="center">0,66 [0,49 - 0,80]</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 [0,66 - 091]</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 [0,69 - 0,87]</td>
                <td align="center">37,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SDNN</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 [0,40 - 0,73]</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 [0,74 - 0,96]</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 [0,70 - 0,88]</td>
                <td align="center">41,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PNN50</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 [0,55-0,85]</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 [0,56-0,84]</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 [0,66-0,85]</td>
                <td align="center">18,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 [0,63 - 0,90]</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 [0,53 - 0,82]</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 [0,64 - 0,84]</td>
                <td align="center">711,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 [0,66 - 0,92]</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 [0,39 - 0,70]</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 [0,63 - 0,83]</td>
                <td align="center">826,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RRTri</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 [0,52 - 0,83]</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 [0,61 - 0,88]</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 [0,65 - 0,85]</td>
                <td align="center">12,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD1</td>
                <td align="center">0,66 [0,49 - 0,80]</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 [0,64 - 0,90]</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 [0,68 - 0,87]</td>
                <td align="center">26,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD2</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 [0,44 - 0,76]</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 [0,74 - 0,96]</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 [0,70 - 0,88]</td>
                <td align="center">55,60</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>SEN: sensibilidade; ESP: especificidade; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes, em um intervalo de tempo, expresso em ms; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo, expresso em ms; LF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia; RRTri: &#237;ndice triangular; SD1: desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea batimento a batimento; SD2: desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade a longo prazo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados apontam que indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1 apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es da VFC, caracterizadas por redu&#231;&#227;o tanto da atividade simp&#225;tica quanto parassimp&#225;tica e na variabilidade global quando comparados aos sujeitos sem a doen&#231;a. Observou-se tamb&#233;m que os &#237;ndices RMSSD, SDNN, PNN50, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, RRTri, SD1 e SD2 representam melhor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica para discriminar indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo I de saud&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Ainda, indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1 apresentaram maior massa corporal, acompanhado de maior IMC, FC, glicemia casual e percentual de gordura em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. J&#225; as vari&#225;veis, idade, estatura, C/Q, PAS, PAD e atividade f&#237;sica semanal foram similares para ambos os grupos. Resultados pr&#243;ximos aos do presente estudo foram encontrados por Javorka et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> para as vari&#225;veis idade, IMC, PAS e PAD e no estudo de Jaiswal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> para FC e atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
        <p>A partir dos resultados obtidos com os &#237;ndices da VFC, foi poss&#237;vel observar que existem redu&#231;&#245;es nas atividades simp&#225;tica (LF ms<sup>2</sup>) e parassimp&#225;tica do SNA (RMSSD, PNN50, HF ms<sup>2</sup> e SD1), e na variabilidade global (SDNN, RRtri e SD2) no grupo com DM tipo 1 quando comparado com o grupo controle. Corroborando com os resultados do presente estudo, Javorka et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> observaram redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50, LF ms<sup>2</sup> e HF ms<sup>2</sup> em 17 indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1 (22,4 &#177; 1,0 anos). Jaiswal et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> em um estudo com mais de 350 jovens com DM tipo 1 (18,8 &#177; 3,3 anos), observaram que os &#237;ndices SDNN, RMSSD, HF nu, LF nu e a rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF eram significativamente menores nesses indiv&#237;duos em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Por&#233;m, em nosso estudo, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto &#224;s rela&#231;&#245;es SD1/SD2 e LF/HF e os &#237;ndices LF e HF em unidades normalizadas.</p>
        <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es nos &#237;ndices de VFC s&#227;o um indicativo de adapta&#231;&#227;o anormal e insuficiente do SNA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> condi&#231;&#227;o que aumenta o risco de morte s&#250;bita por arritmias card&#237;acas e est&#225; associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade por outras causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Tal fato indica que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca em pacientes j&#225; em risco, como no DM, pode ser um agente complicador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos apontam ainda que alguns &#237;ndices da VFC possuem boa acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica em determinadas popula&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Em nosso estudo, observamos que os &#237;ndices RMSSD, SDNN, PNN50, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, RRtri, SD1 e SD2 apresentaram melhor sensibilidade e especificidade para discriminar disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1 em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos sem a doen&#231;a. Os &#237;ndices que apresentaram melhor poder discriminat&#243;rio foram tamb&#233;m aqueles que apresentaram valores significativamente menores no grupo DM tipo 1 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle.</p>
        <p>Esses &#237;ndices est&#227;o relacionados &#224; an&#225;lise do comportamento parassimp&#225;tico (RMSSD, PNN50, HF ms<sup>2</sup> e SD1), simp&#225;tico (LF ms<sup>2</sup>) e global do SNA (SDNN, RRtri e SD2),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e sugerem que a discrimina&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DM tipo 1 pode estar relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica global, simp&#225;tica e vagal do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Poucos s&#227;o os estudos que avaliam o poder diagn&#243;stico da VFC em indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1. Ziegler et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> apontaram que o &#237;ndice HF apresentou maior sensibilidade para detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica precoce em diab&#233;ticos tipo 1 e tipo 2 j&#225; classificados em tr&#234;s est&#225;gios de neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. J&#225; Khandoker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> observaram que em diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, a SampEn e que a rela&#231;&#227;o SD1/SD2 obtida pelo <italic>plot</italic> de Poincar&#233; foram os &#237;ndices capazes de distinguir melhor os pacientes diab&#233;ticos com neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, com sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 75%.</p>
        <p>Ainda, Takasae et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> apontaram que valores de SDANN inferiores a 30 ms geraram melhor sensibilidade (72%) e especificidade (92%) do que valores inferiores a 20ms (sensibilidade de 31% e especificidade de 100%) para detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e eventos card&#237;acos em diab&#233;ticos tipo 2 com neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Contudo, esses estudos avaliaram apenas indiv&#237;duos com neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca instalada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o de Khandoker et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> que avaliaram todos os indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos, independente do diagn&#243;stico de neuropatia. Em nosso estudo, a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica da VFC foi analisada em ambos os grupos (DM e controle) ao mesmo tempo, com a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de avaliar o poder da ferramenta em discriminar indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1 de saud&#225;veis a partir da presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, fornecendo resultados mais pr&#243;ximos da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Sendo assim, este estudo destaca-se por avaliar a capacidade da VFC em diagnosticar poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas em indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1, identificando um valor de corte que indique aos profissionais da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de altera&#231;&#245;es que possam estar associadas &#224; presen&#231;a precoce de neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. &#201; importante salientar que nenhum dos volunt&#225;rios avaliados possu&#237;a como complica&#231;&#227;o decorrente do DM tipo 1 a neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. Deste modo, n&#227;o podemos afirmar que os valores de corte apresentados neste estudo estejam relacionados &#224; neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, como em outros estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> mas sim a uma depress&#227;o do SNA possivelmente relacionada ao DM tipo 1,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> que deve ser investigada e tratada, para prevenir a progress&#227;o para neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. Vale ressaltar ainda que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da VFC &#233; o primeiro sinal de neuropatia auton&#244;mica, e &#233; sugerida como um dos testes de diagn&#243;stico em um posicionamento da American Diabetes Association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A validade de um teste refere-se a sua capacidade em diagnosticar ou predizer um evento, e as medidas de sensibilidade e especificidade fornecem a probabilidade de que um teste discrimine corretamente um indiv&#237;duo doente de um sadio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> diminuindo a chance de diagn&#243;stico err&#244;neo. Em nosso estudo, dos 14 &#237;ndices testados, 8 apresentaram melhor sensibilidade e especificidade para discriminar indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1 daqueles sem a doen&#231;a e seu uso no diagn&#243;stico e manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de dos pacientes diab&#233;ticos pode ser incentivado.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da VFC &#233; r&#225;pida de ser executada, segura, n&#227;o invasiva e financeiramente acess&#237;vel, o que possibilita um acompanhamento cl&#237;nico da condi&#231;&#227;o do SNA. Tal fato &#233; fundamental para reduzir e intervir em poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es e minimizar eventos cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> morte s&#250;bita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> e perda da qualidade de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> a que essa popula&#231;&#227;o est&#225; sujeita.</p>
        <p>Como limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo, podemos apontar o seu car&#225;ter transversal, que nos impossibilitou de acompanhar o comportamento auton&#244;mico por um per&#237;odo maior para saber se as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas estavam no seu est&#225;gio inicial ou n&#227;o. Ainda, o tempo de diagn&#243;stico foi diferente entre os diab&#233;ticos e esses indiv&#237;duos apresentaram maior m&#233;dia do IMC e % gordura em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, o que pode ter influenciado os resultados. Estudos longitudinais com essa popula&#231;&#227;o com o objetivo de identificar se os &#237;ndices aqui descritos com melhor poder discriminat&#243;rio mant&#233;m-se ao longo do tempo como um bom indicador progn&#243;stico s&#227;o perspectivas de estudos futuros.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados permitem concluir que indiv&#237;duos com DM Tipo 1 apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas caracterizadas por redu&#231;&#227;o tanto da atividade simp&#225;tica quanto parassimp&#225;tica e na variabilidade global e que os &#237;ndices SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50, RRtri, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, SD1 e SD2 apresentaram melhor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica para discriminar indiv&#237;duos com DM Tipo 1.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (n&#250;mero do processo: 2013 / 19055-0).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Anne Kastelianne Fran&#231;a da Silva pela Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
