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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nQBx7Y6zDdpT9zzz8w7mKFP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000300246</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170027</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Heart Failure</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Factors in Severe Chagasic Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra de Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Elis Marra da Madeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boaventura</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Pereira da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Bastista Masson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Sandra de Ara&#250;jo Costa</bold>. Primeira Avenida, 565. CEP 74605-020, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>sandracardio@hotmail.com</email>, <email>cardioufg@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Costa SA, Rassi S. Acquisition of data: Costa SA. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Costa SA, Rassi S. Statistical analysis: Costa SA, Rassi S. Obtaining financing: Costa SA. Writing of the manuscript: Costa SA, Freitas EMM, Rassi S. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Costa SA, Freitas EMM, Gutierrez NS, Boaventura FM, Silva JBM, Sampaio LPC, Rassi S. Supervision / as the major investigador: Costa SA, Rassi S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>246</fpage>
      <lpage>254</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Prognostic factors are extensively studied in heart failure; however, their role in severe Chagasic heart failure have not been established.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To identify the association of clinical and laboratory factors with the prognosis of severe Chagasic heart failure, as well as the association of these factors with mortality and survival in a 7.5-year follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>60 patients with severe Chagasic heart failure were evaluated regarding the following variables: age, blood pressure, ejection fraction, serum sodium, creatinine, 6-minute walk test, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, QRS width, indexed left atrial volume, and functional class.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>53 (88.3%) patients died during follow-up, and 7 (11.7%) remained alive. Cumulative overall survival probability was approximately 11%. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (HR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.04 - 4.31; p&lt;0.05) and indexed left atrial volume &#8805; 72 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (HR = 3.51; 95% CI: 1.63 - 7.52; p&lt;0.05) were the only variables that remained as independent predictors of mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The presence of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia on Holter and indexed left atrial volume &gt; 72 mL/m<sup>2</sup> are independent predictors of mortality in severe Chagasic heart failure, with cumulative survival probability of only 11% in 7.5 years.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot provide a cardiac output that meets the needs of the peripheral organs and tissues, or does it under conditions of high filling pressures in its chambers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The American Heart Association (AHA) estimates a HF prevalence of 5.1 million individuals in the United States between 2007 and 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In Brazil, the HF prevalence is 2 million patients, and its incidence, 240,000 new cases per year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Chagas disease is still an important etiology of HF. Approximately 10-12 million people worldwide are infected with <italic>Tripanossoma cruzi</italic>, and 21% to 31% of them will develop cardiomyopathy. This pathology accounts for 15,000 deaths per year and approximately 200,000 new cases. In Brazil, there are 3 million people with Chagas disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Knowledge and experience indicate that the prognosis of individuals with HF is poor, and, of all etiologies, Chagasic HF has the worst prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies on the poor prognosis of patients with Chagasic HF have been valued. However, information on mortality predictors in that disease are limited, and knowing those factors enables the treatment in the presence of some unfavorable conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Access to those parameters is usually easy, inexpensive and allows identifying the patients at higher mortality risk.</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at identifying the association of clinical and laboratory factors with the prognosis of severe Chagasic HF, as well as the association of those factors with mortality rate and survival in a 7.5-year follow-up.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a subset of the "<italic>Estudo Multic&#234;ntrico, Randomizado de Terapia Celular em Cardiopatias (EMRTCC) - Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica</italic>", with retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The research was conducted at the Heart Failure Service of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (HC) of the Goi&#225;s Federal University (UFG).</p>
      <p>This study's target population was formed by 60 patients of the 234 participants in the EMRTCC, who remained being followed up at the HF outpatient clinic of the HC/UFG.</p>
      <p>The EMRTCC study showed that the intracoronary injection of autologous stem-cells conferred no additional benefit over standard therapy to patients with Chagasic cardiomyopathy. Neither the left ventricular function nor the quality of life of those patients improved.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The neutral result ensured that the population assessed had no interference of that procedure.</p>
      <p>The complete follow-up duration in this study was 7.5 years.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Analyzed parameters</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Systolic blood pressure</title>
          <p>Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by using the auscultatory technique standardized by the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Arterial Hypertension, with duly calibrated aneroid sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Normality was considered as SBP of 120 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 80 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Age</title>
          <p>Age was calculated based on the birth date recorded on the patient's identification document, considering the complete years of life at the time of study selection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Simpson's left ventricular ejection fraction</title>
          <p>Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured by echocardiography with the Simpson's method. All exams were performed by one single examiner in a Toshiba Xario device.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Serum sodium</title>
          <p>Ion-selective electrode photometry was used to measure serum sodium concentration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The normal reference value adopted at the local analysis laboratory was 135-144 mEq/L. Serum sodium concentration below the lower limit of normality (&lt; 135 mEq/L) was considered hyponatremia, and above 144 mEq/L, hypernatremia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Creatinine</title>
          <p>Automated Jaffe's reaction was used to measure serum creatinine concentration. The reference values adopted for creatinine were 0.7 - 1.3 mg/dL for men, and 0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL for women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6-minute walk test</title>
          <p>The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was performed twice, at a minimum 15-minute interval for rest. At the end of the 6MWT, the vital data initially obtained were collected again, and the distance covered by the patient was calculated as the mean of the two tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The normal reference values for the 6MWT ranged from 400m to 700m for healthy individuals. So far, the literature has no standardized 6MWT reference value for individuals with heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> We adopted the value of &#8805; 400m for a satisfactory result, and &lt; 400m for an unsatisfactory result, based on data published in the SOLVD Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia</title>
          <p>Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) was defined as three or more consecutive heartbeats, originating below the atrioventricular node, with heart rate &gt; 100 beats per minute and duration &lt; 30 seconds, identified on 24-hour Holter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>QRS width</title>
          <p>The QRS width was obtained on an electrocardiographic tracing in a duly calibrated device. Values &#8804; 120ms were considered normal QRS width, while those &gt; 120ms, extended QRS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indexed left atrial volume</title>
          <p>Indexed left atrial volume (ILAV) was obtained from the left atrial contour in two orthogonal views (apical 2- and 4-chamber views)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> on echocardiography performed by a single observer in all patients.</p>
          <p>Values up to 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> were considered normal, between 35 and 41 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, mild increase, between 42 and 48 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, moderate increase, and greater than 48 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, significant increase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Functional class</title>
          <p>Functional class was categorized based on the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, whose validity and reliability have been well established.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The classification was based on the severity of the symptoms reported, and ranged from I to IV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The data were collected and recorded in an electronic spreadsheet and analyzed with the IBM SPSS statistical software, version 21.0.</p>
          <p>The categorical variables were expressed as frequency, with absolute numbers and proportions. The association analysis between predicting variables and outcomes was performed with the chi-square test.</p>
          <p>The chi-square test was used to compare outcome (death) and the different categories of predicting variables, such as age group, SBP, serum sodium, NSVT and QRS width.</p>
          <p>The continuous quantitative variables were expressed as means, medians (non- parametric distribution), standard deviation and confidence interval (CI). Data distribution was analyzed by using the Shapiro Wilks test, considering the sample size smaller than 100 participants. To compare the means of the predicting variables, non-paired Student <italic>t</italic> test or Mann Whitney <italic>U</italic> test was used, depending on data distribution.</p>
          <p>All tests were performed considering the 5% significance level, two-tailed probability and 95% CI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Survival analysis</title>
          <p>The survival time was calculated as the interval between the dates of treatment beginning and death. The maximal follow-up duration was 90 months, and those remaining alive after that time were censored. Because the participants underwent different follow-up durations and entered the study at different times, their prognoses were assessed with Kaplan-Meier statistics.</p>
          <p>To compare stratified survival curves, hazard ratio (HR) was used as the measure of association between survival variables. Log-Rank (Mantel-Cox) test was used to compare the expected values of each stratum under the null hypothesis that the risk is the same in all strata, that is, the number of events observed in each category of the variable analyzed, with the number of events (outcomes) expected.</p>
          <p>Cox proportional hazards model, a semiparametric model to estimate the proportionality of hazards during the entire follow-up in an adjusted way, was performed to estimate the effect of the predicting variables. The continuous variables whose p-value &lt; 0.20, in their quantitative format, and the categorical dichotomous or polychotomous variables were included in the model. The p-value of the Wald test was used.</p>
          <p>Initially, univariate analysis of risk estimation was performed, and only the variables showing association with p &lt; 0.20 were entered in the multivariate model. The model was adjusted step-by-step, with the inclusion of the variable that associated best in the first step, and considering theoretical criteria of previous knowledge.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the initial characteristics of the 60 participants in this study.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the sample according to the variables analyzed</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="70%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Mean Median</th>
                <th align="center">SD/ 95%CI</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">52.6 <break/>54.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;9.4 <break/>50.2 - 55.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">98.4 <break/>100.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;14.2 <break/>94.8 - 102.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27.1 <break/>26.5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;5.5 <break/>25.3 - 28.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Serum sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">137.3 <break/>137.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;4.2 <break/>136.2 - 138.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 <break/>1.2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;0.3 <break/>1.1 - 1.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6-minute walk test (meters)</td>
                <td align="center">433.4 <break/>433.5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;139.1 <break/>397.5 - 469.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QRS width (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">125.3 <break/>120.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;29.4 <break/>117.7 - 132.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ILAV (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">107.0 <break/>102.7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;47.8 <break/>94.7 - 119.4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; LV: left ventricular; ms: millisecond; ILAV: indexed left atrial volume.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up</title>
        <p>The patients were followed up regularly at the HF outpatient clinic of the HC/UFG.</p>
        <p>All patients were assessed at time zero and every 15 days, up to completing 60 days. This period was necessary to optimize medication for HF therapy and clinical stabilization of patients. Then, there was a baseline assessment, in which data were collected for analysis.</p>
        <p>The patients were followed up with regular visits at 15 days, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months, and then every 6 months after the 1-year visit, until the end of the 7.5-year follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medicamentous treatment</title>
        <p>All participants were duly medicated, according to the III Brazilian Guideline on Chronic Heart Failure and patients' tolerance to medications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Appropriate medicamentous treatment was based on the association of a loop diuretic (furosemide), an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI - enalapril), spironolactone and a beta-blocker (carvedilol). Patients would not receive a beta-blocker in case of intolerance. Digoxin was added when the patient remained symptomatic despite the use of those drugs. An angiotensin-receptor blocker (losartan) was prescribed in case of ACEI intolerance. Amiodarone was used in patients with symptomatic ventricular arrhythmia, documented on ECG or Holter. All patients with atrial fibrillation were anticoagulated, aiming at reaching an international normalized ratio (INR) between 2.0 and 3.0.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The mean doses of ACEI and beta-blocker used were 10 mg/day and 25 mg/day, respectively. We aimed at the best drug treatment for all patients, with maximum tolerated doses of each medication. This process lasted, on average, 60 days.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characterization of the sample according to the variables analyzed and outcome</title>
        <p>Analyzing the clinical variables and comparing with death and non-death, the following three variables were found to be related to the mortality outcome: serum sodium, serum creatinine and ILAV.</p>
        <p>Mean serum sodium concentrations were significantly lower in the patients who died, while mean serum creatinine levels were higher for the same outcome.</p>
        <p>Similarly to creatinine, the mean ILAV levels were higher in patients who died.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Survival analysis</title>
        <p>Of the 60 participants in this study, 53 (88.3%) died during the entire follow-up (90 months), and 7 (11.7%) were censored (alive by the end of follow-up) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cumulative overall survival probability (Kaplan-Meier)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Time [months (year)]</th>
                <th align="center">Participants at risk</th>
                <th align="center">Cumulative survival (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Deaths in the time interval</th>
                <th align="center">Alive at the beginning of the time interval</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">12 (1 year)</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">24 (2 years)</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">36 (3 years)</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">48 (4 years)</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60 (5 years)</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">72 (6 years)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">84 (7 years)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">90 (7.5 years)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The median follow-up was 24.5 months (&#177;27.3; 95% CI: 28.5 - 42.6) and the cumulative overall survival probability for that follow-up period was approximately 50% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In the median follow-up period (24.5 months), there were 30 deaths, representing 50% of the total sample.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cumulative overall survival curve.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0246-70027-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Most deaths were related to cardiovascular diseases, 47 (88.69%) being due to progressive HF, 3 (5.67%) to sudden death, and 1 (1.88%) to acute myocardial infarction. Of the other 2 deaths, 1 (1.88%) was due to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and the other (1.88%) to multiple organ failure consequent to sepsis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Result of the Log-Hank (Mantel-Cox) - Kaplan-Meier test</title>
        <p>The Log-Hank (Mantel-Cox) - Kaplan-Meier test was used to compare the survival curve with general mortality for the clinical and laboratory variables.</p>
        <p>Regarding survival, the NSVT and ILAV variables showed significance. Patients with ILAV &lt; 72 mL/m<sup>2</sup> had higher survival (35.7%) (Log-Rank, p=0.001), as had those with no NSVT (12.9%) (Log-Rank, p=0.040) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the survival curve and general mortality for the variables analyzed [Log-Hank (Mantel-Cox) - Kaplan-Meier test]</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">Events</th>
                <th align="center">Censored</th>
                <th align="center">Survival %</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.666</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 60</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">10.6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 60</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">15.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">General</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">11.7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>SBP (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.325</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 120</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">10.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt;120</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">20.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Serum sodium (mEq/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt;135</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">7.1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">135| --- 144</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">11.9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 144</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">25.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>NSVT</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">10.3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">12.9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>QRS width (ms)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.606</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal (&lt; 120)</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11.1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Extended (&gt;120)</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">11.9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Functional class (NYHA)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">18.8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3.6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>ILAV (mL/m</bold>
                  <sup>2</sup>
                  <bold>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 72</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">35.7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 72</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4.3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Creatinine (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.267</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 1.30</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">6.3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804;1.30</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">13.6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ejection fraction (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.446</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt;25%</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">11.8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 25%</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">11.5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; ILAV: indexed left atrial volume; ms: millisecond.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Multivariate analysis - Cox regression</title>
        <p>The variables used in Cox regression that remained in the last adjusted model were: NSVT, ILAV, serum sodium, and functional class, but only the first two had significant risk values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of the variables based on univariate analysis of risk and Cox regression</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Univariate analysis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Multivariate analysis</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center"><italic>Hazard Ratio</italic><break/> 95%CI</th>
                <th align="center">Wald coef.<break/> (p value)</th>
                <th align="center"><italic>Hazard Ratio</italic><break/> 95%CI</th>
                <th align="center">Wald coef.<break/> (p value)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NSVT</td>
                <td align="center">3.0 (1.02 - 8.48)</td>
                <td align="center">4.01 (0.045)</td>
                <td align="center">3.83 (1.29 - 11.35)</td>
                <td align="center">5.84 (0.016)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ILAV</td>
                <td align="center">3.4 (1.58 - 7.24)</td>
                <td align="center">9.84 (0.002)</td>
                <td align="center">3.51 (1.63 - 7.52)</td>
                <td align="center">10.77 (0.001)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sodium</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 (0.86 - 1.01)</td>
                <td align="center">2.80 (0.095)</td>
                <td align="center">0.98 (0.90 - 1.07)</td>
                <td align="center">0.22 (0.639)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 (0.96 - 2.86)</td>
                <td align="center">3.22 (0.073)</td>
                <td align="center">1.34 (0.76 - 2.36)</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 (0.311)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; ILAV: indexed left atrial volume; FC: functional class; CI: confidence interval; coef.: coefficient.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>This study identified an increased risk for death of 2.11 (1.04 - 4.31) among patients with NSVT, and of 3.51 (1.63 - 7.52) among those with ILAV &#8805; 72 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (p &lt;0.05 for both).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Survival in heart failure</title>
        <p>In this study, the cumulative overall survival probability of patients with severe Chagasic HF was approximately 11%, resulting from 53 deaths during the 90-month follow-up of a population of 60 patients.</p>
        <p>The results found in this study are similar to those by Theodoropoulos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> who have assessed 127 patients with Chagasic HF and found cumulative survival probabilities of 78%, 59%, 46% and 39% in 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-year follow-ups, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of cumulative survival rate in the studies</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Follow-up<break/> [months (years)]</th>
                <th align="center">Costa, S.A.<break/> (2016)</th>
                <th align="center">Theodoropoulos, T.A. et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Areosa, C.M.N.<break/> et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Rassi, S.<break/> et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">CS (%)</th>
                <th align="center">CS (%)</th>
                <th align="center">CS (%)</th>
                <th align="center">CS (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">12 (1 year)</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">84.5</td>
                <td align="center">90.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">24 (2 years)</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">74.3</td>
                <td align="center">82.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">36 (3 years)</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">68.9</td>
                <td align="center">73.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">48 (4 years)</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">64.8</td>
                <td align="center">70.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60 (5 years)</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">60.5</td>
                <td align="center">64.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">72 (6 years)</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">84 (7 years)</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">90 (7.5 years)</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>CS: cumulative survival</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Clinical studies on HF of different etiologies have shown a slightly better probability in the long run. The cumulative overall survival probabilities reported by Rassi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> were 90.6%, 82.3%, 73.3%, 70.2% and 64.4% after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years of follow-up, respectively. That population had HF of recent symptom onset.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The survival reported by Areosa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> in a study with patients with severe HF of different etiologies, referred for cardiac transplantation, was 84.5% in the first year, 74.3% in the second year, 68.9% in the third year, 64.8% in the fourth year, and 60.5% in the fifth year.</p>
        <p>The patients included in our analysis were properly medicated, and had age groups, functional class, SBP and LVEF similar to those of other studies (Theodoropoulos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Rassi et a.l<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and Areosa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>). The present study and that by Theodoropoulos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> assessed only Chagasic patients, while the other cohorts comprised patients with HF of different etiologies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>), that being their major difference.</p>
        <p>Our study follow-up was long (7.5 years). Because Chagasic HF is a severe disease, with high mortality, the survival rate was expected to be low. The comparison of the survival rates reported by Rassi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and Areosa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and ours evidenced the lowest survival rate of severe Chagasic HF since the first year of follow-up, characterizing the worst prognosis of Chagasic individuals. When comparing our results with those by Theodoropoulos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> who recruited only Chagasic patients, the similarity of data is evident.</p>
        <p>To our knowledge, ours is the only study following up a population with HF longer than 5 years. Thus, there is no study on a 7.5-year survival that allows the comparison with ours.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Prognostic factors with no statistical significance</title>
          <p>The variables SBP, age, LVEF, 6MWT, QRS width, and functional class showed no statistical significance regarding the outcome mortality.</p>
          <p>Serum sodium and creatinine concentrations showed statistical significance regarding the outcome mortality on univariate analysis; after adjusting the model in multivariate analysis, however, they lost significance.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prognostic factors with statistical significance</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Indexed left atrial volume</title>
          <p>This study used the cut-off point of 72 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, similarly to that determined by Rassi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> who identified, by using the ROC curve, 70,71 mL/m<sup>2</sup> as the best cut-off point.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
          <p>An ILAV &gt; 72 mL/m<sup>2</sup> was associated with a significant increase in mortality. Individuals with ILAV &gt; 72 mL/m<sup>2</sup> had increased risk for death (HR = 3.51; 95% CI: 1.63 - 7.52; p&lt;0.05). Nunes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> have assessed the prognostic vale of ILAV in a population of 192 patients with Chagasic HF. They have identified a 4.7% increase in the risk for cardiac events for each 1-mL/m<sup>2</sup> increment in ILAV (HR = 1.047; 95% CI: 1.035 - 1.059; p &lt;0.001), ILAV being, thus, considered a strong predictor of adverse results, implicating in worse prognosis and increased risk of death in that population.</p>
          <p>Of the 20 echocardiographic parameters studied, ILAV proved to be the only independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in patients with Chagasic HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The echocardiogram, by identifying ILAV, adds significant information, and is a widely used non-invasive method that can play an important role in risk stratification, follow-up and treatment of Chagasic dilated cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia on Holter</title>
          <p>The NSVT was one of the variables analyzed with Cox regression that showed significant risk (HR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.04 - 4.31; p &lt; 0.05). Ventricular arrhythmias, such as NSVT, have been reported as extremely frequent in Chagas disease. The episodes of NSVT have been closely related to the ventricular dysfunction degree and its clinical repercussions, occurring in approximately 40% of the patients with Chagasic HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
          <p>In our case series, all patients had LVEF &lt;35%, and 48.34% of them had NSVT on 24-hour Holter. Despite the high mortality of this population, only 5.67% of the deaths occurred suddenly. These patients were under optimal medical therapy with amiodarone and beta-blocker, which can partially explain this fact.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Two Argentinian randomized studies, GESICA and EPAMSA, assessing the effect of amiodarone in patients with HF, have included 10% and 20% of Chagasic patients in their cohorts, respectively. They have suggested that amiodarone could reduce total mortality when administered to patients with complex ventricular arrhythmias associated with reduced LVEF (&lt; 35%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> However, at the time those studies were conducted, there was no formal indication for the use of beta-blockers in systolic HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A sub-analysis of the REMADHE study, assessing the mode of death of patients with Chagasic HF as compared to that of patients with non-Chagasic cardiomyopathy, has shown higher mortality due to progressive HF among Chagasic patients, and that the use of amiodarone in that group was an independent predictor of mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>In our case series, no patient had an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, and 18 (30%) had a pacemaker.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective analysis of data prospectively collected in the EMRTCC study, originating from a single center. Despite the limitations inherent in a retrospective analysis, the parameters prospectively collected met well-defined criteria.</p>
          <p>In addition, the population studied met very restrictive inclusion criteria, such as functional class (II and III), LVEF (&#8804; 35%) and creatinine (&#8804; 2.5mgd/L), which limited the expression of those variables to the correlation analysis with outcomes.</p>
          <p>Another limitation was the small number of patients on beta-blockers, which is due to the low blood pressure of that specific population of patients, the bradycardia inherent in the heart disease, added to the use of amiodarone and digitalis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In patients with Chagasic HF and important ventricular dysfunction, the presence of NSVT on Holter, as well as an ILAV greater than 72 mL/m<sup>2</sup> on echocardiography, are independent predictors of mortality.</p>
      <p>The general prognosis of those patients is poor, with a cumulative survival probability of 11% in 7.5 years.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Sandra de Ara&#250;jo Costa, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores Progn&#243;sticos na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Grave de Etiologia Chag&#225;sica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra de Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Elis Marra da Madeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boaventura</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Pereira da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Bastista Masson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sandra de Ara&#250;jo Costa</bold>. Primeira Avenida, 565. CEP 74605-020, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>sandracardio@hotmail.com</email>, <email>cardioufg@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Costa SA, Rassi S. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Costa SA. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Costa SA, Rassi S. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Costa SA, Rassi S. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Costa SA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Costa SA, Freitas EMM, Rassi S. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Costa SA, Freitas EMM, Gutierrez NS, Boaventura FM, Silva JBM, Sampaio LPC, Rassi S. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Costa SA, Rassi S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Fatores progn&#243;sticos s&#227;o bastante estudados na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), mas ainda n&#227;o possuem um papel estabelecido na IC grave de etiologia chag&#225;sica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Identificar a associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais com o progn&#243;stico da IC grave de etiologia chag&#225;sica, bem como a associa&#231;&#227;o desses fatores com a taxa de mortalidade e a sobrevida em um seguimento de 7,5 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>60 pacientes portadores de IC grave de etiologia chag&#225;sica foram avaliados com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade, press&#227;o arterial, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, s&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico, creatinina, teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada, largura do QRS, volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado e classe funcional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>53 (88,3%) pacientes foram a &#243;bito durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento e 7 (11,7%) permaneceram vivos. A probabilidade de sobrevida geral acumulada foi de aproximadamente 11%. Taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (HR = 2,11; IC 95%: 1,04 - 4,31; p&lt;0,05) e volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado &#8805; 72 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (HR = 3,51; IC 95%: 1,63 - 7,52; p&lt;0,05) foram as &#250;nicas vari&#225;veis que permaneceram como preditores independentes de mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada ao Holter e o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado &gt; 72 ml/m<sup>2</sup> s&#227;o preditores independentes de mortalidade na IC chag&#225;sica grave, com probabilidade de sobrevida acumulada de apenas 11% em 7,5 anos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) representa uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica em que o cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; incapaz de fornecer um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco que atenda &#224;s necessidades dos &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos perif&#233;ricos, ou s&#243; o faz sob condi&#231;&#245;es de altas press&#245;es de enchimento em suas c&#226;maras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) estima uma preval&#234;ncia de 5,1 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos com IC nos Estados Unidos entre 2007 e 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No Brasil, a preval&#234;ncia &#233; de 2 milh&#245;es de pacientes e a incid&#234;ncia &#233; de 240 mil novos casos por ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas ainda &#233; importante etiologia de IC. Aproximadamente 10-12 milh&#245;es de pessoas no mundo est&#227;o infectadas pelo <italic>Tripanossoma cruzi</italic> e 21% a 31% delas v&#227;o desenvolver a cardiomiopatia. Essa patologia &#233; respons&#225;vel por cerca de 15 mil mortes anuais e aproximadamente 200 mil novos casos. No Brasil, existem cerca de 3 milh&#245;es de pessoas com a doen&#231;a de Chagas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O conhecimento e as experi&#234;ncias nos apontam que o progn&#243;stico dos indiv&#237;duos com IC &#233; ruim e a doen&#231;a de Chagas, dentre as v&#225;rias etiologias, possui o pior progn&#243;stico na IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os estudos relacionados ao mau progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com IC chag&#225;sica t&#234;m sido muito apreciados. No entanto, informa&#231;&#245;es sobre preditores de mortalidade nessa doen&#231;a ainda s&#227;o limitadas e o conhecimento desses fatores possibilita a implementa&#231;&#227;o do tratamento na presen&#231;a de algumas condi&#231;&#245;es desfavor&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O acesso a esses par&#226;metros &#233; usualmente de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o, baixo custo e permite tamb&#233;m identificar os pacientes de maior risco de mortalidade.</p>
        <p>Este estudo tem o objetivo de identificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais com o progn&#243;stico da IC grave de etiologia chag&#225;sica, bem como a associa&#231;&#227;o desses fatores com a taxa de mortalidade e a sobrevida em um seguimento de 7,5 anos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um recorte do "Estudo Multic&#234;ntrico, Randomizado de Terapia Celular em Cardiopatias (EMRTCC) - Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica", com an&#225;lise retrospectiva de dados colhidos prospectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A pesquisa foi conduzida no Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, na sub-especialidade de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (HC) da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG).</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo deste estudo foi constitu&#237;da por 60 pacientes de um total de 234 participantes do EMRTCC, que permaneceram em acompanhamento no ambulat&#243;rio de IC do HC/UFG.</p>
        <p>O EMRTCC demonstrou que a inje&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria de c&#233;lulas-tronco aut&#243;logas n&#227;o trouxe benef&#237;cios adicionais sobre a terapia padr&#227;o para pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. N&#227;o houve melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ou qualidade de vida desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O resultado neutro assegura que a popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada em nossa casu&#237;stica n&#227;o sofreu interfer&#234;ncia do procedimento em sua evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O acompanhamento completo dessa popula&#231;&#227;o para este estudo foi de 7,5 anos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros analisados</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</title>
            <p>A medida da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) foi realizada com t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria, com uso de esfigmoman&#244;metro aner&#243;ide e estetosc&#243;pio devidamente calibrados. Foi utilizada a t&#233;cnica padronizada pela VI Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial. Consideramos dentro dos padr&#245;es de normalidade PAS de 120 mmHg e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) de 80 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Idade</title>
            <p>A idade foi calculada a partir da data de nascimento registrada em documento de identifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente, considerando anos de vida completos ao ser selecionado para o estudo.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson</title>
            <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi registrada atrav&#233;s do exame de ecocardiografia realizado pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson. Todos os exames foram feitos por um &#250;nico examinador em um aparelho Toshiba Xario.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>S&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico</title>
            <p>Fotometria induzida por eletrodo seletivo foi a t&#233;cnica utilizada para dosagem de s&#243;dio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Os valores 135 a 144 mEq/l s&#227;o refer&#234;ncia de normalidade adotada pelo laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lise local. A concentra &#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio s&#233;rico abaixo do limite inferior da normalidade &lt; 135 mEq/l foi considerada hiponatremia, ao passo que valores acima de 144 mEq/l foram considerados hipernatremia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Creatinina</title>
            <p>A t&#233;cnica automatizada de Jaff&#233; foi utilizada para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos valores de creatinina no soro sangu&#237;neo. Os valores de refer&#234;ncia adotados para creatinina foram 0,7 - 1,3 mg/dl para homens e 0,6 - 1,2 mg/dl para mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos</title>
            <p>Foram obtidos dois testes com intervalo m&#237;nimo de 15 minutos entre eles, para descanso. Ao t&#233;rmino do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M), os dados vitais, coletados inicialmente, foram novamente avaliados e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida pelo paciente foi calculada atrav&#233;s da m&#233;dia obtida pelos dois testes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Os valores de refer&#234;ncia de normalidade para TC6M variam entre 400m e 700m, considerando pessoas normais. Ainda n&#227;o existe na literatura valores de refer&#234;ncia padronizados para cardiopatas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Foi utilizado o valor &#8805;400m para resultado satisfat&#243;rio e &lt;400 para insatisfat&#243;rio, baseado nos dados publicados do Estudo SOLVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada</title>
            <p>Taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) foi definida como tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos consecutivos, com origem abaixo do n&#243; atrioventricular, com frequ&#234;ncia maior que 100 batimentos por minuto e dura&#231;&#227;o menor que 30 segundos. A identifica&#231;&#227;o foi atrav&#233;s do <italic>Holter</italic> de 24 horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Largura do QRS</title>
            <p>A largura do QRS foi obtida atr&#225;ves do tra&#231;ado do eletrocardiograma feito por eletrocardi&#243;grafo devidamente calibrado. Valores &#8804; 120ms foram considerados como dura&#231;&#227;o normal do QRS, e &gt; 120ms, como QRS alargado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado</title>
            <p>O volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado (VAEi) foi obtido atrav&#233;s do seu contorno em dois planos ortogonais (apical duas e quatro c&#226;maras)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> pelo ecocardiograma, que foi realizado por um &#250;nico observador em todos os pacientes.</p>
            <p>Valores at&#233; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> foram considerados normais, entre 35 e 41 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, aumento discreto, entre 42 e 48 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, aumento moderado, e acima de 48 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, aumento importante. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Classe funcional</title>
            <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional foi obtida atrav&#233;s da classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), que j&#225; possui validade e confiabilidade estabe lecidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A classifica&#231;&#227;o foi feita de acordo com a severidade dos sintomas relatados pelos indiv&#237;duos, com escore que varia de I a IV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
            <p>Os dados foram coletados e registrados em planilha eletr&#244;nica e analisados com aplica&#231;&#227;o do programa IBM SPSS <italic>Statistics</italic>, vers&#227;o 21.0.</p>
            <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas em seu formato de frequ&#234;ncia, com n&#250;meros absolutos e propor&#231;&#245;es. A an&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis preditoras e desfechos foi feita com aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste qui-quadrado.</p>
            <p>O teste qui-quadrado foi usado para comparar o desfecho (&#243;bito) com as diferentes categorias das vari&#225;veis preditoras como: faixa et&#225;ria, PAS, s&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico, TVNS e largura do QRS.</p>
            <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas com suas m&#233;dias, medianas (quando distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica), desvio padr&#227;o e intervalo de confian&#231;a. A an&#225;lise da forma como os dados se distribu&#237;am foi feita com aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste de <italic>Shapiro Wilks</italic>, considerando o tamanho da amostra inferior a 100 participantes. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis preditoras, foi utilizado o teste T-<italic>Student</italic> (n&#227;o pareado) ou Teste <italic>U de Mann Whitney</italic>, de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados.</p>
            <p>Todos os testes foram realizados considerando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e probabilidade bicaudal e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lise de sobrevida</title>
            <p>O tempo de sobrevida foi calculado como o intervalo entre a data do in&#237;cio do tratamento e a data do &#243;bito. O tempo de seguimento m&#225;ximo foi de 90 meses, sendo que aqueles que permaneceram vivos ap&#243;s esse tempo foram censurados. Os participantes t&#234;m diferentes tempos de seguimentos e entraram no estudo em tempos diferentes tamb&#233;m. Em virtude dessa caracter&#237;stica, os progn&#243;sticos foram estudados com aplica&#231;&#227;o da estat&#237;stica <italic>Kaplan-Meier</italic>.</p>
            <p>Para comparar as curvas de sobrevida estratificadas, foi utilizado o <italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> (HR) como medida de associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis na sobrevida. O teste <italic>Log-Rank</italic> (Mantel-Cox) foi usado para comparar os valores esperados de cada estrato sob a hip&#243;tese nula de que o risco &#233; o mesmo em todos os estratos, ou seja, o n&#250;mero de eventos observados em cada categoria de vari&#225;vel analisada com o n&#250;mero de eventos (desfechos) esperados.</p>
            <p>Para estimar o efeito das vari&#225;veis preditoras, foi rodado o modelo semiparam&#233;trico de riscos proporcionais, modelo de Cox, que estima a proporcionalidade dos riscos ao longo de todo o per&#237;odo de seguimento de forma ajustada. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas inclu&#237;das no modelo foram as que apresentaram o valor de p &lt;0,20, sendo analisadas em seu formato quantitativo, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas dicotomizadas ou policot&#244;micas. Foi utilizado o valor de p do teste de Wald.</p>
            <p>Inicialmente foi realizada an&#225;lise de estimativa de risco univariada, sendo colocadas no modelo multivariado somente aquelas vari&#225;veis que mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o com p&lt; 0,20 e o modelo foi ajustado passo a passo, com a inclus&#227;o da vari&#225;vel com melhor associa&#231;&#227;o no primeiro n&#237;vel e tamb&#233;m considerando crit&#233;rios te&#243;ricos de conhecimentos pr&#233;vios.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
          <p>Participaram do estudo 60 pacientes, cujas caracter&#237;sticas iniciais est&#227;o sumariadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra segundo as vari&#225;veis analisadas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="70%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia Mediana</th>
                  <th align="center">DP/ IC 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,6 <break/>54,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177;9,4 <break/>50,2 - 55,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,4 100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177;14,2 <break/>94,8 - 102,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,1 <break/>26,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177;5,5 <break/>25,3 - 28,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico (mEq/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">137,3 137,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177;4,2 <break/>136,2 - 138,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 <break/>1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177;0,3 <break/>1,1 - 1,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Teste caminhada de 6 minutos (metros)</td>
                  <td align="center">433,4 <break/>433,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177;139,1 <break/>397,5 - 469,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Largura do QRS (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">125,3 <break/>120,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177;29,4 <break/>117,7 - 132,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VAEi (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">107,0 <break/>102,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177;47,8 <break/>94,7 - 119,4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ms: milissegundo; VAEi: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram seguidos em visitas regulares &#224; Cl&#237;nica de IC do HC da UFG.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram avaliados no tempo zero e a cada 15 dias, at&#233; completar 60 dias. Esse per&#237;odo foi necess&#225;rio para otimiza&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento da IC e a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes. Em seguida, houve uma avalia&#231;&#227;o basal, na qual foram coletados os dados para an&#225;lise deste estudo.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados em visitas regulares com 15 dias, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 e 12 meses, e a cada 6 meses ap&#243;s a visita de 1 ano at&#233; o final de seguimento de 7,5 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento medicamentoso</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes do estudo estavam devidamente medicados, conforme a III Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica, seguindo as condi&#231;&#245;es de tolerabilidade &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es de cada sujeito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O tratamento medicamentoso considerado adequado baseou-se na associa&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a (furosemida), inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (IECA -enalapril), espironolactona e betabloqueador (carvedilol). Os pacientes s&#243; n&#227;o recebiam betabloqueador em caso de intoler&#226;ncia. A digoxina era adicionada ao esquema de tratamento quando os pacientes ainda permaneciam sintom&#225;ticos e j&#225; em uso das medica&#231;&#245;es referidas. Um antagonista de receptor da angiotensina (losartan) era prescrito quando havia intoler&#226;ncia ao IECA. A amiodarona era utilizada nos pacientes com arritmia ventricular sintom&#225;tica, documentada ao ECG ou Holter. Todos os pacientes em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foram anticoagulados, buscando-se atingir uma raz&#227;o normalizada internacional (RNI) entre 2,0 e 3,0.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As doses m&#233;dias empregadas para IECA e betabloqueador foram 10 mg/dia e 25 mg/dia, respectivamente. Procurou-se utilizar o melhor tratamento farmacol&#243;gico para todos os pacientes, com doses m&#225;ximas toleradas de cada medica&#231;&#227;o. Esse processo durou em m&#233;dia 60 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra segundo as vari&#225;veis analisadas e desfecho</title>
          <p>Ao analisar as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas comparando com &#243;bitos e n&#227;o &#243;bitos, foram encontradas as seguintes tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis que tiveram rela&#231;&#227;o com o desfecho de mortalidade: s&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico, creatinina s&#233;rica e VAEi.</p>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de s&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico apresentaram-se significativamente menores entre aqueles que foram a &#243;bito, ao passo que a creatinina s&#233;rica apresentou n&#237;veis m&#233;dios maiores para o mesmo desfecho.</p>
          <p>Assim como ocorreu com os valores de creatinina, os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios do VAEi tamb&#233;m foram maiores entre aqueles que foram a &#243;bito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de sobrevida</title>
          <p>Do total de 60 participantes neste estudo, 53 (88,3%) foram a &#243;bito durante o per&#237;odo total de seguimento (90 meses) e 7 (11,7%) foram censurados (vivos no final do per&#237;odo de seguimento) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sobrevida geral acumulada segundo probabilidade, de acordo com Kaplan-Meier</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Tempo [meses (ano)]</th>
                  <th align="center">Participantes sob risco</th>
                  <th align="center">Sobrevida acumulada (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">&#211;bitos no intervalo</th>
                  <th align="center">Vivos no in&#237;cio do intervalo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">0</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">12 (1 ano)</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">24 (2 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">36 (3 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">48 (4 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">60 (5 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">72 (6 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">84 (7 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">90 (7,5 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A mediana de tempo de seguimento total foi de 24,5 meses (&#177;27,3; IC 28,5 - 42,6) e a probabilidade de sobrevida global acumulada para esse per&#237;odo de seguimento foi de aproximadamente 50% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Nesse per&#237;odo de seguimento (24,5 meses), ocorreram 30 &#243;bitos, o que representa 50% do total da amostra.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva de sobrevida geral acumulada</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0246-70027-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A maioria das mortes relacionou-se a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sendo 47 (88,69%) devido a IC progressiva, 3 (5,67%) por morte s&#250;bita, 1 (1,88%) por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Dos outros 2 &#243;bitos, 1 (1,88%) deveu-se a linfoma n&#227;o Hodgkin e outro (1,88%) a fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os por quadro s&#233;ptico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultado do teste de <italic>Log-Hank</italic> (Mantel-Cox) - Kaplan-Meier</title>
          <p>O teste de <italic>Log-Hank</italic> (Mantel-Cox) - Kaplan-Meier foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o da curva de sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; mortalidade geral para as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis TVNS e VAEi mostraram-se significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobrevida. Aqueles com VAEi &lt; 72 ml/m<sup>2</sup> tiveram melhor sobrevida (35,7%) (<italic>Log-Rank</italic>, p=0,001), bem como aqueles que n&#227;o apresentaram TVNS (12,9%) (<italic>Log-Rank</italic>, p=0,040) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de curva de sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; mortalidade geral para as vari&#225;veis analisadas - resultado do teste de Log-Hank (Mantel-Cox) - Kaplan-Meier</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">n</th>
                  <th align="center">Eventos</th>
                  <th align="center">Censurados</th>
                  <th align="center">Sobrevida%</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,666</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 60</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 60</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">15,4</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Geral</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,325</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 120</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt;120</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">20,0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>S&#243;dio Plasm&#225;tico (mEq/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt;135</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">135| --- 144</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 144</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">25,0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>TVNS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">12,9</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Largura do QRS (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,606</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Normal (&lt; 120)</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alargado (&gt;120)</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Classe funcional (NYHA)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">II</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">18,8</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">III</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>VAEi (ml/m</bold>
                    <sup>2</sup>
                    <bold>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 72</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">35,7</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 72</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Creatinina (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,267</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8804;1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">13,6</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,446</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt;25%</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8804; 25%</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; VAEi: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; ms: milissegundo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise multivariada - Regress&#227;o de Cox</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis utilizadas na regress&#227;o de Cox que permaneceram no &#250;ltimo modelo ajustado foram: TVNS, VAEi, s&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico e classe funcional, mas somente as duas primeiras apresentaram valores de risco significativo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis segundo an&#225;lise de risco univariada e regress&#227;o de Cox</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">An&#225;lise Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center"><italic>Hazard Ratio</italic><break/> IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">Coef. de Wald<break/> (Valor de p)</th>
                  <th align="center"><italic>Hazard Ratio</italic><break/> IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">Coef. de Wald<break/> (Valor de p)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TVNS</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 (1,02 - 8,48)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,01 (0,045)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,83 (1,29 - 11,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,84 (0,016)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VAEi</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4 (1,58 - 7,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,84 (0,002)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,51 (1,63 - 7,52)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,77 (0,001)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,86 - 1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,80 (0,095)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98 (0,90 - 1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22 (0,639)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CF</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 (0,96 - 2,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,22 (0,073)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34 (0,76 - 2,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 (0,311</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; VAEi: volume do atrio esquerdo indexado; CF: classe funcional; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; Coef.: coeficiente.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Foi identificado aumento do risco de &#243;bito de 2,11 (1,04 - 4,31) entre aqueles com TVNS, e de 3,51 (1,63 - 7,52) para aqueles com VAEi &#8805; 72 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, ambos com p &lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sobrevida na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A probabilidade de sobrevida acumulada geral dos pacientes portadores de IC grave de etiologia chag&#225;sica, identificados neste estudo, foi de aproximadamente 11%, o que equivale a 53 &#243;bitos durante o seguimento de 90 meses em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 60 pacientes.</p>
          <p>Os valores apresentados neste estudo s&#227;o semelhantes aos registrados por Theodoropoulos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> que acompanharam 127 pacientes com IC chag&#225;sica e encontraram uma probabilidade de sobrevida acumulada de 78%, 59%, 46% e 39% em 1, 2, 3 e 4 anos de acompanhamento, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da taxa de sobrevida acumulada entre os estudos.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Tempo de Seguimento</th>
                  <th align="center">Costa, S.A.<break/> (2016)</th>
                  <th align="center">Theodoropoulos, T.A.<break/> et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Areosa, C.M.N.<break/> et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Rassi, S.<break/> et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">SA (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">SA (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">SA (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">SA (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">12 (1 ano)</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">84,5</td>
                  <td align="center">90,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">24 (2 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">74,3</td>
                  <td align="center">82,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">36 (3 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">68,9</td>
                  <td align="center">73,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">48 (4 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">64,8</td>
                  <td align="center">70,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">60 (5 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">60,5</td>
                  <td align="center">64,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">72 (6 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">84 (7 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">90 (7.5 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>SA: sobrevida acumulada.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os estudos cl&#237;nicos que inclu&#237;ram IC de diversas etiologias mostraram uma probabilidade um pouco melhor em longo prazo. A probabilidade de sobrevida acumulada geral relatado por Rassi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> foi de 90,6%, 82,3%, 73,3%, 70,2% e 64,4% ap&#243;s 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 anos de seguimento, respectivamente. Essa popula&#231;&#227;o era portadora de IC com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A sobrevida apresentada por Areosa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> em um estudo com pacientes com IC grave de diversas etiologias, encaminhados para transplante card&#237;aco, foi 84,5% no primeiro ano, 74,3% no segundo ano, 68,9% no terceiro ano, 64,8% no quarto ano e 60,5% no quinto ano.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos em nossa an&#225;lise estavam adequadamente medicados, tinham faixa et&#225;ria, classe funcional, PAS e FEVE semelhantes aos dos outros estudos reportados (Theodoropoulos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Rassi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e Areosa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>). A principal diferen&#231;a para o presente estudo e o de Theodoropoulos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> foi que apenas pacientes de etiologia chag&#225;sica foram avaliados, enquanto as outras coortes eram constitu&#237;das de pacientes com v&#225;rias etiologias de IC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>O tempo de acompanhamento foi longo (7,5 anos). Por se tratar de uma doen&#231;a grave, com alto &#237;ndice de mortalidade, era esperado que a taxa de sobrevida fosse realmente reduzida. Ao se comparar os valores de sobrevida apresentados por Rassi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e Areosa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> percebemos que a IC grave de etiologia chag&#225;sica apresenta uma menor taxa de sobrevida desde o primeiro ano de seguimento, caracterizando o pior progn&#243;stico dos chag&#225;sicos. Quando comparamos com os dados de Theodoropoulos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> que recrutou apenas pacientes chag&#225;sicos, percebemos que os dados s&#227;o semelhantes.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o encontramos na literatura outro estudo com seguimento de uma popula&#231;&#227;o com IC por um per&#237;odo maior que 5 anos. Portanto, n&#227;o h&#225; refer&#234;ncia para comparar a taxa de sobrevida em 7,5 anos com o presente trabalho.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores progn&#243;sticos sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis PAS, idade, FEVE, TC6M, largura do complexo QRS e classe funcional n&#227;o apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho de mortalidade.</p>
          <p>O s&#243;dio plasm&#225;tico e a creatinina apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho de mortalidade na an&#225;lise univariada; no entanto, ap&#243;s o ajuste do modelo na an&#225;lise multivariada, perderam signific&#226;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores progn&#243;sticos com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado</title>
            <p>Foi utilizado um ponto de corte de 72 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, semelhante ao determinado por Rassi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> que identificaram, atrav&#233;s de curva ROC, 70,71 ml/m<sup>2</sup> como o melhor valor para o ponto de corte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Usando esse par&#226;metro, o VAEi &gt; 72 ml/m<sup>2</sup> foi associado a um aumento significativo na mortalidade. Sujeitos com VAEi &gt; 72 ml/m<sup>2</sup> tiveram risco de &#243;bito aumentado (HR = 3,51; IC 95%: 1,63 - 7,52; p&lt;0,05). Nunes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> avaliaram o valor progn&#243;stico do VAEi numa popula&#231;&#227;o de 192 pacientes portadores de IC chag&#225;sica. Esse estudo identificou um aumento de 4,7% no risco de eventos card&#237;acos para cada incremento de 1 ml/m<sup>2</sup> no VAEi (HR = 1,047; IC 95%: 1,035-1,059; p &lt;0,001), apresentando-se como um poderoso preditor de resultados adversos, o que implica num pior progn&#243;stico e risco aumentado de morte nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            <p>O VAEi, dentre 20 par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos estudados, mostrou ser o &#250;nico preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes com IC devido a cardiopatia chag&#225;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A contribui&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma, com a identifica&#231;&#227;o do VAEi, adiciona informa&#231;&#245;es importantes, por tratar-se de m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o, podendo desempenhar um papel importante para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, acompanhamento e tratamento da miocardiopatia dilatada chag&#225;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada ao Holter</title>
            <p>A TVNS foi uma das vari&#225;veis analisadas na regress&#227;o de Cox que apresentou valor de risco significativo (HR = 2,11; IC 95%: 1,04 - 4,31; p &lt; 0,05). J&#225; est&#225; bem definido na literatura que as arritmias ventriculares, como a TVNS, s&#227;o extremamente frequentes na doen&#231;a de Chagas. A ocorr&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios de TVNS relaciona-se intimamente com o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e suas repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, ocorrendo em cerca de 40% dos pacientes com IC chag&#225;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Na casu&#237;stica por n&#243;s estudada, todos os pacientes apresentavam FEVE &lt;35% e quase metade dos sujeitos (48,34%) apresentaram TVNS ao Holter de 24h. Apesar do alto &#237;ndice de mortalidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, apenas 5,67% dos &#243;bitos foram devidos a morte s&#250;bita. Esses pacientes estavam idealmente medicados com amiodarona e betabloqueador, o que talvez explique, em parte, esse fato.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Dois estudos randomizados argentinos, GESICA e EPAMSA, que avaliaram o efeito da amiodarona em pacientes com IC, inclu&#237;ram 10% e 20% de pacientes chag&#225;sicos em suas coortes, respectivamente. Sugeriram que a amiodarona seria capaz de reduzir a mortalidade total, quando administrada a pacientes com arritmias ventriculares complexas associadas &#224; FEVE reduzida (&lt; 35%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Entretanto, na &#233;poca em que esses estudos foram conduzidos, n&#227;o havia indica&#231;&#227;o formal para o uso de betabloqueador na IC sist&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
						</p>
            <p>J&#225; uma sub-an&#225;lise do estudo REMADHE, que avaliou o modo de morte de pacientes com IC chag&#225;sica em compara&#231;&#227;o ao de miocardiopatia n&#227;o chag&#225;sica, mostrou que a mortalidade por IC progressiva foi maior nos pacientes chag&#225;sicos e que o uso da amiodarona nesse grupo foi preditor independente de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Nenhum paciente de nossa casu&#237;stica tinha cardioversor-desfibrilador implantado e 18 (30%) deles possu&#237;am marca-passo.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
            <p>Esta &#233; uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de dados coletados prospectivamente no EMRTCC e proveniente de um &#250;nico centro. Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es da an&#225;lise retrospectiva, houve crit&#233;rios bem definidos nos par&#226;metros que foram colhidos prospectivamente.</p>
            <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada tamb&#233;m era muito restritiva em termos dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, como classe funcional (II e III), FEVE (&#8804; 35%) e creatinina (&#8804; 2,5mgd/l), o que limitou a express&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis &#224; an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o com desfechos.</p>
            <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi o n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes em uso de betabloqueador, fato devido &#224; press&#227;o arterial baixa nesta popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de pacientes, a bradicardia inerente &#224; cardiopatia, somado ao uso de amiodarona e digit&#225;licos.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em pacientes portadores de IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica, com importante comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, a presen&#231;a de TVNS ao Holter e o VAEi maior do que 72 ml/m<sup>2</sup> ao ecocardiograma, s&#227;o preditores independentes de mortalidade.</p>
        <p>O progn&#243;stico geral desses pacientes &#233; ruim, com uma probabilidade de sobrevida acumulada de 11% em 7,5 anos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Sandra de Ara&#250;jo Costa pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
