<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MQmmZjHTHGZwkgs7VLbWvvp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000300237</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005004101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects and Mechanisms of Radiofrequency Ablation of Renal Sympathetic Nerve on Anti-Hypertension in Canine</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tang</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaohong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaofang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weng</surname>
            <given-names>Chunyan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Kan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wen</surname>
            <given-names>Juan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Hong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Yang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Central South University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">the Third Xiangya Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Changsha</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Hunan</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - the Third Xiangya Hospital - Central South University, Changsha - Hunan</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Central South University</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Xiaohong Tang</bold>, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China, Department of Cardiology. E-mail: <email>xhtang007@126.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Chen W, Tang X, Yang K. Acquisition of data: Chen W, Yang X. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Chen W, Yang X.</p>
          <p>Statistical analysis: Chen W, Yang X. Obtaining financing: Chen W, Tang X, Yang K. Writing of the manuscript: Chen W. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tang X, Weng C, Wen J, Liu H, Wu Y, Yang K. Supervision / as the major investigador: Tang X, Weng C, Wen J, Yang K.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>237</fpage>
      <lpage>245</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Radiofrequency ablation of renal sympathetic nerve (RDN) shows effective BP reduction in hypertensive patients while the specific mechanisms remain unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We hypothesized that abnormal levels of norepinephrine (NE) and changes in NE-related enzymes and angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) and Mas receptor mediate the anti-hypertensive effects of RDN.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Mean values of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were assessed at baseline and follow-up. Plasma and renal norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were determined using highperformance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, and levels of NE-related enzyme and ACE2-Ang(1-7)- Mas were measured using real time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry or Elisa in a hypertensive canine model fed with high-fat diet and treated with RDN. The parameters were also determined in a sham group treated with renal arteriography and a control group fed with normal diet.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>RDN decreased SBP, DBP, MAP, plasma and renal NE. Compared with the sham group, renal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression was lower and renalase expression was higher in the RDN group. Compared with the control group, renal TH and catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) were higher and renalase was lower in the sham group. Moreover, renal ACE2, Ang-(1-7) and Mas levels of the RDN group were higher than those of the sham group, which were lower than those of the control group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>RDN shows anti-hypertensive effect with reduced NE and activation of ACE2-Ang(1-7)-Mas, indicating that it may contribute to the anti-hypertensive effect of RDN.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Sympatectomy</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Radio Waves</kwd>
        <kwd>Dogs</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>10JJ3048</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Central Universities of Central South University</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015zzts123</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (10JJ3048), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (2015zzts123)</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> resulting in an estimated 7.6 million deaths annually.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Globally, 40.8% of the population is affected by hypertension, with an awareness rate of 46.5% and a control rate of 32.5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The control of hypertension is a challenge due to the side effects, low compliance and limited efficacy of anti-hypertensive drugs.</p>
      <p>The anti-hypertensive effects of radiofrequency ablation of renal sympathetic nerve (RDN) were first reported by Henry Krum in 2009.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The Symplicity HTN-1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and Symplicity HTN-2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> trials showed profound anti-hypertensive effects during a follow-up period of 36 months. A meta-analysis confirmed the effectiveness of RDN therapy for resistant hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and was found superior to maximal medical therapy in lowering blood pressure (BP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, the Symplicity HTN-3 study did not show effective BP reduction in resistant hypertensive patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> indicating that only a minority of patients was eligible for RDN. </p>
      <p>Since the specific anti-hypertensive mechanisms of RDN are not clear, norepinephrine (NE) concentrations are an index of sympathetic neural activity in humans, which is positively correlated to BP. RDN may decrease NE that contributes to low BP, although the effect of RDN on NE is inconsistent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The inconsistent NE levels after RDN may be caused by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), renalase, catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) activity, which are the enzymes associated with the synthesis and metabolism of NE. On the other hand, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/ angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7)/Mas axis constitutes an alternative to the renin - angiotensin system (RAS) and represents an intrinsic mechanism to induce vaso-protective actions by counter regulating the ACE/AngII/AT1R axis, thus inducing many beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). It is inversely related to BP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and exhibits cardiovascular and renal protection. Therefore, we aim to determine the effect of RDN on renal NE and changes in NE-related enzymes (TH, renalase, COMT and NET). Additionally, we investigated the levels of renal ACE2 - Ang (1-7) - Mas axis after RDN and discussed the potential anti-hypertensive mechanisms of RDN.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animal preparation</title>
        <p>All procedures on the use and care of animals was approved by the Ethical Committee of Central South University. Beagle dogs (n=28, 10 to 12 months of age, weighing 11 ~ 12kg) were randomly divided into a hypertensive model group (n = 22) and a control group (n = 6). Throughout the study, dogs were fed high-fat diet (lard 0.3 ~ 0.4kg/day was added to 250g/day regular diet) in the model group and regular diet (250g/day including 23% protein, 11% fat, 4.9% fiber, water 10%, 1-3% calcium, 0.8% phosphorus, 0.29% methionine, vitamin A 11000IU / kg, vitamin D3 1000 IU / kg and vitamin E 500 IU / kg) in the control group. After 3 months of high-fat diet, 20 dogs achieved an approximate 50% increase in body weight, and the fat intake was reduced to a maintenance level. This model of canine obesity following a high-fat diet closely mimics the cardiovascular, renal, hormonal, and metabolic changes observed in obese human subjects. The hypertensive group was divided into a surgery group (n = 10) and a sham surgery group (n = 10). Three dogs were excluded for the following reasons: retroperitoneal hematoma caused by femoral artery puncture (n=1) and death due to anesthesia (n=2). The surgery group (n=9) was treated with radiofrequency ablation of the renal sympathetic nerve, and the sham surgery (n=8) and control groups (n=6) were treated with renal arteriography. Six months after RDN, we sacrificed the beagle dogs under deep anesthesia by intramuscular injection of pentobarbital sodium (30-35mg/kg).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Radiofrequency ablation of the renal sympathetic nerve</title>
        <p>Surgery was performed at room temperature, with prior fasting for 24 hours, and after anesthetizing dogs with an intramuscular injection of sodium pentobarbital (30-35mg / kg). After successful anesthesia, the dogs were placed in the supine position on the operating table, followed by routine disinfection of the right femoral artery. A catheter was inserted through the femoral artery to monitor BP and renal arteriography. The radiofrequency ablation catheter was inserted through the femoral artery into the renal artery and connected to a radiofrequency ablation device (IBI, St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA). Three to four ablation sites were selected from each site and a spiral shape local ablation was performed (5F IBI radiofrequency ablation catheter; St. Jude Medical). Each spot was ablated for 120 sec, with a power limit of 8 W, until the tumor temperature reached 55&#176;C. Renal arteriography was performed immediately after the surgery, pressure was applied at the puncture point for 15 - 30 min, bandaged and fixed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analytic methods</title>
        <p>Body weight was determined by electronic scales. SBP, DBP and MAP were measured by BP-2010E (Softron, China), a tail arterial blood pressure measuring instrument. Plasma concentration and renal tissue levels of NE were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC). Renal ACE2 and Mas mRNA levels were measured by real time PCR. Renal Ang (1-7) (Cusabio, China) was estimated by ELISA. TH, renalase, COMT, NET, ACE2 and Mas protein expression levels in renal tissue were measured by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>HPLC</title>
        <p>NE in acidified release medium, perfusate, and superperfusate samples was identified and quantified by HPLC. The system consists of a Varian Pro-Star solvent delivery system and a model 9090 autosampler (Varian, Walnut Creek, CA), coupled to a C18 column and an ESA Coulochem II detector. Separations were performed isocratically using a filtered and degassed mobile phase, consisting of 12% methanol, 0.1 M sodium phosphate, 0.2 mM sodium octyl sulfate, and 0.1 mM EDTA, adjusted to pH 2.8 with phosphoric acid. The high-pressure liquid chromatography system is coupled to a computer, where the chromatograms were recorded and analyzed using the Varian Star workstation software.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western blot</title>
        <p>Frozen tissues were lysed with cell lysis buffer containing protease inhibitor. The protein concentration of each specimen was measured based on the Bradford method utilizing the Bio-Rad Protein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the standard. After the protein denaturing procedure with loading buffer, each sample (50 <italic>&#181;</italic>g) was resolved on 8-12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) gel (Bio-Rad Laboratories) at room temperature and transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane at 4&#176;C. After blocking in 5% non-fatty milk for 1 hour at room temperature, it was incubated overnight at 4&#176;C with polyclonal rabbit anti-TH antibody (1:500 Abcam, USA), polyclonal goat anti-renalase antibody (1:500, biorbyt, USA), polyclonal goat anti-COMT antibody (1:500, LifeSpan BioSciences, USA), polyclonal rabbit anti-NET antibody (1:500, Abcam, USA), polyclonal goat anti- ACE2 antibody (1:200, Santa Cruz, USA) and polyclonal rabbit anti-Mas antibody (1:200, Santa Cruz, USA) with &#946;-actin (1 : 1000, Abcam, USA) as the positive control. The HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-goat (1 : 2000) or goat anti-rabbit (1 : 3000) secondary antibody was added and the membranes were then incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing, signals were visualized by luminol reagents (Bio-Rad Laboratories) and the densitometry of each blot was analyzed with the latest version of Scion Image 4.0.3.2.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Immunohistochemistry</title>
        <p>The staining procedure was performed on paraffin-embedded renal tissue sections (5<italic>&#181;</italic>m). Antigen was retrieved from all the sections by boiling with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6) and incubating with polyclonal rabbit anti-TH antibody (1:150 Abcam, USA), polyclonal goat anti- renalase antibody (1:150, biorbyt, USA), polyclonal goat anti-COMT antibody (1:150, LifeSpan BioSciences, USA), polyclonal rabbit anti-NET antibody (1:150, Abcam, USA), polyclonal goat anti- ACE2 antibody (1:100, Santa Cruz, USA) and polyclonal rabbit anti-Mas antibody (1:100, Santa Cruz, USA) overnight at 4&#176;C. After staining, all specimens were dehydrated and sealed for microscopic observation. Protein occurrence and distribution in antibody-stained tissue sections were observed using the Nikon eclipse E400 microscope and Digital HyperHAD Color Video Camera (Sony) using the Easy Image Analysis software (NIS-Elements BR v3.0) for evaluation of immunostaining.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Results were expressed as means &#177; standard error of the means, and all data passed a normality test. Comparisons between the hypertensive model group and control groups were done using the unpaired Student's <italic>t-</italic>test assuming unequal variance, whereas within 3 groups analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with a Neuman-Keuls post hoc analysis. Paired Student's <italic>t-</italic>test was used to compare before and after establishing the hypertensive model, and before and after RDN. Linear correlation was used to evaluate the association between SBP and level of the above mentioned factors. All data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0. P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Canine model of hypertension and response to RDN</title>
        <p>After 3 months on high-fat diet, there was a marked increase in body weight, HR, SBP, DBP and MAP of the hypertensive group (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. baseline, # p &lt; 0.05 vs. control group). SBP, DBP and MAP of hypertensive group increased by approximately 28&#177;10mmHg, 17&#177;8mmHg and 21&#177;8mmHg, respectively, along with the target weight gain of 45.2%. Moreover, plasma NE in the hypertensive group was remarkably increased after 3 months of high-fat diet (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. baseline, # p &lt; 0.05 vs. control group). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). SBP, DBP and MAP of the surgery group dramatically decreased by approximately 24&#177;9mmHg, 13&#177;6mmHg and 16&#177;7mmHg 6 months after surgery, respectively. When compared with the sham surgery group, SBP, DBP and MAP of the surgery group also declined significantly. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>) Six months after RDN, plasma NE of the surgery group was significantly reduced (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. pre-surgery of surgery group, # p &lt; 0.05 vs. sham surgery group). In addition, renal NE in the surgery group was also lower than the in the sham surgery group (p &lt; 0.05). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of high-fat diet on body weight, HR and BP (SBP, DBP and MAP) of beagle dogs (A). Body weight, HR and BP (SBP, DBP and MAP) responses to RDN (B). Values are mean &#177; SEM.*p &lt; 0.05 versus baseline, # p &lt; 0.05 versus control group in figure 2A. *p &lt; 0.05 versus pre-surgery of surgery group, # p &lt; 0.05 versus sham surgery group in figure 2B. SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; HR: Heart rate.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0237-70014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>BP (SBP, DBP and MAP)(A) and NE (plasma and renal) (B) in response to RDN. Values are mean &#177; SEM.*p &lt; 0.05 versus pre-surgery of surgery group, # p &lt; 0.05 versus sham surgery group in figure 2. BP: blood pressure; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressur; NE: norepinephrine.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0237-70014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Levels of renal TH, renalase, COMT and NET response to RDN</title>
        <p>Six months after surgery, renal TH protein expression in the surgery group was lower than in the sham surgery group (p &lt; 0.05). TH immunohistochemical staining (brown) was located in the cytoplasm of renal tubules in beagle dogs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>). Kidney level of renalase in the surgery group was significantly higher than in the sham surgery group (p &lt; 0.05). Immunohistochemical results showed that renalase protein was expressed in the cytoplasm of renal tubular epithelial cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>). The renal COMT protein expression in the sham surgery group was lower than in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). In the immunohistochemical study, COMT was located in the cytoplasm of renal tubules in beagle dogs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3C</xref>). NET was located in the cytoplasm of renal tubules in beagle dogs. However, there was no statistical difference of the renal NET among the 3 groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3D</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of RDN on renal TH, renalase, COMT and NET protein expression of beagle dogs. Values are mean&#177;SEM. * p &lt; 0.05 versus control group, # p &lt; 0.05 versus sham surgery group. TH: tyrosine hydroxylase ; COMT: catechol-o-methyl transferase; NET: norepinephrine transporter.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0237-70014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Levels of renal ACE2, Ang-(1-7) and Mas response to RDN</title>
        <p>Renal ACE2 mRNA and protein expression in the surgery group were significantly higher than in the sham surgery group (p &lt; 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining (brown) of ACE2 was located in the cytoplasm and membrane of renal tubules in beagle dogs. Six months after surgery, values with positive area density in the surgery group were significantly stronger than in the sham group (p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4A</xref>). Similar to ACE2, renal tissue Ang-(1-7) concentration in the sham surgery group was the lowest, dramatically lower than in the surgery group and control group (p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4B</xref>). And the level of renal Mas was also higher in the surgery group and control group than in the sham surgery group. Immunohistochemical staining (brown) of Mas was located in the renal glomeruli and proximal tubule cell cytoplasm and cell membrane in beagle dogs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4C</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of RDN on renal ACE2 mRNA and protein expression (A), Ang-(1-7) concentration (B) and Mas mRNA and protein expression(C) of beagle dogs. Values are mean&#177;SEM. * p &lt; 0.05 versus control group, # p &lt; 0.05 versus sham surgery group. ACE2 mRNA: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0237-70014-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In our study, obesity-related hypertension, induced by high-fat diet, was associated with increase in body weight, HR, SBP, DBP and MAP, and this was in agreement with the results of previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> RDN effectively reduced blood pressure for SBP, DBP and MAP by approximately 24&#177;9mmHg, 13&#177;6mmHg and 16&#177;7mmHg in the surgery group after 6 months of surgery, respectively. SBP, DBP and MAP of the surgery group also declined significantly when compared with the sham surgery group, which was similar to findings of previous clinical studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and animal experiment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. The Symplicity HTN-1 trial enrolled 153 resistant hypertensive patients, of whom 111 agreed to the 36-month follow-up. SBP (-32.0mmHg) and DBP(-14.4mmHg) decreased significantly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The Symplicity HTN-2 trial randomized 106 subjects with resistant hypertension, whose SBP and DBP were reduced by 33 mmHg and 14 mmHg at 36 months, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, the Symplicity HTN-3 study did not show effective BP reduction in resistant hypertensive patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> indicating that only a minority of patients was eligible for RDN. </p>
      <p>NE is an important indicator of sympathetic neural activity, and is elevated in diseases with high sympathetic activity. Tiroch et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> found that RDN resulted in a marked decrease of the NE spillover rate, while Machino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> observed no significant difference after RDN of systemic NE in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). We observed that plasma NE increased significantly in an obesity-related hypertensive canine model, and decreased nearly 44% with RDN. Furthermore, RDN was effective in reducing renal NE concentration, consistent with the results of Rimoldi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> As reported, RDN was associated with additional benefits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and improvement of the cardiac and renal functions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> It was also proposed as a promising treatment in diseases with sympathetic overactivation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In this study, we determined the antihypertensive value of RDN using an obesity-related hypertensive canine model with high NE levels.</p>
      <p>Renal TH level was also increased in obesity-related hypertension in this study. In addition, RDN decreased the renal TH protein expression in the hypertensive model, which is substantially similar to previous studies. Down-regulation of TH in the adrenal medulla of SHR was accompanied by a potent decrease of NE and SBP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> suggesting that RDN may influence NE concentrations by affecting the renal TH level. On the other hand, renalase was remarkably lower in the obesity-related hypertensive canine model in this study, suggesting an inverse relationship with hypertension similar to findings of previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Desir GV showed that recombinant renalase <italic>in vitro</italic> or <italic>in vivo</italic> lowers blood pressure by degrading plasma adrenaline, with its antihypertensive effect directly related to its enzymatic activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> SHR plasma and renal renalase levels were profoundly increased after RDN compared with the baseline, sham and control groups, with MAP significantly decreased,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> which is consistent with this study, suggesting that RDN may lower the NE concentrations by elevating the renal renalase expression. COMT and NET are major enzymes involved in degrading catecholamines, which is inversely related to hypertension. As shown in our study, renal COMT level profoundly lowered obesity-related hypertension compared with the control group, while RDN was ineffective against the expression of renal COMT and NET. As they are mainly expressed in nerve endings, it suggested that renal COMT and NET may have had no significant change after RDN.</p>
      <p>The ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis is involved in hypertension. Transgenic mice overexpressing growth hormone showed increased SBP, a high degree of both cardiac and renal fibrosis and a markedly decreased level of ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas, and Ang-(1-7) administration reduced SBP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Activation of the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas pathway reduces oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced tissue swelling, ROS production, and cell death in mouse brain associated with angiotensin II overproduction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Consistent with the previous study, in addition to the reduction of ACE2, we also observed that renal Ang-(1-7) concentration and Mas mRNA and protein expression decreased in obesity-related hypertension. We first found that RDN increased renal ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis in an obesity-related hypertensive canine model.</p>
      <p>RDN shows anti-hypertensive effect with reduced NE and activation of ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas, indicating that this may contribute to the anti-hypertensive effect of RDN. However, the relationship between these two pathways was not clear in this study. Ang-(1-7) elicits a facilitatory presynaptic effect on peripheral noradrenergic neurotransmission,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and is inhibitory at the central nervous system through the Mas receptor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> It is suggested that ACE2-Ang(1-7)-Mas may decrease the concentration of NE to achieve the anti-hypertensive effect, however, this needs to be confirmed by further studies.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, this study has limitations as follows. Firstly, the number of dogs is small, and this may lead to a bias result. Secondly, changes of NE, NE-related enzymes and ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas were detected during the procedure, while the relationship between these changes was unclear. The variation of renal TH, renalase and ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas may have affected the level of NE to contribute to the anti-hypertensive effect of RDN. These limitations should be addressed in further studies to clarify the possible mechanisms of RDN, thus contributing to develop and improve this new treatment method.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The initial question that motivated our study was to determine whether NE and ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas would prove to participate in the antihypertensive effect of RDN. Our study confirmed that RDN shows an antihypertensive effect with reduced plasma and renal NE, which may be related to the decrease of TH and increase of renalase in the kidney. Furthermore, RDN activates the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas pathway and this may contribute to the antihypertensive effect of RDN. Although the application of RDN is not clear because of its varying effectiveness, our data suggested that it may be an excellent choice in obesity-related hypertension patients with high levels of NE and over-activation of the renin-angiotensin system.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (10JJ3048), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (2015zzts123).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Wei Chen, from Central South University, Changsha - Hunan.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Chowdhury EK, Owen A, Krum H, Wing LM, Nelson MR, Reid CM; Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Management Committee. Systolic blood pressure variability is an important predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in elderly hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2014;32(3):525-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chowdhury</surname>
              <given-names>EK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wing</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nelson</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reid</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Management Committee</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systolic blood pressure variability is an important predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in elderly hypertensive patients</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>525</fpage>
          <lpage>533</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1513-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lawes</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vander Hoorn</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodgers</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>371</volume>
          <issue>9623</issue>
          <fpage>1513</fpage>
          <lpage>1518</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Gupta R, Avezum A, et al; PURE (Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology) Study investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA. 2013;310(9):959-68.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chow</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teo</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rangarajan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Islam</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gupta</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avezum</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>PURE (Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology) Study investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>310</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>959</fpage>
          <lpage>968</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Krum H, Schlaich M, Whitbourn R, Sobotka PA, Sadowski J, Bartus K, et al. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: a multicentre safety and proof-of-principle cohort study. Lancet. 2009;373(9671):1275-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schlaich</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whitbourn</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sobotka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sadowski</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartus</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: a multicentre safety and proof-of-principle cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>373</volume>
          <issue>9671</issue>
          <fpage>1275</fpage>
          <lpage>1281</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Krum H, Schlaich MP, Sobotka PA, Bohm M, Mahfoud F, Rocha-Singh K, et al. Percutaneous renal denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension: final 3-year report of the Symplicity HTN-1 study. Lancet. 2014;383(9917):622-9. Erratum in: Lancet. 2014;383(9917):602.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schlaich</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sobotka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bohm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahfoud</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha-Singh</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous renal denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension: final 3-year report of the Symplicity HTN-1 study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>383</volume>
          <issue>9917</issue>
          <fpage>622</fpage>
          <lpage>629</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Lancet. 2014;383(9917):602</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Esler MD, Bohm M, Sievert H, Rump CL, Schmieder RE, Krum H, et al. Catheter-based renal denervation for treatment of patients with treatment-resistant hypertension: 36 month results from the SYMPLICITY HTN-2 randomized clinical trial. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(26):1752-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Esler</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bohm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sievert</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rump</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmieder</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Catheter-based renal denervation for treatment of patients with treatment-resistant hypertension: 36 month results from the SYMPLICITY HTN-2 randomized clinical trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>26</issue>
          <fpage>1752</fpage>
          <lpage>1759</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Davis MI, Filion KB, Zhang D, Eisenberg MJ, Afilalo J, Schiffrin EL, et al. Effectiveness of renal denervation therapy for resistant hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(3):231-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filion</surname>
              <given-names>KB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eisenberg</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afilalo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schiffrin</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effectiveness of renal denervation therapy for resistant hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>231</fpage>
          <lpage>241</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Pancholy SB, Shantha GP, Patel TM, Sobotka PA, Kandzari DE. Meta-analysis of the effect of renal denervation on blood pressure and pulse pressure in patients with resistant systemic hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;114(6):856-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pancholy</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shantha</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sobotka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kandzari</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Meta-analysis of the effect of renal denervation on blood pressure and pulse pressure in patients with resistant systemic hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>856</fpage>
          <lpage>861</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Bakris GL, Townsend RR, Liu M, Cohen SA, D'Agostino R, Flack JM, et al; SYMPLICITY HTN-3 Investigators. Impact of renal denervation on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure: results from SYMPLICITY HTN-3. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(11):1071-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bakris</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Townsend</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flack</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>SYMPLICITY HTN-3 Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of renal denervation on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure: results from SYMPLICITY HTN-3</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1071</fpage>
          <lpage>1078</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Tiroch K, Schmitz I, Seyfarth M, Szymanski J. TCT-210 Decrease of the norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerves during renal denervation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(Suppl):B61-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tiroch</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmitz</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seyfarth</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szymanski</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>TCT-210 Decrease of the norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerves during renal denervation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>B61</fpage>
          <lpage>B62</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Machino T, Murakoshi N, Sato A, Xu D, Hoshi T, Kimura T, et al. Anti-hypertensive effect of radiofrequency renal denervation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci. 2014;110(2):86-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Machino</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murakoshi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sato</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoshi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kimura</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anti-hypertensive effect of radiofrequency renal denervation in spontaneously hypertensive rats</article-title>
          <source>Life Sci</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>86</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Uri K, Fagyas M, Manyine Siket I, Kertesz A, Csanadi Z, Sandorfi G, et al. New perspectives in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) IV: circulating ACE2 as a biomarker of systolic dysfunction in human hypertension and heart failure. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e87845.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Uri</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fagyas</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manyine Siket</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kertesz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Csanadi</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sandorfi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>New perspectives in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) IV: circulating ACE2 as a biomarker of systolic dysfunction in human hypertension and heart failure</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e87845</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Polonia JJ, Martins L, Pinto F, Nazare J. Estimation of the predictive value for hypertension of different indices of obesity in the scope of a national representative survey of hypertension (PHYSA). J Am Soc Hypertens. 2014;8(4 Suppl):e83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Polonia</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nazare</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estimation of the predictive value for hypertension of different indices of obesity in the scope of a national representative survey of hypertension (PHYSA)</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Hypertens</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <elocation-id>e83</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Henegar JR, Zhang Y, De Rama R, Hata C, Hall ME, Hall JE. Catheter-based radiorefrequency renal denervation lowers blood pressure in obese hypertensive dogs. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27(10):1285-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Henegar</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Rama</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hata</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Catheter-based radiorefrequency renal denervation lowers blood pressure in obese hypertensive dogs</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1285</fpage>
          <lpage>1292</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Rimoldi SF, Scheidegger N, Scherrer U, Farese S, Rexhaj E, Moschovitis A, et al. Anatomical eligibility of the renal vasculature for catheter-based renal denervation in hypertensive patients. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7(2):187-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rimoldi</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scheidegger</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scherrer</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farese</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rexhaj</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moschovitis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anatomical eligibility of the renal vasculature for catheter-based renal denervation in hypertensive patients</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>187</fpage>
          <lpage>192</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Brandt MC, Reda S, Mahfoud F, Lenski M, Bohm M, Hoppe UC. Effects of renal sympathetic denervation on arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics in patients with resistant hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(19):1956-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brandt</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reda</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahfoud</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lenski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bohm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoppe</surname>
              <given-names>UC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of renal sympathetic denervation on arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics in patients with resistant hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1956</fpage>
          <lpage>1965</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Schirmer SH, Sayed MM, Reil JC, Ukena C, Linz D, Kindermann M, et al. Improvements in left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic function following renal denervation: effects beyond blood pressure and heart rate reduction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(18):1916-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schirmer</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sayed</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reil</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ukena</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Linz</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kindermann</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Improvements in left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic function following renal denervation: effects beyond blood pressure and heart rate reduction</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1916</fpage>
          <lpage>1923</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Ott C, Mahfoud F, Schmid A, Ditting T, Veelken R, Ewen S, et al. Improvement of albuminuria after renal denervation. Int J Cardiol. 2014;173(2):311-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ott</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahfoud</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmid</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ditting</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veelken</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ewen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Improvement of albuminuria after renal denervation</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>173</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>311</fpage>
          <lpage>315</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Scherlag MA, Scherlag BJ. A randomized comparison of pulmonary vein isolation with versus without concomitant renal artery denervation in patients with refractory symptomatic atrial fibrillation and resistant hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(12):1129-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scherlag</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scherlag</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A randomized comparison of pulmonary vein isolation with versus without concomitant renal artery denervation in patients with refractory symptomatic atrial fibrillation and resistant hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1129</fpage>
          <lpage>1130</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Davies JE, Manisty CH, Petraco R, Barron AJ, Unsworth B, Mayet J, et al. First-in-man safety evaluation of renal denervation for chronic systolic heart failure: primary outcome from REACH-Pilot study. Int J Cardiol. 2013;162(3):189-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davies</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manisty</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petraco</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barron</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Unsworth</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayet</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>First-in-man safety evaluation of renal denervation for chronic systolic heart failure: primary outcome from REACH-Pilot study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>162</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>189</fpage>
          <lpage>192</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Kumai T, Tateishi T, Tanaka M, Watanabe M, Shimizu H, Kobayashi S. Tyrosine hydroxylase antisense gene therapy causes hypotensive effects in the spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens. 2001;19(10):1769-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kumai</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tateishi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tanaka</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watanabe</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimizu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kobayashi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tyrosine hydroxylase antisense gene therapy causes hypotensive effects in the spontaneously hypertensive rats</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1769</fpage>
          <lpage>1773</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Wybraniec MT, Mizia-Stec K, Trojnarska O, Chudek J, Czerwienska B, Wikarek M, et al. Low plasma renalase concentration in hypertensive patients after surgical repair of coarctation of aorta. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2014;8(7):464-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wybraniec</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mizia-Stec</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trojnarska</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chudek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Czerwienska</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wikarek</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low plasma renalase concentration in hypertensive patients after surgical repair of coarctation of aorta</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Hypertens</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>464</fpage>
          <lpage>474</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Desir GV, Tang L, Wang P, Li G, Sampaio-Maia B, Quelhas-Santos J, et al. Renalase lowers ambulatory blood pressure by metabolizing circulating adrenaline. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1(4):e002634.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Desir</surname>
              <given-names>GV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sampaio-Maia</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quelhas-Santos</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Renalase lowers ambulatory blood pressure by metabolizing circulating adrenaline</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e002634</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Jiang W, Guo Y, Tan L, Tang X, Yang Q, Yang K. Impact of renal denervation on renalase expression in adult rats with spontaneous hypertension. Exp Ther Med. 2012;4(3):493-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of renal denervation on renalase expression in adult rats with spontaneous hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Exp Ther Med</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>493</fpage>
          <lpage>496</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Munoz MC, Burghi V, Miquet JG, Giani JF, Banegas RD, Toblli JE, et al. Downregulation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in transgenic mice overexpressing GH. J Endocrinol. 2014;221(2):215-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Munoz</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burghi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miquet</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giani</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banegas</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toblli</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Downregulation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in transgenic mice overexpressing GH</article-title>
          <source>J Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>221</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>215</fpage>
          <lpage>227</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Zheng J, Li G, Chen S, Bihl J, Buck J, Zhu Y, et al. Activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway reduces oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced tissue swelling, ROS production, and cell death in mouse brain with angiotensin II overproduction. Neuroscience. 2014;273:39-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zheng</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bihl</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buck</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway reduces oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced tissue swelling, ROS production, and cell death in mouse brain with angiotensin II overproduction</article-title>
          <source>Neuroscience</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>273</volume>
          <fpage>39</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Stegbauer J, Oberhauser V, Vonend O, Rump LC. Angiotensin-(1-7) modulates vascular resistance and sympathetic neurotransmission in kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res. 2004;61(2):352-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stegbauer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oberhauser</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vonend</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rump</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angiotensin-(1-7) modulates vascular resistance and sympathetic neurotransmission in kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>352</fpage>
          <lpage>359</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Byku M, Macarthur H, Westfall TC. Inhibitory effects of angiotensin-(1-7) on the nerve stimulation-induced release of norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y from the mesenteric arterial bed. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010;298(2):H457-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Byku</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macarthur</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Westfall</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inhibitory effects of angiotensin-(1-7) on the nerve stimulation-induced release of norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y from the mesenteric arterial bed</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>298</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>H457</fpage>
          <lpage>H465</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Gironacci MM, Valera MS, Yujnovsky I, Pe&#241;a C. Angiotensin-(1-7) inhibitory mechanism of norepinephrine release in hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 2004;44(5):783-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gironacci</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valera</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yujnovsky</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pe&#241;a</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angiotensin-(1-7) inhibitory mechanism of norepinephrine release in hypertensive rats</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>783</fpage>
          <lpage>787</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Lopez Verrilli MA, Rodriguez Fermep&#237;n M, Longo Carbajosa N, Landa S, Cerrato BD, Garc&#237;a S, et al. Angiotensin-(1-7) through Mas receptor up-regulates neuronal norepinephrine transporter via Akt and Erk1/2-dependent pathways. J Neurochem. 2012;120(1):46-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez Verrilli</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodriguez Fermep&#237;n</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Longo Carbajosa</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Landa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cerrato</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garc&#237;a</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angiotensin-(1-7) through Mas receptor up-regulates neuronal norepinephrine transporter via Akt and Erk1/2-dependent pathways</article-title>
          <source>J Neurochem</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>46</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos e Mecanismos da Denerva&#231;&#227;o Simp&#225;tica Renal por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia na Anti-Hipertens&#227;o em C&#227;es</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tang</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaohong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaofang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weng</surname>
            <given-names>Chunyan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Kan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wen</surname>
            <given-names>Juan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Hong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Yang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - the Third Xiangya Hospital - Central South University, Changsha - Hunan</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Xiaohong Tang</bold>, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China, Departamento de Cardiologia. E-mail: <email>xhtang007@126.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Chen W, Tang X, Yang K. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Chen W, Yang X. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Chen W, Yang X.</p>
          <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Chen W, Yang X. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Chen W, Tang X, Yang K. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Chen W. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tang X, Weng C, Wen J, Liu H, Wu Y, Yang K. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Tang X, Weng C, Wen J, Yang K.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica renal por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (DSR) mostra redu&#231;&#227;o eficaz da press&#227;o arterial (PA) de pacientes hipertensos, ainda que os mecanismos espec&#237;ficos permane&#231;am obscuros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Fizemos a hip&#243;tese de que n&#237;veis alterados de noradrenalina (NA) e mudan&#231;as nas enzimas relacionadas &#224; NA e enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ECA-2), angiotensina (Ang)-(1-7) e receptor Mas s&#227;o mediadores dos efeitos antihipertensivos da DSR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados os valores m&#233;dios de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) no in&#237;cio e durante o seguimento. Foram medidas as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;tica e renal de noradrenalina (NA) por cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta efici&#234;ncia com detec&#231;&#227;o eletroqu&#237;mica, e os n&#237;veis de enzima relacionada &#224; NA e ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas atrav&#233;s de PCR em tempo real, Western blot e imunohistoqu&#237;mica ou Elisa em um modelo canino de hipertens&#227;o que recebeu ra&#231;&#227;o rica em gordura e foi tratado com DSR. Os par&#226;metros tamb&#233;m foram determinados em um grupo de cirurgia simulada submetido &#224; arteriografia renal e em um grupo controle que recebeu dieta normal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>DSR causou diminui&#231;&#227;o da PAS, PAD, PAM e das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;tica e renal de NA. Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo placebo, a express&#227;o da tirosina hidroxilase (TH) renal foi menor e a da renalase foi maior no grupo DSR. Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, os n&#237;veis de TH renal e de catecol-o-metil-transferase (COMT) foram maiores e os de renalase foram menores no grupo cirurgia simulada. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis renais de ECA2, Ang-(1-7) e Mas foram maiores no grupo DSR do que no grupo cirurgia simulada, que, por sua vez, foram menores do que no grupo controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A DSR mostra efeitos anti-hipertensivos com redu&#231;&#227;o da NA e ativa&#231;&#227;o da ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas, o que indica que pode contribuir com o efeito anti-hipertensivo da DSR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Simpatectomia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Ondas de R&#225;dio</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#227;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o da Ci&#234;ncia Natural da Prov&#237;ncia de Hunan</funding-source>
          <award-id>10JJ3048</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Universidades Centrais da Universidade Centro-Su</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015zzts123</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi patrocinado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o da Ci&#234;ncia Natural da Prov&#237;ncia de Hunan, China (10JJ3048), e por Fundos De Pesquisas Fundamentais para as Universidades Centrais da Universidade Centro-Sul (2015zzts123).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; principal causa de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no mundo todo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> resultando numa estimativa de 7,6 milh&#245;es de mortes por ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Globalmente, 40,8% da popula&#231;&#227;o sofre de hipertens&#227;o, com uma taxa de conhecimento da doen&#231;a de 46,5% e taxa de controle de 32,5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O controle da hipertens&#227;o &#233; um desafio devido aos efeitos colaterais, baixa ader&#234;ncia e efic&#225;cia limitada das drogas anti-hipertensivas.</p>
        <p>Os efeitos anti-hipertensivos da denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica renal por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (DSR) foram descritos pela primeira vez por Krum et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> em 2009. Os estudos Symplicity HTN-1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e Symplicity HTN-2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> mostraram efeitos anti-hipertensivos profundos durante um seguimento de 36 meses. Uma metan&#225;lise confirmou que o tratamento com DSR &#233; eficaz para hipertens&#227;o resistente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e se mostrou superior ao tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> No entanto, o estudo Symplicity HTN-3 n&#227;o mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o eficaz da PA em pacientes portadores de hipertens&#227;o resistente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> indicando que apenas uma minoria dos pacientes era candidata a DSR.</p>
        <p>Uma vez que os mecanismos anti-hipertensivos espec&#237;ficos da DSR n&#227;o s&#227;o claros, as concentra&#231;&#245;es de noradrenalina (NA) s&#227;o um &#237;ndice da atividade neural simp&#225;tica em humanos, a qual est&#225; positivamente correlacionada com a PA. A DSR pode reduzir a NA que contribui para baixar a PA, embora o efeito da DSR sobre a NA seja inconsistente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Os n&#237;veis vari&#225;veis de NA ap&#243;s DSR podem ser decorrentes da atividade de tirosina hidroxilase (TH), renalase, catecol-o-metil transferase (COMT) e transportador de noradrenalina (TNA), que s&#227;o as enzimas associadas &#224; s&#237;ntese e metabolismo da NA. Por outro lado, o eixo da enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ECA2)/angiotensina (Ang)-(1-7)/Mas constitui uma alternativa ao sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) e representa um mecanismo intr&#237;nseco na indu&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es vasoprotetoras atrav&#233;s da contrarregula&#231;&#227;o do eixo ECA/AngII/AT1R, induzindo, assim, muitos efeitos ben&#233;ficos nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs), estando inversamente relacionado &#224; PA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e exibindo prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e renal. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito da DSR sobre a NA renal e as altera&#231;&#245;es nas enzimas relacionadas &#224; NA (TH, renalase, COMT e TNA). Al&#233;m disso, investigamos os n&#237;veis renais do eixo ECA2 - Ang-(1-7) - Mas ap&#243;s DSR e discutimos os mecanismos anti-hipertensivos potenciais da DSR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Preparo dos animais</title>
          <p>Todos os procedimentos relativos ao uso e cuidados dos animais foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Central South University. C&#227;es beagle (n=28, 10 a 12 meses de idade, pesando 11-12kg) foram divididos aleatoriamente em um grupo modelo de hipertens&#227;o (n = 22) e um grupo controle (n = 6). Ao longo do estudo, os c&#227;es foram alimentados com dieta rica em gordura (foram acrescentados 0,3 a 0,4 kg de toucinho &#224; dieta normal de 250g/dia) no grupo modelo, e com dieta normal (250g/dia, incluindo 23% de prote&#237;na, 11% de gordura, 4,9% de fibras, 10% de &#225;gua, 1-3% de c&#225;lcio,0,8% de f&#243;sforo, 0,29% de metionina, 11000UI de vitamina A/kg, 1000UI de vitamina D3 / kg e 500 UI de vitamina E / kg) no grupo controle. Ap&#243;s 3 meses de dieta rica em gordura, 20 c&#227;es atingiram cerca de 50% de aumento no peso corporal, sendo a ingesta de gordura reduzida a um n&#237;vel de manuten&#231;&#227;o. Esse modelo de obesidade canina ap&#243;s dieta rica em gordura mimetiza de perto as altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, renais, hormonais e metab&#243;licas observadas em indiv&#237;duos humanos obesos. O grupo hipertenso foi dividido em um grupo cirurgia (n = 10) e um grupo cirurgia simulada (n = 10). Tr&#234;s animais foram exclu&#237;dos pelos seguintes motivos: hematoma retroperitoneal por puntura da art&#233;ria femoral (n=1) e morte decorrente da anestesia (n=2). O grupo cirurgia (n = 9) foi tratado com denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica renal por radiofrequ&#234;ncia, enquanto que o grupo cirurgia simulada (n= 8) e o grupo controle (n = 6) foram tratados com arteriografia renal. Seis meses ap&#243;s DSR, sacrificamos os c&#227;es beagle sob anestesia profunda por inje&#231;&#227;o intramuscular de pentobarbital s&#243;dico (30-35 mg/kg).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica renal por radiofrequ&#234;ncia</title>
          <p>A cirurgia foi realizada a temperatura ambiente, com jejum pr&#233;vio de 24 horas e ap&#243;s anestesia com inje&#231;&#227;o intramuscular de pentobarbital s&#243;dico (30-35 mg/kg). Ap&#243;s a anestesia bem-sucedida, os c&#227;es eram colocados na posi&#231;&#227;o supina sobre a mesa cir&#250;rgica e, em seguida, era feita antissepsia de rotina da art&#233;ria femoral direita. Inseria-se um cateter atrav&#233;s da art&#233;ria femoral para monitorar a PA e a arteriografia renal. O cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia era inserido na art&#233;ria femoral at&#233; a art&#233;ria renal e conectado ao aparelho de abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (IBI, St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Paul, MN, EUA). De 3 a 4 locais de abla&#231;&#227;o eram selecionados para cada local, sendo realizada abla&#231;&#227;o local em forma espiral (cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia 5F IBI, St. Jude Medical). Cada ponto era submetido a abla&#231;&#227;o durante 120 segundos, com limite de energia de 8 W, at&#233; que a temperatura do tumor atingisse 55&#176;C. Realizava-se arteriografia renal imediatamente ap&#243;s a cirurgia, press&#227;o sobre o local de puntura durante 15 a 30 minutos, curativo e fixa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos anal&#237;ticos</title>
          <p>O peso corporal foi medido por balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica. Foi utilizado o BP-2010E (Softron, China), que &#233; um aparelho de medida de press&#227;o arterial de cauda, para medir PAS, PAD e PAM. Foram medidas a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica e tecidual renal de NA atrav&#233;s de cromotografia l&#237;quida de alta efici&#234;ncia com detec&#231;&#227;o eletroqu&#237;mica (CLAE). Os n&#237;veis de ECA2 e mRNA Mas renais foram medidos atrav&#233;s de PCR em tempo real. A Ang-(1-7) (Cusabio, China) renal foi estimada por ELISA. Os n&#237;veis de TH, renalase, COMT, TNA, ECA2 e express&#227;o da prote&#237;na Mas no tecido renal foram medidos por Western blot e imuno-histoqu&#237;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CLAE</title>
          <p>Amostras de NA em meio de libera&#231;&#227;o acidificado, perfusato e superperfusato foram identificadas e quantificadas por CLAE. O sistema consiste de um sistema de libera&#231;&#227;o de solvente Varian Pro-Star e um auto-amostrador modelo 9090 (Varian, Walnut Creek, CA), acoplado a uma coluna C18 e a um detector ESA Coulochem II. As separa&#231;&#245;es foram feitas forma isocr&#225;tica atrav&#233;s de uma fase m&#243;vel filtrada e desgaseificada consistindo de 12% de metanol, 0,1 M de fosfato s&#243;dico, 0,2 mM de octil sulfato s&#243;dico e 0,1 mM de EDTA, ajustada a um pH de 2.8 com &#225;cido fosf&#243;rico. O sistema de cromotografia l&#237;quida de alta press&#227;o &#233; acoplado a um computador, onde os cromatogramas s&#227;o gravados e analisados atrav&#233;s do software de esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho Varian Star.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western blot</title>
          <p>Tecidos congelados foram lisados com tamp&#227;o de lise celular contendo inibidor de protease. A concentra&#231;&#227;o proteica de cada amostra foi medida com base no m&#233;todo de Bradford atrav&#233;s do kit de ensaio proteico Bio-Rad (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, EUA) tendo a albumina s&#233;rica bovina (ASB) como padr&#227;o. Ap&#243;s procedimento de desnatura&#231;&#227;o proteica com tamp&#227;o de carga, cada amostra (50 <italic>&#181;</italic>g) foi separada em gel de eletroforese em gel de SDS-poliacrilamida a 8-12% (PAGE) (Bio-Rad Laboratories) a temperatura ambiente e transferida para uma membrana de fluoreto de polivinilideno a 4&#176;C. Ap&#243;s bloqueio em leite magro a 5% por 1 hora a temperatura ambiente, a amostra foi incubada durante a noite a 4&#176;C com anticorpo policlonal de coelho anti-TH(1:500 Abcam, EUA); anticorpo policlonal de cabra anti-renalase (1:500, biorbyt, EUA), anticorpo policlonal de cabra anti-COMT (1:500, LifeSpan BioSciences, EUA); anticorpo policlonal de coelho anti-TNA (1:500, Abcam, EUA); anticorpo policlonal de cabra anti-ECA2 (1:200, Santa Cruz, EUA); e anticorpo policlonal de coelho anti-Mas (1:200, Santa Cruz, EUA), tendo a &#946;-actina (1 : 1000, Abcam, EUA) como controle positivo. Foi adicionado anticorpo secund&#225;rio de coelho anti-cabra conjugado com HRP (1:2000) ou anticorpo de cabra anti-coelho (1:3000) sendo as membranas ent&#227;o incubadas por 1 hora a temperatura ambiente. Ap&#243;s lavagem, os sinais foram visualizados por reagentes luminol (Bio-Rad Laboratories) e a densitometria de cada blot foi analisada atrav&#233;s da vers&#227;o mais recente do Scion Image 4.0.3.2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Imuno-histoqu&#237;mica</title>
          <p>O procedimento de marca&#231;&#227;o foi realizado em cortes de tecido renal colocado em parafina (5 <italic>&#181;</italic>m). O ant&#237;geno foi recuperado de todos os cortes atrav&#233;s de fervura com tamp&#227;o de citrato de s&#243;dio (pH 6) e incuba&#231;&#227;o com anticorpo policlonal de coelho anti-TH (1:150, Abcam, EUA); anticorpo policlonal de cabra anti- renalase (1:150, biorbyt, EUA); anticorpo policlonal de cabra anti-COMT (1:150, LifeSpan BioSciences, EUA); anticorpo policlonal de coelho anti-TNA (1:150, Abcam, EUA); anticorpo policlonal de cabra anti- ECA2 (1:100, Santa Cruz, EUA); e anticorpo policlonal de coelho anti-Mas (1:100, Santa Cruz, EUA) durante a noite, a 4&#176;C. Ap&#243;s a marca&#231;&#227;o, todas as amostras foram desidratadas e seladas para observa&#231;&#227;o ao microsc&#243;pio. Foram observadas a ocorr&#234;ncia e distribui&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na em cortes de tecido marcados por anticorpo atrav&#233;s do microsc&#243;pio Nikon eclipse E400 e da v&#237;deo-c&#226;mara digital colorida HyperHAD (Sony), atrav&#233;s do software Easy Image Analysis (NIS-Elements BR v3.0) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da imunomarca&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; erro padr&#227;o das m&#233;dias, e todos os dados passaram por teste de normalidade. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre o grupo modelo de hipertens&#227;o e o grupo controle foram feitas atrav&#233;s do teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado assumindo-se vari&#226;ncia desigual, ao passo que as an&#225;lises entre 3 grupos foram feitas atrav&#233;s do teste de ANOVA unidirecional com an&#225;lise post-hoc de Neuman-Keuls. Foi usado teste t de Student pareado para comparar antes e depois de se estabelecer o modelo hipertensivo, e antes e depois de DSR. Foi usada correla&#231;&#227;o linear para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre PAS e o n&#237;vel dos fatores acima mencionados. Todos os dados foram analisados por SPSS 22.0. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelo canino de hipertens&#227;o e resposta &#224; DSR</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 3 meses sob dieta rica em gordura, houve importante aumento do peso corporal, FC, PAS, PAD e PAM no grupo hipertenso (*p &lt; 0,05 vs. in&#237;cio, # p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo controle). Houve aumento da PAS, PAD e PAM no grupo hipertenso de aproximadamente 28&#177;10mmHg, 17&#177;8mmHg e 21&#177;8mmHg, respectivamente, junto a um ganho de peso almejado de 45,2%. Al&#233;m disso, houve aumento importante de NA plasm&#225;tica no grupo hipertenso ap&#243;s 3 meses de dieta rica em gordura (*p &lt; 0,05 vs. in&#237;cio, # p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo controle). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). Houve redu&#231;&#227;o importante de aproximadamente 24&#177;9mmHg, 13&#177;6mmHg and 16&#177;7mmHg da PAS, PAD e PAM, respectivamente, no grupo cirurgia 6 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Quando comparados com os valores do grupo cirurgia simulada, a PAS, PAD e PAM do grupo cirurgia tamb&#233;m ca&#237;ram significativamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2A</xref>). Seis meses ap&#243;s DSR, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NA no grupo cirurgia mostraram-se significativamente reduzidos (*p &lt; 0,05 vs. pr&#233;-cirurgia no grupo cirurgia, # p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo cirurgia simulada). Al&#233;m disso, a NA renal no grupo cirurgia tamb&#233;m se mostrou mais baixa do que no grupo cirurgia simulada (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos da dieta rica em gordura sobre o peso corporal, FC e PA (PAS, PAD e PAM) em c&#227;es beagle (A). Respostas do peso corporal, FC e PA (PAS, PAD e PAM) &#224; DSR (B). Os valores est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. .*p &lt; 0,05 versus valores iniciais, # p &lt; 0,05 versus grupo controle na figura 2A. *p &lt; 0,05 versus pr&#233;-cirurgia do grupo cirurgia, # p &lt; 0,05 versus grupo cirurgia simulada na figura 2B. PAS: Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica; PAD: Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica; PAM: Press&#227;o Arterial M&#233;dia; FC: Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0237-70014-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>PA (PAS, PAD e PAM) (A) e NA (plasm&#225;tica e renal) (B) em resposta &#224; DSR. Os valores est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. *p &lt; 0,05 versus pr&#233;-cirurgia do grupo cirurgia, # p &lt; 0,05 versus grupo cirurgia simulada na figura 2. PAS: Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica; PAD: Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica; PAM: Press&#227;o Arterial M&#233;dia; NA: noradrenalina.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0237-70014-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>N&#237;veis renais de TH, renalase, COMT e resposta do TNA &#224; DSR</title>
          <p>Seis meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia, a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na TH renal no grupo cirurgia foi menor do que no grupo cirurgia simulada (p &lt; 0,05). A marca&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica da TH (marrom) mostrou-se localizada no citoplasma dos t&#250;bulos renais dos c&#227;es beagle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3A</xref>). Os n&#237;veis renais de renalase no grupo cirurgia foram significativamente maiores do que no grupo cirurgia simulada (p &lt; 0,05). Os resultados imuno-histoqu&#237;micos mostraram que a prote&#237;na renalase estava expressa no citoplasma das c&#233;lulas epiteliais do t&#250;bulo renal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3B</xref>). A express&#227;o da prote&#237;na COMT renal no grupo cirurgia simulada foi menor do que no grupo controle (p &lt; 0,05). No estudo imuno-histoqu&#237;mico, a COMT estava localizada no citoplasma dos t&#250;bulos renais dos c&#227;es beagle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3C</xref>). TNA estava localizado no citoplasma dos t&#250;bulos renais dos c&#227;es beagle. No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica do TNA renal entre os 3 grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3D</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos da DSR sobre os n&#237;veis renais de TH, renalase, COMT e express&#227;o da prote&#237;na TNA em c&#227;es beagle. Os valores est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. .*P &lt; 0,05 versus grupo controle, # P &lt; 0,05 versus grupo cirurgia simulada. TH: tirosina hidroxilase; COMT: catecol-o-metil transferase; NET: norepinephrine transporter.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0237-70014-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>N&#237;veis renais de ECA2, Ang-(1-7) e resposta do Mas &#224; DSR</title>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de ECA2 mRNA renal e a express&#227;o proteica no grupo cirurgia foi significativamente maior do que no grupo cirurgia simulada (p &lt; 0,05). A marca&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica da ECA2 (marrom) estava localizada no citoplasma e na membrana de t&#250;bulos renais dos c&#227;es beagle. Seis meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia, valores com densidade de &#225;rea positivos no grupo cirurgia foram significativamente mais fortes do que no grupo simula&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4A</xref>). &#192; semelhan&#231;a da ECA2, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ang-(1-7) no tecido renal no grupo cirurgia simulada foi o mais baixo, muito menor do que no grupo cirurgia e no grupo controle (p &lt; 0,005) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4B</xref>). O n&#237;vel de Mas renal tamb&#233;m foi mais alto no grupo cirurgia e no grupo controle do que no grupo cirurgia simulada. A marca&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica (marrom) do Mas mostrou-se localizada no citoplasma das c&#233;lulas dos glom&#233;rulos renais e t&#250;bulo proximal e na membrana celular dos c&#227;es beagle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4C</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos da DSR sobre a ECA2 mRNA renal e express&#227;o proteica (A), concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ang-(1-7) (B) e Mas mRNA e express&#227;o proteica (C) de c&#227;es beagle. Os valores est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. *P &lt; 0,05 versus grupo controle, # P &lt; 0,05 versus grupo cirurgia simulada. ECA2: enzima conversora de angiotensina 2</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0237-70014-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, a hipertens&#227;o relacionada &#224; obesidade induzida por dieta rica em gordura mostrou-se associada ao aumento de peso corporal, FC, PAS, PAD e PAM, o que corrobora os resultados de estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A DSR reduziu efetivamente a PA para PAS, PAD e PAM em aproximadamente 24&#177;9mmHg, 13&#177;6mmHg e 16&#177;7mmHg, respectivamente, no grupo cirurgia ap&#243;s 6 meses de cirurgia. A PAS, PAD e PAM no grupo cirurgia tamb&#233;m ca&#237;ram significativamente quando comparadas ao grupo cirurgia simulada, o que foi semelhante aos achados de estudos cl&#237;nicos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e experimentos em animais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O estudo Symplicity HTN-1 incluiu 153 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o resistente, dos quais 111 consentiram em ser acompanhados por 36 meses. A PAS (-32,0mmHg) e PAD (-14,4mmHg) ca&#237;ram significativamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O estudo Symplicity HTN-2 randomizou 106 indiv&#237;duos portadores de hipertens&#227;o resistente, cuja PAS e PAD foram reduzidas em 33 mmHg e 14 mmHg, respectivamente, em 36 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No entanto, o estudo Symplicity HTN-3 n&#227;o mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o eficaz da PA em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o resistente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> indicando que apenas uma minoria de pacientes era candidata a DSR.</p>
        <p>A NA &#233; um importante indicador da atividade neural simp&#225;tica, estando elevada em doen&#231;as com alta atividade simp&#225;tica. Tiroch et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> relataram que a DSR resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o importante da taxa de libera&#231;&#227;o de NA, ao passo que Machino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> n&#227;o observaram nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa na NA sist&#234;mica de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (REH) ap&#243;s DSR. Observamos que a NA plasm&#225;tica aumentou significativamente em um modelo canino de hipertens&#227;o relacionada a obesidade, diminuindo aproximadamente 44% atrav&#233;s de DSR. Al&#233;m disso, a DSR foi eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de NA renal, o que corrobora os resultados de Rimoldi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Como relatado, a DSR mostrou-se associada a benef&#237;cios addicionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e &#224; melhoria das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;aca e renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Foi, ainda, proposta como tratamento promissor em doen&#231;as que cursam com hiperativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Neste estudo, determinamos o valor anti-hipertensivo da DSR usando um modelo canino de hipertens&#227;o relacionada &#224; obesidade com altos n&#237;veis de NA. </p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de TH renal tamb&#233;m se mostrou aumentado na hipertens&#227;o relacionada &#224; obesidade neste estudo. Al&#233;m disso, a DSR reduziu a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na TH renal no modelo hipertensivo, o que &#233; substancialmente semelhante a estudos anteriores. A regula&#231;&#227;o negativa da TH na medula adrenal de REH mostrou-se acompanhada de uma queda importante da NA e da PAS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> sugerindo que a DSR pode influenciar as concentra&#231;&#245;es de NA por afetar o n&#237;vel renal de TH. Por outro lado, neste estudo, os n&#237;veis de renalase foram muito menores no modelo canino de hipertens&#227;o relacionada &#224; obesidade, sugerindo uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com hipertens&#227;o semelhante ao observado em estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Desir GV observou que a renalase recombinante in vitro ou in vivo reduz a press&#227;o arterial atrav&#233;s da degrada&#231;&#227;o da adrenalina plasm&#225;tica com seu efeito anti-hipertensivo diretamente relacionado &#224; sua atividade enzim&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;tico e renal de renalase em REH aumentaram intensamente ap&#243;s DSR em compara&#231;&#227;o aos dados iniciais e aos dos grupos cirurgia simulada e controle, com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PAM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> o que corrobora este estudo, sugerindo que a DSR pode reduzir as concentra&#231;&#245;es de NA atrav&#233;s da eleva&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o da renalase renal. A COMT e o TNA s&#227;o as principais enzimas envolvidas na degrada&#231;&#227;o das catecolaminas, o que est&#225; inversamente relacionado &#224; hipertens&#227;o. Como foi mostrado em nosso estudo, o n&#237;vel renal de COMT reduziu significativamente a hipertens&#227;o relacionada &#224; obesidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle grupo, enquanto que a DSR foi ineficaz contra a express&#227;o da COMT e TNA renais. Uma vez que s&#227;o expressas principalmente nas termina&#231;&#245;es nervosas, esse dado sugeriu que a COMT e TNA renais podem n&#227;o ter tido nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s DSR.</p>
        <p>O eixo ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas est&#225; envolvido na hipertens&#227;o. Camundongos transg&#234;nicos com superexpress&#227;o de horm&#244;nio do crescimento mostraram aumento do PAS, alto grau de fibrose card&#237;aca e renal, e redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada do n&#237;vel de ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas, sendo que a administra&#231;&#227;o de Ang-(1-7) reduziu a PAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A ativa&#231;&#227;o da via ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas reduz o edema tecidual induzido por priva&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio-glicose. A ativa&#231;&#227;o da via ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas reduz o edema tecidual induzido por priva&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio-glicose, a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ROS) e a morte celular em c&#233;rebro de camundongo associada a superprodu&#231;&#227;o de angiotensina II.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Corroborando o estudo anterior, al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o da ECA2, tamb&#233;m observamos que a concentra&#231;&#227;o renal de Ang-(1-7) e Mas mRNA e a express&#227;o proteica diminu&#237;ram na hipertens&#227;o relacionada &#224; obesidade. Verificamos primeiramente que a DSR aumentava o eixo ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas renal num modelo canino de hipertens&#227;o relacionado &#224; obesidade.</p>
        <p>A DSR mostra efeito anti-hipertensivo com redu&#231;&#227;o de NA e ativa&#231;&#227;o do ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas, indicando que isso pode contribuir para o efeito anti-hipertensivo da DSR. No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas duas vias n&#227;o ficou clara neste estudo. A Ang-(1-7) induz um efeito pr&#233;-sin&#225;ptico facilitat&#243;rio na neurotransmiss&#227;o noradren&#233;rgica perif&#233;rica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> al&#233;m de ser inibit&#243;ria no sistema nervoso central atrav&#233;s do receptor Mas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Sugere-se que ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas possa reduzir a concentra&#231;&#227;o de NA para alcan&#231;ar seu efeito anti-hipertensivo, o que requer a confirma&#231;&#227;o de estudos futuros.</p>
        <p>Por&#233;m, este estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, o n&#250;mero de c&#227;es &#233; pequeno, o que pode levar a um vi&#233;s de resultados. Em segundo lugar, foram detectadas mudan&#231;as na NA, enzimas relacionadas &#224; NA e ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas durante o processo, enquanto que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas mudan&#231;as n&#227;o est&#225; clara. A varia&#231;&#227;o da TH, renalase e ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas renais pode ter afetado o n&#237;vel de NA para contribuir com o efeito anti-hipertensivo da DSR. Essas limita&#231;&#245;es dever&#227;o ser mais estudadas para esclarecer os poss&#237;veis mecanismos da DSR, assim contribuindo para desenvolver e melhorar este novo m&#233;todo de tratamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A quest&#227;o inicial que motivou nosso estudo foi determinar se seria confirmada a participa&#231;&#227;o da NA e ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas no efeito anti-hipertensivo da DSR. Nosso estudo confirmou que a DSR mostra efeitos anti-hipertensivos com n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos e renais de NA reduzidos, o que pode estar relacionado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de TH e aumento de renalase no rim. Al&#233;m disso, a DSR ativa a via da ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas, o que pode contribuir para o efeito anti-hipertensivo da DSR. Embora a aplica&#231;&#227;o da DSR n&#227;o esteja clara devido &#224; sua efic&#225;cia vari&#225;vel, nossos dados sugerem que pode ser uma excelente escolha em pacientes portadores de hipertens&#227;o relacionada &#224; obesidade com altos n&#237;veis de NA e hiperativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi patrocinado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o da Ci&#234;ncia Natural da Prov&#237;ncia de Hunan, China (10JJ3048), e por Fundos De Pesquisas Fundamentais para as Universidades Centrais da Universidade Centro-Sul (2015zzts123).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Wei Chen pela Central South University, Changsha - Hunan.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
