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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">N3mnVWkFKpmhwch9Y93P5Gg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000300204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Atherosclerosis/Endothelium/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ankle-Brachial Index as a Predictor of Mortality in Hemodialysis: A 5-Year Cohort Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miguel</surname>
            <given-names>Jair Baptista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Paulo Strogoff de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lugon</surname>
            <given-names>Jocemir Ronaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil.</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jair Miguel</bold> &#8226; Rua Brom&#233;lias, 100. Postal Code: 28470-000, Monte L&#237;bano, Santo Ant&#244;nio de P&#225;dua, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>jairbaptista.miguel@hotmail.com</email>; <email>jair.miguel@cdrclinefron.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Miguel JB, Matos JPS, Lugon JR; Acquisition of data: Miguel JB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Matos JPS, Lugon JR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>204</fpage>
      <lpage>211</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Abnormal ankle-brachial index (ABI) has been found to be a strong predictor of mortality in some hemodialysis populations in studies with relatively short periods of follow-up, lower than 2 years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aimed to assess the predictive value of abnormal ABI as a risk factor for death among patients on maintenance hemodialysis after a 5-year follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 478 patients on hemodialysis for at least 12 months were included in the study. ABI measurement was performed using a mercury column sphygmomanometer and portable Doppler. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to ABI (low: &lt;0.9; normal: 0.9 to 1.3; and high: &gt;1.3) and followed for a 60-month period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The prevalence rates of low, normal and high ABI were 26.8%, 64.6% and 8.6%, respectively. The 5-year survival rate was lower in the groups with low ABI (44.1%, P&lt;0.0001) and high ABI (60.8%, P= 0.025) than in the group with normal ABI (71.7%). Cox regression was used to evaluate the association between ABI and mortality, adjusting for potential confounders. Using normal ABI as reference, a low, but not a high ABI was found to be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality (HR2.57; 95% CI, 1.84-3.57 and HR 1.62; 95% CI, 0.93-2.83, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>long-term survival rates of patients with either low or high ABI were lower than the one from those with normal ABI. However, after adjustment for potential confounders, only low ABI persisted as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality among hemodialysis patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Ankle Brachial Index / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Measures</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Dialysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency, Chronic</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The mortality rate among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients is still high and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are responsible for approximately 50% of the deaths.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In addition to ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is highly prevalent among dialysis patients and its presence is associated with high morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a simple, inexpensive and non-invasive test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> that has been shown to have a high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of PAD when compared to angiography, the gold-standard diagnosis method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> This index is based on the fact that systolic blood pressure in the legs is usually equal to or slightly higher than in the upper limbs in healthy individuals. In the presence of artery stenosis, a reduction in pressure occurs distally to the lesion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In addition, low ABI has a strong correlation with arterial disease in other sites and has been found to be a good predictor of mortality in the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Moreover, both low and high ABI have been found to be strong predictors of death among hemodialysis patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering that the usefulness of ABI has already been demonstrated in some hemodialysis populations with a mean follow-up lower than 2 years,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> the present study aimed to assess the predictive value of ABI as an independent risk factor for death among patients on maintenance hemodialysis after a 5-year follow-up.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is an observational prospective study, with a 5-year follow-up period, performed at six dialysis facilities in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. All patients aged 18 to 75 years, who had been on hemodialysis for at least 12 months, were eligible to be included in the study. Written informed consent was obtained and approved, as well the protocol of study, by the local ethical committee, number CEP 23/06. Patients with cancer, anti-HIV positive test, atrial fibrillation, bilateral lower-limb amputation, or dementia and those who refused to participate were excluded from the study. The ABI measurements were taken between March 2006 and September 2007.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>The ankle-brachial index</title>
        <p>ABI, defined as the ratio of ankle-to-arm systolic blood pressure, was measured once, at the entrance of the patients in the study, before hemodialysis session and after 5 minutes in supine position. In lower limbs, tibial posterior arteries were used, since the <italic>dorsalis pedis</italic> artery is congenitally absent in 4 to 12% of the population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Systolic blood pressure was measured twice at each site, in rapid and alternate succession, to obtain a mean value. Standard blood pressure arm cuffs connected to a mercury column were applied to the arm and to each ankle (with the lower end of the bladder just above the malleoli). Ultrasound gel was applied, and a Doppler stethoscope (10 MHz, Super Dupplex, Huntleigh Technology Inc., Manalapan NJ, USA) was used to assess systolic blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure in the upper limb was measured on the brachial artery of the arm contralateral to the vascular access. To calculate ABI, the lowest mean from the ankles was divided by the mean in the arm. All ABI measurements were performed by 3 trained observers (one physician and two medical students) based on the information that inter- and intra-observer variability for Doppler blood pressure measurement is negligible.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>To evaluate the relationship between ABI and demographics, clinical and laboratory data, the population was divided into three groups according to ABI values: low ABI group (&lt; 0.9), normal ABI group (0.9 to 1.3) and high ABI group (&gt; 1.3).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Demographic, clinical and laboratory data</title>
        <p>Demographics and clinical data were derived from both a structured clinical interview and a database used in all six dialysis facilities. These data included gender, age, race, time on dialysis, primary kidney disease, vascular access, and current smoking status. Comorbidities were defined as following: diabetes; hypertension (pre-dialysis systolic blood pressure &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure &#8805; 90 mmHg and/or use of anti-hypertensive drugs); coronary artery disease (exertional angina, current use of coronary vasodilator, past myocardial infarction, and coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous coronary intervention); stroke sequelae; PAD (current use of peripheral vasodilator, past lower limb artery bypass surgery, angioplasty or non-traumatic lower limb amputation); and hepatitis C seropositivity. Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined by ultra-sensitive immunoturbidimetric assay, specifically for the study, and the values shown were determined by the time ABI was measured. The remaining laboratory data - basal levels of hemoglobin, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), equilibrated urea Kt/V (eKt/V), and albumin - were extracted from patients' medical records. To better estimate the impact of bone mineral disturbances on our findings, cumulative exposure was assessed through calculation of the mean of all values for serum calcium, phosphorus and intact parathyroid hormone (i-PTH) measurements along the 36-month period preceding the ABI evaluation or since hemodialysis initiation for patients on dialysis for less than 3 years, as described previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Calcium and phosphorus serum levels were measured on a monthly basis and i-PTH every six months. All routine blood analyses were performed in a central laboratory.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; SD if distribution was normal and as median and range in case of non-Gaussian distribution. Categorical variables were presented as frequency. Comparison of the means between the ABI groups were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) complemented by Bonferroni test or the nonparametric test of Kruskal-Wallis complemented by Dunn test as appropriated. Frequencies were compared by Fisher's exact test. The Kaplan-Meier test was used for analysis of survival, and comparison between curves was made by the Log-Rank test.</p>
        <p>Based on a previous pilot study, we estimated that the prevalence of low, normal and high ABI would be approximately 30%, 60% and 10%, respectively. Our study was designed to have a statistical power of 0.8 to detect a difference in survival rate between low and normal ABI of 30%, with a two-sided alpha level of 5%. Thus, after accounting for an expected 20% of drop-out for reasons other than death, the minimal number of participants was estimated to be 450.</p>
        <p>Associations of ABI group (low, normal and high) with death risk were analyzed by Cox-regression models: a non-adjusted model, which only included the variable of primary interest, ABI; a model adjusted for demographics and clinical data (gender, age, race, diabetes, time on dialysis, smoking, coronary disease, stroke sequelae) - "Model 1"; and finally, a model in which laboratory variables (serum albumin, hemoglobin, i-PTH, ionized calcium, phosphorus, eKt/V, and CRP) were also included as potential confounders - "Model 2".</p>
        <p>The null hypothesis was rejected when P value was &lt; 0.05. The software SPSS, version 18.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for the statistical analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of a total of 1,170 patients on maintenance hemodialysis in six dialysis facilities, 478 patients were enrolled in the study. Demographic and laboratory characteristics of patients are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Median age was 54 (18 -75) years, 56% were males, and 14.9% and 50.6% had diabetes and hypertension as the primary kidney disease, respectively. Median time on dialysis was 59 (12 - 427) months, and longer than 3 years for 73% of patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and laboratory characteristics of the population (n = 478)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender, (%)</td>
              <td align="center">268 (56%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (18-75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Race</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">221 (46.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-White</td>
              <td align="center">257 (53.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time on dialysis (months)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (12-427)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Primary kidney disease, (%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetic nephropathy</td>
              <td align="center">71 (14.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertensive nephrosclerosis</td>
              <td align="center">242 (50.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic glomerulonephritis</td>
              <td align="center">41 (8.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">62 (13.0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Polycystic kidney disease</td>
              <td align="center">21 (4.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lupus nephropathy</td>
              <td align="center">8 (1.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others</td>
              <td align="center">33 (6.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Comorbidities, (%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">81 (16.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">291 (60.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">73 (15.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">114 (23.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke sequelae</td>
              <td align="center">16 (3.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">86 (18%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Patients &lt; 3 years of hemodialysis, (%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Parathyroidectomy</td>
              <td align="center">29 (6.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anti-HCV positive test, (%)</td>
              <td align="center">101 (21.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HB HBsAg positive test</td>
              <td align="center">13 (2.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">eKt/V</td>
              <td align="center">1,51 &#177; 0,40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">11,4 &#177; 1,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Albumin (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 0,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calcium (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Phosphorus (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">5,4 &#177; 1,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">i-PTH (pg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">370 (10-2,500)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRP (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">4,7 (0,1 - 150)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CRP: C-reactive protein; eKt/V: equilibrated Kt/V; HCV: hepatitis C virus; i- PTH :Intact parathyroid hormone; HBsAg: Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Values are expressed as median (range), mean &#177; SD or by frequency.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The prevalence of low, normal and high ABI was 26.8%, 64.6% and 8.6%, respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the characteristics of each ABI group. Male gender prevailed in the high ABI group, when compared to the low and normal ones. Patients in the low ABI group were significantly older than those in the normal and high ABI groups. The prevalence of diabetes, PAD and non-traumatic amputation was significantly lower in the normal ABI group, when compared to both low and high ABI groups. Coronary artery disease and stroke sequelae were more frequent in the low ABI group than in the normal ABI group. No difference was found regarding arm blood pressure measurements between the groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographics according to ankle-brachial index (ABI) classification</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">ABI</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Low<break/> (n=128)</th>
              <th align="center">Normal<break/> (n=309)</th>
              <th align="center">High<break/> (n=41)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Male (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">53.1</td>
              <td align="center">53.7</td>
              <td align="center">80.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (20 to 77)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (18 to 75)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">54 (27 to 71)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Race (White), %</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">61<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time on dialysis (months)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (13 to 321)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (12 to 292)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (13 to 427)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">Primary kidney disease, f (%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">25.0</td>
              <td align="center">8.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">31.7<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">51.6</td>
              <td align="center">52.1</td>
              <td align="center">36.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic glomerulonephritis</td>
              <td align="center">3.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Polycystic kidney disease</td>
              <td align="center">3.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lupus nephropathy</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others</td>
              <td align="center">8.6</td>
              <td align="center">6.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">7.0</td>
              <td align="center">14.9</td>
              <td align="center">17.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Comorbidities (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">30.5</td>
              <td align="center">9.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">31.7<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">65.6</td>
              <td align="center">60.5</td>
              <td align="center">48.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">17.2</td>
              <td align="center">15.2</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">25.0</td>
              <td align="center">15.2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">#</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">12.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke sequelae</td>
              <td align="center">8.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">27.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">24.4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nontraumatic amputation</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">9.8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Parathyroidectomy</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">6.5</td>
              <td align="center">7.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Positive HBsAg</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Positive anti-HCV test (%)</td>
              <td align="center">20.3</td>
              <td align="center">19.4</td>
              <td align="center">36.6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>HCV: hepatitis C virus; HBsAg: Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Values are expressed by frequency and median (range);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.01 vs. low and normal ABI;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>P &lt; 0.01 vs. normal ABI;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. low ABI;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.01 vs. low ABI;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. normal ABI.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Laboratory findings of each group are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. The low ABI group had higher CRP and lower serum albumin than the normal ABI group. Serum creatinine was lower in the low ABI group than in normal and high ABI groups. The high ABI group had increased serum phosphorus levels and calcium &#215; phosphorus product, when compared to the normal and low ABI groups. The high ABI group also had increased i-PTH levels compared to the low ABI group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Laboratory findings according to ABI classification</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Parameters</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">ABI</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Low<break/> (n=128)</th>
              <th align="center">Normal<break/> (n=309)</th>
              <th align="center">High<break/> (n=41)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRP (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">6.4 (0.2-150)</td>
              <td align="center">3.9 (0.1-150)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4.3 (0.2-41)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Albumin (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">3.74 &#177; 0.31</td>
              <td align="center">3.84 &#177; 0.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">3.72 &#177; 0.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BUN (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">69 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">68 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">76 &#177; 22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">10.6 &#177; 2.8</td>
              <td align="center">11.9 &#177; 3.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">12.2 &#177; 2.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">eKt/V</td>
              <td align="center">1.51 &#177; 0.41</td>
              <td align="center">1.53 &#177; 0.42</td>
              <td align="center">1.36 &#177; 0.23<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">11.6 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">12.2 &#177; 2.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">i-PTH (pg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">297 (28 - 2,202)</td>
              <td align="center">386 (4 - 2,500)</td>
              <td align="center">489 (10 - 2,160)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ionic calcium (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Phosphorus (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">5.3 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">5.4 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">5.8 &#177; 1.4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ca x P product (mg<sup>2</sup>/dL<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">24.1 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">24.7 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">27.1 &#177; 6.3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <p>CRP: C-reactive protein; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; eKt/V: Equilibrated Kt/V; i-PTH: Intact parathyroid hormone; Values are expressed by the median (limits) or by the mean &#177; SD;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.01 vs. low ABI;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. normal ABI;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. low ABI;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. low and normal ABI.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After a 5-year follow-up period, 158 of 478 patients died, 69 lost their follow-up due to a change of dialysis facility and 28 underwent kidney transplantation. The survival curves according to the ABI group are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>. When the 5-year survival rates were compared, values were lower in the groups of altered ABI (44.1% for low ABI and 60.8% for high ABI) than in the normal ABI group (78%), P &lt;0.0001 and P = 0.025, respectively.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Survival curves for the first 5 years of follow-up according to ankle-brachial index ( ABI) at baseline</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0204-70026-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The association of ABI with mortality risk in the Cox proportional hazard models is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>. In the non-adjusted model, low ABI was associated with increased mortality risk (HR 2.57, 95%CI1.84-3.57), but the association of high ABI with death (HR 1.62, 95%CI0.93-2.83) was not significant. In the multivariate analysis, after adjustment for demographics and comorbidities (Model 1), low ABI persisted significantly associated with all-cause mortality (HR1.83, 95%CI1.28-2.63), accompanied by age (HR1.02, 95%CI1.01-1.04). After further adjustment for laboratory variables (Model 2), low ABI (HR 1.69, 95%CI 1.14-2.51) and age (HR 1.02[per year], 95%CI 1.01-1.04) again persisted as significantly associated with all-cause mortality. Here, stroke sequelae (HR 2.25, 95%CI 1.09-4.67) and CRP (HR 1.02[per mg/L], 95%CI 1.01-1.03) also were found to be significantly associated with increased mortality risk.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Predictors for overall mortality using Cox proportional hazards models</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Non-adjusted</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">HR (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">HR (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">HR (95%CI)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>ABI</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal (ref.)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High</td>
              <td align="center">1.62 (0.93-2.83)</td>
              <td align="center">1.47 (0.83-2.60)</td>
              <td align="center">1.16 (0.60-2.26)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">2.57 (1.84-3.57)</td>
              <td align="center">1.83 (1.28-2.63)</td>
              <td align="center">1.69 (1.14-2.51)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender (male)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.23 (0.89-1.71)</td>
              <td align="center">1.25(0.86-1.81)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (1.01-1.04)</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (1.01-1.04)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Race (White)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.71-1.36)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 (0.66-1.37)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (y/n)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.37 (0.93-2.03)</td>
              <td align="center">1.37 (0.88-2.13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time on dialysis (mo)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (0.98-1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (0.99-1.00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (y/n)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.23 (0.83-1.82)</td>
              <td align="center">1.27 (0.84-1.92)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary disease (y/n)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.13 (0.77-1.67)</td>
              <td align="center">1.06 (0.69-1.63)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke Sequelae (y/n)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.73 (0.89-3.39)</td>
              <td align="center">2.25 (1.09-4.67)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Laboratory parameters</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Albumin (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 (0.44-1.52)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.97 (0.87-1.09)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">i-PTH (pg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (0.99-1.00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calcium (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.06 (0.60-1.89)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Phosphorus (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.93 (0.78-1,10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">eKt/V</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 (0.53-1.36)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRP (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (1.01-1.03)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <p>Values expressed as hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Adjusted for demographics date and comorbidities;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN15">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Adjusted for demographics data, comorbidities and laboratory parameters; PTH -Intact parathyroid hormone; eKt/V -equilibrated Kt/V; CRP - C reactive protein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>ABI is an easy, reliable and non-invasive test, that has been used as a diagnostic tool for PAD, a condition highly prevalent among hemodialysis patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> It has also been shown to be a useful marker of diffuse atherosclerotic disease as well as a predictor of mortality in patients on hemodialysis and in general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The relationship between ABI and CVD has also been demonstrated by a negative correlation between ABI and intimal medial thickness,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and by an inverse correlation between ABI and left ventricular mass in hypertensive patients without clinical manifestations of PAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The survival curves were significantly different between the ABI groups in the current study. Survival was lower in both low and high ABI groups when compared to the normal one. These findings point to the importance usefulness of ABI as an important predictor of mortality in hemodialysis population. Low ABI was found to be associated with higher mortality rate in general population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> as well as in patients with chronic kidney disease, stages 3 to 5<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and hemodialysis patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> High ABI has also been associated with increased mortality in studies involving hemodialysis patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Abnormal values of ABI as predictors of death were assessed by Cox proportional hazards models. In the non-adjusted model, in which only three bands of ABI were taken into account, and the normal ABI band was taken as reference, only low ABI was associated with a significant death risk. The multivariate analysis was performed in two steps. Firstly, we developed the Model 1, in which the association of ABI bands with mortality was adjusted for gender, age, race, diabetes status, time on dialysis, smoking, coronary disease, and stroke sequelae. On a second step, in Model 2, laboratory parameters were also added as potential confounding factors. Our findings showed that low ABI persisted as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality even after adjustment for all demographics, comorbidities and laboratory variables. On the other hand, we found that high ABI did not represent an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality. This is in disagreement with previous studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> but the small sample size in our analysis could have reduced the chance of detecting a true effect of high ABI due to the low statistical power.</p>
      <p>Also interesting was the finding that diabetes, <italic>per se,</italic> did not represent an independent determinant for mortality. This finding is consistent with previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> suggesting that only diabetic patients on hemodialysis having arterial disease present a greater risk of death. Moreover, diabetes was not a risk factor for death in hemodialysis when patients with PAD were excluded from the sample.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Age, baseline CRP levels and stroke sequelae were confirmed as independent risk factors for death during the 5-year follow-up period. The first two variables are well-known risk factors for death in hemodialysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, confirming the association between a single baseline CRP measurement and long-term mortality risk. Stroke sequelae may represent the association between low ABI and diffuse atherosclerotic disease, and could be seen as a link between low ABI and high mortality rate in hemodialysis patients.</p>
      <p>Among 478 patients enrolled, the frequency of normal, low and high ABI was 64.6%, 26.8% and 8.6%, respectively. There was a predominance of males among patients with high ABI. Patients in the low ABI group were older than those in the other two groups. We found a higher prevalence of diabetes in both low and high ABI groups, in comparison to the group with normal ABI. The high prevalence of diabetes among low ABI patients could be attributed to the presence of macrovascular disease, whereas the predominance of diabetes in the group of high ABI could be explained by the greater prevalence of vascular calcification in diabetic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Vascular calcification can cause arterial stiffness, and consequently increased ABI.</p>
      <p>Regarding hypertension, we did not detect significant differences between the ABI groups. We also found no association between smoking and the risk of abnormal ABI. Perhaps, the low prevalence of smoking in our population could have mitigated such effect. Moreover, the absence of such correlation could be attributed to data collection strategy, since we considered only current smokers in our study. The association between smoking and PAD in hemodialysis patients was controversial in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The low ABI group showed a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease, stroke sequelae, PAD and non-traumatic amputation when compared to the normal ABI group. The association between low ABI and generalized atherosclerotic disease was also found in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> It should be underscored that the high ABI group also presented a higher prevalence of PAD and non-traumatic amputation in relation to the normal group.</p>
      <p>The positive correlation between atherosclerosis and inflammation, demonstrated in previous studies in both general population and hemodialysis patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> could also be observed in our study, considering the variables CRP and serum albumin. The group of low ABI showed higher levels of CRP and lower serum albumin than the normal group. This finding is also consistent with studies evaluating specifically PAD in both general population and hemodialysis patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> The lower serum creatinine levels in the low ABI group suggest that some degree of malnutrition was present in these patients, a comorbidity correlated with inflammation.</p>
      <p>Ionized calcium, phosphorus and i-PTH levels were used to evaluate bone and mineral disturbances. The levels of ionized calcium were similar in the three groups, whereas phosphorus levels and the calcium &#215; phosphorus product were higher in the high ABI group than in the other two groups reflecting, probably, a putative role of phosphorus in vascular calcification. These results are in agreement with a prior study, in which the association between serum phosphorus and Ca x P levels were observed only in patients with ABI &gt;1.4 or incompressible ankle arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It should be stressed that, differently from other studies, we did not perform a merely cross-sectional analysis of the association between current ionized calcium and phosphorus levels and the presence of PAD. In fact, in our study, calcium and phosphorus data represent the mean of values of monthly measurements of these variables during a long period of up to 36 months preceding ABI evaluation. Thus, our data point against a direct association between hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia and low ABI.</p>
      <p>i-PTH values were higher in the group with ABI &gt;1.3 than in the group with ABI &lt;0.9. A negative association of i-PTH levels with PAD, as well as with cardiac and aortic valve calcification was also found in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> The reasons for this negative association are not clear but might be related to a tendency toward a soft tissue calcification in low-turnover bone disease or to the association between low i-PTH levels and malnutrition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> It is worth pointing out, however, that the inverse association between i-PTH levels and the presence of PAD is not a uniform finding. </p>
      <p>Considering the high prevalence of PAD, its consequences and the current lack of effective therapies for hemodialysis patients, we think that the routine measurement of ABI could identify patients in higher long-term risk of death, who could benefit from early detection of PAD and interventions on risk factors associated with low ABI, such as inflammation, in attempt to change the apparently inexorable course of this disease.</p>
      <p>This study has some limitations that deserve consideration. Several established risk factors for PAD in general population, as smoking, could not be properly evaluated, since the data collection considered only the current state and not the total burden of exposition to it. We also could not distinguish between overall and cardiovascular cause of mortality due to the lack of accurate information. Another limitation is that the studied population could not be representative of the national one a nationwide feature, since all patients are from Rio de Janeiro State. On the other side, the strengths of our study include the assessment of ABI by Doppler, the gold-standard method, its prospective design and the long follow-up period. Most of similar studies observed patients for no more than 2 years. There is no standardized definition for "long-term" concerning the follow-up in clinical research, but its meaning can be viewed as dependent on the disease, treatment and populations studied.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Considering a mean annual mortality rate of 15% to 20% in hemodialysis population, it seems reasonable to label a period of 5 years in our population as a long-term follow-up.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Our findings showed a high frequency of abnormal ABI among patients in hemodialysis. Long-term survival rates of patients with either low or high ABI were lower than the one from those with normal ABI. However, after adjustment for potential confounders, only low ABI persisted as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality among hemodialysis patients. In addition, the relatively higher risk of death for diabetic patients was reversed after adjustment for ABI.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Jair Baptista Miguel, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
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        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial Como Preditor de Mortalidade em Hemodi&#225;lise: Um Estudo de Coorte de 5 Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miguel</surname>
            <given-names>Jair Baptista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Paulo Strogoff de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lugon</surname>
            <given-names>Jocemir Ronaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Jair Miguel &#8226; Rua Brom&#233;lias, 100. CEP 28470-000, Monte L&#237;bano, Santo Ant&#244;nio de P&#225;dua, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>jairbaptista.miguel@hotmail.com</email>; <email>jair.miguel@cdrclinefron.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Miguel JB, Matos JPS, Lugon JR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Miguel JB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Matos JPS, Lugon JR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) foi apontado como um forte preditor de mortalidade em algumas popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise em estudos com per&#237;odos relativamente curtos de acompanhamento (inferior a 2 anos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o valor preditivo do ITB anormal como um fator de risco de morte em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise ap&#243;s 5 anos de acompanhamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 478 pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise por pelo menos 12 meses foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A medida de ITB foi realizada usando-se esfigmoman&#244;metro com coluna de merc&#250;rio e Doppler port&#225;til. Os pacientes foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com o ITB (baixo: &lt; 0,9; normal: 0,9 - 1,3; e alto: &gt;1,3), e acompanhados por um per&#237;odo de 60 meses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As preval&#234;ncias de ITB baixo, normal e alto foram 26,8%, 64,6% e 8,6%, respectivamente. A taxa de sobrevida de 5 anos foi menor nos grupos com ITB baixo (44,1%, p &lt;0,0001) e ITB alto (60,8%, p = 0,025) que no grupo com ITB normal (71,7%). A regress&#227;o de Cox foi usada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre ITB e mortalidade, ajustando para potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o. Usando o ITB normal como refer&#234;ncia, um baixo ITB, mas n&#227;o um alto ITB foi identificado como um fator de risco independente para mortalidade por todas as causas (HR2,57; IC95%, 1,84-3,57 e HR 1,62; 95% CI, 0,93-2,83, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>as taxas de sobrevida em longo prazo de pacientes com um ITB baixo ou alto foram menores que de pacientes com um ITB normal. No entanto, ap&#243;s ajuste por fatores de confus&#227;o, somente o ITB baixo manteve-se como um fator de risco independente para mortalidade por todas as causas entre pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice Tornozelo-Bra&#231;o / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Medidas</kwd>
        <kwd>Di&#225;lise Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo de Coortes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A taxa de mortalidade de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (IRC) ainda &#233; elevada, e as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por aproximadamente 50% das mortes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Al&#233;m da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, a doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) &#233; altamente prevalente em pacientes em tratamento dial&#237;tico, e sua presen&#231;a est&#225; associada com alta morbimortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O &#237;ndice tornozelo- braquial (ITB) &#233; um teste simples, barato e n&#227;o invasivo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> com alta sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagn&#243;stico de DAP quando comparado &#224; angiografia, o m&#233;todo considerado padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Esse &#237;ndice baseia-se no fato de que a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica nas pernas &#233; geralmente igual ou ligeiramente maior que a nos membros superiores em indiv&#237;duos sadios. Na presen&#231;a de estenose arterial, ocorre uma redu&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o em local distante &#224; les&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Al&#233;m disso, um valor baixo de ITB est&#225; fortemente correlacionado com doen&#231;a arterial em outros s&#237;tios e demonstrou-se um bom preditor de mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Ainda, tanto um baixo ITB como um alto ITB s&#227;o fortes preditores de morte em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando que a utilidade do ITB j&#225; foi demonstrada em popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise com uma m&#233;dia de acompanhamento inferior a 2 anos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o valor preditivo do ITB como um fator de risco independente para morte em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de 5 anos de acompanhamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional prospectivo, com um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 5 anos, conduzido em seis centros de di&#225;lise no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Todos os pacientes com idade entre 18 e 75 anos, submetidos &#224; hemodi&#225;lise por no m&#237;nimo 12 meses foram considerados eleg&#237;veis. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica (CEP 23/06), e o consentimento livre e esclarecido foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e obtido dos participantes. Pacientes com c&#226;ncer, HIV positivos, pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, com amputa&#231;&#227;o bilateral de membros inferiores ou dem&#234;ncia, e aqueles que se recusaram a participar do estudo foram exclu&#237;dos. As medidas de ITB foram obtidas entre mar&#231;o de 2006 e setembro de 2007.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>&#205;ndice tornozelo-braquial</title>
          <p>O ITB, definido como a raz&#227;o entre a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica do tornozelo e a do bra&#231;o, foi medido uma vez, na entrada do paciente ao estudo, antes da sess&#227;o de hemodi&#225;lise e ap&#243;s cinco minutos, na posi&#231;&#227;o supino. Nos membros inferiores, foi usada a art&#233;ria posterior tibial, uma vez que a art&#233;ria dorsal do p&#233; est&#225; congenitamente ausente em 4 a 12% da popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi medida duas vezes em cada local, de maneira r&#225;pida e alternada, para se obter um valor m&#233;dio. Manguitos padr&#245;es, conectados a uma coluna de merc&#250;rio, foram usados no bra&#231;o e em cada tornozelo (com a extremidade inferior do manguito posicionada logo acima dos mal&#233;olos). Um gel de ultrassom foi aplicado, e um estetosc&#243;pio Doppler (10 MHz, Super Dupplex, Huntleigh Technology Inc., Manalapan NJ, EUA) foi utilizado para avaliar a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica. A press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica no membro superior foi medida na arterial braquial do bra&#231;o contralateral ao acesso vascular. Para calcular o ITB, a menor m&#233;dia dos tornozelos foi dividida pela m&#233;dia do bra&#231;o. Todas as medidas foram realizadas por tr&#234;s observadores treinados (um m&#233;dico e dois estudantes de Medicina), considerando que a variabilidade interobservador e intraobservador para a medida de press&#227;o arterial por Doppler &#233; m&#237;nima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o do ITB com dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, a popula&#231;&#227;o foi dividida em tr&#234;s grupos segundo valores de ITB: baixo ITB (&lt;0,9), ITB normal (0,9-1,3) e alto ITB (&gt;1,3).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos foram obtidos a partir de uma entrevista estruturada e um banco de dados dispon&#237;veis nos seis centros de hemodi&#225;lise. Esses dados inclu&#237;ram sexo, idade, ra&#231;a, tempo de di&#225;lise, doen&#231;a renal prim&#225;ria, acesso vascular e tabagismo. As comorbidades foram definidas como: diabetes, hipertens&#227;o (press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea pr&#233;-di&#225;lise &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg e/ou uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas); doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (angina est&#225;vel, uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea); sequela de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC); DAP (uso atual de vasodilatador perif&#233;rico, hist&#243;ria de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do membro inferior, angioplastia ou amputa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o traum&#225;tica de membro inferior); e sorologia positiva para hepatite C. N&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C reativa foram medidos por imunoturbidimetria ultrasens&#237;vel, especificamente para o estudo, e os valores foram determinados na ocasi&#227;o da medida do ITB. Os demais dados laboratoriais - valores basais de hemoglobina, creatinina s&#233;rica, nitrog&#234;nio ureico sangu&#237;neo (BUN), Kt/V de ureia equilibrado (eKt/V), e albumina - foram obtidos dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos dos pacientes. Para melhor estimar o impacto dos dist&#250;rbios minerais &#243;sseos sobre nossos achados, foi avaliada a exposi&#231;&#227;o acumulada, calculando-se os valores s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios de c&#225;lcio, f&#243;sforo e paratorm&#244;nio intacto (PTHi) medidos ao longo de 36 meses anteriores &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do ITB, conforme descrito previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de c&#225;lcio e f&#243;sforo foram medidos mensalmente, e o PTHi a cada seis meses. Todas as an&#225;lises sangu&#237;neas de rotina foram realizadas no laborat&#243;rio central.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p> As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP, e aquelas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em mediana e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncia. Compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias entre os grupos foi realizada pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), seguida do teste de Bonferroni, ou pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do teste de Dunn, conforme apropriado. As frequ&#234;ncias foram comparadas pelo teste exato de Fisher. O teste de Kaplan-Meier foi usado para an&#225;lise de sobrevida, e as curvas foram comparadas pelo teste log-rank.</p>
          <p>Com base em um estudo piloto pr&#233;vio, n&#243;s estimamos que a preval&#234;ncia de um ITB baixo, normal e alto seria de aproximadamente 30%, 60% e 10%, respectivamente. O estudo foi delineado para se obter um poder estat&#237;stico de 0,8 para detectar uma diferen&#231;a na taxa de sobrevida entre ITB baixo e normal de 30%, com n&#237;vel de alfa bicaudal de 5%. Portanto, ap&#243;s considerar uma taxa de 20% de abandono por raz&#245;es diferentes de morte, o n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de participantes foi estimado em 450.</p>
          <p>Associa&#231;&#245;es dos grupos ITB (baixo, normal e alto) com o risco de morte foram analisadas pelos modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox: um modelo n&#227;o ajustado, que incluiu a vari&#225;vel de interesse principal (ITB); um modelo ajustado para dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos (sexo, idade, ra&#231;a, diabetes, tempo de di&#225;lise, tabagismo, doen&#231;a coronariana, sequelas de AVC) - "Modelo 1"; e, finalmente, um modelo em que as vari&#225;veis laboratoriais (albumina s&#233;rica, hemoglobina, PTHi, c&#225;lcio ionizado, f&#243;sforo, eKt/V, e PCR) foram inclu&#237;dos como fatores potenciais de confus&#227;o - "Modelo 2".</p>
          <p>A hip&#243;tese nula foi rejeitada quando P&lt;0,05. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi usado o programa SPSS vers&#227;o 18.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Do total de 1170 pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise em seis centros de hemodi&#225;lise, 478 foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais dos pacientes est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>. A idade mediana era de 54 anos (18-75 anos), 56% dos pacientes eram homens, 14,9% e 50,6% tinham diabetes e hipertens&#227;o como doen&#231;a renal prim&#225;ria, respectivamente. A mediana do tempo de hemodi&#225;lise foi de 59 meses (12-427 meses), e superior a 3 anos para 73% dos pacientes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o (n = 478)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">268 (56%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (18-75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">221 (46,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o branca</td>
                <td align="center">257 (53,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo em di&#225;lise (meses)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (12-427)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Doen&#231;a renal prim&#225;ria, (%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nefropatia diab&#233;tica</td>
                <td align="center">71 (14,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nefrosclerose hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">242 (50,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glomerulonefrite cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">41 (8,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecida</td>
                <td align="center">62 (13,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal polic&#237;stica</td>
                <td align="center">21 (4,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nefropatia l&#250;pica</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outras</td>
                <td align="center">33 (6,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Comorbidades, f (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">81 (16,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">291 (60,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">73 (15,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">114 (23,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sequelas de acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">16 (3,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">86 (18%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pacientes &lt; 3 anos em hemodi&#225;lise (%)</td>
                <td align="center">129 (27%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Paratiroidectomia</td>
                <td align="center">29 (6,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste anti-HCV positivo, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (21,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HB Teste HBsAg positivo</td>
                <td align="center">13 (2,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">eKt/V</td>
                <td align="center">1,51 &#177; 0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">11,4 &#177; 1,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Albumin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C&#225;lcio (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">F&#243;sforo (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 &#177; 1,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PTHi (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">370 (10-2,500)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,7 (0,1 - 150)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>eKt/V - Kt/V equilibrado; HCV: v&#237;rus da hepatite C; PTHi: paratorm&#244;nio intacto; HBsAg: Ant&#237;genos de Superf&#237;cie da Hepatite B; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; Valores em mediana (intervalo interquartil), m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou por frequ&#234;ncia</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de ITB baixo, normal e alto foi de 26,8%, 64,6% e 8,6%, respectivamente. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas de cada grupo. O sexo masculino prevaleceu no grupo ITB alto, quando comparado aos grupos com ITB baixo e normal. Os pacientes com ITB baixo eram significativamente mais velhos que aqueles no grupo normal e grupo com alto ITB. As preval&#234;ncias de diabetes, de DAP e de amputa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o traum&#225;tica foram significativamente mais baixas no grupo ITB normal em compara&#231;&#227;o aos demais grupos. Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e sequela de AVC foram mais frequentes no grupo com ITB baixo que no grupo com ITB normal. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na press&#227;o arterial entre os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">ITB</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Baixo<break/> (n=128)</th>
                <th align="center">Normal<break/> (n=309)</th>
                <th align="center">Alto<break/> (n=41)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens (%)</td>
                <td align="center">53,1</td>
                <td align="center">53,7</td>
                <td align="center">80,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (20 - 77)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (18 - 75)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">54 (27 - 71)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ra&#231;a (Branca), %</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">61<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo em di&#225;lise (meses)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (13 - 321)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (12 - 292)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (13 - 427)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a renal prim&#225;ria (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">25,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">31,7<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">51,6</td>
                <td align="center">52,1</td>
                <td align="center">36,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glomerulonefrite cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal polic&#237;stica</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nefropatia l&#250;pica</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros</td>
                <td align="center">8,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecida</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">14,9</td>
                <td align="center">17,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Comorbidades (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">30,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">31,7<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">65,6</td>
                <td align="center">60,5</td>
                <td align="center">48,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">17,2</td>
                <td align="center">15,2</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">25,0</td>
                <td align="center">15,2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">12,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sequelas de acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">8,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">27,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">24,4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amputa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o traum&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">9,8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Paratiroidectomia</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste HBsAg positivo</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HB Teste anti-HCV positivo, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20,3</td>
                <td align="center">19,4</td>
                <td align="center">36,6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>HCV: v&#237;rus da hepatite C; HBsAg: ant&#237;genos de superf&#237;cie da hepatite B. Valores expressos em frequ&#234;ncia e mediana (intervalo interquartil);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,01 vs. ITB baixo e ITB normal;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>P &lt; 0,01 vs. ITB normal;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. ITB baixo;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,01 vs. ITB baixo;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. ITB normal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os achados laboratoriais de cada grupo est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>. O grupo com baixo ITB apresentou maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es de PCR e menores de albumina s&#233;rica. Creatinina s&#233;rica foi mais baixa no grupo ITB baixo que nos grupos ITB normal e ITB alto. O grupo com ITB alto apresentou n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de f&#243;sforo e produto c&#225;lcio x f&#243;sforo, quando comparado aos grupos com ITB normal e baixo. O grupo com ITB alto apresentou n&#237;veis maiores de PTHi que o grupo com ITB baixo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados laboratoriais segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB )</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">ITB</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Baixo<break/> (n=128)</th>
                <th align="center">Normal<break/> (n=309)</th>
                <th align="center">Alto<break/> (n=41)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 (0,2-150)</td>
                <td align="center">3,9 (0,1-150)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 (0,2-41)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Albumina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3,74 &#177; 0,31</td>
                <td align="center">3,84 &#177; 0,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,72 &#177; 0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BUN (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">10,6 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">11,9 &#177; 3,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 2,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">eKt/V</td>
                <td align="center">1,51 &#177; 0,41</td>
                <td align="center">1,53 &#177; 0,42</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 &#177; 0,23<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">11,6 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 2,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PTHi (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">297 (28 - 2,202)</td>
                <td align="center">386 (4 - 2,500)</td>
                <td align="center">489 (10 - 2,160)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C&#225;lcio i&#244;nico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">F&#243;sforo (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">5,3 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 &#177; 1,4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Produto Ca x P (mg<sup>2</sup>/dL<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">24,1 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">24,7 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">27,1 &#177; 6,3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">&#8224;&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <p>PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; BUN: nitrog&#234;nio ureico sangu&#237;neo; eKt/V -Kt/V equilibrado; PTHi: paratorm&#244;nio intacto; Valores expressos em mediana (limites) ou por m&#233;dia &#177; DP;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt;0,01 vs. ITB baixo;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. ITB normal;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. ITB baixo;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. ITB baixo e ITB normal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 5 anos de acompanhamento, 158 dos 478 pacientes morreram, 69 perderam o seguimento por mudan&#231;a de centro de hemodi&#225;lise, e 28 foram submetidos a transplante renal. As curvas de sobrevida por grupo est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. Quando as taxas de sobrevida de 5 anos foram comparadas, valores mais baixos foram detectados nos grupos com ITB alterado (44,1% para ITB baixo e 60,8% para ITB alto) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com ITB normal (78%), P &lt;0,0001 e P = 0,025, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas de sobrevida para os primeiros cinco anos de acompanhamento segundo o &#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB) basal</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0204-70026-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o do ITB com o risco de mortalidade nos modelos Cox de risco proporcional est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>. No modelo n&#227;o ajustado, um baixo ITB foi associado a risco de mortalidade aumentado (HR 2,57, IC95% 1,84-3,57), por&#233;m a associa&#231;&#227;o entre ITB elevado e morte (HR 1,62, IC95% 0,93-2,83) n&#227;o foi significativa. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, ap&#243;s ajuste para dados demogr&#225;ficos e comorbidades (Modelo 1), baixo ITB continuou significativamente associado com mortalidade por todas as causas (HR 1,83, IC95% 1,28-2,63), acompanhado por idade (HR 1,02, IC95% 1,01-1,04). Ap&#243;s ajuste para vari&#225;veis laboratoriais (Modelo 2), baixo ITB (HR 1,69, IC95% 1,14-2,51) e idade (HR 1,02 [por ano], IC95% 1,01-1,04) continuaram significativamente associados com mortalidade por todas as causas. Nesse modelo, as vari&#225;veis sequelas de AVC (HR 2,25, IC95% 1,09-4,67) e PCR [HR 1,02 (por mg/L), IC95% 1,01-1,03) tamb&#233;m estavam significativamente associadas com risco de mortalidade aumentado.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores da mortalidade global utilizando os modelos Cox de risco proporcional</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N&#227;o ajustado</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">**</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">HR (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">HR (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">HR (IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ITB</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal (ref.)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 (0,93-2,83)</td>
                <td align="center">1,47 (0,83-2,60)</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 (0,60-2,26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">2,57 (1,84-3,57)</td>
                <td align="center">1,83 (1,28-2,63)</td>
                <td align="center">1,69 (1,14-2,51)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo (masculino)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (0,89-1,71)</td>
                <td align="center">1,25(0,86-1,81)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (1,01-1,04)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (1,01-1,04)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ra&#231;a (Branca)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,71-1,36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,66-1,37)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (sim/n&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 (0,93-2,03)</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 (0,88-2,13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo em di&#225;lise (meses)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,98-1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,99-1,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (sim/n&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (0,83-1,82)</td>
                <td align="center">1,27 (0,84-1,92)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a coronariana (sim/n&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (0,77-1,67)</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (0,69-1,63)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sequelas de AVC (sim/n&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,73 (0,89-3,39)</td>
                <td align="center">2,25 (1,09-4,67)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Albumina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 (0,44-1,52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,87-1,09)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PTHi (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,99-1,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C&#225;lcio (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (0,60-1,89)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">F&#243;sforo (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 (0,78-1,10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">eKt/V</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 (0,53-1,36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (1,01-1,03)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <p>Valores expressos em taxa de risco (hazard ratios, HR) e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (CI); </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN29">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Ajustado por dados demogr&#225;ficos e comorbidades;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN30">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Ajustado por dados demogr&#225;ficos e par&#226;metros laboratoriais; PTHi: paratorm&#244;nio intacto; eKt/V - Kt/V equilibrado; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O ITB &#233; um m&#233;todo confi&#225;vel, n&#227;o invasivo, que tem sido utilizado no diagn&#243;stico de DAP, uma condi&#231;&#227;o altamente prevalente em paciente em hemodi&#225;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Tamb&#233;m tem sido apontado como um marcador de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica difusa e como preditor de mortalidade em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise e tamb&#233;m na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre ITB e DCV tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada por uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre ITB e espessura da &#237;ntima m&#233;dia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre ITB e massa ventricular esquerda observada em pacientes hipertensos sem manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da DAP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, as curvas de sobrevida foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos. Sobrevida foi mais baixa nos grupos com ITB baixo e ITB elevado em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quele com ITB normal. Esses achados apontam para a import&#226;ncia do ITB como um &#250;til preditor de mortalidade em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise. Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que um baixo ITB est&#225; associado com taxa de mortalidade mais elevada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> bem como em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica est&#225;gios 3-5<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Um ITB elevado tamb&#233;m foi associado com mortalidade aumentada em estudos envolvendo pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Valores anormais de ITB como preditores de morte foram avaliados por modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox. No modelo n&#227;o ajustado, no qual foram considerados apenas tr&#234;s intervalos de ITB, sendo que o ITB normal foi utilizado como refer&#234;ncia, somente um ITB baixo foi associado com um risco de morte significativo. A an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada em duas etapas. Primeiro, n&#243;s desenvolvemos o Modelo 1, no qual a associa&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos de ITB com mortalidade foi ajustada por sexo, idade, ra&#231;a, presen&#231;a de diabetes, tempo de di&#225;lise, tabagismo, doen&#231;a coronariana e sequela de AVC. Em uma segunda etapa, no Modelo 2, par&#226;metros laboratoriais foram adicionados como potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o. Nossos resultados mostraram que o ITB continuou como um fator de risco independente para mortalidade por todas as causas mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para dados demogr&#225;ficos, comorbidades e vari&#225;veis laboratoriais. Por outro lado, verificamos que um alto ITB n&#227;o representou um fator de risco independente para mortalidade por todas as causas. Esse resultado diverge de outros encontrados em estudos pr&#233;vios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> mas &#233; poss&#237;vel que o pequeno tamanho da amostra em nosso estudo possa haver reduzido a chance de se detectar o real efeito do ITB elevado devido a um baixo poder estat&#237;stico.</p>
        <p>Outro resultado bastante interessante foi o fato de que o diabetes, em si, n&#227;o representou um fator determinante independente para mortalidade. Esse achado est&#225; de acordo com estudos pr&#233;vios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> que sugerem que somente pacientes diab&#233;ticos em hemodi&#225;lise, com doen&#231;a arterial, apresentam um risco maior de morte. Al&#233;m disso, diabetes n&#227;o foi um fator de risco para morte em hemodi&#225;lise quando os pacientes com DAP foram exclu&#237;dos da amostra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Idade, n&#237;veis basais de PCR e sequela de AVC foram confirmados como fatores de risco independentes para morte durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento de 5 anos. As duas primeiras vari&#225;veis s&#227;o fatores de risco bem conhecidos para morte em hemodi&#225;lise,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> confirmando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre uma &#250;nica medida basal de PCR e risco de mortalidade em longo prazo. Sequelas de AVC podem representar a associa&#231;&#227;o entra um baixo ITB e doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica difusa, e podem ser vistas como uma liga&#231;&#227;o entre um baixo ITB e alta taxa de mortalidade em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Entre os 478 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, as frequ&#234;ncias de ITB normal, baixo e alto foram 64,6%, 26,8% e 8,6%, respectivamente. Houve uma predomin&#226;ncia de homens entre os pacientes com ITB elevado. Os pacientes com ITB baixo eram mais velhos que os pacientes dos demais grupos. Houve uma preval&#234;ncia maior de diabetes nos grupos ITB baixo e alto, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo ITB normal. A alta preval&#234;ncia de diabetes ente os pacientes com baixo ITB poderia ser atribu&#237;da &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a macrovascular, enquanto que a predomin&#226;ncia de diabetes no grupo ITB alto poderia ser explicada pela maior preval&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular em pacientes diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular pode causar rigidez arterial, e consequentemente a um ITB elevado.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o, n&#243;s n&#227;o detectamos diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos, e tampouco encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o entre tabagismo e risco de ITB anormal. Talvez a baixa preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o possa ter reduzido esse efeito. Ainda, a aus&#234;ncia de tal correla&#231;&#227;o possa ser atribu&#237;da &#224; estrat&#233;gia de coleta de dados, j&#225; que consideramos somente fumantes atuais em nosso estudo. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre tabagismo e DAP em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lises &#233; controversa em estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O grupo com ITB baixo apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, sequelas de AVC, DAP e amputa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-traum&#225;tica quando comparado ao grupo com ITB normal. Tamb&#233;m foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre um baixo ITB e doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica generalizada em estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Deve-se ressaltar que a preval&#234;ncia de DAP e de amputa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-traum&#225;tica tamb&#233;m foi maior no grupo ITB elevado que no grupo com ITB normal.</p>
        <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre aterosclerose e inflama&#231;&#227;o, demonstrada em estudos pr&#233;vios tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o geral como em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> tamb&#233;m foi observada em nosso estudo, considerando as vari&#225;veis PCR e albumina s&#233;rica. O grupo com ITB baixo apresentou maiores n&#237;veis de PCR e menores de albumina s&#233;rica em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo normal. Esse resultado tamb&#233;m &#233; consistente com estudos que avaliaram especificamente DAP tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o geral como em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Os n&#237;veis mais baixos de creatinina no grupo ITB baixo sugerem algum grau de desnutri&#231;&#227;o nesses pacientes, a qual &#233; uma comorbidade correlacionada com inflama&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de c&#225;lcio ionizado, f&#243;sforo e PTHi foram usados para avaliar dist&#250;rbios &#243;sseos e minerais. Os n&#237;veis de c&#225;lcio ionizado foram similares entre os tr&#234;s grupos, ao passo que os n&#237;veis de f&#243;sforo e do produto c&#225;lcio x f&#243;sforo foram mais altos no grupo com ITB elevado que nos outros dois grupos, refletindo um prov&#225;vel papel do f&#243;sforo na calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com um estudo anterior, no qual a associa&#231;&#227;o entre f&#243;sforo s&#233;rico e os n&#237;veis de Ca x P foi observada somente nos paciente com ITB &gt; 1,4 ou art&#233;rias do tornozelo n&#227;o compress&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Deve-se ressaltar que, diferentemente de outros estudos, n&#243;s n&#227;o realizamos uma mera an&#225;lise transversal da associa&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis atuais de c&#225;lcio ionizado e de f&#243;sforo com a presen&#231;a de DAP. Na realidade, em nosso estudo, dados de c&#225;lcio e de f&#243;sforo representam os valores m&#233;dios de medidas mensais dessas vari&#225;veis durante um per&#237;odo longo de at&#233; 36 meses precedentes &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do ITB. Assim, nossos dados apontam para a aus&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o direta entre hipercalcemia ou hiperfosfatemia e um baixo ITB.</p>
        <p>Os valores de PTHi foram mais altos no grupo com ITB &gt;1,3 que no grupo com ITB &lt;0,9. Uma associa&#231;&#227;o negativa dos n&#237;veis de PTHi com DAP, e com calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ou da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica foi encontrada em estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> As raz&#245;es dessa associa&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o claras, mas podem estar relacionadas a uma tend&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o de tecidos moles em doen&#231;a &#243;ssea de baixo <italic>turnover</italic> ou &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre baixos n&#237;veis de PTHi e desnutri&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Vale ressaltar, contudo, que a associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis de PTHi e a presen&#231;a de DAP n&#227;o &#233; um resultado consensual.</p>
        <p>Considerando a alta preval&#234;ncia de DAP, suas consequ&#234;ncias e a atual aus&#234;ncia de terapias efetivas para pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise, em nossa opini&#227;o, a medida rotineira do ITB poderia identificar pacientes com maior risco de morte em longo prazo, os quais poderiam beneficiar-se de uma detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de DAP e interven&#231;&#245;es sobre os fatores de risco associados com um baixo ITB, tal como inflama&#231;&#227;o, na tentativa de mudar o progresso aparentemente inevit&#225;vel dessa doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>O estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que merecem ser consideradas. V&#225;rios fatores de risco para DAP na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, como o tabagismo, n&#227;o p&#244;de ser avaliado adequadamente, uma vez que a coleta de dados considerou apenas tabagismo atual, e n&#227;o a carga total gerada pela exposi&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o conseguimos distinguir mortalidade global de mortalidade por causa cardiovascular devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es precisas. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada n&#227;o foi representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o nacional, uma vez que todos os pacientes eram origin&#225;rios do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Por outro lado, os pontos fortes deste estudo incluem a avalia&#231;&#227;o do ITB pelo Doppler, m&#233;todo considerado padr&#227;o-ouro, seu delineamento prospectivo e o longo per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. A maioria dos estudos similares acompanharam os pacientes por um per&#237;odo inferior a 2 anos. N&#227;o existe uma defini&#231;&#227;o de "longo-prazo" em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de acompanhamento na pesquisa cl&#237;nica, mas seu significado pode ser considerado como dependente da doen&#231;a, do tratamento, e das popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Considerando uma taxa de mortalidade anual m&#233;dia de 15% a 20% na popula&#231;&#227;o em hemodi&#225;lise, parece-nos razo&#225;vel considerar 5 anos como um per&#237;odo longo de acompanhamento em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nossos achados mostraram uma elevada frequ&#234;ncia de ITB anormal em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise. As taxas de sobrevida em longo prazo dos pacientes com ITB anormal foram mais baixas que naqueles com ITB normal. No entanto, ap&#243;s ajuste por potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o, somente o ITB baixo permaneceu como um fator de risco independente para mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise. Al&#233;m disso, o risco de morte relativamente maior nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos foi revertido ap&#243;s o ajuste para ITB.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Jair Baptista Miguel pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
