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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LHk5n97XZshVhKqPYc7F57L</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000300198</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170025</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Atherosclerosis/Endothelium/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>MMP-9 Levels and IMT of Carotid Arteries are Elevated in Obese Children and Adolescents Compared to Non-Obese</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bosco</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sandrim</surname>
            <given-names>Valeria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte - N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil.</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Valeria Sandrim</bold> &#8226; R Prof. Dr. Ant&#244;nio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250 Bairro: Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Junior, Postal Code 18618-689 - Botucatu, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>valsandrim@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Andrade C; Acquisition of data: Bosco A, Sandrim V; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Andrade C, Bosco A, Sandrim V, Silva F; Statistical analysis: Bosco A, Sandrim V; Writing of the manuscript: Andrade C, Bosco A, Sandrim V; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>198</fpage>
      <lpage>203</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Childhood obesity is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Increased intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery is linked to the initiation and progression of the chronic inflammatory processes implicated in cardiovascular disease. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays an important role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and, consequently, in the development, morphogenesis, repair and remodeling of connective tissues.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>(i) to determine and compare the concentrations of MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase -1 (TIMP-1), and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in obese and non-obese children and adolescents; (ii) to investigate the association of these markers with common and internal IMT of carotid arteries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study involving 32 obese and 32 non-obese (control) individuals between 8 - 18 years of age.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher values of MMP-9 concentration, as well as a higher MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were detected in the obese group compared to control counterparts. Common and internal carotid IMT values were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.001) in the obese group compared to the control group. Positive correlations were observed between the common carotid IMT values and MMP-9 concentrations as well as MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Our data demonstrate that obese children and adolescents present higher mean IMT values, plasma MMP-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio compared to the non-obese. Thus, these findings indicate that this group presents a risk profile for early atherosclerosis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pediatric Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Childhood obesity is a major health problem because of its association with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Obesity is correlated to an increased intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery, which, in turn, is linked to the initiation and progression of chronic inflammatory processes implicated in cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The increase in carotid IMT starts during childhood,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and nearly all children present fat deposits in these arteries by the age of three.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A study by Dawson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> with 635 adolescents and young adults, has shown that carotid IMT is significantly correlated to coronary artery risk scores; therefore, early assessment of this parameter through non-invasive methods may assist in the identification of individuals most at risk of cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays an important role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and, consequently, in the development, morphogenesis, repair and remodeling of connective tissues.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Since MMP-9 activity is regulated primarily by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), an imbalance between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 could lead to the uncontrolled degradation of extracellular matrix as seen in various pathological disorders, including cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Thus, some studies in adults have correlated IMT values and circulating MMP-9/TIMP-1 concentrations;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> however, to our knowledge, no study has evaluated these correlations in children and adolescents. Also, increased IMT values of the carotid artery are linked to chronic inflammatory processes in cardiovascular disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and this process involves the activation of MMP-9.</p>
      <p>Therefore, we hypothesized that obese children and adolescents present higher concentrations of plasmatic MMP-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio compared to the non-obese group, and that these concentrations are positively correlated to IMT values of common and internal carotid arteries. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare plasma MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels and correlate these concentrations to IMT values of common and internal carotid arteries in obese and non-obese children and adolescents.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population and experimental design</title>
        <p>Details of the cross-sectional study were presented to and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital <italic>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia</italic> in the city of Belo Horizonte (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians prior to the investigation.</p>
        <p>Potential participants were recruited in the outpatient clinic of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism of <italic>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia</italic> in the city of Belo Horizonte and included males and females between 8 and 18 years of age. Individuals presenting hypertension, metabolic, endocrine, autoimmune, neoplastic and infectious diseases were excluded from the study. Participants were assessed as obese (n = 32) or non-obese (n = 32; control group) according to their body mass index (BMI) referenced against the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sex-adjusted BMI-for-age growth charts with the cut-off point for obesity taken as &#8805; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Hypertension was defined by the "<italic>VI Diretrizes de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic>" (VI Arterial Hypertension Guidelines from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology) and for children and adolescents, it was based on percentiles. Obese and non-obese groups were not on any medication. A minimum sample size of 23 individuals per group was calculated considering an alpha error of 0.05% and a test power of 90%. Data were collected between March 2010 and March 2012.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometrical, clinical and biochemical evaluations</title>
        <p>Anthropometrical (weight, height and BMI), clinical (carotid IMT) and biochemical (TSH, MMP-9, TIMP-1, MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio) parameters were collected for all selected individuals. Anthropometric measurements were performed with participants barefoot and with light clothes. Body weight was measured using portable digital scales (capacity 180 kg; sensitivity 100 g), while height was determined by portable stadiometer (non-extendable 2 m measuring tape graduated in 0.1 cm divisions) with the subject in the orthostatic position. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were measured at least three times after 15 min of rest and hypertension was defined as SBP and/or DBP exceeding the 95th percentile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Serum TSH was estimated with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Quibasa Qu&#237;mica B&#225;sica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil). Plasma was collected in tubes containing EDTA as anticoagulant, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 tests were performed using human MMP-9/TIMP-1 complex DuoSet kit (R&amp;D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>IMT measurements</title>
        <p>Common carotid artery: average measurement of the thickness on both sides, longitudinal projection, exactly 1 cm before the bifurcation. Internal carotid artery: average measurement of the thickness on both sides, longitudinal projection at the origin.</p>
        <p>Measurements were performed using a Vivid i (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) portable ultrasound system with the subject lying in the supine position and with the neck rotated (45&#186;) to the side opposite to the undergoing examination.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> All examinations were performed by a single physician with certified skills in diagnostic imaging.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed with the aid of SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Student's t test was used to compare the mean values of the two groups regarding variables that were normally distributed, while the Mann Whitney test was used to compare variables that were not normally distributed. The &#967;<sup>2</sup> test was employed to assess the relationship between carotid IMT and independent variables. The correlations among plasma biomarkers and common and internal carotid IMT were analyzed using Spearman's correlation. In all tests, statistical significance was set at 5% (0.05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Clinical and biochemical characteristics of subjects enrolled in study are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Although both groups exhibited serum TSH values within the normal range, the mean value of this parameter in the obese group was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) than that recorded in the non-obese group (2.7 &#177; 0.8 <italic>vs</italic> 2.0 &#177; 0.8 &#181;IU/mL, p &lt; 0.05). Plasma MMP-9 concentrations were significantly higher in the obese group compared to the non-obese group (p &lt; 0.05), while plasma TIMP-1 concentrations were similar (p &gt; 0.05) in both groups. Mean MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in the obese group in comparison to the non-obese. Mean IMT values of the common and internal carotid arteries of obese individuals were significantly greater (p &lt; 0.001) than those of their control counterparts.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic, anatomical and biochemical characteristics of obese and non-obese children and adolescents recruited in the outpatient clinic of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism of <italic>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte</italic> (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil).</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Obese group [n = 32]</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Non-obese group [n = 32]</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Minimum</th>
              <th align="center">Maximum</th>
              <th align="center">Mean/%</th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
              <th align="center">Minimum</th>
              <th align="center">Maximum</th>
              <th align="center">Mean/%</th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age [years]</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height [m]</td>
              <td align="center">1.28</td>
              <td align="center">1.79</td>
              <td align="center">1.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
              <td align="center">1.52</td>
              <td align="center">1.84</td>
              <td align="center">1.63<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight [kg]</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">71</td>
              <td align="center">56<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI [kg/m<sup>2</sup>]</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">90</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
              <td align="center">103</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">90</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
              <td align="center">103</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender (% Female)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TSH [&#181;IU/mL]</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">4.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Common carotid IMT [mm]</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Internal carotid IMT [mm]</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
              <td align="center">0.40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MMP-9 [ng/mL]</td>
              <td align="center">127</td>
              <td align="center">1208</td>
              <td align="center">343</td>
              <td align="center">249</td>
              <td align="center">92</td>
              <td align="center">925</td>
              <td align="center">246<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">151</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TIMP-1 [ng/mL]</td>
              <td align="center">322</td>
              <td align="center">1165</td>
              <td align="center">677</td>
              <td align="center">214</td>
              <td align="center">207</td>
              <td align="center">1522</td>
              <td align="center">709</td>
              <td align="center">284</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MMP-9/ TIMP-1 ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
              <td align="center">1.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
              <td align="center">1.59</td>
              <td align="center">0.41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; IMT: intima-media thickness; MMP-9: metalloproteinase-9; TIMP-1: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1; SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Significant differences p &lt; 0.05 compared to obese group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There was a direct and statistically significant correlation among plasma MMP-9, MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio, and IMT values of the common carotid artery (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively: <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1, A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">E</xref>). In contrast, there was no significant correlation between plasma TIMP-1 and IMTs of common and internal carotid arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1, C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">D</xref>) or MMP-9 and IMT of internal carotid arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlations among biomarkers [MMP-9 (A,B), TIMP-1(C,D) and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio (E,F)] and common (A,C,E) and internal (B,D,F) carotid IMT. The correlations among plasma biomarkers and common and internal carotid IMT were analyzed using Spearman's correlation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0198-70025-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to correlate plasma MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels to common and internal IMT in obese and non-obese children and adolescents. Following an evaluation of matrix metalloproteinases in obese and non-obese children and adolescents, Glowi&#324;ska-Olszewska et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> reported high concentrations of the atherosclerosis marker MMP-9 in the obese group and even higher concentrations in hypertensive obese individuals. These authors argued that the abnormally high concentrations of MMP-9 could indicate modifications in the metabolism of the extracellular matrix of blood vessels and heart muscle, and that such alterations could speed up the atherosclerotic process. Additionally, the same research team described that MMP-9 and TIMP-1 concentrations were elevated in obese children and adolescents, and that the values of these parameters increased even further when obesity was accompanied by hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Moreover, Belo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> reported that genotypes and haplotypes of MMP-9 gene modulate circulating MMP-9 levels in obese children and adoslecentes. In the present study, plasma MMP-9 and the ratio MMP-9/TIMP-1 were significantly higher in obese individuals compared to their control counterparts, but the two groups presented no statistical difference in plasma TIMP-1. Although weak, it was possible to demonstrate a direct relationship between the concentrations of MMP-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio, but not those of TIMP-1 and IMT values of common carotid arteries, suggesting a potential participation of this gelatinase in artery remodeling. Furthermore, no such relationship could be established with internal carotid IMT. This difference of correlations could be explained by the magnitude of the IMT of the internal carotid that is lower than that of the common carotid; therefore, the difference of magnitude may have interfered in the correlation. It is important to note that plasma MMP-9 concentrations reflect the systemic MMP-9 production and not only the vascular production, which may reduce the magnitude of correlations between this biomarker and IMT.</p>
      <p>In the present study, mean IMT values of the common and internal carotid arteries of the obese group (0.47 and 0.43 mm, respectively) were significantly increased (p &lt; 0.001) compared to those of the control group (0.42 and 0.40 mm, respectively); a result that is in agreement with previous reports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Thus, in a case-control study carried out in Belgium by Beauloye et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> involving healthy subjects between 8 and 18 years of age, the mean value of carotid IMT of the obese group (0.470 mm) was significantly greater than that of the non-obese control group (0.438 mm), even though the mean age of the two groups did not differ significantly. Furthermore, these authors were able to demonstrate a significant positive correlation between carotid IMT and relative BMI. Moreover, studying Brazilian adolescents, Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> demonstrated, in 35 obese and 18 non-obese subjects between 10-16 years old, that cIMT, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, insulin, and CRP values were higher, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), adiponectin, and VO<sub>2max</sub> values were lower in the obese group than in the non-obese group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Based on mean IMT values of the common carotid artery determined in the obese and control groups in the present study, a cut-off point of 0.44 mm was established. A sonographic evaluation of common carotid and femoral arteries of 247 healthy subjects between 10 and 20 years of age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> revealed that mean IMT values increased almost linearly from 0.38 to 0.40 mm with increasing age. Since the adopted cut-off point was considerably higher than the value previously ascribed to healthy individuals in the age range 18 to 20 years of age, it is possible to state that children and adolescents comprising the obese group in the present study exhibited abnormally increased carotid IMT values. Moreover, it was possible to estimate from the data obtained that the risk of the obese group exhibiting elevated common carotid IMT was 2 to 5 times higher than that of the control group, while the risk of increased internal carotid IMT was 1.5 to 4 times greater.</p>
      <p>Non-invasive techniques are reliable tools for identifying adults with increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk, but for children and adolescents, such techniques have been reserved mainly for research purposes. Ultrasound imaging appears to be a reliable technique to estimate IMT values of human arteries <italic>in vivo</italic>, since Pignoli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> were able to confirm that there were no significant differences between B mode-determined IMTs of the common carotid arteries evaluated in pathogenic examination and those evaluated <italic>in vivo</italic> in young subjects. Moreover, while the analysis of IMT has often been used in cross-sectional studies, only a few clinical trials with children have employed this parameter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> which comprised a 21 year follow-up longitudinal investigation, suggested that obesity indices, such as BMI, skinfold, serum lipoproteins, insulin, glucose and blood pressure, measured in youth, are significantly associated to increased IMT and decreased elasticity of the carotid artery in adulthood. These findings emphasize the importance of weight control from youth to adulthood in reducing cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>Although mean TSH value of the obese group was higher than that of the control group (2.85 versus 1.98 &#181;IU/mL), no cases of hypothyroidism were diagnosed in obese participants. Conventionally, a serum TSH concentration of 4 to 5 &#181;IU/mL is considered elevated; however, recent data from large population studies have indicated that a lower TSH cut-off point in the region of 2 to 2.5 &#181;IU/mL would be more appropriate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Likewise, the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry has recommended an upper limit of 2.5 &#181;IU/mL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> for serum TSH, a value that is below the mean concentration of the obese group determined in the present study. However, it is not possible to state with certainty that cases of subclinical hypothyroidism were absent within the obese group of the present study.</p>
      <p>In addition, numerous studies have revealed a positive association between measures of obesity and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations, although the mechanisms responsible for this association require further elucidation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> it is proposed that variations in thyroid hormone could affect lipoproteins and oxidation steps contributing to vascular remodeling and endothelial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Interestingly, a significant correlation has also been demonstrated between carotid IMT and TSH values within normal reference values, suggesting an increased cardiovascular risk in subjects with low normal thyroid function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Yap and Jasul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> found a positive correlation between serum TSH and BMI, and inferred that an increase in TSH concentration, even within the generally accepted limits, could contribute to weight problems. The present study demonstrated that the group of obese children and adolescents exhibited increased TSH concentrations, although the concentrations were within the normal range, similarly to findings previously reported by Aypak et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> However, this problem clearly requires further investigation since hypothyroidism may be associated with markers of atherosclerosis and, consequently, with increased carotid IMT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> A limitation of our study is the small number of subjects enrolled.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our data demonstrate that obese children and adolescents present higher mean IMT values, plasma TSH, plasma MMP-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio compared to the non-obese. Thus, these findings indicate that this group presents a risk profile for early atherosclerosis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Claudio Andrade, from Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte. </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The study was financed by IEP - <italic>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte</italic>, MG, Brazil and <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#225; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais</italic>.</p>
    </ack>
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              <surname>T&#252;redi</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Y&#252;ce</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>G&#246;rpelioglu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] concentration in nutritionally obese children and metabolic co-morbidity</article-title>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Aterosclerose/Endot&#233;lio/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis de MMP-9 e EIMC mostram-se Elevados em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes Obesos em Compara&#231;&#227;o a N&#227;o Obesos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bosco</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sandrim</surname>
            <given-names>Valeria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte - N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Valeria Sandrim</bold> &#8226; R Prof. Dr. Ant&#244;nio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250 Bairro: Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Junior, CEP 18618-689 - Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>valsandrim@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Andrade C; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bosco A, Sandrim V; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Andrade C, Bosco A, Sandrim V, Silva F; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bosco A, Sandrim V; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Andrade C, Bosco A, Sandrim V; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A obesidade infantil est&#225; associada a um aumento do risco de aterosclerose e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na fase adulta. O aumento da espessura da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea (EIMC) est&#225; associado ao in&#237;cio e progresso do processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico envolvido em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A metaloproteinase-9 da matriz (MMP-9) tem um papel importante na degrada&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular e, consequentemente, no desenvolvimento, morfog&#234;nese, repara&#231;&#227;o e remodela&#231;&#227;o de tecidos conjuntivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>(i) determinar e comparar as concentra&#231;&#245;es de MMP-9, inibidor de tecido de metaloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) e a raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 em crian&#231;as e adolescente obesos e n&#227;o obesos; (ii) investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores com a EIM das car&#243;tidas interna e comum.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com 32 indiv&#237;duos obesos e 32 n&#227;o obesos (controle) entre 8 e 18 anos de idade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram detectados valores significativamente mais altos (p &lt; 0,05) de concentra&#231;&#245;es de MMP-9 e da raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 no grupo de obesos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de n&#227;o obesos. Valores de EIM das car&#243;tidas comum e interna mostraram-se significativamente mais altos (p &lt; 0,001) no grupo de obesos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Correla&#231;&#245;es positivas foram observadas entre os valores de EIM da car&#243;tida comum e concentra&#231;&#245;es de MMP-9 e raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nossos dados demonstram que crian&#231;as e adolescente obesos apresentam valores m&#233;dios mais altos de EIMC, MMP-9 plasm&#225;tica e da raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o obesos. Portanto, esses achados indicam que esse grupo apresenta maior risco de aterosclerose precoce.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Obesidade Infantil</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidor Tecidual de Metaloproteinase</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A obesidade infantil &#233; um s&#233;rio problema de sa&#250;de devido a sua associa&#231;&#227;o ao aumento do risco de aterosclerose e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na fase adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A obesidade est&#225; relacionada ao aumento da espessura da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea (EIMC), que, por sua vez, est&#225; associada ao in&#237;cio e progress&#227;o do processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico envolvido em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O aumento da EIMC come&#231;a na inf&#226;ncia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e quase todas as crian&#231;as apresentam, aos tr&#234;s anos de idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> dep&#243;sitos de gordura nessas art&#233;rias. Um estudo de Dawson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> com 635 adolescentes e jovens, mostrou que a EIMC est&#225; significativamente correlacionada a escores de risco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o precoce desse par&#226;metro por meio de m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos pode ajudar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com maior risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>A metaloproteinase-9 da matriz (MMP-9) tem um papel importante na degrada&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular e, consequentemente, no desenvolvimento, morfog&#234;nese, repara&#231;&#227;o e remodela&#231;&#227;o de tecidos conectivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Considerando-se que a atividade da MMP-9 &#233; regulada primariamente pelo inibidor de tecido de metaloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), um desequil&#237;brio entre MMP-9 e TIMP-1 pode levar &#224; degrada&#231;&#227;o descontrolada da matriz extracelular, conforme visto em diversos dist&#250;rbios patol&#243;gicos, incluindo doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Portanto, alguns estudos em adultos correlacionam valores de EIMC e concentra&#231;&#245;es de MMP-9/TIMP-1 em circula&#231;&#227;o;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> contudo, at&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o h&#225; estudo que tenha avaliado essas correla&#231;&#245;es em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Al&#233;m disso, valores elevados de EIMC est&#227;o ligados ao processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e esse processo envolve a ativa&#231;&#227;o da MMP-9.</p>
        <p>Portanto, desenvolvemos a hip&#243;tese de que crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos apresentam maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de MMP-9 e maior raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de n&#227;o obesos, e que essas concentra&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o positivamente correlacionadas aos valores de EIM das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas interna e comum. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de MMP-9 E TIMP-1 e correlacionar essas concentra&#231;&#245;es a valores de EIM das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comum e interna em crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos e n&#227;o obesos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e design experimental</title>
          <p>Detalhes do estudo transversal foram apresentados e aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil). Antes da investiga&#231;&#227;o, termos de consentimento livre e esclarecido foram obtidos de todos os participantes e/ou seus representantes legais.</p>
          <p>Participantes potenciais foram recrutados no ambulat&#243;rio da Divis&#227;o de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte, e foram inclu&#237;dos participantes do sexo masculino e feminino entre 8 e 18 anos de idade. Indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o ou doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas, end&#243;crinas, autoimunes, neopl&#225;sicas ou infecciosas foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Os participantes foram classificados como obesos (n = 32) ou n&#227;o obesos (n = 32; grupo controle) de acordo com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) com base nos gr&#225;ficos de crescimento de acordo com IMC-para-idade, ajustados por g&#234;nero de 2000 dos Centros de Controle de Doen&#231;as e Preven&#231;&#227;o, com o ponto de corte para obesidade definido como &#8805; 95&#186; percentil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Hipertens&#227;o foi definida pela IV Diretrizes de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, e para crian&#231;as e adolescentes, os percentis foram usados como base. Os grupos obesos e n&#227;o-obesos n&#227;o estavam sob nenhum medicamento. Um tamanho m&#237;nimo de amostra de 23 indiv&#237;duos por grupo foi calculado considerando-se erro alfa de 0,05% e poder de teste de 90%. Os dados foram coletados entre mar&#231;o de 2010 e mar&#231;o de 2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas, cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas</title>
          <p>Par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos (peso, altura e IMC), cl&#237;nicos (EIMC) e bioqu&#237;micos (TSH, MMP-9, TIMP-1, MMP-9/TIMP-1) foram coletados para todos os indiv&#237;duos selecionados. Medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram tiradas com os participantes descal&#231;os e com roupas leves. O peso corporal foi medido com balan&#231;as digitais port&#225;teis (capacidade de 180 kg, sensibilidade de 100 g), e a altura foi determinada por estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til (fita m&#233;trica n&#227;o estend&#237;vel de 2 m graduada em divis&#245;es de 0,1 cm) com o indiv&#237;duo na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) foi medida pelo menos tr&#234;s vezes ap&#243;s 15 minutos em repouso, e hipertens&#227;o foi definida como PAS e/ou PAD acima do 95&#186; percentil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O TSH s&#233;rico foi estimado com um kit de ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA) (Quibasa Qu&#237;mica B&#225;sica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil). O plasma foi coletado em tubos com anticoagulante EDTA, testes de MMP-9 e TIMP-1 foram feitos com <italic>Human MMP-9/TIMP-1 complex DuoSet kit</italic> (R&amp;D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es de EIM</title>
          <p>Art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum: medi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da espessura de ambos os lados, proje&#231;&#227;o longitudinal, exatamente 1 cm antes da bifurca&#231;&#227;o. Art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna: medi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da espessura de ambos os lados, proje&#231;&#227;o longitudinal na origem. </p>
          <p>Medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas com sistema de ultrassom port&#225;til Vivid i (GE Healthcare, Milwauke, WI, EUA) com o indiv&#237;duo na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e com o pesco&#231;o girado (45&#186;) para o lado oposto do lado em exame.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Todos os exames foram feitos por um &#250;nico m&#233;dico certificado em diagn&#243;stico por imagem.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas com o SPSS, vers&#227;o 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi usado para comparar os valores m&#233;dios dos dois grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis distribu&#237;das normalmente, e o teste de Mann Whitney foi aplicado para comparar vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o foram normalmente distribu&#237;das. O teste &#967;<sup>2</sup> foi empregado para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a EIMC e vari&#225;veis independentes. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre biomarcadores plasm&#225;ticos e EIM das car&#243;tidas comum e interna foram analisadas por meio da correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. Em todos os testes, a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em 5% (0,05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas dos indiv&#237;duos participantes no estudo est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>. Embora os dois grupos tenham apresentado valores de TSH s&#233;rico dentro da normalidade, o valor m&#233;dio desse par&#226;metro no grupo obeso mostrou-se significativamente mais alto (p &lt; 0,05) do que no grupo n&#227;o-obeso (2,7 &#177; 0,8 <italic>vs</italic> 2,0 &#177; 0,8 &#181;IU/mL, p &lt; 0,05). Concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de MMP-9 mostraram-se significativamente mais altas no grupo obeso em compara&#231;&#227;o ao n&#227;o-obeso (p &lt; 0,05), ao passo que concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de TIMP-1 se mostraram similares (p &gt; 0,05) em ambos os grupos. A m&#233;dia da raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 mostrou-se significativamente mais alta (p &lt; 0,05) no grupo obeso em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo n&#227;o-obeso. Valores m&#233;dios de EIM das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas interna e comum de indiv&#237;duos obesos estavam significativamente mais altos (p &lt; 0,001) do que os de indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o obesos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, anat&#244;micas e bioqu&#237;micas das crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos e n&#227;o-obesos recrutados no ambulat&#243;ria da Divis&#227;o de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo obeso [n = 32]</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo n&#227;o-obeso [n = 32]</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">M&#237;nimo</th>
                <th align="center">M&#225;ximo</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia/%</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
                <th align="center">M&#237;nimo</th>
                <th align="center">M&#225;ximo</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia/%</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade [anos]</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura [m]</td>
                <td align="center">1,28</td>
                <td align="center">1,79</td>
                <td align="center">1,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
                <td align="center">1,52</td>
                <td align="center">1,84</td>
                <td align="center">1,63<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso [kg]</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">56<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC [kg/m<sup>2</sup>]</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero (% Meninas)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TSH [&#181;IU/mL]</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EIM da car&#243;tida comum [mm]</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EIM da car&#243;tida interna [mm]</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MMP-9 [ng/mL]</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">1208</td>
                <td align="center">343</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">92</td>
                <td align="center">925</td>
                <td align="center">246<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">151</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TIMP-1 [ng/mL]</td>
                <td align="center">322</td>
                <td align="center">1165</td>
                <td align="center">677</td>
                <td align="center">214</td>
                <td align="center">207</td>
                <td align="center">1522</td>
                <td align="center">709</td>
                <td align="center">284</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o MMP-9/ TIMP-1</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide; EIM: espessura da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia; MMP-9: metaloproteinase-9 da matriz; TIMP-1: inibidor de tecido de metaloproteinase-1; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;as significativas p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo obeso.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Foi detectada uma correla&#231;&#227;o direta e estatisticamente significativa entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de MMP-9, a raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 e valores de EIM da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum (p = 0,02 e p = 0,04, respectivamente: <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1, A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">E</xref>). Contudo, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de TIMP-1 e EIMs das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas interna e comum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1, C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">D</xref>) ou entre MMP-9 e EIM das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas internas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre biomarcadores [MMP-9 (A,B), TIMP-1(C,D) e raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 (E,F)] e EIM das car&#243;tidas comum (A,C,E) e interna (B,D,F). As correla&#231;&#245;es entre biomarcadores plasm&#225;ticos e EIM das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comum e interna foram analisadas com a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-03-0198-70025-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a correlacionar n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de MMP-9 e TIMP-1 e EIM da car&#243;tida interna em crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos e n&#227;o obesos. Ap&#243;s uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da metaloproteinase da matriz em crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos e n&#227;o obesos, Glowi&#324;ska-Olszewska et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> relataram altas concentra&#231;&#245;es do marcador de aterosclerose MMP-9 no grupo de obesos, e concentra&#231;&#245;es ainda mais elevadas em indiv&#237;duos obesos hipertensos. Os autores relataram que concentra&#231;&#245;es anormalmente elevadas de MMP-9 podem indicar modifica&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo da matriz extracelular de vasos sangu&#237;neos e do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, e que tais altera&#231;&#245;es podem acelerar o processo ateroscler&#243;tico. Al&#233;m disso, a mesma equipe de pesquisa descreveu que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de MMP-9 e TIMP-9 estavam elevadas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos, e que os valores desse par&#226;metro aumentaram ainda mais quando a obesidade vem acompanhada de hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Al&#233;m disso, Belo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> relataram que gen&#243;tipos e hapl&#243;tipos do gene MMP-9 modulam n&#237;veis de MMP-9 em circula&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos. No presente estudo, n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de MMP-9 e a raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 mostraram-se significativamente mais altos em indiv&#237;duos obesos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle; por&#233;m, os grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de TIMP-1. Apesar de fraco, foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre concentra&#231;&#245;es de MMP-9 e a raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1, por&#233;m, n&#227;o entre TIMP-1 e valores de EIM das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comuns, o que sugere uma potencial participa&#231;&#227;o dessa gelatinase na remodela&#231;&#227;o arterial. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer tal rela&#231;&#227;o com a car&#243;tida interna. Essa diferen&#231;a de correla&#231;&#245;es pode ser explicada pela magnitude da EIM da car&#243;tida interna, que &#233; menor do que a da car&#243;tida comum; portanto, a diferen&#231;a de magnitude pode ter interferido na correla&#231;&#227;o. &#201; importante notar que concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de MMP-9 refletem a produ&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de MMP-9, e n&#227;o apenas a produ&#231;&#227;o vascular, o que pode reduzir a magnitude das correla&#231;&#245;es entre esse biomarcador e EIM.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, os valores m&#233;dios de EIM das art&#233;rias comum e interna do grupo obeso (0,47 e 0,43 mm, respectivamente) mostraram-se significativamente aumentados (p &lt; 0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (0,42 e 0,40 mm, respectivamente); resultado esse que est&#225; de acordo com relatos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Portanto, em um estudo caso-controle feito na B&#233;lgica por Beauloye et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> envolvendo indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis entre 8 e 18 anos de idade, o valor m&#233;dio da EIMC do grupo obeso (0,470 mm) estava significativamente mais alto do que o do grupo controle de n&#227;o obesos (0,438 mm), apesar de a idade m&#233;dia dos dois grupos n&#227;o diferir significativamente.</p>
        <p>Ademais, os autores puderam demonstrar uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa entre EIMC e IMC relativo. Al&#233;m disso, estudando adolescentes brasileiros, Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> demonstraram, em 35 indiv&#237;duos obesos e 18 n&#227;o obesos entre 10 e 16 anos de idade, que valores de EIMC, triglic&#233;rides, HOMA-IR, insulina e CRP mostravam-se mais altos, enquanto valores de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), adiponectina e VO<sub>2max</sub> mostravam-se mais baixos no grupo de obesos do que no grupo de n&#227;o obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com base em valores m&#233;dios de EIM da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum determinados nos grupos obeso e n&#227;o-obeso do presente estudo, um ponto de corte de 0,44 mm foi estabelecido. Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica das art&#233;rias car&#243;tida comuns e femorais de 247 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis entre 10 e 20 anos de idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> revelou que os valores m&#233;dios de EIM aumentavam quase linearmente de 0,38 para 0,40 mm com o aumento da idade. Considerando-se que o ponto de corte adotado era consideravelmente mais alto do que valores previamente atribu&#237;dos a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis com idade entre 18 e 20 anos, &#233; poss&#237;vel afirmar que crian&#231;as e adolescente que comp&#245;e o grupo obeso do presente estudo exibiram valores de EIMC anormalmente elevados. Al&#233;m disso, foi poss&#237;vel estimar, por meio dos dados obtidos, que o risco do grupo de obesos que exibe EIM da car&#243;tida comum elevada estava entre 2 e 5 vezes mais alto do que o grupo controle, ao passo que o risco representado pela EIM elevada da car&#243;tida interna estava entre 1,5 e 4 vezes maior.</p>
        <p>T&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas s&#227;o ferramentas confi&#225;veis para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de adultos com maior risco de aterosclerose e risco cardiovascular, mas para crian&#231;as e adolescentes, essas t&#233;cnicas t&#234;m sido observadas principalmente em pesquisas. A imagem ultrassonogr&#225;fica parece ser uma t&#233;cnica confi&#225;vel para estimar valores de EIM de art&#233;rias humanas <italic>in vivo</italic>, j&#225; que Pignoli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> puderam confirmar que n&#227;o havia diferen&#231;as significativas entre a EIM das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comuns determinada por ultrassom em modo B avaliada em exame patog&#234;nico e aquela avaliada <italic>in vivo</italic> em indiv&#237;duos jovens. Al&#233;m disso, enquanto a an&#225;lise da EIM &#233; frequentemente usada em estudos transversais, apenas alguns ensaios cl&#237;nicos com crian&#231;as empregam esse par&#226;metro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O estudo <italic>Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns</italic> (Risco Cardiovascular em Jovens Finlandeses),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> que incluiu uma investiga&#231;&#227;o longitudinal com follow-up de 21 anos, sugeriu que &#237;ndices de obesidade, como IMC, dobra cut&#226;nea, lipoprote&#237;nas s&#233;ricas, insulina, glicose e press&#227;o arterial, medidas na juventude, est&#227;o significativamente associadas &#224; EIM elevada e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da elasticidade da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida na fase adulta. Esses achados enfatizam a import&#226;ncia do controle de peso da juventude &#224; idade adulta na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular. Embora os valores m&#233;dios de TSH do grupo obeso mostraram-se mais altos do que os do grupo controle (2,85 <italic>versus</italic> 1,98 &#181;IU/mL), n&#227;o foram diagnosticados casos de hipotireoidismo em participantes obesos. Convencionalmente, uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de TSH s&#233;rica de 4 a 5 &#181;IU/mL &#233; considerada elevada; por&#233;m, dados recentes de grandes estudos populacionais indicam que um ponto de corte de TSH mais baixo, entre 2 e 2,5 &#181;IU/mL estaria mais apropriado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Da mesma forma, a <italic>National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry</italic> (Academia Nacional de Bioqu&#237;mica Cl&#237;nica dos Estados Unidos) recomenda um limite superior de 2,5 &#181;IU/mL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> para TSH s&#233;rica, valor esse que est&#225; abaixo da concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do grupo obeso determinada no presente estudo. Contudo, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel afirmar com certeza que n&#227;o houve casos de hipotireoidismo cl&#237;nico no grupo de obesos do presente estudo.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, diversos estudos j&#225; revelaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre medi&#231;&#245;es de obesidade e concentra&#231;&#245;es do horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide (TSH), embora os mecanismos respons&#225;veis por essa associa&#231;&#227;o requeiram maior elucida&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> prop&#245;e-se que varia&#231;&#245;es no horm&#244;nio da tireoide podem afetar lipoprote&#237;nas e est&#225;gios de oxida&#231;&#227;o que contribuem para a remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular e fun&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> &#201; interessante notar que tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre valores de EIMC e TSH dentro da normalidade, sugerindo um maior risco cardiovascular em indiv&#237;duos com baixa fun&#231;&#227;o normal da tireoide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Yap e Jasul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre TSH s&#233;rico e IMC, e inferiram que um aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o de TSH, mesmo que dentro dos limites geralmente aceit&#225;veis, pode contribuir para problemas com o peso. O presente estudo demonstrou que o grupo de crian&#231;as e adolescente obesos apresentou concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de TSH, embora as concentra&#231;&#245;es estivessem dentro do normal, assim como em achados pr&#233;vios relatados por Aypak et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Por&#233;m, esse problema requer, claramente, maiores investiga&#231;&#245;es, j&#225; que o hipotireoidismo pode estar associado a marcadores de aterosclerose e, consequentemente, com EIMC elevada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo &#233; o baixo n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos inscritos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos dados demonstram que crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos apresentam valores m&#233;dios de EIM, concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de MMP-9 e TIMP-1 e raz&#227;o MMP-9/TIMP-1 mais altos do que os n&#227;o obesos. Portanto, esses achados indicam que o grupo de obesos tem perfil de risco para aterosclerose precoce.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Claudio Andrade pela Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi financiado pela IEP - Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil e pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
