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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YLKxNpjC3SZf66nCZpMqJnC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000300195</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170039</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Special Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Positioning about the Flexibility of Fasting for Lipid Profiling</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scartezini</surname>
            <given-names>Marileia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoluci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vencio</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campana</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sumita</surname>
            <given-names>Nairo Massakazu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faludi</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aquino</surname>
            <given-names>Jerolino Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galoro</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Alex de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Cleide</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gurgel</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Helane Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turatti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Andreotti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hohl</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Leme da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas (SBAC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, - Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Cl&#237;nica/Medicina Laboratorial</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Cl&#237;nica/Medicina Laboratorial (SBPC/ML), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, - Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, - Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, - Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (SBD), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marileia Scartezini</bold> &#8226; Rua Paulo Gorski, 1837 Apto 701 C, Mossungu&#234;. Postal Code 81210-220, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>marileiasca@hotmail.com</email>, <email>marileiascar@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Scartezini M, Ferreira CES, Izar MCO, Bertoluci M, Vencio S, Campana GA, Sumita NM, Barcelos LF, Faludi AA, Santos RD, Malachias MVB, Aquino JL, Galoro CAO, Sabino C, Gurgel MHC, Turatti LAA, Hohl A, Martinez TLR</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>195</fpage>
      <lpage>197</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Fasting / metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Postprandial</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipid profile</kwd>
        <kwd>Reference values</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk category</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Justifications</title>
      <p>The review of the need of fasting for lipid profile analysis (total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, and triglycerides [TG]) is based on the following grounds:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Since the postprandial state predominates during most of the day, the patient is more exposed to the lipid levels in this condition when compared with the fasting state. Therefore, the postprandial state may represent more effectively the potential impact of the lipid levels on an individual's cardiovascular risk.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Measurements in the postprandial state are more practical and provide the patient a greater access to the laboratory, decreasing the number of missed working days and medical appointments due to missed tests, allowing a better assessment of the individual's cardiovascular risk.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Blood collection in the postprandial state is safer in several circumstances and may help prevent hypoglycemia secondary to the use of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus, or due to prolonged fasting in pregnant women, children, and elderly individuals, minimizing complications and increasing the adherence to the tests and the attendance to medical appointments.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>There are no significant differences in measurements of total cholesterol, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, and LDL-C performed in the postprandial or fasting state. Levels of TG increase in the fed state, but such increase has little relevance as far as a regular meal without fat overload is considered, with the possibility of adjustment in the reference values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>With a flexibility for lipid profiling, there is a greater amplitude of schedules, thereby reducing congestion in the laboratories, especially early in the morning, bringing more comfort to the patient.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>With the technological advances in diagnostic methods, the main assays available have mitigated the interference caused by increased sample turbidity due to high TG concentrations. However, there are potential limitations, especially related to the calculation of LDL-C, in which performance studies of different methodologies have shown a need for a revision of the practical use of the adopted formulas.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical and Laboratory Aspects in the Flexibility of Fasting for Lipid Profile Analysis</title>
        <p>In easing the requirement for fasting in the collection of samples for lipid profile assessment, some clinical and laboratory recommendations become important.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recommendations for the care of the patient in the laboratory</title>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Nonfasting sample collection for lipid profiling: may be done by the laboratory with the presence of the information about fasting at the time of sample collection in the laboratory report.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A medical request without a definition of the fasting duration and without other tests known to require fasting: it is recommended to include in the laboratory report the fasting duration informed at the time of the sample collection.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Presence in the same request of other tests that require fasting: the laboratory may define that the lipid profile should be collected with a 12-hour fasting when other laboratory tests, ordered on the same request, also require this period of fasting. The laboratory is recommended to specify whether or not fasting is required for each exam: no fasting, 12-hour fasting, or according to the definition set by the laboratory.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>When an indication of a specific fasting duration is present: if the request by the physician has a specific fasting duration, the laboratory should follow such recommendation. The calculation of hours of fasting by the "SIL" (Laboratory Information System, <italic>Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o Laboratorial</italic> ) may be used, based on the information of the time elapsed since the last meal.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>When the TG levels in the postprandial state are &gt; 440 mg/dL, or in the presence of special situations such as the recovery from pancreatitis secondary to hypertriglyceridemia, or at the beginning of a treatment with drugs that cause severe hypertriglyceridemia, the prescribing physician is recommended to request a new TG evaluation with a 12-hour fasting and this will be considered as a new TG test by the laboratory.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>When the second sample collection for TG measurement occurs: the use of the same code or another specific code for the TG measurement without fasting and after a 12-hour fast will be at the discretion of each laboratory, depending on its system and strategy.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Template recommendations for the laboratory's report</title>
        <p>The report is a responsibility of the laboratory and its technical manager. With the purposes of alignment and harmonization among the institutions, it is recommended the adoption of the following information in the report:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>The reference values and therapeutic target for the lipid profile (adults aged &gt; 20 years) according to the cardiovascular risk assessment estimated by the prescribing physician are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</p>
              <p>
                <table-wrap id="t1">
                  <label>Table 1</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>Reference values and therapeutic targets for adults &gt; 20 years according to the patient&#8217;s cardiovascular risk assessed by the physician requesting the lipid profile</title>
                  </caption>
                  <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                    <colgroup>
                      <col width="25%"/>
                      <col width="25%"/>
                      <col width="25%"/>
                      <col width="25%"/>
                    </colgroup>
                    <thead>
                      <tr>
                        <th align="left">Lipids</th>
                        <th align="center">With fasting (mg/dL)</th>
                        <th align="center">Without fasting (mg/dL)</th>
                        <th align="center">Referential category</th>
                      </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">Total cholesterol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
												</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 190</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 190</td>
                        <td align="center">Desirable</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">HDL-C</td>
                        <td align="center">&gt; 40</td>
                        <td align="center">&gt; 40</td>
                        <td align="center">Desirable</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">Triglycerides<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>
												</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 150</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 175</td>
                        <td align="center">Desirable</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="center">
												</td>
                        <td align="center">
												</td>
                        <td align="center">
												</td>
                        <td align="center">
                          <bold>Risk category</bold>
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">LDL-C</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 130 <break/>&lt; 100 <break/>&lt; 70 <break/>&lt; 50</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 130 <break/>&lt; 100<break/> &lt; 70 <break/>&lt; 50</td>
                        <td align="center">Low <break/>Intermediary <break/>High <break/>Very high</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">Non-HDL-C</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 160 <break/>&lt; 130 <break/>&lt; 100 <break/>&lt; 80</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 160 <break/>&lt; 130 <break/>&lt; 100 <break/>&lt; 80</td>
                        <td align="center">Low <break/>Intermediary <break/>High <break/>Very high</td>
                      </tr>
                    </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table-wrap-foot>
                    <fn id="TFN1">
                      <label>*</label>
                      <p>Total cholesterol &gt; 310 mg/dL: consider the likelihood of familial hypercholesterolemia;</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn id="TFN2">
                      <label>**</label>
                      <p>When the triglyceride levels are above 440 mg/dL (without fasting), the prescribing physician must request a new triglycerides measurement after 12-hour fasting and the laboratory should consider this as a new triglycerides test.</p>
                    </fn>
                  </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Insertion of a note in the report referencing that the lipid profile results should be interpreted according to the clinical assessment and evolution of the patient. The following sentence is recommended: "The clinical interpretation of the results should take into account the reason for indication of the test, the metabolic state of the patient, and the stratification of risk for establishment of the therapeutic goals."</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The target reference values of the lipid profile for children and adolescents are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</p>
              <p>
                <table-wrap id="t2">
                  <label>Table 2</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>Reference values of lipid profile for children and adolescents</title>
                  </caption>
                  <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                    <colgroup>
                      <col width="33%"/>
                      <col width="33%"/>
                      <col width="33%"/>
                    </colgroup>
                    <thead>
                      <tr>
                        <th align="left">Lipids</th>
                        <th align="center">With fasting (mg/dL)</th>
                        <th align="center">Without fasting (mg/dL)</th>
                      </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">Total cholesterol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
												</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 170</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 170</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">HDL-C</td>
                        <td align="center">&gt; 45</td>
                        <td align="center">&gt; 45</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">Triglycerides (0-9 years) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
												</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 75</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 85</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">Triglycerides (10-19 years) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
												</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 90</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 100</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">LDL-C</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 110</td>
                        <td align="center">&lt; 110</td>
                      </tr>
                    </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table-wrap-foot>
                    <fn id="TFN3">
                      <label>*</label>
                      <p>Total cholesterol &gt; 230 mg/dL: consider the likelihood of familial hypercholesterolemia;</p>
                    </fn>
                    <fn id="TFN4">
                      <label>**</label>
                      <p>When the triglycerides levels are above 440 mg/dL (without fasting), the prescribing physician must request a new triglycerides measurement after 12-hour fasting and the laboratory should consider this as a new triglycerides test.</p>
                    </fn>
                  </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients with diabetes and no risk factors or evidence of subclinical atherosclerosis should maintain LDL-C levels below 100 mg/dL. Patients with risk factors or subclinical atherosclerotic disease should maintain LDL-C levels below 70 mg/dL. Patients with a history of acute myocardial infarction; stroke; coronary, carotid or peripheral revascularization; or history of amputation should maintain the LDL-C levels below 50 mg/dL.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The inclusion of a specific note about the screening of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is left at the discretion of the laboratory. The following sentence is recommended: "Values of total cholesterol &gt; 310 mg/dL in adults or &#8805; 230 mg/dL in children and adolescents may be indicative of familial hypercholesterolemia, if secondary dyslipidemias are excluded."<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recommendations about formulas and direct LDL-C measurement</title>
        <p>The assessment of LDL-C can be performed by direct measurement or estimated by calculation based on Friedewald's or Martin's formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The following recommendations are suggested to the laboratories:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Observe the limitations of nonfasting and TG values &gt; 400 mg/dL when Friedewald's formula<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> is used to estimate LDL-C; in these cases, Martin's formula<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> or direct measurement should be used.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>When collecting postprandial samples, the LDL-C measurement can be performed by direct measurement or calculated using Martin's formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Include non-HDL-C in the calculation along with other results of the lipid profile in adults, even without fasting, since the TG levels do not interfere in such calculation. Reporting or not of the VLDL-C calculation may be done at the discretion of the laboratory.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>The main purpose of this document is to standardize the clinical and laboratory actions in regards to the flexibility of fasting in the lipid profile analysis across the national territory, contributing to offer security to the decision-making process by physicians and laboratories, grounded by scientific evidence.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aquino</surname>
            <given-names>Jerolino Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galoro</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Alex de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Cleide</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gurgel</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Helane Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turatti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Andreotti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hohl</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Leme da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas (SBAC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, - Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Cl&#237;nica/Medicina Laboratorial (SBPC/ML), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, - Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, - Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, - Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (SBD), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marileia Scartezini</bold> &#8226; Rua Paulo Gorski, 1837 Apto 701 C, Mossungu&#234;. CEP 81210-220, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>marileiasca@hotmail.com</email>, <email>marileiascar@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Scartezini M, Ferreira CES, Izar MCO, Bertoluci M, Vencio S, Campana GA, Sumita NM, Barcelos LF, Faludi AA, Santos RD, Malachias MVB, Aquino JL, Galoro CAO, Sabino C, Gurgel MHC, Turatti LAA, Hohl A, Martinez TLR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Jejum / metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>P&#243;s-prandial</kwd>
        <kwd>Perfil Lip&#237;dico</kwd>
        <kwd>Valores referenciais</kwd>
        <kwd>Categoria de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Justificativas</title>
        <p>A revis&#227;o da necessidade do jejum para determina&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico (colesterol total, LDL-C, HDL-C, n&#227;o-HDL-C e triglic&#233;rides [TG]) baseia-se nas seguintes justificativas:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Como o estado alimentado predomina durante a maior parte do dia, o paciente est&#225; mais exposto aos n&#237;veis de lip&#237;des nesta condi&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao estado de jejum. Portanto, a condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial pode representar mais eficazmente o potencial impacto dos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos no risco cardiovascular de um indiv&#237;duo.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>As dosagens no estado p&#243;s-prandial s&#227;o mais pr&#225;ticas, viabilizando maior acesso do paciente ao laborat&#243;rio, com menor perda de dias de trabalho, abandono de consultas m&#233;dicas por falta de exames e maior acesso &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A coleta de sangue no estado p&#243;s-prandial &#233; mais segura em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es e pode ajudar a prevenir a hipoglicemia por uso de insulina em pacientes com diabetes mellitus, ou por jejum prolongado no caso de gestantes, crian&#231;as e idosos, minimizando intercorr&#234;ncias e aumentando a ades&#227;o para realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames e o comparecimento &#224;s consultas m&#233;dicas.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>As determina&#231;&#245;es do colesterol total, HDL-C, n&#227;o-HDL-C e LDL-C n&#227;o diferem significativamente se realizadas no estado p&#243;s-prandial ou de jejum. H&#225; aumento nos n&#237;veis de TG no estado alimentado; por&#233;m, este aumento &#233; pouco relevante desde que se considere uma refei&#231;&#227;o usual n&#227;o sobrecarregada em gordura, havendo a possibilidade de se ajustar os valores de refer&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Com a flexibilidade do jejum para o perfil lip&#237;dico, h&#225; maior amplitude de hor&#225;rios, reduzindo assim o congestionamento nos laborat&#243;rios, especialmente no in&#237;cio da manh&#227;, o que traz mais conforto para o paciente.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Com os avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos nas metodologias diagn&#243;sticas, os principais ensaios dispon&#237;veis mitigaram as interfer&#234;ncias causadas pela maior turbidez nas amostras, decorrentes de elevadas concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG. Contudo, h&#225; potenciais limita&#231;&#245;es, especialmente referentes ao c&#225;lculo da LDL-C, onde estudos de desempenho entre diferentes metodologias t&#234;m demonstrado a necessidade de revis&#227;o das pr&#225;ticas de utiliza&#231;&#227;o das f&#243;rmulas adotadas.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos Cl&#237;nicos e Laboratoriais na Flexibiliza&#231;&#227;o do Jejum para a Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Perfil Lip&#237;dico</title>
          <p>Com o processo de flexibiliza&#231;&#227;o do jejum na coleta da amostra para avaliar o perfil lip&#237;dico, algumas recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais s&#227;o importantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o atendimento do paciente no laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico</title>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Coleta de amostra sem jejum para o perfil lip&#237;dico: poder&#225; ser realizada pelo laborat&#243;rio com a presen&#231;a da informa&#231;&#227;o do estado de jejum, no momento da coleta da amostra, no laudo laboratorial.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Solicita&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica sem defini&#231;&#227;o do tempo de jejum e que n&#227;o contenha outros exames sabidamente requerentes de jejum: recomenda-se incluir o tempo informado de jejum no momento da coleta no laudo laboratorial.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Presen&#231;a na mesma solicita&#231;&#227;o de outros exames que necessitem de jejum: o laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico poder&#225; definir que o perfil lip&#237;dico seja coletado com jejum de 12h quando outros exames laboratoriais, solicitados na mesma requisi&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m necessitem desse per&#237;odo de jejum. Recomenda-se que o laborat&#243;rio especifique a necessidade ou n&#227;o do jejum para cada exame: sem jejum, com jejum de 12h, ou conforme a defini&#231;&#227;o do laborat&#243;rio.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Quando houver a indica&#231;&#227;o de um tempo espec&#237;fico de jejum: se na solicita&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico houver um tempo espec&#237;fico de jejum, o laborat&#243;rio dever&#225; seguir tal recomenda&#231;&#227;o. Poder&#225; ser utilizado o c&#225;lculo de horas de jejum pelo "SIL" (Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o Laboratorial) com base na informa&#231;&#227;o do tempo da &#250;ltima refei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Quando os n&#237;veis de TG no estado p&#243;s-prandial se encontrarem &gt; 440 mg/dL ou na presen&#231;a de situa&#231;&#245;es especiais como recupera&#231;&#227;o de pancreatite por hipertrigliceridemia ou no in&#237;cio de tratamento com drogas que causem hipertrigliceridemia grave, ser&#225; recomendado ao m&#233;dico solicitante a prescri&#231;&#227;o de uma nova avalia&#231;&#227;o de TG com jejum de 12h e ser&#225; considerado este teste como sendo um novo exame de TG pelo laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Quando ocorrer a segunda coleta de amostra para TG: ficar&#225; a crit&#233;rio de cada laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico, dependendo de seu sistema e estrat&#233;gia, utilizar o mesmo c&#243;digo ou outro espec&#237;fico para o exame de TG sem jejum e TG com jejum de 12h.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es de um modelo para o laudo laboratorial</title>
          <p>O laudo laboratorial &#233; de responsabilidade do laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico e de seu respons&#225;vel t&#233;cnico. Com o intuito de alinhamento e harmoniza&#231;&#227;o entre as institui&#231;&#245;es, recomenda-se a ado&#231;&#227;o das seguintes informa&#231;&#245;es no laudo:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>os valores referenciais e de alvo terap&#234;utico do perfil lip&#237;dico (adultos &gt; 20 anos) de acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular estimado pelo m&#233;dico solicitante est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</p>
                <p>
                  <table-wrap id="t3">
                    <label>Tabela 1</label>
                    <caption>
                      <title>Valores referenciais e de alvos terap&#234;uticos para adultos &gt; 20 anos conforme avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular do paciente pelo m&#233;dico solicitante do perfil lip&#237;dico</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                      <colgroup>
                        <col width="25%"/>
                        <col width="25%"/>
                        <col width="25%"/>
                        <col width="25%"/>
                      </colgroup>
                      <thead>
                        <tr>
                          <th align="left">
													</th>
                          <th align="center">Com jejum (mg/dL)</th>
                          <th align="center">Sem jejum (mg/dL)</th>
                          <th align="center">Categoria referencial</th>
                        </tr>
                      </thead>
                      <tbody>
                        <tr>
                          <td align="left">Colesterol total<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
													</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 190</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 190</td>
                          <td align="center">Desej&#225;vel</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                          <td align="left">HDL-C</td>
                          <td align="center">&gt; 40</td>
                          <td align="center">&gt; 40</td>
                          <td align="center">Desej&#225;vel</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                          <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
													</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 150</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 175</td>
                          <td align="center">Desej&#225;vel</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                          <td align="left" colspan="4">
                            <bold>Categoria de risco</bold>
                          </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                          <td align="left">LDL-C</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 130 <break/>&lt; 100 <break/>&lt; 70 <break/>&lt; 50</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 130 <break/>&lt; 100 <break/>&lt; 70 <break/>&lt; 50</td>
                          <td align="center">Baixo Intermedi&#225;rio Alto Muito alto</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                          <td align="left">N&#227;o-HDL-C</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 160 <break/>&lt; 130 <break/>&lt; 100 <break/>&lt; 80</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 160 <break/>&lt; 130 <break/>&lt; 100 <break/>&lt; 80</td>
                          <td align="center">Baixo <break/>Intermedi&#225;rio <break/>Alto <break/>Muito alto</td>
                        </tr>
                      </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                      <fn id="TFN5">
                        <label>*</label>
                        <p>Colesterol total &gt; 310 mg/dL: considerar a probabilidade de hipercolesterolemia familiar;</p>
                      </fn>
                      <fn id="TFN6">
                        <label>**</label>
                        <p>Quando os n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides estiverem acima de 440 mg/dL (sem jejum), o m&#233;dico solicitante dever&#225; fazer uma nova requisi&#231;&#227;o para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides com jejum de 12h e o laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico dever&#225; considerar este teste como sendo um novo exame de triglic&#233;rides.</p>
                      </fn>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                  </table-wrap>
                </p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Inser&#231;&#227;o de observa&#231;&#227;o no laudo referenciando que os valores de perfil lip&#237;dico devem ser interpretados conforme avalia&#231;&#227;o e evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente. Recomenda-se a seguinte frase: "A interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos resultados dever&#225; levar em considera&#231;&#227;o o motivo da indica&#231;&#227;o do exame, o estado metab&#243;lico do paciente e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco para estabelecimento das metas terap&#234;uticas".</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Os valores referenciais desej&#225;veis do perfil lip&#237;dico para crian&#231;as e adolescentes s&#227;o indicados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</p>
                <p>
                  <table-wrap id="t4">
                    <label>Tabela 2</label>
                    <caption>
                      <title>Valores referenciais desej&#225;veis do perfil lip&#237;dico para crian&#231;as e adolescentes</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                      <colgroup>
                        <col width="33%"/>
                        <col width="33%"/>
                        <col width="33%"/>
                      </colgroup>
                      <thead>
                        <tr>
                          <th align="left">L&#237;pides</th>
                          <th align="center">Com jejum (mg/dL)</th>
                          <th align="center">Sem jejum (mg/dL)</th>
                        </tr>
                      </thead>
                      <tbody>
                        <tr>
                          <td align="left">Colesterol total<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
													</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 170</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 170</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                          <td align="left">HDL-C</td>
                          <td align="center">&gt; 45</td>
                          <td align="center">&gt; 45</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                          <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (0-9 anos) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
													</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 75</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 85</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                          <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (10-19 anos) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
													</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 90</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 100</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                          <td align="left">LDL-C</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 110</td>
                          <td align="center">&lt; 110</td>
                        </tr>
                      </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                      <fn id="TFN7">
                        <label>*</label>
                        <p>Colesterol total &gt; 230 mg/dL: considerar a probabilidade de hipercolesterolemia familiar; </p>
                      </fn>
                      <fn id="TFN8">
                        <label>**</label>
                        <p>Quando os n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides estiverem acima de 440 mg/dL (sem jejum) o m&#233;dico solicitante dever&#225; fazer uma nova requisi&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides com jejum de 12h e o laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico dever&#225; considerar este teste como sendo um novo exame de triglic&#233;rides.</p>
                      </fn>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                  </table-wrap>
                </p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Pacientes com diabetes e sem fatores de risco ou sem evid&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica devem manter o n&#237;vel de LDL-C abaixo de 100 mg/dL. Pacientes com fatores de risco ou doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica subcl&#237;nica devem manter o n&#237;vel de LDL-C abaixo de 70 mg/dL. Pacientes com hist&#243;ria de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; acidente vascular cerebral (AVC); revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, carot&#237;dea ou perif&#233;rica; ou hist&#243;ria de amputa&#231;&#227;o devem manter o n&#237;vel de LDL-C abaixo de 50 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Fica a crit&#233;rio do laborat&#243;rio a inclus&#227;o de uma observa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para o rastreamento da hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF). Recomenda-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da seguinte frase: "Valores de colesterol total &#8805; 310 mg/dL em adultos ou &#8805; 230 mg/dL em crian&#231;as e adolescentes podem ser indicativos de hipercolesterolemia familiar, se exclu&#237;das as dislipidemias secund&#225;rias".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre f&#243;rmulas e dosagem direta de LDL-C</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do LDL-C pode ser realizada por dosagem direta ou estimada por c&#225;lculo com base nas f&#243;rmulas de Friedewald<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> ou de Martin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Recomenda-se que os laborat&#243;rios cl&#237;nicos adotem as seguintes orienta&#231;&#245;es:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Observar, na utiliza&#231;&#227;o da f&#243;rmula de Friedewald, as limita&#231;&#245;es da falta de jejum e de valores de TG &gt; 400 mg/dL para estimar o LDL-C, podendo nestes casos ser aplicada a f&#243;rmula de Martin, ou utilizada a dosagem direta.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Na coleta de amostra p&#243;s-prandial, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do LDL-C pode ser realizada por dosagem direta ou c&#225;lculo atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula de Martin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Incluir o c&#225;lculo do n&#227;o-HDL-C junto aos demais resultados do perfil lip&#237;dico para adultos, mesmo sem jejum, pois os n&#237;veis de TG n&#227;o interferem neste c&#225;lculo. Fica a crit&#233;rio do laborat&#243;rio reportar ou n&#227;o o c&#225;lculo do VLDL-C.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>A principal finalidade desse documento &#233; padronizar condutas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; flexibilidade do jejum na avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico em todo territ&#243;rio nacional, contribuindo para que os m&#233;dicos e os laborat&#243;rios cl&#237;nicos tenham seguran&#231;a em suas tomadas de decis&#245;es, com o respaldo de evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
