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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KjNCDMTD7h7HxwK4CLJ8cqC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000200184</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rare Association of two Genetic Causes of Sudden Death in a Young Survivor</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Dulce</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cortez-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miltenberger-Miltenyi</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Lisbon University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Santa Maria</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiovascular Center</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department - Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Santa Maria, Cardiovascular Center of Lisbon University (CCUL), Portugal</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Lisboa</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Medicina Molecular</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM) - Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Dulce Brito</bold>, Cardiology Department - Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Santa Maria, CHLN, E.P.E., Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz. Postal Code 1649-035, Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail: <email>dulcebrito59@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Brito D; Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Brito D, Magalh&#227;es A, Cortez-Dias N, Miltenberger-Miltenyi G; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Brito D, Cortez-Dias N, Miltenberger-Miltenyi G; Writing of the manuscript: Brito D, Miltenberger-Miltenyi G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>184</fpage>
      <lpage>186</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Brugada Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in young adults is frequently caused by inherited cardiac diseases, particularly cardiomyopathies and ion channelopathies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Genetic testing can be essential in the follow-up of survivors and today&#180;s genetic diagnostics may include the parallel analysis of several SCA related genes, most commonly those associated with ion channelopathies and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC). We present the case of a young survivor of SCA, carrier of double heterozygosity for mutations in the <italic>SNC5A</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic> genes, illustrating the complexity of genotype-phenotype associations and the difficulties of decisions regarding therapeutic interventions in inherited cardiac diseases.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>A healthy 19-year-old man suffered SCA while playing football. His girlfriend (a medical student) carried out cardiopulmonary resuscitation until the arrival of the ambulance. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia degenerating into ventricular fibrillation (VF) was documented (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>) and defibrillation was successfully performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>). At subsequent hospital admission, the electrocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus rhythm (95 bpm), with a PR interval of 0.26-0.28 sec and a QTc interval of 0.45 sec. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>). The echocardiographic study (echo) was normal and reversible causes of SCA including ionic, infectious and toxic were excluded. The patient had a normal clinical exam and no personal history of severe illness. He took no medication. There was no family history of cardiac disease or sudden death. Thoracic X-ray, cardiac magnetic resonance, exercise test (treadmill) and coronary angiography were normal.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A: Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia degenerating into ventricular fibrillation (rhythm strips in sequence); B: Rhythm strip after defibrillation; C: ECG at hospital admission (PR interval: 0.26-0.28 sec; QTc: 0.45 sec).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0184-70016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Electrophysiological study (EPS) showed a prolonged HV interval (80 ms) and ventricular stimulation (600 ms cycle - 250-220-220 at RV apex) induced polymorphic VT with no pulse (successfully terminated by external cardioversion). A provocative test for Brugada syndrome (BrS) was postponed.</p>
      <p>After written informed consent, genetic screening was performed on a panel of 9 genes: <italic>MYBPC3, MYH7, MYL2, SCN5A, TNNI3, TNNT2, KCNQ1, KCNH2</italic> and <italic>LQT5</italic>. The entire coding regions were tested by PCR and direct sequencing. We found the mutation c.3622G&gt;T; p.Glu1208* in the <italic>SCN5A</italic> gene (NM_198056.2), that was already described in BrS. Additionally, another sequent variant, c.446C&gt;A; p.Ala149Asp, in the <italic>MYBPC3</italic> gene (NM_000256.3) was detected (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>). This alteration was reported as a rare sarcomeric gene variant in a single case of the offspring cohort of the Framingham Heart Study, including 1,637 unrelated individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Although this single individual did not show alteration of the left ventricle wall thickness, only one wall segment was measured, without any further detailed information, thus HC cannot be excluded. Besides, no information was given whether the index case of this family was also harboring this sequence variant in <italic>MYBPC3</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A: Pedigree of the family. MYBPC3+: harboring the MYBPC3 mutation, SCN5A+: harboring the SCN5A mutation; B: the MYBPC3 mutation p.Ala149Asp. Upper lane: healthy individual; lower lane: index patient.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0184-70016-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The p.Ala149Asp mutation in <italic>MYBPC3</italic> affects an evolutionarily conserved amino acid and it was absent in 100 age-matched Portuguese control samples. Regarding the various in-silico mutation prediction programs, PolyPhen2 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph2/">http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph2/</ext-link>) predicted this alteration as possibly damaging with a score of 0.65 (sensitivity: 0.87, specificity: 0.91). The SNPs&amp;Go program (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://snps.biofold.org/snps-and-go//snps-and-go.html">http://snps.biofold.org/snps-and-go//snps-and-go.html</ext-link>) predicted this variant as disease associated variation (0.696).</p>
      <p>Subsequent family analysis showed that the patient&#180;s father was carrier of both <italic>SCN5A</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic> mutations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>). The father was submitted to EPS with provocative test with flecainide. This test showed negative results. The sister of our index patient was harboring the <italic>SCN5A</italic> mutation solely. Because of the young age, we decided not to perform provocative tests or EPS.</p>
      <p>A cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) was implanted in the index patient. Provocative pharmacological tests were systematically refused by the patient thereafter. Serial ECGs during hospitalization showed normal patterns except for mild PR prolongation that persisted also during ambulatory follow up. Family screening (parents and sister) revealed normal clinics, ECG and echo studies.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the patient presented herein, the persistent prolonged PR interval on serial ECGs that is explained by a prolonged H-V interval during EPS, the induction of sustained polymorphic VT during EPS (that had to be terminated by an external DC shock) and the identification of a pathogenic non-sense mutation in <italic>SCN5A</italic> gene (already described as causing an important reduction in sodium currents - INa)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> favored the diagnosis of a loss-of-function sodium channelopathy like BrS or progressive cardiac conduction disease. These inherited conditions may overlap and can coexist in the same family and even in the same individual and it was suggested that they may indeed represent different aspects of the same disease and not separate entities. However, with no BrS sign on ECG and as the patient refused a provocative test, a clear diagnosis of BrS was not confirmed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Disease penetrance and expressivity are highly variable in these diseases and the causal role of <italic>SCN5A</italic> mutations in BrS is not yet clearly established. The patient&#180;s father, although with the same mutation, was healthy and a provocative test for BrS was negative. The young sister of the patient had also a normal phenotype although invasive tests were not performed. Additionally, both the patient and the father are carriers of a missense mutation in the <italic>MYBPC3</italic> gene, one common mutated gene in HC, an autosomal-dominant inherited disease that may cause ventricular arrhythmias and SCA mainly in the young. The identified mutation supported the probability of pathogenicity. In HC carriers of a mutant gene, the phenotype may develop late in life particularly with <italic>MYBPC3</italic> gene mutations. However, under the "appropriate" trigger, like strenuous exercise as was the case with our patient, sudden death may be the first manifestation of the disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report on <italic>SCN5A</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic> double mutations.</p>
      <p>Genetic tools and protocols are evolving fast.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The new era of genetic testing, with the easy possibility of screening a large number of genes, like next generation sequencing, is greatly enhancing the perspectives of a genetic diagnosis in inherited cardiomyopathies in a fast and cost-efficient way. However, it is also increasing the complexity of interpretation namely in the context of a limited or even absent phenotype, thus caution should be kept when considering clinical decisions.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rara Associa&#231;&#227;o de Duas Causas Gen&#233;ticas de Morte S&#250;bita em Jovem Sobrevivente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Dulce</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cortez-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miltenberger-Miltenyi</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Santa Maria, Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa (CCUL), Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM) - Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Dulce Brito</bold>, Cardiology Department - Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Santa Maria, CHLN, E.P.E., Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz. Postal Code 1649-035, Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail: <email>dulcebrito59@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Brito D; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Brito D, Magalh&#227;es A, Cortez-Dias N, Miltenberger-Miltenyi G; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Brito D, Cortez-Dias N, Miltenberger-Miltenyi G; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Brito D, Miltenberger-Miltenyi G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Familiar</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) no jovem tem como causa frequente doen&#231;as card&#237;acas gen&#233;ticas, nomeadamente canalopatia e cardiomiopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Assim sendo, os testes gen&#233;ticos podem ser essenciais no acompanhamento dos sobreviventes. Atualmente, os diagn&#243;sticos gen&#233;ticos podem incluir a an&#225;lise paralela de diversos genes relacionados &#224; MSC, mais comumente aqueles associados &#224; canalopatia e &#224; cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH).</p>
        <p>O presente relato apresenta o caso de um jovem sobrevivente de MSC, indiv&#237;duo duplo-heterozigoto para as muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes <italic>SNC5A</italic> e <italic>MYBPC3</italic>, ilustrando a complexidade das associa&#231;&#245;es gen&#243;tipo-fen&#243;tipo e as dificuldades das decis&#245;es relacionadas &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas nas cardiopatias gen&#233;ticas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>Um jovem saud&#225;vel de 19 anos de idade sofreu MSC enquanto jogava futebol. Foi feita a reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar pela namorada, estudante de medicina, at&#233; a chegada da ambul&#226;ncia. Foi documentada taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica degenerando para fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1A</xref>), com a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o realizada com sucesso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1B</xref>). Em interna&#231;&#227;o subsequente, o eletrocardiograma (ECG) detectou ritmo sinusal (95 bpm), com intervalo PR de 0,26-0,28 seg. e intervalo QTc de 0,45 seg. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1C</xref>). O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico (eco) foi normal, sendo exclu&#237;das as causas revers&#237;veis de MSC, como i&#244;nica, infecciosa e t&#243;xica. O paciente apresentou um exame cl&#237;nico normal e nenhum hist&#243;rico pessoal de enfermidade grave, e n&#227;o tomava medica&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o havia hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou morte s&#250;bita. A radiografia de t&#243;rax, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, o teste ergom&#233;trico (esteira) e a angiografia coron&#225;ria tiveram resultados normais.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A: Taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica degenerando para fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (faixas de ritmo em sequ&#234;ncia); B: Faixa de ritmo ap&#243;s desfibrila&#231;&#227;o; C: ECG na interna&#231;&#227;o (intervalo PR: 0,26-0,28 seg; QTc: 0,45 seg).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0184-70016-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) apresentou um intervalo HV prolongado (80 ms) e a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular (ciclo de 600 ms - 250-220-220 no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo direito) induziu taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica sem pulso (interrompida com sucesso por cardiovers&#227;o externa). Foi prorrogado o teste provocativo para a S&#237;ndrome de Brugada (SBr).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s consentimento livre e esclarecido por escrito, foi realizada triagem gen&#233;tica em um grupo de nove genes: <italic>MYBPC3, MYH7, MYL2, SCN5A, TNNI3, TNNT2, KCNQ1, KCNH2</italic> e <italic>LQT5</italic>. Todas as regi&#245;es de codifica&#231;&#227;o foram testadas por PCR e sequenciamento direto. Identificou-se a muta&#231;&#227;o c.3622G&gt;T; p.Glu1208* no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic> (NM_198056.2), j&#225; descrita na S&#237;ndrome de Brugada. Ademais, detectou-se outra variante de sequ&#234;ncia, c.446C&gt;A; p.Ala149Asp, no gene <italic>MYBPC3</italic> (NM_000256.3) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2B</xref>). Esta altera&#231;&#227;o foi relatada como uma rara varia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica no sarc&#244;mero em um &#250;nico caso do coorte dos descendentes do Estudo de Framingham, incluindo 1.637 indiv&#237;duos sem parentesco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Embora o &#250;nico indiv&#237;duo n&#227;o tenha mostrado altera&#231;&#227;o da espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, somente foi medido um segmento da parede, sem outras informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas e, portanto, n&#227;o se pode descartar CMH. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram apresentadas informa&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; possibilidade de que o caso &#237;ndice da fam&#237;lia tamb&#233;m estaria portando esta variante de sequ&#234;ncia no <italic>MYBPC3</italic>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A: Genealogia da fam&#237;lia. MYBPC3+: portando a muta&#231;&#227;o no MYBPC3, SCN5A+: portando a muta&#231;&#227;o no SCN5A; B: muta&#231;&#227;o no MYBPC3 p.Ala149Asp. Faixa superior: indiv&#237;duo saud&#225;vel; faixa inferior: paciente referenciado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0184-70016-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A muta&#231;&#227;o p.Ala149Asp no <italic>MYBPC3</italic> afeta um amino&#225;cido conservado evolutivamente e estava ausente nas 100 amostras de controle portuguesas pareadas por idade. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos diversos programas de predi&#231;&#227;o "in silico" de muta&#231;&#245;es, o PolyPhen2 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph2/">http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph2/</ext-link>) previu esta altera&#231;&#227;o como possivelmente prejudicial, com escore de 0,65 (sensibilidade: 0,87, especificidade: 0,91). O programa SNPs&amp;Go (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://snps.biofold.org/snps-and-go//snps-and-go.html">http://snps.biofold.org/snps-and-go//snps-and-go.html</ext-link>) previu esta variante como estando associada a patologia (0,696).</p>
        <p>An&#225;lises subsequentes da fam&#237;lia mostraram que o pai do paciente era portador de muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes <italic>SCN5A</italic> e <italic>MYBPC3</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2A</xref>), sendo submetido a EEF com teste provocativo com flecainida. O teste apresentou resultados negativos. A irm&#227; deste paciente referenciado era portadora somente da muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic>. Devido &#224; pouca idade, optou-se por n&#227;o executar testes provocativos ou EEF.</p>
        <p>Foi implementado um desfibrilador cardioversor no paciente referenciado. Os testes farmacol&#243;gicos provocativos foram sistematicamente recusados pelo paciente em momento posterior. Os ECGs em s&#233;rie durante a interna&#231;&#227;o mostraram padr&#245;es normais, exceto quanto a um leve prolongamento do intervalo PR que persistiu tamb&#233;m durante o acompanhamento ambulatorial. A triagem familiar (pais e irm&#227;) revelou exame cl&#237;nico, ECG e estudo ecocardiogr&#225;ficos normais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No paciente do presente relato, o prolongamento persistente do intervalo PR nos ECGs em s&#233;rie, que se explica pelo intervalo H-V prolongado durante o EEF, a indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica constante durante o EEF (que teve de ser interrompida por cardioversor-desfibrilador externo) e a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma muta&#231;&#227;o patog&#234;nica <italic>non-sense</italic> no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic> (j&#225; descrita como causa de significativa redu&#231;&#227;o nas correntes de s&#243;dio - INa)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> favorecem o diagn&#243;stico de canalopatia com perda de fun&#231;&#227;o dos canais de s&#243;dio, como a S&#237;ndrome de Brugada ou dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca progressiva. Essas condi&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas podem se sobrepor e coexistir na mesma fam&#237;lia e, ainda, no mesmo indiv&#237;duo, sugerindo-se que elas podem, de fato, representar aspectos distintos da mesma doen&#231;a e n&#227;o entidades patol&#243;gicas separadas. No entanto, sem ind&#237;cios de S&#237;ndrome de Brugada no ECG e com a recusa do paciente em realizar teste provocativo, n&#227;o se confirmou um diagn&#243;stico claro de SBr.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A penetr&#226;ncia e a expressividade s&#227;o altamente vari&#225;veis nessas doen&#231;as e ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claramente estabelecida a rela&#231;&#227;o causal das muta&#231;&#245;es no <italic>SCN5A</italic> na S&#237;ndrome de Brugada. O pai do paciente era saud&#225;vel, embora com a mesma muta&#231;&#227;o, com o teste para SBr apresentando resultado negativo. A irm&#227; mais nova do paciente tamb&#233;m tinha um fen&#243;tipo normal, mas n&#227;o foram realizados testes invasivos. Ademais, tanto o paciente quanto o pai s&#227;o portadores de uma muta&#231;&#227;o non-sense no gene <italic>MYBPC3</italic>, um gene mutado comum em CMH, e uma doen&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante heredit&#225;ria que pode causar arritmias ventriculares e MSC, sobretudo nos mais jovens. A muta&#231;&#227;o identificada corroborou a probabilidade de patogenicidade. Nos portadores de CMH com muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, o fen&#243;tipo pode se desenvolver ao longo da vida, particularmente com muta&#231;&#245;es no gene <italic>MYBPC3</italic>. E uma vez acionado o "gatilho", como o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico extenuante no caso do paciente em quest&#227;o, a morte s&#250;bita pode ser a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Este &#233; o primeiro relato conhecido sobre muta&#231;&#245;es duplas nos genes <italic>SCN5A</italic> e <italic>MYBPC3</italic>.</p>
        <p>As ferramentas e os protocolos gen&#233;ticos est&#227;o em r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A nova era dos testes gen&#233;ticos, com a f&#225;cil possibilidade de triagem de uma grande quantidade de genes, como o <italic>next generation sequencing</italic>, est&#225; aumentando consideravelmente as perspectivas de diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico em cardiomiopatias heredit&#225;rias de forma r&#225;pida e acess&#237;vel. Contudo, h&#225; tamb&#233;m um aumento na complexidade da interpreta&#231;&#227;o, especialmente no contexto de um fen&#243;tipo incompleto ou ausente, exigindo pondera&#231;&#227;o nas decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
