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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FdVb9gftDbnd6wynmtKhGRP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000200173</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 1/2017 - 26-Year-old Male with Rapidly Progressive Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>La&#237;s Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camilo</surname>
            <given-names>Ivna Lobo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>173</fpage>
      <lpage>183</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated</kwd>
        <kwd>Street Drugs</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Flutter</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The patient was a 26-year-old male, from the town of Medina, Minas Gerais state, coming from the city of Barueri, S&#227;o Paulo state, hospitalized due to dyspnea and edema (April 19, 2013).</p>
    <p>At the age of 24 years (July 18, 2011), he was referred to InCor complaining of dyspnea on heavy exertion for 2 months. Before that, he never had any cardiovascular symptom, and, after beginning specific medication, his clinical findings improved. The patient denied other cardiovascular symptoms, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking. He reported using illicit drugs (amphetamines and marijuana) and abusive alcohol consumption on weekends (20 beer cans). He reported prophylaxis for rheumatic fever with monthly use of benzathine penicillin from the age of 12 years to 17 years.</p>
    <p>The clinical and laboratory assessments prior to referral revealed cardiopathy with ventricular dilatation.</p>
    <p>His serology for Chagas disease was negative, and coronary angiography was normal. The echocardiogram revealed left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameters of 60 mm and 44 mm, respectively, and left ventricular ejection fraction of 51%. </p>
    <p>The physical examination on July 18, 2011, showed: weight, 99.7 kg; height, 1.70 m; body mass index, 31.14 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; heart rate, 60 bpm; blood pressure, 116/70 mm Hg; and normal pulmonary auscultation. Cardiac auscultation revealed the presence of third cardiac sound and systolic murmur (++/6+) over the mitral area, apex beat palpated on the precordium (left 5th intercostal space), displaced 2 cm from the left midclavicular line, with extension of 2 digital pulps. The examination of the abdomen and lower limbs was normal, and there was no jugular venous distention.</p>
    <p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) on July 14, 2011, revealed atrial flutter with high-degree atrioventricular block, mean heart rate of 40 bpm, QRS duration of 100 ms, S&#194;QRS -30&#186;, probable antero-superior divisional block (ASDB) and final conduction disorder (rsr') on V<sub>1</sub> and V<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Electrocardiogram: atrial flutter with high-degree atrioventricular block, antero-superior divisional block, and right bundle-branch conduction disorder.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>His chest X-ray showed pulmonary fields and hila, aorta and cardiac area within the normal range. </p>
    <p>The laboratory tests (July 14, 2011) revealed: hemoglobin, 17.9 g/dL; red blood cell count, 51%; leukocytes, 7640/mm<sup>3</sup>; creatinine, 1.3 mg/dL; sodium, 137 mEq/L; potassium, 4.7 mEq/L; total cholesterol, 189 mg/dL; HDL-C, 45 mg/dL; LDL-C, 117 mg/dL; triglycerides, 136 mg/dL; AST, 28 U/L; ALT, 44 U/L; TSH, 1.38 UI/mL; free T4, 1.03 ng/dL; TP(INR), 1.2; APTT(rel), 1.01; normal urinalysis; negative serology for Chagas disease.</p>
    <p>The following drugs were prescribed: daily acetylsalicylic acid 300 mg, carvedilol 12.5 mg, losartan 25 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, and furosemide 40 mg. </p>
    <p>The new echocardiogram (Sept 2011) revealed left ventricular dimensions of 53x40 mm, ejection fraction of 48%, septal thickness and posterior wall of 11 mm, left atrial diameter of 34 mm, and diffuse left ventricular hypokinesia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <label>Table 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Echocardiographic evolution</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="25%"/>
          <col width="25%"/>
          <col width="25%"/>
          <col width="25%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">
						</th>
            <th align="center">September 2011</th>
            <th align="center">December 2012</th>
            <th align="center">April 2013</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">
						</td>
            <td align="center">41</td>
            <td align="center">44</td>
            <td align="center">45</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Left atrium (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">34</td>
            <td align="center">47</td>
            <td align="center">50</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">RV (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">40</td>
            <td align="center">55</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Ventricular septum (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">11</td>
            <td align="center">11</td>
            <td align="center">11</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">LV posterior wall (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">11</td>
            <td align="center">11</td>
            <td align="center">8</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">LVDD (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">53</td>
            <td align="center">56</td>
            <td align="center">66</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">LVSD (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">40</td>
            <td align="center">49</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
            <td align="center">48</td>
            <td align="center">27</td>
            <td align="center">20</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Mass index (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
            <td align="center">100</td>
            <td align="center">112</td>
            <td align="center">125</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">LV motility</td>
            <td align="center">Mild reduction</td>
            <td align="center">Marked reduction</td>
            <td align="center">Marked hypokinesia</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">RV motility</td>
            <td align="center">Mild reduction</td>
            <td align="center">Moderate reduction</td>
            <td align="center">Moderate hypokinesia</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Mitral valve</td>
            <td align="center">Normal</td>
            <td align="center">Mild/moderate regurgitation</td>
            <td align="center">Moderate regurgitation</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Tricuspid valve</td>
            <td align="center">Normal</td>
            <td align="center">Marked regurgitation</td>
            <td align="center">Marked regurgitation</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Aortic valve</td>
            <td align="center">Normal</td>
            <td align="center">Normal</td>
            <td align="center">Normal</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Right atrium</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">Enlarged</td>
            <td align="center">Enlarged</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
      <table-wrap-foot>
        <fn id="TFN1">
          <p>RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter.</p>
        </fn>
      </table-wrap-foot>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>The 24-hour Holter showed persistent atrial fibrillation, with mean heart rate of 62 bpm, longest pause of 3.2s, 330 ventricular extrasystoles (14 VE/h), 1 paired extrasystole and 1 ventricular tachycardia with 3 beats.</p>
    <p>Acetylsalicylic acid was replaced with warfarin, and electric cardioversion was programed 3 weeks after effective anticoagulation.</p>
    <p>The first cardioversion was performed on December 13, 2011, with relapse of atrial fibrillation minutes after, and very low heart rate. </p>
    <p>The transesophageal echocardiogram (December 4, 2012) revealed: aorta, 44 mm; left atrium, 47 mm; ventricular septum and posterior wall, 11 mm; left ventricle (systole/diastole), 56/49 mm; ejection fraction, 27%; biatrial and biventricular enlargement, with moderate mitral and marked tricuspid valve regurgitation; aortic ectasia and no intracavitary thrombus (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram, longitudinal parasternal view (a, b, c) and four-chamber view (d) of the left ventricle. Note the enlarged atria and right ventricle.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>New electric cardioversion was performed on the following day (December 5, 2012), with atrial fibrillation recurrence few minutes later. </p>
    <p>On April 19, 2013, the patient sought urgent medical care, reporting worsening of the dyspnea in the previous 4 months, with progression to occurrence at rest, orthopnea, abdominal volume enlargement and lower limb edema. In addition, he reported dry cough in the preceding week and marked worsening of dyspnea in the past two days.</p>
    <p>The physical examination revealed: dyspnea; heart rate, 100 bpm; blood pressure, 100/80 mm Hg. The pulmonary auscultation evidenced rales on the bases. The cardiac auscultation revealed irregular heart rhythm, systolic murmur (+++/6+) over the mitral and tricuspid areas. The liver was palpated 3 cm from the right costal margin, and there was lower limb edema (++++/4+). </p>
    <p>The cough was attributed to heart failure (HF) because there was neither fever, nor leukocytosis nor images suggesting pneumonia on chest X-ray, which showed global cardiomegaly and a rectified middle arch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Intravenous furosemide and dobutamine, 5 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg/min, were administered.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X-ray (posteroanterior). Marked cardiomegaly, rectified middle arch and free pulmonary fields.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The laboratory tests (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) evidenced kidney function deterioration and marked increase in the levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-reactive protein (CRP).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <label>Table 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Test results of the last admission</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="20%"/>
          <col width="20%"/>
          <col width="20%"/>
          <col width="20%"/>
          <col width="20%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">
						</th>
            <th align="center">April 19</th>
            <th align="center">April 23</th>
            <th align="center">April 26</th>
            <th align="center">April 27</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Platelets/mm<sup>3</sup> </td>
            <td align="center">163000</td>
            <td align="center">135000</td>
            <td align="center">146000</td>
            <td align="center">22000</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Red blood cell count (%)</td>
            <td align="center">51</td>
            <td align="center">44</td>
            <td align="center">44</td>
            <td align="center">53</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">16.4</td>
            <td align="center">14.4</td>
            <td align="center">14.2</td>
            <td align="center">16.2</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Leukocytes/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
            <td align="center">6280</td>
            <td align="center">6160</td>
            <td align="center">6910</td>
            <td align="center">10820</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Neutrophils (%)</td>
            <td align="center">67</td>
            <td align="center">69</td>
            <td align="center">76</td>
            <td align="center">73</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Segmented (%)</td>
            <td align="center">65</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">66</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">189</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">45</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">117</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">136</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">TSH (mIU/l)</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">3.79</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Free T4 (&#181;g/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">1.50</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">PT(INR)</td>
            <td align="center">2.6</td>
            <td align="center">2.4</td>
            <td align="center">2.0</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">APTT (rel)</td>
            <td align="center">1.16</td>
            <td align="center">1.17</td>
            <td align="center">1.12</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">46</td>
            <td align="center">38</td>
            <td align="center">45</td>
            <td align="center">62</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">1.33</td>
            <td align="center">1.60</td>
            <td align="center">1.60</td>
            <td align="center">3.07</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">GF (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
            <td align="center">69</td>
            <td align="center">56</td>
            <td align="center">56</td>
            <td align="center">26</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
            <td align="center">140</td>
            <td align="center">141</td>
            <td align="center">138</td>
            <td align="center">143</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
            <td align="center">4.2</td>
            <td align="center">4.0</td>
            <td align="center">3.7</td>
            <td align="center">5.2</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
            <td align="center">86</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">539</td>
            <td align="center">2808</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
            <td align="center">84</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">205</td>
            <td align="center">983</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Gamma GT (U/L)</td>
            <td align="center">93</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">104</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">APh (U/L)</td>
            <td align="center">57</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">69</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Total bilirubin (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">2.67</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">6.98</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Direct bilirubin (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">0.69</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">4.70</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Total proteins (g/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">7.3</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Albumin (g/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">3.5</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Lactate (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">62</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">122</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">BNP (pg/mL)</td>
            <td align="center">3540</td>
            <td align="center">2968</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">CRP (mg/L)</td>
            <td align="center">7.83</td>
            <td align="center">12.29</td>
            <td align="center">25.84</td>
            <td align="center">28.82</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Arterial blood gas analysis</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">pH</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">7.10</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">pO<sub>2</sub> (mm Hg)</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">36.5</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">O<sub>2</sub> saturation (%)</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">50</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">pCO<sub>2</sub> (mm Hg)</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">43.6</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">HCO<sub>3</sub> (mEq/L)</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">13.1</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">BE (mEq/L)</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">(-) 16.7</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
      <table-wrap-foot>
        <fn id="TFN2">
          <p>HDL: high-density lipoproteins; LDL: low-density lipoproteins; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; PT: prothrombin time; APTT: activated partial prothrombin time; GF: glomerular filtration; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; APh: alkaline phosphatase; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CRP: C-reactive protein; BE: base excess.</p>
        </fn>
      </table-wrap-foot>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>New electric cardioversion was indicated, as was a new transesophageal echocardiogram to rule intracavitary thrombi out.</p>
    <p>The cough worsened, then with purulent sputum, and the association of tazobactam, piperacillin and azithromycin was introduced.</p>
    <p>On April 26, 2013, the echocardiogram showed biatrial and biventricular enlargement, marked left ventricular and moderate right ventricular dysfunction, moderate mitral and marked tricuspid regurgitation, and no intracavitary thrombus (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram (April 2013): biventricular and biatrial enlargement.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Right after the exam, the patient had a decrease in his consciousness level and arterial hypotension, requiring orotracheal intubation for respiratory support and increased doses of vasoactive amines. </p>
    <p>On April 26, 2013, he had hyperthermia (38.6&#176;C). Vancomycin was introduced, and the new chest X-ray was unaltered (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X-ray (anteroposterior - bed). Marked cardiomegaly and free pulmonary fields.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Despite the administration of increasing doses of vasoactive amines, on April 27, 2013, the patient had shock and cardiac arrest, which was reversed. On the afternoon of that same day, he had hypotension and bradycardia, and an irreversible asystolic cardiac arrest.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>The patient was a 26-year-old male, reporting prophylaxis for rheumatic fever from the age of 12 years to 17 years, who, at the age of 24 years, developed dyspnea on heavy exertion, which improved with medication. However, after two years, dyspnea worsening and edema occurred (April 19, 2013). </p>
      <p>The clinical and laboratory assessments before the referral revealed cardiopathy with ventricular dilatation. The echocardiogram evidenced left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameters of 60 mm and 44 mm, respectively, and ejection fraction of 51%. His serology for Chagas disease was negative, and his coronary angiography, normal. On physical examination, a third cardiac sound and a systolic murmur (++/6+) over the mitral area were heard. The ECG showed atrial flutter, atrioventricular block with probable ASDB, and heart rate of 40 bpm. </p>
      <p>Over the following two years, the cardiopathy with ventricular dilatation evolved. Because the patient had a history of prophylaxis for rheumatic fever, rheumatic cardiopathy was considered as a possible etiology. However, the progressive and rapid course of our patient's illness is not commonly seen in patients without valvular damage consequent upon the acute event of rheumatic fever. The previous echocardiogram revealed left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameters of 60 mm and 44 mm, respectively, and ejection fraction of 51%. In September 2011, the patient showed: left ventricular dimensions of 53x40 mm; ejection fraction of 48%; septal and posterior wall thickness of 11 mm; left atrial diameter of 34 mm; and diffuse left ventricular hypokinesia without valvular damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Therefore, other etiologies of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP) had to be considered for this case. </p>
      <p>Dilated cardiomyopathy is a progressive primary myocardial disease of unknown cause, characterized by a reduction in left ventricular or biventricular contractility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Approximately one in every three cases of congestive HF originates from DCMP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In addition to left ventricular or biventricular dilatation, it is characterized by contractile dysfunction, which results in congestive HF. Patients with DCMP have an increase in myocardial mass and in interstitial collagen,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> known as remodeling myocardial, which eventually leads to HF. Reversing that process to reduce morbidity and mortality remains a major challenge in health care practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Our patient had echocardiographic changes compatible with DCMP and clinical findings of HF. On December 4, 2012, the transesophageal echocardiogram showed: aorta, 44 mm; left atrium, 47 mm; interventricular septum and posterior wall, 11 mm; left ventricle (systole/diastole), 56/49 mm; ejection fraction, 27%; biatrial and biventricular enlargement; and moderate mitral and marked tricuspid valvular regurgitation. On April 19, 2013, the patient sought medical care complaining of dyspnea worsening in the last 4 months, with progression to dyspnea at rest, orthopnea, increased abdominal volume and lower limb edema. The physical examination revealed congestive HF with pulmonary congestion, hepatomegaly, edema and bilateral atrioventricular valvular regurgitation.</p>
      <p>Currently, DCMP accounts for around 10,000 deaths and 46,000 hospitalizations per year in the United States. In addition, DCMP is the major indication for cardiac transplantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Although many cases lack an evident cause, DCMP either has a family origin or results from myocardial lesions produced by several known or unknown toxic, metabolic or infectious agents. It can be a late consequence of acute viral myocarditis, possibly partially mediated by immune mechanisms. It can occur at any age, being most often clinically apparent in the third or fourth decade of life. Reversible forms of DCMP may be found in cases of alcohol abuse, pregnancy, thyroid disease, cocaine use, and uncontrolled chronic tachycardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The distribution of the DCMP causes is as follows: idiopathic, 50% of the cases; secondary to myocarditis, 9%; secondary to ischemic heart disease, 7%; consequent to infiltrative disease (amyloidosis and sarcoidosis), 5%; peripartum cardiomyopathy, 4%; secondary to systemic arterial hypertension, 4%; associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, 4%; post-connective tissue disease, 3%; substance abuse, 3%; doxorubicin use, 1%; and the other 10% comprise Chagas disease, Lyme disease, genetic causes, left ventricular non-compaction, and tachycardia-mediated cardiopathy.</p>
      <p>Rheumatic fever remains the major cause of acquired cardiopathy in many regions, such as South America, Africa and India. It is frequently asymptomatic, especially rheumatic myocarditis. The most common clinical manifestations are arthritis and fever. Rheumatic fever and acute rheumatic myocarditis are under-represented in medical literature because they are rare in the United States and Europe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although the first episode of acute rheumatic fever can lead to persistent valvular lesions, rheumatic cardiopathy most often results from cumulative valvular damage attributed to recurring acute rheumatic fever episodes, which can even be silent (no clinical symptoms). This makes its identification challenging. Rheumatic cardiopathy almost always affects the left-sided heart valves. Direct damage of right-sided heart valves is rare; they are usually affected as a result of the malfunction of the left-sided valves. In addition, narrowing of the mitral valve can develop, with blood flow obstruction, due to fusion of the leaflets or reduction in their mobility due to calcification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Left ventricular dilatation and HF have been mainly observed in patients with severe valvular heart disease. Although myocarditis is a common postmortem examination finding, the major cause of left ventricular dilatation and HF seems to be severe mitral regurgitation with or without aortic regurgitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The ECG findings can include any degree of heart block, such as atrioventricular dissociation. The chest X-ray can show cardiomegaly. The echocardiography allows assessing the intensity of the valvular lesion, pericardial effusion, ventricular and atrial dilatation, and ventricular dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Therefore, rheumatic fever does not seem to be the most likely cause for this cardiopathy with dilatation and rapid and progressive aggravation. In addition, the clinical and image findings in this case are not those of rheumatic cardiopathy.</p>
      <p>Sarcoidosis, another cause of cardiopathy with dilatation, can be considered in this case. Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous, non-caseous, heterogeneous disorder of unknown etiology, which can affect any organ. The heart involvement can be isolated or precede that of other organs (such as lung), or even occur simultaneously with that.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The clinical manifestations of cardiac sarcoidosis depend on the location and extension of the granulomatous inflammation. Other cardiac manifestations comprise conduction disorders, ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias, pericarditis and valvular dysfunction. In addition, the involvement of papillary muscles can lead to acute symptoms like those of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with asymmetric septal hypertrophy, caused, however, by edema and not by hypertrophy of myocytes. The likelihood of heart disease caused by sarcoidosis should be considered for a healthy young or middle-aged individual with cardiac symptoms or a patient with known sarcoidosis who develop arrhythmias, conduction disorder or HF. That is an important etiology for our case, who had rapid and progressive worsening, arrhythmia, ventricular dilatation and clinical findings of HF, with no family history of genetic disease, and normal results of the other tests for heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Rog&#233;rio Silva de Paula, MD, and Ivna Lobo Camilo, MD)</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypothesis</bold>: Heart failure secondary to cardiopathy due to sarcoidosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Rog&#233;rio Silva de Paula, MD, and Ivna Lobo Camilo, MD)</bold>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Postmortem examination</title>
      <p>The heart weighed 680g and showed dilatation of the four chambers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). The epicardial surface was smooth with sparse opaque whitish plaques. Its longitudinal section at the ventricular plane showed diffuse thinning of the ventricular walls and yellowish color due to focal adipose substitution in the right ventricular myocardium, mainly in the inlet, apex, diaphragmatic face and free wall of the subpulmonary infundibulum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">7</xref>). There was no cavitary thrombus. The microscopic exam of the myocardium revealed, in addition to adipose infiltration of the right ventricle, focal fibrosis and lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, and signs of previous damage to cardiomyocytes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figures 8</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">9</xref>). All ventricular walls showed hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. The histological sections of the septal myocardium showed thickening of the wall and muscle arteries due to hypertrophy of the tunica media (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 9B</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gross aspect of the heart (four-chamber section). Significant fatty infiltration of the myocardium at the right ventricular base and apex, better evidenced in the magnifications (left panels). In addition, note global cardiomegaly with thinning of cardiac walls and biventricular dilatation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gross aspect of the heart, longitudinal section of the right ventricular inlet and outflow tract. Both show focal fibrofatty replacement in the myocardial. Pulm T. - pulmonary trunk.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Microscopic sections of the right ventricular wall. Left panel: replacement of the muscle tissue with fibrofatty tissue. Right panel: the fibrotic component is better evidenced. Hematoxylin-Eosin objective magnifications, X 2.5 left and X 10 right, respectively.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figure 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Microscopic sections of the right ventricular wall left panel and of the ventricular septum right panel. Left panel focal lympho-histiocytic inflammatory infiltrate and fibrosis between the cardiomyocytes. In addition to the fibrotic component, fatty tissue can be seen in the left upper corner of the image. Right panel arterial thickening in the septal myocardium due to hypertrophy of the tunica media. Hematoxylin-Eosin objective magnifications, X 20 left and X 5 right, respectively.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The other organs revealed signs of chronic passive pulmonary and liver congestion due to congestive HF with terminal shock. In addition, there were thromboembolism of the small branches of the pulmonary bases, alveolar hemorrhage, serous ascites (3200 mL) and pericardial effusion (120 mL). Other signs of terminal heart failure included focal acute tubular necrosis, edema of renal tubular cells and cerebral edema. </p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnosis</bold>: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia), congestive heart failure and morphological signs of terminal shock.</p>
      <p><bold>Cause of death</bold>: Cardiogenic shock </p>
      <p>
        <bold>(La&#237;s Costa Marques, medical student, and Vera Demarchi Aiello, MD)</bold>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>The entity initially described as arrhythmogenic right ventricular "dysplasia" is currently known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), according to the European Society of Cardiology's position statement on cardiomyopathies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Its diagnosis is based on major and minor criteria, which comprise clinical, electrophysiological, hemodynamic and anatomopathological findings. </p>
      <p>In the case here described, the diagnosis of ARVC was not clinically established. From the anatomopathological viewpoint, however, both the gross and microscopic findings are typical, with adipose infiltration, and focal fibrosis and inflammation. Usually, the right ventricular involvement predominates, with little or no left ventricular involvement. In addition, global cardiomegaly is not usually found.</p>
      <p>Phenotypic overlapping (global dilatation associated with fibrofatty replacement in the myocardium) might have hindered establishing the diagnosis during the patient's hospitalization.</p>
      <p>The diagnostic criteria for ARVC established by a task force and published in 1994 were divided into major and minor. Those criteria include the presence of global and segment structural changes of the right ventricle, histological and ECG changes, arrhythmias and genetic factors. In 2010, a review of those criteria was published to help to identify ARVC and to diagnose it in the patients' family members.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The diagnosis of ARVC requires the association of two major criteria, or one major criterion and two minor criteria, or even four minor criteria.</p>
      <p>In the case here reported, in vivo endomyocardial biopsy was not performed, but ARVC was morphologically confirmed on postmortem examination, with the typical finding of myocardial areas of fibrofatty replacement in the right ventricular wall and of thickened arteries in the ventricular septum (previously described in this disease).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Left ventricular involvement in ARVC has been reported in a study of 42 hearts from postmortem examination or from receptors of heart transplantation. That study has reported that approximately 50% of the specimens had gross involvement of the left ventricle, while 75% evidenced histological involvement. In addition to fibrofatty replacement in the myocardium in the sub-epicardial or middle-mural region, there was dilatation of that chamber in all cases with grossly evident disease, which was marked in 25% of them.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Pathogenesis and genetics</title>
      <p>The ARVC consists in fibrofatty replacement in the myocardium. Myocardial atrophy is progressive and absent at birth. The myocardial process results from the death of cardiomyocytes beginning at birth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Postmortem studies have reported evidence of apoptosis in that cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In addition, that same mechanism has been detected in biopsies (in vivo).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The fibrofatty replacement occurs gradually from the epicardium towards the endocardium, becoming transmural. Consequently, there is weakening of the right ventricular free wall, causing dilatation and aneurysms, characteristically located between the inferior, apical and infundibular walls, forming the triangle of dysplasia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition to weakening the wall, those changes in association with the inflammatory factor hinder and delay the intraventricular electrical conduction, resulting in late potentials, epsilon wave and right bundle-branch block. Therefore, a ventricular arrhythmia can install due to reentry phenomenon.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Two pathogenetic theories have been described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The first says the disease has a genetic component, and that the disorder in myocardial development begins in the intrauterine period.</p>
      <p>Genetic studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> have evidenced two types of inheritance for the ARVC phenotype. The first type is autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance, while the second is represented by recessive forms associated with skin diseases. Ten genetic loci have been detected, but only five genes with mutations. The first ARVC-related gene was found in the Naxos disease, a rare recessive syndrome related to a mutation in the desmosomal protein called plakoglobin. That syndrome, however, has been characterized as the variant 2 of ARVC. The first form of autosomal dominant mutation in that variant was found in the gene that decodes the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2), the receptor that accounts for calcium homeostasis and coordinates the excitation-contraction mechanism of cardiomyocytes. The mutations change the calcium-channel closing mechanism, and, thus, a high sympathetic stimulation via emotional or physical stress can increase excessively intracellular calcium, leading to severe arrhythmias. In addition to ARVC, mutations in the gene that decodes RyR2 can cause two other diseases: catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and familial polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. The discovery of ARVC variant 2 is considered essential to unveil the pathogeneses of ARVC. Another recent discovery by the research team of Rampazzo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> has been in ARVC variant 1: the mutation of the genes that decode TGF-beta3. This cytokine stimulates the proliferation of mesenchymal cells. <italic>In vitro</italic> experiments have shown that the mutations in the genes that encode TGF-beta3 can cause myocardial fibrosis.</p>
      <p>In addition, a theory speculates whether ARVC results from a previous infection (myocarditis, pericarditis). The theory considers a viral etiology that could be aggravated by an auto-immune reaction. The auto-immune or viral reaction could explain the inflammatory phenomenon, which would not occur due to only apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. That theory<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> could explain left ventricular involvement and atrial rhythm disorders. The viral etiology has been suspected in a study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> with detection of viral genome in the myocardium of some patients with ARVC. Such theory, however, has been refuted in another study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> that advocates that the viruses are innocent bystanders, and that tissue degradation favors viral colonization.</p>
      <p>Adipose infiltration by itself does not characterize ARVC, because some hearts have a certain amount of fat in the anterior and apical walls of the right ventricle and do not show degenerative changes in cardiomyocytes. Thus, to establish the diagnosis of ARVC one must identify the fibrous tissue replacement pattern associated with myocardial degeneration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although ARVC is clinically recognized as a cause of cardiac sudden death in the young<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> during physical exercise, there is a subgroup, in which our patient is included, with biventricular failure, unfavorable outcome and indication for heart transplantation. </p>
      <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance is useful to identify ARVC morphologically, and even to establish its prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(La&#237;s Costa Marques, medical student, and Vera Demarchi Aiello, MD)</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>La&#237;s Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camilo</surname>
            <given-names>Ivna Lobo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>Drogas Il&#237;citas</kwd>
        <kwd>Flutter Atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Paciente do sexo masculino de 26 anos de idade, natural de Medina, MG e procedente de Barueri, SP, foi internado por dispneia e edema (19 abr 2013).</p>
      <p>Aos 24 anos de idade (18 jul 2011), foi encaminhado ao InCor com hist&#243;ria de dispneia aos esfor&#231;os grandes havia 2 meses. Previamente era assintom&#225;tico do sistema cardiovascular e, ap&#243;s in&#237;cio de medica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, apresentou melhora do quadro cl&#237;nico. O paciente negou outros sintomas cardiovasculares, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia, tabagismo. Revelou uso de drogas il&#237;citas (anfetaminas e maconha) e uso abusivo de bebidas alc&#243;olicas em finais de semanas (20 latas de cerveja). Referia ter feito profilaxia para febre reum&#225;tica com uso mensal de penicilina benzatina dos 12 at&#233; aos 17 anos.</p>
      <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais antes do encaminhamento revelaram cardiopatia com dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      <p>A sorologia para doen&#231;a de Chagas foi negativa. A cinecoronariografia foi normal. O ecocardiograma revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico de 60 mm e 44 mm, respectivamente, e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 51%. </p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico em 18 jul 2011 revelou: peso de 99,7 kg; altura de 1,70 m; &#237;ndice de massa corporal de 31,14 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 60 bpm; press&#227;o arterial 116/70 mmHg; ausculta pulmonar normal. A ausculta card&#237;aca revelou presen&#231;a de 3&#170; bulha e sopro sist&#243;lico ++/6+ em foco mitral, assim como ictus palpado no 5&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal, 2 cm para fora da linha m&#233;dio-clavicular esquerda e com extens&#227;o de 2 polpas digitais. O exame do abdome e dos membros inferiores foi normal e n&#227;o havia aumento da press&#227;o venosa jugular.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) em 14 jul 2011 revelou ritmo de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, com alto bloqueio atrioventricular, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia de 40 bpm, dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS de 100 ms, S&#194;QRS -30&#186;, prov&#225;vel bloqueio divisional anterossuperior (BDAS) e dist&#250;rbio final de condu&#231;&#227;o (rsr') V<sub>1</sub> e V<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: Flutter atrial com alto grau de bloqueio atrioventricular, BDAS e dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Radiografia de t&#243;rax: campos pulmonares e hilos normais, aorta normal e &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal. </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (14 jul 2011) revelaram: hemoglobina 17,9 g/dl; hemat&#243;crito 51%; leuc&#243;citos 7640/mm<sup>3</sup>; creatinina 1,3 mg/dl; s&#243;dio 137 mEq/l; pot&#225;ssio 4,7 mEq/l; colesterol total 189 mg/dl; HDL-C 45 mg/dl; LDL-C 117 mg/dl; triglic&#233;rides 136 mg/dl; AST 28 U/l; ALT 44 U/l; TSH 1,38 UI/ml; T4 livre 1,03 ng/dl; TP(INR) 1,2; TTPA(rel) 1,01; urina I normal; sorologia para doen&#231;a de Chagas negativa.</p>
      <p>Foram prescritos: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 300 mg, carvedilol 12,5 mg, losartana 25 mg, espironolactona 25 mg e furosemida 40 mg di&#225;rios. </p>
      <p>Novo ecocardiograma (set 2011) revelou dimens&#245;es de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 53x40 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 48%, com espessura de septo e parede posterior de 11 mm e di&#226;metro de &#225;trio esquerdo de 34 mm. Havia hipocinesia difusa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">set 2011</th>
              <th align="center">dez 2012</th>
              <th align="center">abr 2013</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#193;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">34</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Septo ventricular (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Parede posterior VE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DSVE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">112</td>
              <td align="center">125</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VE, motilidade</td>
              <td align="center">Redu&#231;&#227;o discreta</td>
              <td align="center">Redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada</td>
              <td align="center">Hipo acentuada</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VD, motilidade</td>
              <td align="center">Redu&#231;&#227;o discreta</td>
              <td align="center">Redu&#231;&#227;o moderada</td>
              <td align="center">Hipo moderada</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valva mitral</td>
              <td align="center">normal</td>
              <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia leve/moderada</td>
              <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia moderada</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valva tric&#250;spide</td>
              <td align="center">normal</td>
              <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia acentuada</td>
              <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia acentuada</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valva a&#243;rtica</td>
              <td align="center">normal</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#193;trio direito</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
              <td align="center">aumentado</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O ECG cont&#237;nuo de 24 horas pelo sistema Holter revelou ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente, com frequ&#234;ncia m&#233;dia de 62 bpm, e maior pausa de 3,2 s, 330 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares (14 EV/h), 1 par e 1 taquicardia ventricular com 3 batimentos.</p>
      <p>O &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico foi substitu&#237;do por varfarina e programada cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica ap&#243;s 3 semanas de efetiva anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A primeira cardiovers&#227;o foi realizada em 13 dez 2011, por&#233;m houve recorr&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial alguns minutos ap&#243;s e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era muito baixa. </p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (4 dez 2012) revelou: aorta 44 mm; &#225;trio esquerdo 47 mm; septo interventricular 11 mm; parede posterior 11 mm; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (s&#237;stole/di&#225;stole) 56/49 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 27%; aumento biatrial e biventricular, com insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral moderada e tric&#250;spide acentuada; ectasia de aorta e aus&#234;ncia de trombos intracavit&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 2</xref>). </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, plano de corte paraesternal longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (a, b, c) e quatro c&#226;maras (d) . Nota-se aumento de &#225;trios e ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Foi realizada nova cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica no dia seguinte (5 dez 2012), novamente com recorr&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial alguns minutos ap&#243;s a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
      <p>Procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de urg&#234;ncia em 19 abril 2013 relatando piora da dispneia nos &#250;ltimos 4 meses, com progress&#227;o at&#233; o repouso, ortopneia, aumento do volume abdominal e edema de membros inferiores. Referia ainda, tosse seca na &#250;ltima semana e acentuado agravamento da dispneia nos &#250;ltimos dois dias.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou: paciente dispneico; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 100 bom; press&#227;o arterial de 100/80 mmHg; ausculta pulmonar com estertores em bases. A ausculta card&#237;aca revelou ritmo irregular, sopro sist&#243;lico +++ em &#225;rea mitral e tric&#250;spide. No abdome, o f&#237;gado foi palpado a 3 cm do rebordo costal direito, havendo ainda edema ++++/4+ em membros inferiores. </p>
      <p>A tosse foi atribu&#237;da a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) j&#225; que n&#227;o havia febre, nem leucocitose ou imagens sugestivas de pneumonia nas radiografias de t&#243;rax, que revelaram cardiomegalia global com retifica&#231;&#227;o do arco m&#233;dio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 3</xref>). Foram administradas furosemida intravenosa e dobutamina, 5 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg/min.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia de T&#243;rax PA. Cardiomegalia acentuada, com retifica&#231;&#227;o de arco m&#233;dio, campos pulmonares livres.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>) mostraram piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e grande eleva&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP) e da prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exames da &#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">19 abr</th>
              <th align="center">23 abr</th>
              <th align="center">26 abr</th>
              <th align="center">27 abr</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Plaquetas/mm<sup>3</sup> </td>
              <td align="center">163000</td>
              <td align="center">135000</td>
              <td align="center">146000</td>
              <td align="center">22000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito (%)</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">16,4</td>
              <td align="center">14,4</td>
              <td align="center">14,2</td>
              <td align="center">16,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Leuc&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">6280</td>
              <td align="center">6160</td>
              <td align="center">6910</td>
              <td align="center">10820</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Neutr&#243;filos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">76</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Segmentados (%)</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Colesterol (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">189</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">117</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">136</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TSH (mUI/l)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">3,79</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">T4 livre (&#181;g/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1,50</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TP(INR)</td>
              <td align="center">2,6</td>
              <td align="center">2,4</td>
              <td align="center">2,0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TTPA (rel)</td>
              <td align="center">1,16</td>
              <td align="center">1,17</td>
              <td align="center">1,12</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">62</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">1,33</td>
              <td align="center">1,60</td>
              <td align="center">1,60</td>
              <td align="center">3,07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FG (ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mEq/l)</td>
              <td align="center">140</td>
              <td align="center">141</td>
              <td align="center">138</td>
              <td align="center">143</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/l)</td>
              <td align="center">4,2</td>
              <td align="center">4,0</td>
              <td align="center">3,7</td>
              <td align="center">5,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AST (U/l)</td>
              <td align="center">86</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">539</td>
              <td align="center">2808</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ALT (U/l)</td>
              <td align="center">84</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">205</td>
              <td align="center">983</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gama GT (U/l)</td>
              <td align="center">93</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">104</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FA (U/l)</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bilirrubinas tot (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">2,67</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">6,98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bilirrubina D (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">0,69</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">4,70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prote&#237;nas tot (g/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">7,3</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Albumina (g/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">3,5</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lactato (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">62</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">122</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BNP (pg/ml)</td>
              <td align="center">3540</td>
              <td align="center">2968</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PCR (mg/l)</td>
              <td align="center">7,83</td>
              <td align="center">12,29</td>
              <td align="center">25,84</td>
              <td align="center">28,82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gasometria arterial</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pH</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">7,10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">36,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Satura&#231;&#227;o O<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pCO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">43,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HCO<sub>3</sub> (mEq/l)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">13,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BE (mEq/l)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">(-) 16,7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>HDL: lipoprote&#237;nas de alto peso molecular, LDL: lipoprote&#237;nas de baixo peso molecular, TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide, TP: tempo de protrombina, TTPA: tempo de protrombina parcial ativada, FG: filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, AST: aspartato aminotransferase, ALT: alanina aminotransferase, FA: fosfatase alcalina, BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral, PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa, BE: excesso de bases.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Foi indicada nova cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica e pedido novo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico para afastar trombos intracavit&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Como houve piora da tosse, agora com esputo purulento, foi introduzida associa&#231;&#227;o de tazobactama, piperacilina e azitromicina. </p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (26 abr 2013) revelou aumento de ambos os &#225;trios e ambos os ventr&#237;culos, disfun&#231;&#227;o acentuada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e moderada do ventr&#237;culo direito, insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada e tric&#250;spide acentuada, n&#227;o havendo detec&#231;&#227;o de trombos intracavit&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f13">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (abr 2013): aumentos de ambos ventr&#237;culos e &#225;trios.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Logo ap&#243;s o exame, apresentou rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia e hipotens&#227;o arterial e necessitou intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte respirat&#243;rio e eleva&#231;&#227;o das doses de aminas vasoativas. </p>
      <p>Apresentou hipertermia (38,6&#176;C) em 26 abril 2013. Foi introduzida vancomicina, com nova radiografia de t&#243;rax inalterada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f14">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax AP (leito). Cardiomegalia acentuada, campos pulmonares livres.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O paciente evoluiu com quadro de choque apesar da administra&#231;&#227;o de doses crescentes de aminas vasoativas e apresentou parada card&#237;aca recuperada na madrugada de 27 abril 2013. Evoluiu com hipotens&#227;o e bradicardia, apresentando parada irrevers&#237;vel em assistolia na tarde do mesmo dia.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo masculino com 26 anos de idade e antecedentes de profilaxia para febre reum&#225;tica dos 12 aos 17 anos, evoluiu aos 24 anos de idade com quadro de dispneia aos grandes esfor&#231;os, apresentando melhora ap&#243;s medica&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s dois anos, houve piora da dispneia e do edema (19 abr 2013). </p>
        <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais antes do encaminhamento revelaram cardiopatia com dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O ecocardiograma revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico de 60 mm e 44 mm, respectivamente, e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 51%. A sorologia para Chagas foi negativa e a cinecoronariografia, normal. Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava 3&#170; bulha e sopro sist&#243;lico +2/+6 em foco mitral e ECG com <italic>flutter</italic> atrial e bloqueio atrioventricular com prov&#225;vel BDAS e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 40 bpm.</p>
        <p>O paciente no decorrer dos dois anos evoluiu com cardiopatia com dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Como tinha hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de profilaxia para febre reum&#225;tica, pensou-se em cardiopatia reum&#225;tica como uma poss&#237;vel etiologia; a evolu&#231;&#227;o progressiva e r&#225;pida do quadro, por&#233;m, n&#227;o &#233; observada comumente em pacientes que n&#227;o apresentam descri&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o valvar como sequela do evento agudo de febre reum&#225;tica. O ecocardiograma pr&#233;vio revelava ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico de 60 mm e 44 mm, respectivamente, e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 51%. Em setembro de 2011, apresentava dimens&#245;es de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 53x40 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 48%, espessura de septo e parede posterior de 11 mm, e di&#226;metro de &#225;trio esquerdo de 34 mm, com hipocinesia difusa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sem altera&#231;&#245;es valvares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Era, portanto, fundamental pensarmos nas outras etiologias de cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMPD) para este caso. </p>
        <p>A CMPD &#233; uma doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica prim&#225;ria progressiva de causa desconhecida e que se caracteriza por diminui&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou de ambos os ventr&#237;culos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Aproximadamente um em cada tr&#234;s casos de IC congestiva origina-se de CMPD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m da dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ou biventricular, caracteriza-se ainda por disfun&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade, o que resulta em IC congestiva. Muitos Pacientes com CMPD t&#234;m a massa mioc&#225;rdica aumentada e aumento do col&#225;geno intersticial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> o que &#233; referido como remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, levando, eventualmente, a IC. Reverter esse processo para reduzir morbimortalidade continua a ser um dos maiores desafios na pr&#225;tica da sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em seu relato, o paciente evoluiu com altera&#231;&#245;es ao ecocardiograma compat&#237;veis com CMPD e quadro cl&#237;nico de IC. No ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico de 4 dezembro de 2012, a aorta media 44 mm, o &#225;trio esquerdo 47 mm, o septo interventricular 11 mm, a parede posterior 11 mm, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (s&#237;stole/di&#225;stole) 56/49 mm, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 27%, com aumento biatrial e biventricular e insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral moderada e tric&#250;spide acentuada. O paciente procurou atendimento m&#233;dico em 19 abril 2013 com queixa de piora da dispneia havia 4 meses, que progrediu at&#233; ocorrer em repouso, ortopneia, aumento do volume abdominal e edema de membros inferiores. O exame f&#237;sico revelou IC congestiva com congest&#227;o pulmonar, hepatomegalia, edema e insufici&#234;ncia valvar atrioventricular bilateral.</p>
        <p>A CMPD &#233; atualmente respons&#225;vel por cerca de 10.000 mortes e 46.000 interna&#231;&#245;es por ano nos Estados Unidos. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; a principal indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Embora em muitos casos n&#227;o exista uma causa evidente, a CMPD ou tem origem familiar ou &#233; resultado final de les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas produzidas por diversos agentes t&#243;xicos, metab&#243;licos ou infecciosos conhecidos ou n&#227;o. Pode ser consequ&#234;ncia tardia de miocardite viral aguda, possivelmente mediada em parte por mecanismo imunol&#243;gico. Embora possa ocorrer em qualquer idade, o mais comum &#233; que se torne clinicamente aparente na terceira ou quarta d&#233;cadas de vida. Formas revers&#237;veis de cardiopatia com dilata&#231;&#227;o podem ser encontradas em casos de uso abusivo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, gravidez, doen&#231;a da tireoide, uso de coca&#237;na e taquicardia cr&#244;nica n&#227;o controlada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> As causas da cardiopatia com dilata&#231;&#227;o distribuem-se do seguinte modo: idiop&#225;tica, 50% dos casos; secund&#225;ria a miocardite, 9%; secund&#225;ria a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, 7%; consequente a doen&#231;a infiltrativa (como amiloidose e sarcoidose), 5%; cardiopatia periparto, 4%; secund&#225;ria a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, 4%; associada a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana (HIV), 4%; p&#243;s doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo, 3%; abuso de subst&#226;ncias, 3%; uso de doxorrubicina, 1%; e os demais 10%, doen&#231;a de Chagas, doen&#231;a de Lyme, causas gen&#233;ticas, n&#227;o compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e cardiopatia mediada por taquicardia.</p>
        <p>A febre reum&#225;tica continua a ser a principal causa de cardiopatia adquirida em muitas regi&#245;es, como a Am&#233;rica do Sul, &#193;frica e &#205;ndia. &#201; frequentemente assintom&#225;tica, em particular a miocardite reum&#225;tica. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais comuns s&#227;o artrite e febre. A febre reum&#225;tica e a miocardite reum&#225;tica aguda, em particular, est&#227;o sub-representadas na literatura m&#233;dica porque s&#227;o raras na Europa e nos Estados Unidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora o primeiro epis&#243;dio de febre reum&#225;tica aguda &#224;s vezes possa levar a les&#245;es valvares persistentes, a cardiopatia reum&#225;tica mais frequentemente resulta dos danos cumulativos das valvas atribu&#237;veis a epis&#243;dios recorrentes de febre reum&#225;tica aguda, que podem, por vezes, at&#233; ser silenciosos (sem sintomas cl&#237;nicos). Isso torna a identifica&#231;&#227;o desafiadora. A cardiopatia reum&#225;tica quase sempre afeta as valvas card&#237;acas do lado esquerdo. &#201; raro o dano direto das valvas direitas, que, em geral, s&#227;o afetadas como consequ&#234;ncia do mau funcionamento das valvas esquerdas. O estreitamento da valva mitral tamb&#233;m pode se desenvolver, com obstru&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, por fus&#227;o das c&#250;spides ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da sua mobilidade por calcifica&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e IC foram observadas predominantemente em portadores de doen&#231;a valvar acentuada. Embora a miocardite seja comum em casos de aut&#243;psia, a principal causa de dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e IC parece ser insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave com ou sem regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos podem incluir qualquer grau de bloqueio card&#237;aco, inclusive a dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular. A radiografia de t&#243;rax pode demonstrar cardiomegalia. A ecocardiografia permite avaliar intensidade da les&#227;o valvar, derrame peric&#225;rdico, dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e atrial e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Diante do exposto, a febre reum&#225;tica n&#227;o parece ser o diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico mais prov&#225;vel para esta cardiopatia com dilata&#231;&#227;o e piora rapidamente progressiva. Al&#233;m disso, os achados cl&#237;nicos e de imagem do caso atual n&#227;o s&#227;o aqueles dessa cardiopatia.</p>
        <p>A sarcoidose, outra causa de cardiopatia com dilata&#231;&#227;o, pode ser aventada no caso atual. Trata-se de desordem granulomatosa, n&#227;o caseosa, heterog&#234;nea e de etiologia desconhecida, que pode envolver qualquer &#243;rg&#227;o. O envolvimento card&#237;aco pode ser detectado isoladamente ou pode preceder ou ocorrer concomitantemente com o de outros &#243;rg&#227;os (por exemplo, pulm&#227;o).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da sarcoidose card&#237;aca dependem da localiza&#231;&#227;o e extens&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o granulomatosa. Outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas incluem dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares, pericardite e disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular. Al&#233;m disso, o envolvimento dos m&#250;sculos papilares pode levar a apresenta&#231;&#227;o com sintomas agudos semelhantes aos da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica com hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica, causada, contudo, pelo edema, ao inv&#233;s de hipertrofia de mi&#243;citos. Devemos considerar a possibilidade de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca por sarcoidose quando confrontados com uma pessoa jovem ou de meia-idade saud&#225;vel com sintomas card&#237;acos ou um paciente com sarcoidose conhecida que desenvolva arritmias, doen&#231;a de condu&#231;&#227;o ou IC. Essa &#233; uma importante etiologia para o caso em quest&#227;o, que evoluiu com piora r&#225;pida e progressiva, arritmia, dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e quadro cl&#237;nico de IC, sem hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica e com demais exames de investiga&#231;&#227;o para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <bold>(Dr. Rog&#233;rio Silva de Paula e Dra. Ivna Lobo Camilo)</bold>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica</bold>: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por cardiopatia por sarcoidose.</p>
        <p>(<bold>Dr. Rog&#233;rio Silva de Paula e Dra. Ivna Lobo Camilo)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 680 g e apresentava dilata&#231;&#227;o das quatro c&#226;maras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 6</xref>). A superf&#237;cie epic&#225;rdica era lisa com placas opacas esbranqui&#231;adas esparsas. O corte longitudinal no plano dos ventr&#237;culos exibiu difuso afilamento das paredes ventriculares e colora&#231;&#227;o amarelada devido &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o adiposa focal do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular direito, principalmente em via de entrada, &#225;pice, face diafragm&#225;tica e parede livre do infund&#237;bulo subpulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figuras 6</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">7</xref>). N&#227;o havia trombos cavit&#225;rios. O exame histol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio revelou, al&#233;m da infiltra&#231;&#227;o adiposa no ventr&#237;culo direito, fibrose e infiltrado linfo-histiocit&#225;rio focais, sinais de les&#227;o pr&#233;via de cardiomi&#243;citos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figuras 8</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">9</xref>). Havia ainda hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos em todas as paredes ventriculares. Os cortes histol&#243;gicos do mioc&#225;rdio septal apresentavam espessamento da parede e art&#233;rias musculares &#224;s custas de hipertrofia da t&#250;nica m&#233;dia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 9B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aspecto macrosc&#243;pico do cora&#231;&#227;o em corte do tipo quatro c&#226;maras. Observa-se infiltra&#231;&#227;o adiposa expressiva do mioc&#225;rdio em base e &#225;pice de ventr&#237;culo direito, melhor evidenciada nas amplia&#231;&#245;es (pain&#233;is da esquerda). Al&#233;m disto, nota-se a cardiomegalia global com afilamento das paredes card&#237;acas e dilata&#231;&#227;o biventricular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f16">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Foto macrosc&#243;pica do cora&#231;&#227;o em corte longitudinal da via de entrada e de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. Ambas evidenciam substitui&#231;&#227;o focal do mioc&#225;rdio por de tecido gorduroso e fibrose. T.pulm- tronco pulmonar</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f17">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotomicrografias de parede de ventr&#237;culo direito. Observa-se no painel da esquerda que h&#225; substitui&#231;&#227;o de tecido muscular por tecido fibr&#243;tico e gorduroso. No painel da direita, o componente fibr&#243;tico &#233; melhor evidenciado. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina-eosina, aumentos das objetivas respectivamente 2,5X esquerda e 10X direita.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f18">
            <label>Figura 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotomicrografias da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito painel da esquerda, e do septo ventricular painel da direita. Nota-se no painel da esquerda infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio linfo-histiocit&#225;rio focal e fibrose entremeando os cardiomi&#243;citos. Al&#233;m do componente fibr&#243;tico, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar tecido gorduroso no canto superior esquerdo da imagem. No painel da direita, evidencia-se espessamento arterial em mioc&#225;rdio septal &#224;s custas de hipertrofia de t&#250;nica m&#233;dia. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina-eosina, aumentos das objetivas respectivamente 20X esquerda e 5X direita.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0173-70018-gf09-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O estudo dos demais &#243;rg&#227;os revelou sinais de congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica pulmonar e hep&#225;tica em decorr&#234;ncia da IC congestiva com choque terminal. Havia tromboembolismo em pequenos ramos das bases pulmonares e hemorragia alveolar. Tamb&#233;m foram observados ascite serosa (3200 ml) e derrame peric&#225;rdio (120 ml). Outros sinais de fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal incluem necrose tubular aguda renal focal, edema de c&#233;lulas tubulares renais e edema cerebral. </p>
        <p>D<bold>iagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</bold>: Cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito (displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito). Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e sinais morfol&#243;gicos de choque terminal.</p>
        <p><bold>Causa de &#243;bito</bold>: Choque cardiog&#234;nico</p>
        <p>
          <bold>(Acad&#234;mica La&#237;s Costa Marques e Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>A entidade descrita inicialmente como "displasia" arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; hoje conhecida como cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito (CAVD), de acordo com o consenso sobre miocardiopatias da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico &#233; baseado em crit&#233;rios maiores e menores, incluindo achados cl&#237;nicos, eletrofisiol&#243;gicos, hemodin&#226;micos e anatomopatol&#243;gicos. </p>
        <p>No caso aqui discutido, esse diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o foi feito clinicamente. Todavia, do ponto de vista anatomopatol&#243;gico, tanto o quadro macro quanto o microsc&#243;pico s&#227;o t&#237;picos, com infiltra&#231;&#227;o adiposa, al&#233;m de fibrose e inflama&#231;&#227;o focais. Em geral, o comprometimento predomina no ventr&#237;culo direito, com pouco ou nenhum envolvimento do esquerdo. Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a de cardiomegalia global tamb&#233;m n&#227;o &#233; habitual.</p>
        <p>&#201; prov&#225;vel que a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de fen&#243;tipos (dilata&#231;&#227;o global associada &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrogordurosa do mioc&#225;rdio) tenha dificultado a determina&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico durante a interna&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para CAVD estabelecidos por for&#231;a-tarefa e publicados em 1994 foram separados em maiores e menores. Esses crit&#233;rios incluem a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais globais e segmentares do ventr&#237;culo direito, altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, arritmias e fatores gen&#233;ticos. Em 2010, uma revis&#227;o desses crit&#233;rios foi publicada para facilitar o reconhecimento e diagn&#243;stico precoce em familiares dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Para o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a &#233; necess&#225;ria a associa&#231;&#227;o de dois crit&#233;rios maiores ou de um crit&#233;rio maior e dois menores ou ainda quatro crit&#233;rios menores.</p>
        <p>No caso aqui discutido, a bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o foi realizada em vida, por&#233;m tivemos a comprova&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a &#224; necropsia, com o quadro t&#237;pico de substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrogordurosa segmentar da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito e tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a de art&#233;rias espessas no septo ventricular, achado anteriormente descrito nessa doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O comprometimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na CAVD foi descrito em um estudo de 42 cora&#231;&#245;es provenientes de necropsia ou de receptores de transplante card&#237;aco. O trabalho revelou que, em cerca de 50%, havia comprometimento macrosc&#243;pico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e, em 75%, comprometimento histol&#243;gico. Al&#233;m da substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrogordurosa do mioc&#225;rdio em regi&#227;o sub-epic&#225;rdica ou m&#233;dio-mural, havia dilata&#231;&#227;o dessa c&#226;mara em todos os casos com doen&#231;a macrosc&#243;pica, sendo acentuada em um quarto deles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patog&#234;nese e gen&#233;tica</title>
        <p>Como descrito acima, a CAVD consiste na substitui&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio por tecido fibrogorduroso. A atrofia do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; progressiva e n&#227;o est&#225; presente ao nascimento. O processo mioc&#225;rdico &#233; consequ&#234;ncia de morte dos cardiomi&#243;citos a partir do nascimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Estudos de aut&#243;psias observaram evid&#234;ncia de apoptose nessa cardiomiopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Tamb&#233;m em bi&#243;psias (in vivo), o mesmo mecanismo foi detectado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A substitui&#231;&#227;o tecidual ocorre de forma gradativa, do epic&#225;rdio em dire&#231;&#227;o ao endoc&#225;rdio, tornando-se transmural. Como consequ&#234;ncia, h&#225; um enfraquecimento da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito, causando dilata&#231;&#227;o e aneurismas, com localiza&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica entre as paredes inferior, apical e infundibular, formando o tri&#226;ngulo da displasia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m de enfraquecer uma parede, essas altera&#231;&#245;es, associadas ao fator inflamat&#243;rio, comprometem a condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica intraventricular com atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o, e repercutem em potenciais tardios, onda &#233;psilon e bloqueio de ramo direito. Como consequ&#234;ncia desse dist&#250;rbio, uma arritmia ventricular pode se instalar pelo fen&#244;meno de reentrada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; duas teorias patogen&#233;ticas descritas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A primeira &#233; de que a doen&#231;a teria um componente gen&#233;tico e que o dist&#250;rbio de desenvolvimento do mioc&#225;rdio j&#225; se inicia durante o per&#237;odo intrauterino. </p>
        <p>Estudos gen&#233;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> evidenciaram que h&#225; dois tipos de heran&#231;a para o fen&#243;tipo de CAVD. O primeiro tipo compreende heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante com penetr&#226;ncia vari&#225;vel, e o segundo tipo &#233; representado por formas recessivas, por&#233;m associadas a doen&#231;as de pele. Foram detectados 10 loci gen&#233;ticos, por&#233;m apenas 5 genes com muta&#231;&#245;es. O primeiro gene encontrado relacionado &#224; CAVD foi na doen&#231;a de Naxos, uma s&#237;ndrome recessiva rara relacionada a uma muta&#231;&#227;o na prote&#237;na desmossomal chamada placoglobina. Essa s&#237;ndrome, por&#233;m, foi caracterizada como a variante 2 da CAVD. A primeira forma de muta&#231;&#227;o autoss&#244;mica dominante encontrada nessa variante foi no gene que decodifica o receptor card&#237;aco de rianodina (RyR2). Esse receptor &#233; respons&#225;vel pela homeostase de c&#225;lcio e coordena o mecanismo de excita&#231;&#227;o-contra&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos. As muta&#231;&#245;es refletem-se na altera&#231;&#227;o do mecanismo de fechamento dos canais de c&#225;lcio e assim, uma alta estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica por estresse emocional ou f&#237;sico pode causar aumento excessivo de c&#225;lcio intracelular, o que acarreta severas arritmias. Al&#233;m de CAVD, muta&#231;&#245;es no gene que decodifica RyR2 podem causar outras duas doen&#231;as: taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica catecolamin&#233;rgica e taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica familiar. A descoberta da variante 2 da CAVD &#233; considerada a chave para a resposta das patog&#234;neses de CAVD. Outra descoberta mais recente pelo grupo de pesquisa liderado por Rampazzo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> foi, na chamada variante 1 da CAVD, a muta&#231;&#227;o dos genes que decodificam o TGF-beta3. Essa citocina estimula a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mesenquimais. Experimentos <italic>in vitro</italic> mostraram que as muta&#231;&#245;es desses genes que codificam TGF-beta3 podem causar fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
        <p>Existe tamb&#233;m uma teoria que especula se a CAVD seria consequ&#234;ncia de uma infec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via (miocardite, pericardite). A teoria leva em considera&#231;&#227;o uma etiologia viral que poderia ser agravada ou n&#227;o por uma rea&#231;&#227;o autoimune. A rea&#231;&#227;o autoimune ou viral ajudaria a explicar o fen&#244;meno inflamat&#243;rio, que n&#227;o ocorreria apenas devido &#224; apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos. Essa &#250;ltima teoria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> poderia ajudar a explicar o acometimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e os dist&#250;rbios de ritmo atrial. A suspeita de etiologia viral foi considerada em um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> em que houve a detec&#231;&#227;o de genoma viral no mioc&#225;rdio de alguns pacientes com CAVD. Tal teoria, por&#233;m, foi refutada em outro trabalho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> que defende que os v&#237;rus est&#227;o presentes de forma inocente, como expectadores ou <italic>bystanders</italic>, e que a degrada&#231;&#227;o tecidual favorece a coloniza&#231;&#227;o viral.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de infiltra&#231;&#227;o de gordura n&#227;o &#233; por si s&#243; suficiente para caracterizar a CAVD, pois h&#225; cora&#231;&#245;es com certa quantidade de gordura em parede anterior e apical no ventr&#237;culo direito e que n&#227;o apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es degenerativas em cardiomi&#243;citos. Portanto, para estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico dessa doen&#231;a &#233; necess&#225;rio observar o padr&#227;o de substitui&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibr&#243;tico associado &#224; degenera&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora clinicamente se reconhe&#231;a a CAVD como causa de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca em jovens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> durante exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, existe um subgrupo onde, como no paciente que aqui descrevemos, h&#225; fal&#234;ncia biventricular com evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel e indica&#231;&#227;o para transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til no reconhecimento morfol&#243;gico da doen&#231;a e at&#233; no estabelecimento de progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><bold>(Acad&#234;mica La&#237;s Costa Marques e Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </sec>
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