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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rkWWmL8XLz9nSx49qXW5dqz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000200154</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">0066-782X20170050</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Serotoninergic Modulation of Basal Cardiovascular Responses and Responses Induced by Isotonic Extracellular Volume Expansion in Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Semionatto</surname>
            <given-names>Isadora Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Raminelli</surname>
            <given-names>Adrieli Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Angelica Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Capitelli</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chriguer</surname>
            <given-names>Rosangela Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Uberaba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rosangela Soares Chriguer</bold>, Rua Silva Jardim, 136. Postla Code 11015-020, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rochriguer@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Semionatto IF, Capitelli CS, Chriguer RS; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Semionatto IF, Alves AC, Capitelli CS, Chriguer RS; Writing of the manuscript: Semionatto IF, Raminelli AO, Capitelli CS, Chriguer RS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Capitelli CS, Chriguer RS</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>154</fpage>
      <lpage>160</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Isotonic blood volume expansion (BVE) induced alterations of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the heart and blood vessels, which can be modulated by serotonergic pathways.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effect of saline or serotonergic agonist (DOI) administration in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on cardiovascular responses after BVE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We recorded pulsatile blood pressure through the femoral artery to obtain the mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) and the sympathetic-vagal ratio (LF/HF) of Wistar rats before and after they received bilateral microinjections of saline or DOI into the PVN, followed by BVE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>No significant differences were observed in the values of the studied variables in the different treatments from the control group. However, when animals are treated with DOI followed by BVE there is a significant increase in relation to the BE control group in all the studied variables: MBP (114.42&#177;7.85 vs 101.34&#177;9.17); SBP (147.23&#177;14.31 vs 129.39&#177;10.70); DBP (98.01 &#177;4.91 vs 87.31&#177;8.61); HR (421.02&#177;43.32 vs 356.35&#177;41.99); and LF/HF ratio (2.32&#177;0.80 vs 0.27&#177;0.32).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Discussion:</title>
          <p>The present study showed that the induction of isotonic BVE did not promote alterations in MAP, HR and LF/HF ratio. On the other hand, the injection of DOI into PVN of the hypothalamus followed by isotonic BVE resulted in a significant increase of all variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>These results suggest that serotonin induced a neuromodulation in the PVN level, which promotes an inhibition of the baroreflex response to BVE. Therefore, the present study suggests the involvement of the serotonergic system in the modulation of vagal reflex response at PVN in the normotensive rats.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Serotonin</kwd>
        <kwd>Serotonin Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypotalamic Paraventricular Nucleus</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Extracellular Fluid</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Isotonic blood volume expansion (BVE) induces the activation of several areas of the brain that are important in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine adjustments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> BVE activates baroreflex, which promotes hypotension and bradycardia through the excitation of two neural pathways. Hypotension involves excitatory projections of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) to the caudal ventrolateral area of the medulla oblongata, and when activated, promotes inhibition of the rostral ventrolateral area of the medulla oblongata, sympathetic-inhibitory pathway, which results in the decrease of sympathetic tone to the heart, reduction of total peripheral resistance, and increase of venous capacitance. Bradycardia involves an excitatory projection of the NST to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and nucleus ambiguous, leading to an increase of vagal efferent in the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>BVE also promotes an increase in the plasma concentrations of oxytocin (Oxt), mainly synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SON).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Evidence that Oxt acts as an important neuromodulator of the autonomic control of the circulation stemmed from studies in which projections of the PVN to the NST were observed and reinforced by the observation that manipulations in PVN's oxytocinergic system resulted in deep alterations in cardiovascular responses to stress and peptidergic stimuli.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The participation of serotonergic mechanisms (5-HT) in PVN responses has also been studied, especially 5-HT action on 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> and 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors. Authors have demonstrated the presence of 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> and 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors and their respective mRNA in PVN. Moreover, researchers have verified the co-expression of 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> and 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors in PVN regions, and a sub-population of these neurons presented double marking, 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>/Oxt, showing evidence of 5-HT participation in the activation of these receptors in PVN.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Raphe dorsal nucleus afference to PVN regions and the significant density of 5-HT receptors in these hypothalamic nuclei have been described by several authors, and these results show that neuroendocrine responses to volume alterations may be modulated by 5-HT activating 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> and/or 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors in the PVN.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Based on the neuro-anatomical evidence of PVN oxytocinergic projections to NST and in works that have demonstrated serotonin neuromodulation over Oxt secretion, which is increased during isotonic BVE, we aim to evaluate serotonergic neuromodulation over 5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptors in cardiovascular responses of the PVN in basal conditions or induced by BVE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Thirteen male Wistar rats, weighing between 250-300 g in the beginning of the experiments were obtained and kept in the vivarium <italic>Biot&#233;rio da Disciplina de Fisiologia</italic> at the University <italic>Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro</italic> (UFTM), acclimatized to the controlled room temperature of 23 &#177; 2&#176;C, with a light-dark cycle of 12h (light - 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.), with food and water <italic>ad libitum</italic>. These animals were divided into two groups: Control (N=8), and DOI (N=5). All experiments were done between 8 a.m. and 1 p.m., and were previously approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation (CEUAUFTM) under protocol number 273.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Habituation of the animals to experimental procedures</title>
        <p>To decrease the influence of stress promoting factors at the time of experiments, the rats were handled daily and trained, for seven days, with the maneuvers used in the experimental protocol, such as: cleaning of the cannula and soft massage in the supra-pubic region for at least one week before the experiment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental protocol</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Cannulas in the PVN</title>
          <p>The rats were anaesthetized with tribromoethanol (150mg/kg) and fixed to a stereotaxic device (<italic>Insight Equipamentos - model ETX3/99, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil).</italic> Two anthropometric points of the skull - bregma (union point of sagittal and coronal sutures) and lambda (union point of sagittal and lambdoid sutures) - were used as a reference to level the animals' heads in the horizontal plane. The the bregma, we determined the points for the bilateral introduction of the cannula in the rats's PVN. In these points, we made trepanations of the skull bones with a spherical drill, by opening two orifices of approximately 1.5 mm in diameter. In the PVN, stainless steel cannulas (12 x 0.55 mm d.i) were bilaterally positioned in the brain per the coordinates: 1.2 mm caudal to bregma; 0.5 mm lateral to the median line; and 5.0 mm under the dura-meter, according to the coordinates from the Atlas by Paxinos and Watson.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The cannulas were positioned 2 mm above the PVN, and fixed to the skull with screws and acrylic dental resin. Metal chucks (0.3 mm d.i) were used to obliterate the cannulas. The rats received prophylactic injections of penicillin (20,000 units, i.m.). During the six days of recovery, before cannulation of the veins and femoral arteries, the rats were handled and trained daily for the procedure and cleaning of the chucks to reduce possible influences of stress responses due to animal manipulation.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cannulation of femoral veins and arteries</title>
        <p>For the cardiovascular record of the conscious animals, on the day before the experiment, the animals were anaesthetized with tribromoethanol (150 mg/kg) for the implantation of polyethylene catheters (PE-50 and PE-10) in the abdominal aorta through the femoral artery to record the BP, and in the femoral vein to perform the BVE. After implantation, the cannulas were properly filled with a physiological solution and subcutaneously exteriorized in the posterior region of the neck. Before starting to record, the cannulas were heparinized (heparin 2% in physiological solution) to avoid the formation of clots.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular records</title>
        <p>After 24 hours of surgical recovery, the cannulas were washed with heparinized saline solution (0.1 mL of heparin sodium 25000 UI, Liquemine&#174;, Roche, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, dissolved in 20 mL of saline 0.9%). The arterial catheter was connected to a PA transducer (P23Db, Gould-Statham), and the signs of pulsatile BP were recorded in basal conditions for 30 minutes, and the signal was converted by an analogue-digital board (CODAS, with a sample frequency - 4 kHz, Di220 Dataq Instruments, Inc., Akron, OH, USA). During the experimental procedure, MBP and HR were derived from the pulsatile BP. During the recording, the animals stayed in a room with noise control, at a temperature of 27&#176;C. After positioning of the animals and connection to the equipment, there was a 15-minute adaptation period before recording began. After adaptation of the animals and adequation of signal caption, we began the continuous recording of pulsatile BP for 30 minutes to obtain basal values of BP and HR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Microinjections of saline or drug in the brain</title>
        <p>Thirty minutes after recording began, saline (1.0 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/200 &#951;L; n=8 animals) or serotoninergic dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride (DOI - 1.0 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/200 &#951;L; n=5 animals) dissolved in physiological saline solution were bilaterally injected in the PVN of the rats using a Hamilton syringe (5 <italic>&#181;</italic>L) connected by a PE-10 polyethylene tube to an injection needle introduced into the brain by the guide cannula, previously fixed to the brain. During and after the intracerebroventricular microinjections, animal records were done in a period of 30 minutes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood volume expansion (BVE)</title>
        <p>Sixty minutes after beginning the recording, some animals underwent BVE, performed through intravenous infusion (femoral vein) of isotonic NaCL (0.15 M) in a volume of 2 ml/100 g of body weight during 60 seconds. During and after BVE, animal records were done in a 15-minute period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recording of pulsatile BP</title>
        <p>On the day of the experiment, between 8 and 9 a.m., the animals were weighed and the arterial cannula was connected to a pressure transducer; basal pulsatile BP was recorded for 30 minutes. After this period, the animals received microinjections of DOI in the PVN (1.0 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/200 &#951;L; n=5 animals) or the same volume of vehicle (isotonic saline; n=8 animals). After 30 minutes, the animals underwent isotonic BVE (NaCl 0.15 M/ 2 ml100 g weight), and the pressure was continuously recorded for another 15 minutes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) (supplementary figure). After 75 minutes of recording, the animals were euthanized with thiopental sodium (100 mg/Kg) and their brains were removed and fixed in 10% formalin for a few days. Cross sections (40 <italic>&#181;</italic>m thick) were done in the points of PVN injection with a freezing microtome (MICROM, model HM 5000 M). Histologic sections, assembled onto slides, were stained by the Nissl method and analysed for PVN injection points according to the Atlas by Paxinos and Watson.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representative scheme of the seven days of experimental protocol of the groups Control and Serotoninergic Agonist (DOI). PVN: paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus; BP, pulsatile BP; HR, BVE HR, extracellular volume expansion with isotonic saline (supplementary figure).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0154-60205-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study of the variability of BP and HR</title>
        <p>Pulsatile BP was processed by a specific software that determined, beat-by-beat, SBP and HR values. HR, SBP, and DBP variability was also evaluated in the frequency domain, with the autoregressive spectral analysis method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Pulse Intervals (IP), SBP, and DBP time series, collected during 30 basal minutes, were divided into serial segments of 300 beats, and all successive segments overlapped in 50% with the previous segment (Welch method). Using stationary segments of the time series, autoregressive parameters were estimated through the Levinson-Durbin method, and the model order was chosen according to Akaike's criterion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> After that, over each individual stationary segment of 300 beats, spectral decomposition was done. Normalization of values minimizes interference of the total potency over the components; normalization procedure was done by diving the potency of the low frequency component (LF - 0,15-0,4 Hz) or the high frequency component (HF - 0,04-0,15 Hz) by the total spectral potency, from which we subtracted the potency of the very low frequency band (VLF - 0,01-0,20 Hz), and then multiplied the result by 100.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Spectral parameters obtained for each individual stationary segment of 300 beats were measured, and mean result values for the 30 basal minutes were collected for each animal. Quotient between LF and HF (LF/HF ratio) was used to express the sympathetic-vagal balance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was done through the software R, version 3.3.0. The obtained results were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation of the mean. To confirm that all continuous variables were normally distributed, we used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and afterwards, to evaluate the effects of groups and evaluations in relation to SBP, DBP, MBP, HR, and LF/HF variables we used the two-way ANOVA with measurements, and Bonferroni's method of multiple comparisons. Significance level was set at 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the results (mean &#177; standard deviation of the mean) of the cardiovascular variables of the control group animals (C) and of the DOI group animals (D). No significant differences were observed in the control group between the values obtained in basal period (Cb), after microinjection with saline (Cm), and saline followed by isotonic BVE (Ce) in the variables MBP, SBP, and DBP. DOI microinjection (Dm) and DOI followed by BVE (De) significantly increased MBP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), SBP, and DBP in relation to the control group (Ce) (114.42&#177;7.85 vs 101.34&#177;9.17; 147.23&#177;14.31 vs 129.39&#177;10.70; and 98.01&#177;4.91 vs 87.31&#177;8.61, respectively).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean values (&#177; standard deviation of the mean) of mean blood pressure (MBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), low frequency component (LF), and high frequency component (HF) of the animals of the basal control groups (Cb), post saline microinjection in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (Cm), control after expansion of the extracellular volume (Ce), and those treated with DOI, in the basal state (Db), after DOI microinjection in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (Dm), and after expansion of the extracellular volume (De)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Cb</th>
              <th align="center">Cm</th>
              <th align="center">Ce</th>
              <th align="center">Db</th>
              <th align="center">Dm</th>
              <th align="center">De</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">100.83 &#177; 7.98</td>
              <td align="center">99.79 &#177; 7.24</td>
              <td align="center">101.34 &#177; 9.17</td>
              <td align="center">105.65 &#177; 2.25</td>
              <td align="center">108.79 &#177; 9.31</td>
              <td align="center">114.42 &#177; 7.85<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">#</xref></sup>
								<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#612;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">130.28 &#177; 7.62</td>
              <td align="center">129.66 &#177; 6.49</td>
              <td align="center">129.39 &#177; 10.70</td>
              <td align="center">136.05 &#177; 2.74</td>
              <td align="center">141.11 &#177; 14.95</td>
              <td align="center">147.23 &#177; 14.31<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&amp;</xref></sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">86.10 &#177; 8.53</td>
              <td align="center">84.86 &#177; 7.97</td>
              <td align="center">87.31 &#177; 8.61</td>
              <td align="center">90.46 &#177; 3.63</td>
              <td align="center">92.63 &#177; 6.50</td>
              <td align="center">98.01 &#177; 4.91<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">+</xref></sup>
								<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">%</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (bpm))</td>
              <td align="center">354.14 &#177; 29.53</td>
              <td align="center">356.14 &#177; 32.09</td>
              <td align="center">356.35 &#177; 41.99</td>
              <td align="center">399.40 &#177; 25.09<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">$</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">405.08 &#177; 41.09<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#945;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">421.02 &#177; 43.32<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#946;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF/HF ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.36 &#177; 0.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.55 &#177; 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.27 &#177; 0.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.67 &#177; 0.68</td>
              <td align="center">2.45 &#177; 0.82<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.32 &#177; 0.80<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">##</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>p=0.018 vs MBP Ce;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#612;</label>
            <p>p=0.016 vs MBP Db;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&amp;</label>
            <p>p=0.010 vs SBP Ce;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p=0.035 vs SBP Db;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>+</label>
            <p>p=0.047 vs DBP Ce;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>%</label>
            <p>p=0.022 vs DBP Db;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>$</label>
            <p>p=0.034 vs HR Cb;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>&#945;</label>
            <p>p=0.033 vs HR Cm;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>&#946;</label>
            <p>p=0.010 vs HR Ce;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>p=0.001 vs LF/HF ratio Cm and Db;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>##</label>
            <p>p=0.001 vs LF/HF Ce eDb.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean values (&#177; standard deviation of the mean) of the MBP of the basal control group animals (Cb), control after microinjection of saline (Cm), control after extracellular volume expansion (Ce) and those treated with DOI, in the basal state (Db), after DOI microinjection (Dm), and after extracellular volume expansion (De). #p=0.018 vs MBP Ce; &#612;p=0.016 vs MBP Db.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0154-60205-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Animals in the control group presented significant difference in basal HR values (Cb), with microinjection of saline (Cm) and saline followed by BVE, in relation the DOI group with the same treatments (Db, Dm, and De) (354.14&#177;29.53 vs 399.40&#177;25.09; 356.14&#177;32.09 vs 405.08&#177;41.09 and 356.35&#177;41.99 vs 421.02&#177;43.32, respectively). DOI microinjection (Dm), and DOI followed by BVE (De), increased the LF/HF ratio in relation to control animals who received saline microinjection (Cm) and saline followed by isotonic BVE (Ce) (2.45&#177;0.82 vs 0.55&#177;0.22 and 2.32&#177;0.80 vs 0.27&#177;0.32, respectively).</p>
      <p>All p values obtained from statistical analysis of the studied variables are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> (supplementary data).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>p values obtained after comparisons between the groups Control (n=8) and DOI (dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine) (n=5) of the studies variables: mean blood pressure (MBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), low frequency component (LF), and high frequency component (HF) of the animals of the basal control groups (Cb), post saline microinjection in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (Cm), control after expansion of the extracellular volume (Ce), and those treated with DOI, in the basal state (Db), after DOI microinjection in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (Dm), and after expansion of the extracellular volume (De). Variance analysis with repeated measurements and Bonferroni&#8217;s multiple comparison method were employed in this study. Significance level was set at p&lt;0.05</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Comparisons</th>
              <th align="center">MBP</th>
              <th align="center">SBP</th>
              <th align="center">DBP</th>
              <th align="center">HR</th>
              <th align="center">LF/HF</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cb vs Cm</td>
              <td align="center">0.827</td>
              <td align="center">0.937</td>
              <td align="center">0.568</td>
              <td align="center">0.987</td>
              <td align="center">0.704</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cb vsCe</td>
              <td align="center">0.828</td>
              <td align="center">0.930</td>
              <td align="center">0.568</td>
              <td align="center">0.988</td>
              <td align="center">0.755</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cm vs Ce</td>
              <td align="center">0.820</td>
              <td align="center">0.934</td>
              <td align="center">0.560</td>
              <td align="center">0.980</td>
              <td align="center">0.704</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Db vs Dm</td>
              <td align="center">0.293</td>
              <td align="center">0.234</td>
              <td align="center">0.418</td>
              <td align="center">0.730</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Db vs De</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
              <td align="center">0.035</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
              <td align="center">0.503</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dm vs De</td>
              <td align="center">0.096</td>
              <td align="center">0.230</td>
              <td align="center">0.075</td>
              <td align="center">0.500</td>
              <td align="center">0.711</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cb vs Db</td>
              <td align="center">0.287</td>
              <td align="center">0.316</td>
              <td align="center">0.308</td>
              <td align="center">0.034</td>
              <td align="center">0.290</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cm vs Dm</td>
              <td align="center">0.077</td>
              <td align="center">0.076</td>
              <td align="center">0.110</td>
              <td align="center">0.033</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ce vs De</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
              <td align="center">0.047</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our study showed that isotonic BVE did not promote alterations in MBP, SBP, and DBP, or in HR and sympathetic-vagal ratio (LF/HF). As previously shown by other authors, acute BVE induces a series of hemodynamic events, including an increase in central venous pressure, right atrial pressure, central and peripheral blood volume, cardiac debit, and systolic volume. On the other hand, HR decreases significantly, and total peripheral resistance decreases slightly during volume overload, while MBP remains unaltered.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> These findings differ from those obtained by Godino et al., 2005, who performed BVE through infusion of a great intra atrial volume for one minute and observed a reduction not only in HR, but also in MBP. This hypotension can be mediated by a quick and pronounced release of oxytocin and atrial natriuretic peptide, which have a diuretic and vasodilatory effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Moreover, these peptides are involved in the baroreflex control of the HR, facilitating vagal response in the increase of reflex bradycardia during baroreceptor discharge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present work, the animals who received intracerebroventricular microinjection of the serotonergic agonist DOI in the PVN, followed by BVE, presented a significant increase in MBP, SBP, DBP, HR, and LF/HF, suggesting that the serotonergic agonist DOI leads to the inhibition of Oxt secretion as a response to BVE, when it is bilaterally microinjected into the PVN, or even that is exerts a neuromodulation in the PVN level, which then promotes an inhibition in the baroreflex response to BVE.</p>
      <p>Intravenous administration of 8-OHDPAT (5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor agonist) or DOI (5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor agonist) promotes an increase in plasma concentrations of Oxt. Both responses are significantly attenuated when the animals receive intravenous pre-treatment with antagonists of these receptor, suggesting that this increase occurs by the serotoninergic activation of these receptors, instead of stimulation by interneurons.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors stimulation in the central nervous system can induce an increase in BP, partly through the increase in vasoconstrictor sympathetic activity due to sympathetic premotor neuron activation in the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata, and also through vasopressin release.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>PVN is reciprocally connected to several other areas of the brain involved in the cardiovascular function control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> PVN also contains pre-autonomic neurons, which directly and indirectly project to sympathetic preganglionic neurons inside the spinal cord mediolateral cell column, via the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies have reported the contribution of PVN parvocellular neurons in the compensatory autonomic response during physical training for volume overload, suggesting that the volume overload stimulates vagal cardiac receptors, especially by the activation of PVN parvocellular neurons, which successively induces the inhibition of the sympathetic nervous activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Several works have suggested that the increase in neuron activity in the PVN is associated to sympathetic excitation during cardiac collapse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Moreover, some works have found that an altered GABAergic mechanism in the PVN may be involved in the regulation of the sympathetic afferent in the cardiac collapse, and that alterations in the inhibitory mechanism can contribute to an increase in sympathetic activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This is the first study to explore serotoninergic neuromodulation via 5-HT<sup>2A</sup> receptors in the PVN level about cardiovascular responses to isotonic BVE, which proved to be inhibitory. However, it is noteworthy that further, more in depth studies are necessary to check if this neuromodulation directly affects sympathetic and/or baroreflex activity or if it is accompanied by neuroendocrine alterations, especially concerning Oxt, arginine, vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic peptide secretion.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present work provides evidence that serotonin performs neuromodulation in the PVN level, which promotes an inhibition of the baroreflex response to BVE. Thus, this work suggests the serotoninergic involvement in the neuromodulation in the PVN level in the vagal reflex response in normotensive rats.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Modula&#231;&#227;o Serotonin&#233;rgica de Respostas Cardiovasculares Basais e Induzidas pela Expans&#227;o Isot&#244;nica do Volume Extracelular em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Semionatto</surname>
            <given-names>Isadora Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Raminelli</surname>
            <given-names>Adrieli Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Angelica Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Capitelli</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chriguer</surname>
            <given-names>Rosangela Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rosangela Soares Chriguer</bold>, Rua Silva Jardim, 136. CEP 11015-020, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rochriguer@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Semionatto IF, Capitelli CS, Chriguer RS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Semionatto IF, Alves AC, Capitelli CS, Chriguer RS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Semionatto IF, Raminelli AO, Capitelli CS, Chriguer RS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Capitelli CS, Chriguer RS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Expans&#227;o de volume extracelular (EVEC) promove altera&#231;&#245;es da atividade simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica no cora&#231;&#227;o e vasos sangu&#237;neos, os quais podem ser moduladas por vias serotonin&#233;rgicas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o efeito da administra&#231;&#227;o de salina ou agonista serotonin&#233;rgico (DOI) nos n&#250;cleos paraventriculares hipotal&#226;mico (NPV) sobre respostas cardiovasculares ap&#243;s EVEC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram obtidos registros da press&#227;o arterial puls&#225;til, por meio da art&#233;ria femoral, para obten&#231;&#227;o dos valores da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM), sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica (PAD), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e raz&#227;o simp&#225;tico-vagal (LF/HF) de ratos Wistar antes e ap&#243;s receberem microinje&#231;&#245;es bilaterais no NPV de salina ou DOI seguida de EVEC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas dos valores das vari&#225;veis estudadas nos diferentes tratamentos do grupo controle. Entretanto, quando os animais s&#227;o tratados com DOI seguida de EVEC ocorre aumento significativo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle com EVEC em todas as vari&#225;veis estudadas: PAM (114,42&#177;7,85 vs 101,34&#177;9,17), PAS (147,23&#177;14,31 vs 129,39&#177;10,70), PAD (98,01 &#177;4,91 vs 87,31&#177;8,61), FC (421,02&#177;43,32 vs 356,35&#177;41,99) e LF/HF (2,32&#177;0,80 vs 0,27&#177;0,32).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Discuss&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo mostrou que a indu&#231;&#227;o de EVEC isot&#244;nica n&#227;o promoveu altera&#231;&#245;es na PAM, PAD, PAS, FC e LF/HF. Por outro lado, os animais que receberam microinje&#231;&#227;o de DOI no NPV seguida de EVEC apresentaram aumento significativo de todas as vari&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Esses resultados sugerem que a serotonina exerce uma neuromodula&#231;&#227;o em nivel do NPV, e essa promove uma inibi&#231;&#227;o da resposta barorreflexa frente &#224; EVEC. Assim, o presente trabalho sugere o envolvimento serotonin&#233;rgico na neuromodula&#231;&#227;o no nivel do NPV na resposta reflexa vagal em ratos normotensos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Serotonin&#233;rgicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Serotonina</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>N&#250;cleo Paraventricular do Hipot&#225;lamo</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>L&#237;quido Extracelular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A expans&#227;o de volume extracelular (EVEC) induz a ativa&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias &#225;reas cerebrais importantes nos ajustes cardiovasculares e neuroend&#243;crinos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A EVEC ativa o barorreflexo, o qual promove hipotens&#227;o e bradicardia atrav&#233;s da excita&#231;&#227;o de duas vias neurais. A hipotens&#227;o envolve proje&#231;&#245;es excitat&#243;rias do n&#250;cleo do trato solit&#225;rio (NTS) para a &#225;rea ventrolateral caudal da medula oblonga, e quando ativada, promove inibi&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea ventrolateral rostral da medula oblonga, via simpato-inibit&#243;ria, a qual resulta na diminui&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico para o cora&#231;&#227;o, redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica total e aumento da capacit&#226;ncia venosa. A bradicardia envolve uma proje&#231;&#227;o excitat&#243;ria do NTS para os neur&#244;nios pr&#233;-ganglionares parassimp&#225;ticos no n&#250;cleo motor dorsal do vago e n&#250;cleo amb&#237;guo, resultando em aumento de eferentes vagais para o cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A EVEC tamb&#233;m promove aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de ocitocina (OT), sintetizado principalmente nos n&#250;cleos paraventriculares (NPV) e supra&#243;ptico do hipot&#225;lamo (NSO).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Evid&#234;ncias de que a OT age como um importante neuromodulador do controle auton&#244;mico da circula&#231;&#227;o surgiram a partir de estudos nos quais foram observadas proje&#231;&#245;es do NPV para o NTS, que foi refor&#231;ada pela observa&#231;&#227;o de que manipula&#231;&#245;es no sistema ocitocin&#233;rgico do NPV resultavam em profundas altera&#231;&#245;es das respostas cardiovasculares em rela&#231;&#227;o a est&#237;mulos estressores e peptid&#233;rgicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos serotonin&#233;rgicos (5-HT) nas respostas do NPV tamb&#233;m tem sido estudada, principalmente sobre a a&#231;&#227;o de 5-HT em receptores 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> e 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>. Autores demonstraram a presen&#231;a de receptores 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> e 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> e seus respectivos RNAm no NPV. Adicionalmente, verificou-se a co-express&#227;o de receptores 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> e 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> nas regi&#245;es do NPV, e uma sub-popula&#231;&#227;o desses neur&#244;nios apresentou dupla marca&#231;&#227;o, 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>/OT, demonstrando evid&#234;ncia da participa&#231;&#227;o de 5-HT na ativa&#231;&#227;o desses receptores no NPV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Afer&#234;ncias do n&#250;cleo dorsal da rafe para regi&#245;es do NPV e significativa densidade de receptores 5-HT nesses n&#250;cleos hipotal&#226;micos t&#234;m sido descritas por v&#225;rios autores e esses resultados evidenciam que respostas neuroend&#243;crinas frente &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o de volume podem ser moduladas por 5-HT ativando receptores 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> e/ou 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> no NPV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com base nas evid&#234;ncias neuro-anat&#244;micas de proje&#231;&#245;es ocitocin&#233;rgicas do NPV para o NTS e em trabalhos que t&#234;m demonstrado a neuromodula&#231;&#227;o da serotonina sobre a secre&#231;&#227;o de OT, estando esta aumentada durante a EVEC isot&#244;nica, objetivamos avaliar a neuromodula&#231;&#227;o serotonin&#233;rgica, sobre receptores 5-HT<sub>2</sub>, nas respostas cardiovasculares do NPV em condi&#231;&#245;es basais ou induzidas por EVEC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Treze Ratos Wistar machos pesando 250-300g no in&#237;cio dos experimentos foram obtidos e mantidos no Biot&#233;rio da Disciplina de Fisiologia da Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro (UFTM), aclimatados &#224; temperatura ambiental controlada (23 &#177; 2&#186;C), em regime de luz com ciclo claro-escuro de 12h (luz 7:00-19:00 h) com ra&#231;&#227;o e &#225;gua "ad libitum". Esses animais foram divididos em dois grupos: Controle (N=8) e DOI (N=5). Todos os experimentos foram realizados entre 8:00 e 13:00 h. Todos os experimentos foram previamente aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (CEUA/UFTM) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 273.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Habitua&#231;&#227;o dos animais aos procedimentos experimentais</title>
          <p>Para diminuir a influ&#234;ncia de fatores que promovam o estresse no momento dos experimentos, os ratos foram diariamente manipulados e treinados, durante sete dias, com as manobras utilizadas no protocolo experimental tais como: limpeza da c&#226;nula e leve massagem na regi&#227;o supra-p&#250;bica por pelo menos uma semana antes do experimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo experimental</title>
          <sec>
            <title>C&#226;nulas no NPV</title>
            <p>Os ratos foram anestesiados com tribromoetanol (150 mg/kg) e fixados a um aparelho estereot&#225;xico (Insight Equipamentos - modelo ETX3/99, SP, Brasil). Dois pontos antropom&#233;tricos do cr&#226;nio - o bregma (ponto de uni&#227;o das suturas sagital e coronal) e o l&#226;mbda (ponto de uni&#227;o das suturas sagital e lambd&#243;ide) - foram utilizados como refer&#234;ncia para nivelar a cabe&#231;a dos animais no plano horizontal. Utilizando-se o bregma, foram determinados os pontos de introdu&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;nulas bilateralmente no NPV dos ratos. Nesses pontos, foram feitas trepana&#231;&#245;es dos ossos do cr&#226;nio com uma broca esf&#233;rica, abrindo-se dois orif&#237;cios de aproximadamente 1,5 mm de di&#226;metro. No NPV, c&#226;nulas de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel (12 x 0.55 mm d.i) foram posicionadas bilateralmente no c&#233;rebro conforme as coordenadas: 1,2 mm caudal ao bregma, 0,5 mm lateral &#224; linha mediana e 5,0 mm abaixo da dura-m&#225;ter de acordo com as coordenadas do Atlas de Paxinos e Watson.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> As c&#226;nulas foram posicionadas 2 mm acima do NPV e fixadas ao cr&#226;nio usando-se parafusos e resina acr&#237;lica dental. Mandris met&#225;licos (0,3 mm d.i) foram utilizados para oblitera&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;nulas. Os ratos receberam inje&#231;&#245;es profil&#225;ticas de penicilina (20.000 unidades, intramuscular). Durante os seis dias de recupera&#231;&#227;o dos animais, previamente &#224; canula&#231;&#227;o das veias e art&#233;ria femorais, os ratos foram manipulados e treinados diariamente para o procedimento e limpeza do mandril visando reduzir as poss&#237;veis influ&#234;ncias de respostas estressoras decorrentes da manipula&#231;&#227;o animal.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Canula&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria e veia femorais</title>
            <p>Para o registro cardiovascular dos animais acordados, no dia que antecedeu ao experimento, os animais foram submetidos &#224; anestesia com tribromoetanol (150 mg/kg) para implanta&#231;&#227;o de cateteres de polietileno (PE-50 e PE-10) na aorta abdominal atrav&#233;s da art&#233;ria femoral, para registro da PA e na veia femural para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da EVEC. Ap&#243;s o implante, as c&#226;nulas foram devidamente preenchidas com solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica e exteriorizadas subcutaneamente na regi&#227;o posterior do pesco&#231;o. Antes do in&#237;cio dos registros, as c&#226;nulas foram heparinizadas (heparina 2% em solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica) para evitar a forma&#231;&#227;o de co&#225;gulos.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Registros cardiovasculares</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 24 horas de recupera&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, as c&#226;nulas foram lavadas com solu&#231;&#227;o de salina heparinizada (0,1 mL de heparina s&#243;dica 25000UI, Liquemine&#174;, Roche, RJ, Brasil, dissolvida em 20 mL de salina 0,9 %). O cateter arterial foi conectado a um transdutor de PA (P23Db, Gould-Statham), e os sinais da PA pulsatil foram gravados em condi&#231;&#245;es basais por um per&#237;odo de trinta minutos, e o sinal foi convertido por placa an&#225;logo-digital (CODAS, com frequ&#234;ncia de amostragem - 4-kHz, Di220 Dataq Instruments, Inc., Akron, OH, USA). Durante o procedimento experimental, a PAM e a FC foram derivadas da PA puls&#225;til. Durante o registro, os animais permaneceram em uma sala, com controle de ru&#237;do, a uma temperatura de 27&#186;C. Ap&#243;s o posicionamento dos animais e conex&#227;o ao equipamento, eles passaram por um per&#237;odo de adapta&#231;&#227;o de 15 minutos para, em seguida, realizarem os registros. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de adapta&#231;&#227;o do animal e adequa&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o do sinal, iniciou-se o registro cont&#237;nuo da PA puls&#225;til por 30 minutos para obten&#231;&#227;o dos valores basais da PA e FC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Microinje&#231;&#245;es de salina ou f&#225;rmaco no c&#233;rebro</title>
          <p>Trinta minutos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos registros, salina (1,0 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/200 &#951;L; n=8 animais) ou agonista hidrocloreto de dimetoxi-4-iodoanfetamina (DOI - 1,0 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/200 &#951;L; n=5 animais) serotonin&#233;rgico (5-HT2) dissolvidos em solu&#231;&#227;o salina fisiol&#243;gica foram injetados bilateralmente no NPV dos ratos utilizando-se uma seringa Hamilton (5 <italic>&#181;</italic>L) conectada por um tubo de polietileno PE-10 a uma agulha injetora introduzida no c&#233;rebro pela c&#226;nula guia previamente fixada ao c&#233;rebro. A c&#226;nula injetora (0,3 mm d.i.) era 2,0 mm mais longa do que a c&#226;nula guia. Durante e ap&#243;s as microinje&#231;&#245;es intracerebroventriculares, os registros dos animais foram realizados em um per&#237;odo de trinta minutos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Expans&#227;o de volume extracelular (EVEC)</title>
          <p>Sessenta minutos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos registros, os animais foram submetidos ou n&#227;o &#224; EVEC realizada por meio da infus&#227;o intravenosa (veia femural) de solu&#231;&#227;o de NaCl isot&#244;nica (0,15 M) em volume de 2 ml/100 g de peso corporal durante 60 segundos. Durante e ap&#243;s a EVEC, os registros dos animais foram realizados em um per&#237;odo de quinze minutos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Registro da PA puls&#225;til</title>
          <p>No dia do experimento, entre oito e nove da manh&#227;, os animais foram pesados e a c&#226;nula arterial conectada a um transdutor de press&#227;o; a PA puls&#225;til basal foi registrada durante 30 minutos. Decorrido esse per&#237;odo, os animais receberam microinje&#231;&#245;es no NPV de DOI (1,0 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/200 &#951;L; n=5 animais) ou mesmo volume de ve&#237;culo (salina isot&#244;nica; n=8 animais). Ap&#243;s 30 minutos, os animais foram submetidos &#224; EVEC isot&#244;nica (NaCl 0,15 M; 2 ml/100 g de peso), e a press&#227;o foi continuamente registrada por mais 15 minutos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Conclu&#237;dos setenta e cinco minutos de registro, os animais foram eutanasiados com tiopental s&#243;dico (100 mg/Kg), e o c&#233;rebro de cada um removido e fixado em formalina 10% por alguns dias. Cortes transversais (40 <italic>&#181;</italic>m de espessura) foram realizados nos pontos de inje&#231;&#227;o do NPV com o aux&#237;lio de um micr&#243;tomo de congelamento (MICROM, modelo HM 5000 M). Os cortes histol&#243;gicos, montados em l&#226;minas, foram corados pelo M&#233;todo Nissl e analisados quanto aos pontos das inje&#231;&#245;es no NPV de acordo com o Atlas de Paxinos e Watson.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Esquema representativo dos sete dias do protocolo experimental dos grupos Controle e Agonista Serotonin&#233;rgico (DOI). NPV, n&#250;cleos paraventriculares do hipot&#225;lamo; PA, PA puls&#225;til; FC, FC EVEC, expans&#227;o de volume extracelular com salina isot&#244;nica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0154-60205-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo da variabilidade da PA e da FC</title>
          <p>A PA puls&#225;til foi processada por um software espec&#237;fico que determina, batimento-a-batimento, valores da PAS e FC. A variabilidade da FC, PAS e PAD foi tamb&#233;m avaliada no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, empregando-se o m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise espectral autorregressivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>S&#233;ries temporais de Intervalos de Pulso, PAS e PAD, coletadas durante os 30 minutos basais, foram divididas em segmentos seriados de 300 batimentos, sendo que todo segmento sucessivo sobrepunha-se em 50% ao segmento anterior (m&#233;todo de Welch). Usando-se segmentos estacion&#225;rios das s&#233;ries temporais, par&#226;metros autorregressivos foram estimados por meio do m&#233;todo de Levinson-Durbin, e a ordem do modelo foi escolhida de acordo com o crit&#233;rio de Akaike.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Em seguida, sobre cada segmento estacion&#225;rio individual de 300 batimentos, a decomposi&#231;&#227;o espectral foi realizada. A normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos valores minimiza a interfer&#234;ncia da pot&#234;ncia total sobre os componentes, o procedimento de normaliza&#231;&#227;o foi realizado pela divis&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia do componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (low frequency - LF; 0,15-0.4 Hz) ou de alta frequ&#234;ncia (high frequency - HF; 0.04 -0,15 Hz) pela pot&#234;ncia espectral total, da qual se subtraiu a pot&#234;ncia da banda de muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia (very low frequency - VLF, 0.01-0.20 Hz) multiplicando-se o resultado por 100.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Os par&#226;metros espectrais obtidos para cada segmento estacion&#225;rio individual de 300 batimentos foram medidos, e valores m&#233;dios resultantes para os 30 minutos basais foram coletados para cada animal. O quociente entre LF e HF (raz&#227;o LF/HF) foi utilizado para expressar o balan&#231;o simpato-vagal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo software R vers&#227;o 3.3.0. Os resultados obtidos foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. Para confirmar que todas as vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;cont&#237;nuas eram normalmente distribu&#237;das, utilizamos o teste de Kolmogorov- Smirnov e, posteriormente, para avaliar o efeito dos grupos e avalia&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis PAS, PAD, PAM, FC e LF/HF, foi empregado o modelo de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de duas vias com medidas e o m&#233;todo de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os resultados (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia) das vari&#225;veis cardiovascular dos animais do grupo controle (C) e do grupo DOI (D). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes no grupo controle entre os valores obtidos no per&#237;odo basal (Cb), ap&#243;s microinje&#231;&#227;o com salina (Cm) e esta seguida de EVEC isot&#244;nica (Ce) em todas as vari&#225;veis investigadas. Os animais do grupo DOI basal (Db) n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais do grupo controle ap&#243;s microinje&#231;&#227;o com salina (Cm) e esta seguida da EVEC isot&#244;nica (Ce) nas vari&#225;veis PAM, PAS, PAD. A microinje&#231;&#227;o de DOI (Dm) e esta seguida de EVEC (De) promoveu aumento significativo na LF/HF em rela&#231;&#227;o ao mesmo grupo em condi&#231;&#245;es basais (Db) (2,45&#177;0,82 vs 0,67&#177;0,68 e 2,45&#177;0,82 vs 0,67&#177;0,68, respectivamente). A microinje&#231;&#227;o de DOI seguida de EVEC (De) aumentou, significativamente, a PAM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>), PAS e PAD em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (Ce) (114,42&#177;7,85 <italic>vs</italic> 101,34&#177;9,17; 147,23&#177;14,31 <italic>vs</italic> 129,39&#177;10,70 e 98,01&#177;4,91 <italic>vs</italic> 87,31&#177;8,61, respectivamente).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores m&#233;dios (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia) das press&#245;es arteriais m&#233;dia (PAM), sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF) e componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF) dos animais dos grupos controle basal (Cb), controle ap&#243;s microinje&#231;&#227;o de salina nos n&#250;cleos paraventriculares do hipot&#225;lamo (Cm), controle ap&#243;s expans&#227;o de volume extracelular (Ce) e dos tratados com DOI, no estado basal (Db), ap&#243;s microinje&#231;&#227;o de DOI nos n&#250;cleos paraventriculares do hipot&#225;lamo (Dm) e posterior &#224; expans&#227;o do volume extracelular (De)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Cb</th>
                <th align="center">Cm</th>
                <th align="center">Ce</th>
                <th align="center">Db</th>
                <th align="center">Dm</th>
                <th align="center">De</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAM (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">100,83 &#177; 7,98</td>
                <td align="center">99,79 &#177; 7,24</td>
                <td align="center">101,34 &#177; 9,17</td>
                <td align="center">105,65 &#177; 2,25</td>
                <td align="center">108,79 &#177; 9,31</td>
                <td align="center">114,42 &#177; 7,85<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">#</xref></sup>
									<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#612;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">130,28 &#177; 7,62</td>
                <td align="center">129,66 &#177; 6,49</td>
                <td align="center">129,39 &#177; 10,70</td>
                <td align="center">136,05 &#177; 2,74</td>
                <td align="center">141,11 &#177; 14,95</td>
                <td align="center">147,23 &#177; 14,31<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&amp;</xref></sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">86,10 &#177; 8,53</td>
                <td align="center">84,86 &#177; 7,97</td>
                <td align="center">87,31 &#177; 8,61</td>
                <td align="center">90,46 &#177; 3,63</td>
                <td align="center">92,63 &#177; 6,50</td>
                <td align="center">98,01 &#177; 4,91<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">+</xref></sup>
									<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">%</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm))</td>
                <td align="center">354,14 &#177; 29,53</td>
                <td align="center">356,14 &#177; 32,09</td>
                <td align="center">356,35 &#177; 41,99</td>
                <td align="center">399,40 &#177; 25,09<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">$</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">405,08 &#177; 41,09<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">421,02 &#177; 43,32<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#946;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o LF/HF</td>
                <td align="center">0,36 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,27 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,67 &#177; 0,68</td>
                <td align="center">2,45 &#177; 0,82<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,32 &#177; 0,80<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">##</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p=0,018 vs PAM Ce;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#612;</label>
              <p>p=0,016 vs PAM Db;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>&amp;</label>
              <p>p=0,010 vs PAS Ce;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p=0,035 vs PAS Db;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>+</label>
              <p>p=0,047 vs PAD Ce;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>%</label>
              <p>p=0,022 vs PAD Db;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>$</label>
              <p>p=0,034 vs FC Cb;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>&#945;</label>
              <p>p=0,033 vs FC Cm;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>&#946;</label>
              <p>p=0,010 vs FC Ce;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p=0.001 vs raz&#227;o LF/HF Cm e Db;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>##</label>
              <p>p=0,001 vs LF/HF Ce eDb.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores m&#233;dios (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia) da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) dos animais dos grupos controle basal (Cb), controle ap&#243;s microinje&#231;&#227;o de salina (Cm), controle ap&#243;s expans&#227;o de volume extracelular (Ce) e dos tratados com DOI, no estado basal (Db), ap&#243;s microinje&#231;&#227;o de DOI (Dm), e posterior &#224; expans&#227;o do volume extracelular (De). #p=0,018 vs PAM Ce; &#612;p=0,016 vs PAM Db.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0154-60205-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os animais do grupo controle apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa nos valores da FC basal (Cb), com microinje&#231;&#227;o de salina (Cm) e esta seguida de EVEC, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo DOI com os mesmos tratamentos (Db, Dm e De) (354,14&#177;29,53 <italic>vs</italic> 399,40&#177;25,09; 356,14&#177;32,09 <italic>vs</italic> 405,08&#177;41,09 e 356,35&#177;41,99 <italic>vs</italic> 421,02&#177;43,32, respectivamente). A microinje&#231;&#227;o de DOI (Dm), e esta seguida de EVEC (De), aumentou a rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais controles que receberam microinje&#231;&#227;o de salina (Cm) e esta seguida de EVEC isot&#244;nica (Ce) (2,45&#177;0,82 <italic>vs</italic> 0,55&#177;0,22 e 2,32&#177;0,80 <italic>vs</italic> 0,27&#177;0,32, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>Todos os valores de p obtidos das an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas das vari&#225;veis estudadas est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores de p obtidos ap&#243;s compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos Controle (n=8) e DOI (dimetoxi-4-iodoanfetamina) (n=5) das vari&#225;veis estudadas: press&#245;es arteriais m&#233;dia (PAM), sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF) e componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF) dos animais dos grupos controle basal (Cb), controle ap&#243;s microinje&#231;&#227;o de salina nos n&#250;cleos paraventriculares do hipot&#225;lamo (Cm), controle ap&#243;s expans&#227;o de volume extracelular (Ce) e dos tratados com DOI, no estado basal (Db), ap&#243;s microinje&#231;&#227;o de DOI nos n&#250;cleos paraventriculares do hipot&#225;lamo (Dm) e posterior &#224; expans&#227;o do volume extracelular (De). An&#225;lise da Vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas e m&#233;todo de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni foram empregados no estudo. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi fixado em p&lt;0,05</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Compara&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th align="center">PAM</th>
                <th align="center">PAS</th>
                <th align="center">PAD</th>
                <th align="center">FC</th>
                <th align="center">LF/HF</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cb vs Cm</td>
                <td align="center">0,827</td>
                <td align="center">0,937</td>
                <td align="center">0,568</td>
                <td align="center">0,987</td>
                <td align="center">0,704</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cb vsCe</td>
                <td align="center">0,828</td>
                <td align="center">0,930</td>
                <td align="center">0,568</td>
                <td align="center">0,988</td>
                <td align="center">0,755</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cm vs Ce</td>
                <td align="center">0,820</td>
                <td align="center">0,934</td>
                <td align="center">0,560</td>
                <td align="center">0,980</td>
                <td align="center">0,704</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Db vs Dm</td>
                <td align="center">0,293</td>
                <td align="center">0,234</td>
                <td align="center">0,418</td>
                <td align="center">0,730</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Db vs De</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
                <td align="center">0,503</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dm vs De</td>
                <td align="center">0,096</td>
                <td align="center">0,230</td>
                <td align="center">0,075</td>
                <td align="center">0,500</td>
                <td align="center">0,711</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cb vs Db</td>
                <td align="center">0,287</td>
                <td align="center">0,316</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
                <td align="center">0,290</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cm vs Dm</td>
                <td align="center">0,077</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
                <td align="center">0,110</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ce vs De</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo mostrou que a EVEC isot&#244;nica n&#227;o promoveu altera&#231;&#227;o nas press&#245;es PAM, PAS e PAS, como tamb&#233;m na FC e rela&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tico-vagal (LF/HF). Como mostrado anteriormente por outros autores, a EVEC aguda induz uma s&#233;rie de eventos hemodin&#226;micos, incluindo um aumento na press&#227;o venosa central, press&#227;o atrial direita, volume sangu&#237;neo central e perif&#233;rico, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e volume sist&#243;lico. Por outro lado, a FC diminui acentuadamente, e a resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica total diminui ligeiramente durante a sobrecarga de volume, enquanto a PAM n&#227;o se altera.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Esses achados contradizem Godino et al., 2005, que realizaram EVEC por infus&#227;o de um grande volume intra atrial por um minuto e observaram n&#227;o s&#243; uma redu&#231;&#227;o na FC como tamb&#233;m na PAM. Essa hipotens&#227;o pode ser mediada por uma r&#225;pida e pronunciada libera&#231;&#227;o de ocitocina e do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial que possuem efeito diur&#233;tico e vasodilatador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Adicionalmente, esses pept&#237;deos est&#227;o envolvidos no controle barorreflexo da FC facilitando a resposta vagal no aumento da bradicardia reflexa durante a descarga dos barorreceptores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente trabalho, os animais que receberam microinje&#231;&#227;o intracerebroventricular do agonista serotonin&#233;rgico DOI no NPV seguida de EVEC, apresentaram aumento significativo da PAM, PAS, PAD, FC e LF/HF, sugerindo que o agonista serotonin&#233;rgico DOI leva &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o da secre&#231;&#227;o de OT frente &#224; EVEC quando microinjetado bilateralmente no NPV, ou mesmo que exer&#231;a uma neuromodula&#231;&#227;o no nivel do NPV, e esta promova uma inibi&#231;&#227;o na resposta barorreflexa frente &#224; EVEC.</p>
        <p>A administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de 8-OHDPAT (agonista de receptor 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>) ou de DOI (agonista de receptor 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>) promove aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de OT. Ambas as respostas s&#227;o significativamente atenuadas quando os animais recebem pr&#233;-tratamento intravenoso com antagonistas desses mesmos receptores, sugerindo que esse aumento ocorre por ativa&#231;&#227;o serotonin&#233;rgica desses receptores em vez da estimula&#231;&#227;o por interneur&#244;nios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A estimula&#231;&#227;o de receptores 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> no sistema nervoso central pode induzir a um aumento da PA, em parte pelo aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica vasoconstritora decorrente da ativa&#231;&#227;o de neur&#244;nios pr&#233;-motores simp&#225;ticos na medula oblonga ventrolateral rostral, e tamb&#233;m pela liberta&#231;&#227;o de vasopressina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O NPV &#233; reciprocamente conectado a v&#225;rias outras &#225;reas cerebrais envolvidas no controle da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> O NPV tamb&#233;m cont&#233;m neur&#244;nios pr&#233;-auton&#244;micos, que projetam para neur&#244;nios pr&#233;-ganglionares simp&#225;ticos dentro da coluna celular intermediolateral da medula espinhal, ambos, direta e indiretamente, via medula oblonga ventrolateral rostral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversos estudos precedentes t&#234;m relatado a contribui&#231;&#227;o de neur&#244;nios parvocelulares do NPV na resposta auton&#244;mica compensat&#243;ria durante o treinamento f&#237;sico para a sobrecarga de volume, sugerindo que a sobrecarga de volume causa estimula&#231;&#227;o de receptores card&#237;acos vagais, principalmente pela ativa&#231;&#227;o de neur&#244;nios parvocelulares no NPV que, sucessivamente, induz a inibi&#231;&#227;o da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> V&#225;rios trabalhos t&#234;m sugerido que o aumento da atividade de neur&#244;nios no NPV est&#225; associado &#224; excita&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica durante o colapso card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Adicionalmente, trabalhos encontraram que um mecanismo GABA&#233;rgico alterado no NPV pode estar envolvido na regula&#231;&#227;o do aferente simp&#225;tico no colapso card&#237;aco, e que altera&#231;&#245;es desse mecanismo inibit&#243;rio podem contribuir para o aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo &#233; o primeiro a explorar a neuromodula&#231;&#227;o serotonin&#233;rgica, via receptores 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> em n&#237;vel do NPV sobre as respostas cardiovasculares frente &#224; EVEC isot&#244;nica, que se mostrou inibit&#243;ria. Por&#233;m, vale ressaltar que &#233; necess&#225;rio um estudo mais aprofundado para verificar se essa neuromodula&#231;&#227;o afeta diretamente a atividade simp&#225;tica e/ou barorreflexa ou vem acompanhada ou n&#227;o com altera&#231;&#245;es neuroend&#243;crinas, principalmente no que se refere &#224; secre&#231;&#227;o de OT, arginina, vasopressina e pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;trico atrial.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente trabalho fornece evid&#234;ncias de que a serotonina exerce uma neuromodula&#231;&#227;o no nivel do NPV e essa promove uma inibi&#231;&#227;o da resposta barorreflexa frente &#224; EVEC. Assim, o presente trabalho sugere o envolvimento serotonin&#233;rgico na neuromodula&#231;&#227;o no nivel do NPV na resposta reflexa vagal em ratos normotensos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
