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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4X7nrMd5LPK6CNMFDDgK49P</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000200143</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005002101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Different Normality Thresholds for 24-hour ABPM at the Primary Health Care Level</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grezzana</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Brasil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>David William</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Airton Tetelbon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia; Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA; Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Canoas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Guilherme Brasil Grezzana</bold>, Rua Oswaldo Hampe, 258. CEP: 95250-000, Centro, Ant&#244;nio Prado, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>gbgrezzana@bol.com.br</email>; <email>gbgrezzana@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>143</fpage>
      <lpage>148</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. Primary health care (PHC) physicians should be prepared to act appropriately in the prevention of cardiovascular risk factors. However, the rates of patients with control of blood pressure (BP) remain low. The impact of the reclassification of high BP by 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) can lead to different medical decisions in PHC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the agreement between the BP measured by a conventional method by PHC physicians and by 24-hour ABPM, considering different BP normal thresholds for the 24-hour ABPM according to the V Brazilian ABPM Guidelines and the European Society of Hypertension Guidelines.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A cross-sectional study including 569 hypertensive patients. The BP was initially measured by the PHC physicians and, later, by 24-hour ABPM. The BP measurements were obtained independently between the two methods. The therapeutic targets for the conventional BP followed the guidelines by the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8), the V ABPM Brazilian Guidelines, and the 2013 European Hypertension Guidelines.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was an accuracy of 54.8% (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.51 - 0.58%) for the BP measured with the conventional method when compared with the 24-hour ABPM, with a sensitivity of 85% (95%CI 80.8 - 88.6%), specificity of 31.9% (95%CI 28.7 - 34.7%), and kappa value of 0.155, when considering the European Hypertension Guidelines. When using more stringent thresholds to characterize the BP as "normal" by ABPM, the accuracy was 45% (95%CI 0.41 - 0.47%) for conventional measurement when compared with 24-hour ABPM, with a sensitivity of 86.7% (95%CI 0.81 - 0.91%), specificity of 29% (95%CI 0.26 - 0.30%), and kappa value of 0.103.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The BP measurements obtained by PHC physicians showed low accuracy when compared with those obtained by 24-hour ABPM, regardless of the threshold set by the different guidelines.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Health Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Antihypertensive Agents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertension, a chronic disease with an estimated prevalence of 40-45% in adults, is a recognized public health problem and the main cause of general mortality,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> for which low rates of control still remain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The hypertensive patient requires periodic medical care associated with adequate pharmacological therapy and lifelong lifestyle changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The contribution of 24-hour blood pressure (BP) assessment by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) in the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostic stratification of hypertension is clearly defined in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A national study compared the BP classification according to new thresholds established by the VI Brazilian Guideline for Hypertension / V Brazilian Guideline for ABPM, in relation to those previously established by the IV Brazilian Guideline for ABPM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The authors observed that the new thresholds substantially reclassified hypertension, increasing the percentage of hypertensive patients, especially for the variable systolic BP during sleep.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> When considering different thresholds for 24-hour borderline BP / hypertension and normal BP / borderline BP, and the reclassification of hypertensive patients in regard to their control, it was observed that the samples of patients in the studies were similar in regard to antihypertensive treatment. Regarding the IDACO study, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> the guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) have maintained BP thresholds for the definition of hypertension by 24-hour ABPM as values greater than or equal to 130 mmHg for systolic BP and 80 mmHg for diastolic BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Two questions of application in clinical practice regarding the care of the hypertensive patient remain little explored: the applicability and the importance of more rigorous thresholds as criteria of normality for BP, and the prospective evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy between the different methods of BP measurement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> These inquiries arise from a need for prospective studies and elaboration of databases, preferably national ones, to allow a more adequate assessment of the ABPM normality thresholds for the hypertensive population, especially those attended by the primary health care (PHC) system.</p>
      <p>This study proposed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of BP measurement by the conventional method, performed by PHC physicians, and the agreement of these measures with those obtained by the 24-hour ABPM, set as normality thresholds by the guidelines.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineation and participants</title>
        <p>The participants of this cross-sectional study conducted at two health posts included hypertensive patients from Ant&#244;nio Prado (RS), a city in the south of Brazil with 12,883 inhabitants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> All patients were hypertensive, were enrolled in the <italic>Programa de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia</italic> (Family Health Program, PSF), took part in regular clinical follow-up at the hypertension outpatient clinic of the city's two <italic>Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de</italic> (Basic Health Units, UBS), and were on antihypertensive treatment for at least 6 months.</p>
        <p>The samples were randomly selected from the total set of hypertensive patients enrolled in the UBSs, through random numbers generated by the program Microsoft Excel 2010. Patients were assessed by their own PHC physicians during routine visits to the hypertension outpatient clinic from January 2013 to October 2014. Patients who had participated in a previous cross-sectional study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> which included an assessment with 24-hour ABPM, were contacted by phone and/or letter to participate in this new study. Those who were not able to answer the questionnaire, pregnant women, individuals with a non-sinus rhythm electrocardiogram, residents from outside the coverage area of the UBSs, patients who switched cities or who were not found, and those who did not tolerate the use of ABPM or who presented some technical difficulty in the application of the method were excluded. Thus, out of the total of 639 patients, 28 were excluded from the study due to complications related to technical problems in the reading and failures in the adjustment of the ABPM cuff (18 patients), sleep disorders that prevented adequate BP measurements (8 patients), and intolerance of the equipment due to anxiety (2 patients).</p>
        <p>All subjects agreed to participate in the study and signed an informed consent form. The results of the biochemical tests and ABPM performed during the study were delivered to the patients. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of the IC/FUC - 4278.08.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurements performed</title>
        <p>The BP was verified by the PHC physicians through three measurements with a mercury sphygmomanometer (the use of a mercury column sphygmomanometer is allowed in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which follows the guidelines of the Resolution of the Collegiate Board of Directors no. 63, dated November 25, 2011, article 23) with orientation for individualized adjustment of the cuff, with the patients in a seated position and their feet resting on the floor and after a minimum rest period of 5 minutes. The physicians at the health centers were instructed to measure the BP in both arms, taking, as a reference, the highest value obtained after an approximate interval of 3 minutes between measurements. The first measurement was discarded, and the mean of the two subsequent measurements was calculated and recorded on the patient's chart. Then, during the same visit, the patient was referred to a nurse trained for this study who placed the device for the 24-hour ABPM, applied a standardized questionnaire, and obtained the anthropometric measurements. Subsequently, the patient's medical records were reviewed, biochemical exams were requested, and the ABPM report was prepared blindly by the investigating physician. The ABPM device was applied during a normal day of the patient's work activity, excluding days on the weekends and holidays. Based on prognostic evidence, the ABPM was selected as the standard reference for BP measurements and for assessing the diagnostic accuracy of the conventional BP measurement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The ABPM monitors used in the study were duly validated and calibrated according to international recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The ABPM recorder used was the DMS Brasil model TM 2430 and the model of the mercury sphygmomanometer was the MDF 800. The ABPM was scheduled to record a BP measurement every 15 minutes during the waking period and every 30 minutes during sleep. The schedules were adjusted according to the individualization of the sleep and awakening habits of each patient. The obtaining of data from at least 60 records in the 24-hour period was considered adequate, with at least two records every hour during the sleep period. The parameters assessed by the ABPM were the mean systolic and diastolic BP from the 24-hour, waking, and nocturnal periods. For the conventional measurements, uncontrolled hypertension was defined as the achievement of values &#8805; 140/90 mmHg, according to the main hypertension guidelines. For the group of patients aged &#8805; 60 years, guidelines from the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) were also adopted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Parameters and classification</title>
        <p>In order to classify hypertension as uncontrolled, the ABPM criteria of the European Hypertension Guidelines and the Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology were adopted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Thus, patients with a mean BP of &#8805; 130/80 mmHg in 24 hours, &#8805; 135/85 mmHg in the waking period and &#8805; 120/70 mmHg for the nocturnal mean BP for the first criterion were considered as having uncontrolled hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Whereas, when the guidelines of the Brazilian Guidelines for Hypertension were observed,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> the values for BP used in the study were the borderline ones considered normal as cutoff point for the 24-hour averages: &gt;125/75 mmHg, &gt; 130/85 mmHg for the waking period, and &gt; 110/70 mmHg for the mean BP during sleep.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A &#8804; 10% reduction in the mean nocturnal BP in relation to the daytime mean in the ABPM was defined as an absence of nocturnal descent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The white coat syndrome (WCS) was considered to be present when a patient on antihypertensive treatment had high BP, as measured in the clinic environment and/or under surveillance, but controlled BP in other situations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Masked hypertension (MH) was characterized by the presence of a BP that was controlled when obtained with a conventional measurement, but high when obtained with ABPM or in-home measurements.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> "Masking effect" was the term used when MH was observed in hypertensive patients using antihypertensive treatment. The same values for the normality criteria for 24-hour BP were considered for diabetic and nondiabetic patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory evaluation</title>
        <p>In addition to BP measurements by the conventional method and the 24-hour ABPM, the biochemical profile of the patients in this study was evaluated. Laboratory tests included total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, blood count, glycosylated hemoglobin (fraction A1c), microalbuminuria, and fasting blood glucose. Anthropometric data, such as body mass, height, waist-hip ratio, and body mass index were also evaluated. The screening questionnaire also included validated instruments for the evaluation of smoking and nicotine dependence (Fagerstr&#246;m test), abusive alcohol consumption (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, AUDIT), and adherence to treatment using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical methods</title>
        <p>Data entry and analysis were performed using the SPSS statistical software, version 21.0. Descriptive statistics were performed with continuous variables (mean and standard deviation) and categorical variables (frequency distribution). The estimated sample size was 398 patients and was based on the previous cross-sectional study conducted at the same site of the current study and on BP control rates of 55% for ABPM and 41% for conventional measurements performed by the PHC physicians for a confidence interval of 95% (95%CI) and 80% power. The sample was considered representative of the PHC service in the city of Ant&#244;nio Prado (RS) because it was randomly selected at the two health posts with hypertension outpatient clinics, out of a total of 1,216 patients enrolled in this system. The hypertension care units, where the study was conducted, are referential units of the PHC in the city.</p>
        <p>The comparison between the subgroups was performed using the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test (for continuous variables with non-homogeneous variances), and Student's <italic>t</italic> test (for variables with homogeneous variances). To analyze the agreement between the techniques of BP evaluation, kappa statistics was used. A multivariate analysis was also performed for cardiovascular risk factors and agreement of BP control, according to the 24-hour ABPM compared with conventional BP. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Between January 2013 and October 2014, a consecutive sample of 639 hypertensive patients enrolled in the hypertension outpatient clinic of two health posts in the city of Ant&#244;nio Prado (RS) was selected from a total of 1,216 patients. ABPM was applied in 611 patients who remained in the study after application of the exclusion criteria, shortly after conventional BP measurements by PHC physicians. The final sample comprised 569 patients after exclusion of patients who abandoned the research protocol or who presented inadequate ABPM measurements. No patient required medical care due to the compressive action of the ABPM cuff, whose reported events included: local discomfort (22 patients), mild local erythema (6 patients), and short-term paresthesia in the limb used for placing the cuff (2 patients). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the demographic profile and lifestyle of the patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic profile and lifestyle of the patients in the sample</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Total (n = 569)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Female n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">339 (59.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">60.32 +/- 13.58 (20-89)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- White</td>
              <td align="center">504 (88.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- BMI <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">28.54 +/- 4.57 (19-46)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">100 +/- 26.89 (47-279)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Glycosylated hemoglobin</td>
              <td align="center">6.14 +/- 4.52 (2.7&#8211;11.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">203.9 +/- 40.28 (88-453)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">52.73 +/- 12.51 (39.1-66.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">121.36 +/- 33.78 (14-241)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">155.98 +/- 136.55 (35-2446)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 +/- 0.27 (0.41-3.09)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Smoking n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (5.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Alcohol consumption n (%) (&gt; 30 g/day)</td>
              <td align="center">174 (30.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Microalbuminuria &gt; 30 mg/dL n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">151 (26.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Physical activity n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">276 (48.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Physical activity &gt; 150 min/week n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">148 (53.6%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Standard deviation, percentage and maximum and minimum values;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>body mass index (kg/m2).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In relation to BP measured by the conventional method <italic>versus</italic> 24-hour ABPM, we observed an accuracy of 54.8% (95%CI 0.51 - 0.58%) and, when considering the European Society of Hypertension Guidelines, a sensitivity of 85% (95%CI 80.8 - 88.6%), a specificity of 31.9% (95%CI 28.7 - 34.7%), and a kappa value of 0.155. When more stringent thresholds were used to characterize BP as "normal" by ABPM, we identified an accuracy of 45% (95%CI 0.41 - 0.47%) by the conventional measurement when compared with 24-hour ABPM, in addition to a sensitivity of 86.7% (95%CI 0.81 - 0.91%), a specificity of 29% (95%CI 0.26 - 0.30%), and a kappa value of 0.103 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General accuracy for conventional measurement of blood pressure (BP) according to the various normality thresholds for 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Accuracy</th>
              <th align="center">Sensitivity</th>
              <th align="center">Specificity</th>
              <th align="center">95%C</th>
              <th align="center">kappa</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM 130/80 mmHg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								<break/>X<break/> BP Conventional Method</td>
              <td align="center">54.8%</td>
              <td align="center">85%</td>
              <td align="center">31.9%</td>
              <td align="center">0.513-0.580</td>
              <td align="center">0.155</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM 125/75 mmHg <break/>X<break/> BP Conventional Method</td>
              <td align="center">45%</td>
              <td align="center">86.7%</td>
              <td align="center">29%</td>
              <td align="center">0.418 &#8211; 0.475</td>
              <td align="center">0.103</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM 130/80 mmHg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								<break/>X<break/> BP JNC 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">51.8%</td>
              <td align="center">88.5%</td>
              <td align="center">23.8%</td>
              <td align="center">0.485 &#8211; 0.546</td>
              <td align="center">0.111</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM 125/75 mmHg <break/>X<break/> BP JNC 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">40.6%</td>
              <td align="center">89.8%</td>
              <td align="center">21.6%</td>
              <td align="center">0.377 &#8211; 0.428</td>
              <td align="center">0.072</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>ESC 2013 and Joint 8</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>SBP normal &#8804; 150 mmHg. 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; JNC 8: Eighth Joint National Committee.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The prevalence of WCS and the masking effect in treated hypertensive patients was 3.1% and 46.9%, respectively, when considering the European Hypertension Guidelines for ABPM. On the other hand, the prevalence of WCS and MH was 2% and 56.1%, respectively, according to the different cutoff criteria for ABPM normality. When we considered the JNC 8 recommendations for conventional measurements, the prevalence of WCS and MH presented a slight variation. The prevalences according to the various parameters of ABPM and conventional measurement is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>White coat effect and masked hypertension according to the parameters of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and conventional measurement of blood pressure (BP)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">White Coat Effect</th>
              <th align="center">Masked</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM 130/80 mmHg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								<break/>X<break/> BP Conventional Method</td>
              <td align="center">6.5% (37)</td>
              <td align="center">38.7% (220)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM 125/75 mmHg <break/>X<break/> BP Conventional Method</td>
              <td align="center">3.7% (21)</td>
              <td align="center">51.3% (292)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM 130/80 mmHg <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								<break/>X<break/> BP JNC 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">5% (28)</td>
              <td align="center">43.3% (244)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM 125/75 mmHg <break/>X<break/> BP JNC 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.8% (16)</td>
              <td align="center">56.6% (319)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>ESC 2013 e Joint 8</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>PAS normal &#8804; 150 mmHg. JNC 8: Eighth Joint National Committee.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study, including hypertensive patients receiving PHC, showed differences in accuracy and agreement between BP measurements performed by PHC physicians according to the different parameters of normality for 24-hour ABPM, as determined by the European Hypertension Guidelines and by the V Brazilian Guidelines for ABPM, respectively. The main result was the low accuracy of the conventional measures when compared with those obtained by the 24-hour ABPM, regardless of the guideline or cutoff point adopted for normal 24-hour ABPM. Regarding the differences in normality thresholds for 24-hour ABPM, when more stringent BP control targets were used, the accuracy of conventional measurements was even lower.</p>
      <p>The vast majority of hypertensive patients are assisted by the PHC system,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> in which physicians play a relevant role in the search for better results in BP control. In addition, the use of auxiliary methods for BP measurements to assess the adequacy of antihypertensive treatment has not been widely adopted in PHC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In a national study using ABPM, a high degree of reproducibility was observed between casual measurements performed by non-medical professionals and those performed in an environment with a high standard of standardization in BP measurement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> However, although casual BP measure is still the standard for hypertension diagnosis and control, its adoption with the rigor of controlled studies is not a reality in the current clinical practice of PHC. Additionally, the 24-hour BP assessment is the reference standard for prognostic evaluation, reduction of false diagnoses, and BP control evaluations.</p>
      <p>In another national study with a retrospective analysis of ABPM examinations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> the impact of the reclassification of BP control thresholds was evaluated according to the application of the last two Brazilian ABPM Guidelines. With the adoption of the current guidelines, all modified thresholds reclassified the exams significantly. The present study, however, sought to prospectively assess the impact of adopting different thresholds of normality for ABPM in comparison with measures performed by PHC physicians. The results, in terms of accuracy, were similar to those of other studies that indicated a low accuracy of BP obtained by conventional measures compared with that obtained by ABPM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> but with unique results when comparing different guidelines for 24-hour mean pressure thresholds.</p>
      <p>Current guidelines for hypertension recommend satisfactory BP control for cardiovascular protection in both primary and secondary prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The extent of agreement between the classification of controlled and uncontrolled BP, based on conventional measures and compared with 24-hour ABPM, is of strategic importance in PHC. The search for normality thresholds for 24-hour ABPM is based on cardiovascular outcomes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> having the IDACO study database as an example of a population benchmark. These results guided the normality targets for ABPM in the different guidelines for hypertension. Thus, the adoption of normality criteria for ABPM as a gold-standard auxiliary method for the control, evaluation and prognostic stratification of hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> should ideally be supported by a database that reflects population specificities.</p>
      <p>The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> presents evidence of benefits for BP control in hypertensive patients with stringent measures for systolic pressure (&lt; 120 mmHg) compared with a more flexible control (&lt; 140 mmHg). Therefore, evidence of reduced outcomes with more stringent cutoff points for BP control may lead to substantial changes in future revisions of hypertension guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Thus, this need is in agreement with the evaluation of the impact on the diagnostic accuracy of usual methods of BP in comparison with the different thresholds of normality for the gold-standard BP evaluation.</p>
      <p>The adoption of the 24-hour ABPM through a single measurement in our sample may be considered a limitation of the present study. This may imply a limitation in the reproducibility of the measurements, especially when considering the evaluation of the nocturnal decreasing BP pattern. However, to mitigate this potential limitation, precautions were taken, such as the individualization of the sleep and waking period, as well as a rigidity regarding the minimum number of measurements and the quality of the measurements during the 24 hours as criteria for inclusion in the study. These measurements followed the guidelines and recommendations of the Italian Society of Hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The use of ABPM in PHC, as well as the impact of the reclassification of hypertension according to the different normality thresholds for 24-hour BP, may have implications for decision-making by PHC physicians. Thus, a more significant number of national studies may serve as a reference for the elaboration of future guidelines and indicate BP thresholds for therapeutic definition.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study evaluated the use of 24-hour ABPM within the scope of the PHC. BP measurements assessed by PHC physicians presented low accuracy when compared with those obtained by 24-hour ABPM, regardless of the threshold used as a normality criterion.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Guilherme Brasil Grezzana, from Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul.6</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto de Diferentes Limiares de Normalidade para a MAPA de 24 Horas no N&#237;vel de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grezzana</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Brasil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>David William</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Airton Tetelbon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia; Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA; Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Guilherme Brasil Grezzana</bold>, Rua Oswaldo Hampe, 258. CEP 95250-000, Centro, Ant&#244;nio Prado, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>gbgrezzana@bol.com.br</email>; <email>gbgrezzana@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#233; um fator de risco importante para desfechos cardiovasculares. M&#233;dicos da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de (APS) devem estar preparados para atuar adequadamente na preven&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular. No entanto, as taxas de pacientes com press&#227;o arterial (PA) controlada continuam baixas. O impacto da reclassifica&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA (MAPA) de 24 horas pode levar a diferentes decis&#245;es m&#233;dicas na APS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre as PAs medidas por m&#233;todo convencional por m&#233;dicos da APS e por MAPA de 24 horas, considerando diferentes limiares de normalidade para a MAPA de 24 horas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da V Diretriz Brasileira de MAPA e da Diretriz da Sociedade Europeia de Hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com 569 pacientes hipertensos. A PA foi medida inicialmente por m&#233;dicos da APS e, posteriormente, pela MAPA de 24 horas. As medidas foram obtidas de forma independente entre os dois m&#233;todos. Os alvos terap&#234;uticos para a PA convencional seguiram as orienta&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Eighth Joint National Committee</italic> (JNC 8), das V Diretrizes Brasileiras de MAPA e das Diretrizes Europeias de Hipertens&#227;o de 2013.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foi observada uma acur&#225;cia de 54,8% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC95%] 0,51 - 0,58%) para a PA aferida de forma convencional quando comparada &#224; obtida com a MAPA de 24 horas, al&#233;m de uma sensibilidade de 85% (IC95% 80,8 - 88,6%), especificidade de 31,9% (IC95% 28,7 - 34,7%) e kappa de 0,155, quando consideradas as Diretrizes Europeias de Hipertens&#227;o. Quando utilizados limiares mais r&#237;gidos para caracterizar a PA como "normal" pela MAPA, foi identificada uma acur&#225;cia de 45% (IC95% 0,41 - 0,47%) pela medida convencional quando comparada &#224; obtida pela MAPA de 24 horas, al&#233;m de uma sensibilidade de 86,7% (IC95% 0,81 - 0,91%), especificidade de 29% (IC95% 0,26 - 0,30%) e kappa de 0,103.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>As medidas de PA avaliadas pelos m&#233;dicos da APS apresentaram baixa acur&#225;cia quando comparadas &#224;s medidas pela MAPA de 24 horas, independente do limiar utilizado pelas diferentes diretrizes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA)</kwd>
        <kwd>Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica com preval&#234;ncia estimada de 40-45% em adultos, &#233; um reconhecido problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e a principal causa de mortalidade geral,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> para a qual as taxas de controle ainda permanecem baixas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O paciente hipertenso requer cuidados m&#233;dicos peri&#243;dicos associados &#224; terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica adequada e mudan&#231;as de h&#225;bito de vida ao longo da vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A contribui&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas da press&#227;o arterial (PA) pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA (MAPA) no diagn&#243;stico, monitoramento e estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica da HAS est&#225; claramente definida na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo nacional comparou a classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA de acordo com novos limiares estabelecidos pelas VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o / V Diretrizes Brasileiras de MAPA em rela&#231;&#227;o aos previamente estabelecidos pelas IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de MAPA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Os autores observaram que os novos limiares reclassificaram a hipertens&#227;o de maneira substancial, aumentando a porcentagem de pacientes hipertensos, em especial para a vari&#225;vel PA sist&#243;lica do sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Quando considerados os diferentes limiares para a PA lim&#237;trofe / hipertens&#227;o e PA normal / PA lim&#237;trofe de 24 horas, e a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos quanto ao seu controle, foi observado que as amostras de pacientes dos estudos apresentaram similaridades quanto ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo. J&#225; com refer&#234;ncia ao estudo IDACO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> as diretrizes da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC) mant&#234;m como limiares de PA para defini&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o pela MAPA de 24 horas valores maiores ou iguais a 130 mmHg para PA sist&#243;lica e 80 mmHg para PA diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Duas quest&#245;es de aplica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao atendimento do paciente hipertenso permanecem pouco exploradas: a aplicabilidade e a import&#226;ncia de limiares mais rigorosos como crit&#233;rios de normalidade para a PA, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o prospectiva da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica entre os diferentes m&#233;todos de aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Essas indaga&#231;&#245;es decorrem da necessidade de estudos prospectivos e elabora&#231;&#227;o de bancos de dados, preferencialmente nacionais, que permitam uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais adequada dos limiares de normalidade da MAPA para a popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa, em especial a atendida pelo sistema de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de (APS).</p>
        <p>O presente estudo se prop&#244;s a avaliar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica da medida da PA pelo m&#233;todo convencional, realizada por m&#233;dicos da APS, e a concord&#226;ncia destas medidas com as obtidas pela MAPA de 24 horas, balizadas por diretrizes como limites de normalidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento e participantes</title>
          <p>Os participantes deste estudo transversal realizado em dois postos de sa&#250;de inclu&#237;ram pacientes hipertensos de Ant&#244;nio Prado (RS), uma cidade do sul no Brasil com 12.883 habitantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Todos os pacientes eram hipertensos cadastrados no Programa de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia (PSF) e estavam em acompanhamento cl&#237;nico regular no ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o das duas unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de (UBS) do munic&#237;pio e em tratamento anti-hipertensivo por pelo menos 6 meses.</p>
          <p>As amostras foram selecionadas de forma aleat&#243;ria a partir do conjunto total de pacientes hipertensos cadastrados nas UBSs, atrav&#233;s da gera&#231;&#227;o de n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios pelo programa Microsoft Excel 2010. Os pacientes foram avaliados pelos seus pr&#243;prios m&#233;dicos da APS durante consultas de rotina no ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o entre o per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2013 a outubro de 2014. Pacientes que haviam participado de um estudo transversal anterior,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> que incluiu avalia&#231;&#227;o com MAPA de 24 horas, foram contatados por telefone e/ou carta para participar neste novo estudo. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que n&#227;o estavam aptos a responder o question&#225;rio, gestantes, indiv&#237;duos com eletrocardiograma com ritmo n&#227;o sinusal, moradores de fora da &#225;rea de cobertura das UBSs, pacientes que trocaram de munic&#237;pio ou que n&#227;o foram encontrados, e aqueles que n&#227;o toleraram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA ou que apresentaram alguma dificuldade t&#233;cnica na aplica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo. Assim, do total de 639 pacientes, 28 foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo por intercorr&#234;ncias relacionadas a problemas t&#233;cnicos na leitura e falhas no ajuste da bra&#231;adeira do manguito da MAPA (18 pacientes), dist&#250;rbios do sono que impediram medidas adequadas da PA (8 pacientes) e intoler&#226;ncia ao equipamento devido a ansiedade (2 pacientes).</p>
          <p>Todos os sujeitos concordaram com a participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo e assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os resultados dos exames bioqu&#237;micos e da MAPA realizados durante o estudo foram entregues aos pacientes O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) do IC/FUC - 4278.08.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aferi&#231;&#245;es utilizadas</title>
          <p>A PA foi verificada pelos m&#233;dicos da APS atrav&#233;s de tr&#234;s medidas com esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio (a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do esfigmoman&#244;metro com coluna de merc&#250;rio &#233; permitida no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, o qual segue as orienta&#231;&#245;es da Resolu&#231;&#227;o da Diretoria Colegiada no. 63, de 25 de novembro de 2011, artigo 23) com orienta&#231;&#227;o para ajuste individualizado do manguito, com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada e p&#233;s apoiados no ch&#227;o e ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de descanso m&#237;nimo de 5 minutos. Os m&#233;dicos dos postos de sa&#250;de receberam orienta&#231;&#227;o para aferir a PA em ambos os bra&#231;os, tomando como refer&#234;ncia o maior valor obtido ap&#243;s um intervalo aproximado de 3 minutos entre as medidas. A primeira medida era descartada e a m&#233;dia das duas medidas subsequentes era calculada e anotada no prontu&#225;rio do paciente. Em seguida, durante a mesma visita, o paciente era encaminhado a uma enfermeira treinada para este estudo para coloca&#231;&#227;o do aparelho para a MAPA de 24 horas, aplica&#231;&#227;o de um question&#225;rio padronizado e obten&#231;&#227;o das medidas antropom&#233;tricas. Posteriormente, realizava-se revis&#227;o do prontu&#225;rio do paciente, solicita&#231;&#227;o dos exames bioqu&#237;micos e preparo do laudo da MAPA de forma cega pelo m&#233;dico pesquisador. O dispositivo da MAPA foi aplicado durante um dia normal de atividade laboral do paciente, excluindo os dias de final de semana e feriados. Com base em evid&#234;ncias progn&#243;sticas, foi selecionada a MAPA como a refer&#234;ncia padr&#227;o para as medidas da PA e para avalia&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica da medida convencional da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os monitores da MAPA utilizados no estudo foram devidamente validados e calibrados de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O gravador da MAPA utilizado foi o DMS Brasil modelo TM 2430 e o modelo do esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio foi o MDF 800. A MAPA foi programada para registrar uma medida de PA a cada 15 minutos durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e a cada 30 minutos durante o sono. Os hor&#225;rios foram ajustados de acordo com uma individualiza&#231;&#227;o dos h&#225;bitos de sono e despertar de cada paciente. Foi considerada como adequada a obten&#231;&#227;o de dados de pelo menos 60 registros no per&#237;odo de 24 horas, com pelo menos dois registros a cada hora no per&#237;odo de sono. Os par&#226;metros avaliados pela MAPA foram a PA m&#233;dia sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do per&#237;odo de 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e noturno. Para as medidas convencionais, foi definida como hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada a obten&#231;&#227;o de valores &#8805; 140/90 mmHg, de acordo com as principais diretrizes de hipertens&#227;o. Para o grupo de pacientes com idade &#8805; 60 anos, foram tamb&#233;m adotadas as orienta&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Eighth Joint National Committee</italic> (JNC 8).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros e classifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Para classificar a hipertens&#227;o como n&#227;o controlada, foram adotados os crit&#233;rios da MAPA das Diretrizes Europeias de Hipertens&#227;o e das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Desta forma, foram considerados como tendo hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada os pacientes que apresentavam PA m&#233;dia &#8805; 130/80 mmHg em 24 horas, &#8805; 135/85 mmHg no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e &#8805; 120/70 mmHg para a m&#233;dia noturna da PA para o primeiro crit&#233;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> J&#225; quando observadas as orienta&#231;&#245;es das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> os valores para PA utilizados no estudo foram os lim&#237;trofes considerados normais como ponto de corte para as m&#233;dias de 24 horas: &gt; 125 / 75 mmHg, &gt; 130 / 85 mmHg para o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e &gt; 110 / 70 mmHg para a m&#233;dia da PA durante o sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Foi definida como aus&#234;ncia de descenso noturno uma redu&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 10% da PA m&#233;dia noturna em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia diurna na MAPA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O efeito do avental branco (EAB) foi considerado presente quando um paciente em tratamento anti-hipertensivo apresentava PA elevada na medida em ambiente de consult&#243;rio e/ou sob vigil&#226;ncia, por&#233;m controlada em outras situa&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A hipertens&#227;o mascarada (HM) foi caracterizada na presen&#231;a de PA controlada em uma medida convencional, mas elevada na MAPA ou em medidas domiciliares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> "Efeito mascarado" foi o termo utilizado quando a HM foi observada em pacientes hipertensos em uso de tratamento anti-hipertensivo. Os mesmos valores para os crit&#233;rios de normalidade para a PA de 24 horas foram considerados para pacientes diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial</title>
          <p>Al&#233;m das aferi&#231;&#245;es da PA pelo m&#233;todo convencional e pela MAPA de 24 horas, foi avaliado o perfil bioqu&#237;mico dos pacientes neste estudo. Os exames laboratoriais realizados inclu&#237;ram colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos, creatinina, hemograma, hemoglobina glicosilada (fra&#231;&#227;o A1c), microalbumin&#250;ria e glicemia de jejum. Dados antropom&#233;tricos, como massa corporal, estatura, rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril e &#237;ndice de massa corporal, tamb&#233;m foram avaliados. O question&#225;rio de rastreamento incluiu ainda instrumentos validados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da depend&#234;ncia de tabagismo e nicotina (teste de Fagerstr&#246;m), consumo abusivo de &#225;lcool (<italic>Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test</italic>, AUDIT) e ades&#227;o ao tratamento atrav&#233;s da escala de autorrelato de Morisky (<italic>Morisky Medication Adherence Scale</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos</title>
          <p>A entrada e a an&#225;lise dos dados foram realizadas com o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 21.0. Foi realizada estat&#237;stica descritiva com vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o) e categ&#243;ricas (distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncias). O tamanho estimado da amostra foi de 398 pacientes e teve como base o estudo transversal pr&#233;vio realizado no mesmo local do estudo atual e taxas de controle da PA de 55% pela MAPA e 41% pelas medidas convencionais realizadas pelos m&#233;dicos da APS para um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%) e poder de 80%. A amostra foi considerada representativa do servi&#231;o de APS do munic&#237;pio de Ant&#244;nio Prado (RS) por ter sido selecionada de maneira aleat&#243;ria nos dois postos de sa&#250;de com ambulat&#243;rios de HAS, de um total de 1216 pacientes cadastrados nesse sistema. As unidades de atendimento ao hipertenso, onde o estudo foi realizado, s&#227;o unidades referenciais da APS no munic&#237;pio.</p>
          <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os subgrupos foi realizada com o teste do qui-quadrado, teste U de Mann-Whitney (para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com vari&#226;ncias n&#227;o homog&#234;neas) e teste <italic>t</italic> de Student (para vari&#225;veis com vari&#226;ncias homog&#234;neas). Para an&#225;lise da concord&#226;ncia entre as t&#233;cnicas de avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA, foi utilizada estat&#237;stica kappa. Foram tamb&#233;m realizadas an&#225;lise multivariada para os fatores de risco cardiovascular e de concord&#226;ncia de controle da PA segundo a MAPA de 24 horas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; PA convencional. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre janeiro de 2013 e outubro de 2014, foi selecionada uma amostra consecutiva de 639 pacientes hipertensos cadastrados no ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o de dois postos de sa&#250;de do munic&#237;pio de Ant&#244;nio Prado (RS), de um total de 1216 pacientes. A MAPA foi aplicada em 611 pacientes que permaneceram no estudo ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, logo ap&#243;s a tomada das medidas convencionais da PA pelos m&#233;dicos da APS. A amostra final foi de 569 pacientes ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de pacientes que abandonaram o protocolo de pesquisa ou que apresentaram inadequa&#231;&#227;o das aferi&#231;&#245;es da MAPA. Nenhum paciente necessitou de cuidados m&#233;dicos decorrentes da a&#231;&#227;o compressiva do manguito da MAPA, cujos eventos relatados foram: desconforto local (22 pacientes), discreto eritema local (6 pacientes) e parestesia fugaz no membro utilizado para coloca&#231;&#227;o do manguito (2 pacientes). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> sumariza o perfil demogr&#225;fico e o estilo de vida dos pacientes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perfil demogr&#225;fico e estilo de vida dos pacientes da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Total (n = 569)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Sexo feminino n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">339 (59,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">60,32 +/- 13,58 (20-89)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Cor branca</td>
                <td align="center">504 (88,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- IMC <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">28,54 +/- 4,57 (19-46)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Glicemia de jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">100 +/- 26,89 (47-279)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Hemoglobina glicosilada</td>
                <td align="center">6,14 +/- 4,52 (2,7&#8211;11,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">203,9 +/- 40,28 (88-453)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- HDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">52,73 +/- 12,51 (39,1-66,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- LDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">121,36 +/- 33,78 (14-241)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">155,98 +/- 136,55 (35-2446)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 +/- 0,27 (0,41-3,09)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Tabagismo n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (5,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Consumo de &#225;lcool n (%) (&gt; 30 g/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">174 (30,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Microalbumin&#250;ria &gt; 30 mg/dL n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">151 (26,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Atividade f&#237;sica n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">276 (48,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Atividade f&#237;sica &gt; 150 min/semana n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">148 (53,6%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Desvio padr&#227;o, percentual e valores m&#225;ximos e m&#237;nimos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>&#237;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m2). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PA medida pelo m&#233;todo convencional quando comparada &#224; medida pela MAPA de 24 horas, observamos uma acur&#225;cia de 54,8% (IC95% 0,51 - 0,58%) e, quando consideradas a Diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Hipertens&#227;o, uma sensibilidade de 85% (IC95% 80,8 - 88,6%), especificidade de 31.9% (IC95% 28,7 - 34,7%) e kappa de 0.155. Quando foram utilizados limiares mais r&#237;gidos para caracterizar a PA como "normal" pela MAPA, identificamos uma acur&#225;cia de 45% (IC95% 0,41 - 0,47%) pela medida convencional quando comparada com a MAPA de 24 horas, al&#233;m de uma sensibilidade de 86,7% (IC95% 0,81 - 0,91%), especificidade de 29% (IC95% 0,26 - 0,30%) e kappa de 0.103 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Acur&#225;cia geral da aferi&#231;&#227;o convencional da press&#227;o arterial (PA) segundo os diversos limiares de normalidade para a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) de 24 horas <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Acur&#225;cia</th>
                <th align="center">Sensibilidade</th>
                <th align="center">Especificidade</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center">kappa</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA 130/80 mmHg <break/>X<break/> PA M&#233;todo Convencional</td>
                <td align="center">54,8%</td>
                <td align="center">85%</td>
                <td align="center">31,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,513-0,580</td>
                <td align="center">0,155</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA 125/75 mmHg <break/>X<break/> PA M&#233;todo Convencional</td>
                <td align="center">45%</td>
                <td align="center">86,7%</td>
                <td align="center">29%</td>
                <td align="center">0,418 &#8211; 0,475</td>
                <td align="center">0,103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA 130/80 mmHg <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									<break/>X<break/> PA JNC 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">51,8%</td>
                <td align="center">88,5%</td>
                <td align="center">23,8%</td>
                <td align="center">0,485 &#8211; 0,546</td>
                <td align="center">0,111</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA 125/75 mmHg <break/>X<break/> PA JNC 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">40,6%</td>
                <td align="center">89,8%</td>
                <td align="center">21,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,377 &#8211; 0,428</td>
                <td align="center">0,072</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>ESH 2013* mmHg</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>PAS normal &#8804; 150 mmHg. IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; JNC 8: Eighth Joint National Committee.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia do EAB e do efeito mascarado nos pacientes hipertensos tratados foi de 3,1% e 46,9%, respectivamente, quando consideradas as Diretrizes Europeias de Hipertens&#227;o para a MAPA. J&#225; a preval&#234;ncia do EAB e da HM foi de 2% e 56,1%, respectivamente, segundo os diferentes crit&#233;rios de ponto de corte para normalidade da MAPA. Quando consideramos as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do JNC 8 para medidas convencionais, a preval&#234;ncia do EAB e da HM apresentou discreta varia&#231;&#227;o. As preval&#234;ncias segundo os diversos par&#226;metros da MAPA e aferi&#231;&#227;o convencional podem ser vistas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito do avental branco e hipertens&#227;o mascarada segundo os diversos par&#226;metros de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) de 24 horas e aferi&#231;&#227;o convencional da press&#227;o arterial (PA)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Efeito do Avental<break/> Branco</th>
                <th align="center">Hipertens&#227;o<break/> Mascarada</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA 130/80 mmHg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
									<break/>X<break/> PA M&#233;todo Convencional</td>
                <td align="center">6,5% (37)</td>
                <td align="center">38,7% (220)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA 125/75 mmHg X PA M&#233;todo Convencional</td>
                <td align="center">3,7% (21)</td>
                <td align="center">51,3% (292)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA 130/80 mmHg <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
									<break/>X<break/> PA JNC 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5% (28)</td>
                <td align="center">43,3% (244)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA 125/75 mmHg <break/>X<break/> PA JNC 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,8% (16)</td>
                <td align="center">56,6% (319)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>ESC 2013 e Joint 8</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>PAS normal &#8804; 150 mmHg. JNC 8: Eighth Joint National Committee.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo, realizado em hipertensos atendidos na APS, mostrou diferen&#231;as de acur&#225;cia e concord&#226;ncia entre aferi&#231;&#245;es da PA realizadas por m&#233;dicos da pr&#243;pria APS de acordo com os diferentes par&#226;metros de normalidade para a MAPA de 24 horas, balizados pelas Diretrizes Europeias de Hipertens&#227;o e pelas V Diretrizes Brasileiras de MAPA, respectivamente. O principal resultado observado foi a baixa acur&#225;cia das medidas convencionais quando comparadas &#224;s obtidas pela MAPA de 24 horas, independente das diretrizes ou do ponto de corte adotado para normalidade da MAPA de 24 horas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferen&#231;as de limiares de normalidade para a MAPA de 24 horas, quando utilizados alvos de controle da PA mais rigorosos, a acur&#225;cia das medidas convencionais foi ainda menor.</p>
        <p>A grande maioria dos pacientes hipertensos &#233; atendida pelo sistema de APS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> na qual os m&#233;dicos t&#234;m um papel relevante na busca de melhores resultados de controle da PA. Al&#233;m disso, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos auxiliares de medidas da PA para avaliar a adequa&#231;&#227;o do tratamento anti-hipertensivo n&#227;o tem sido adotada amplamente na APS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Em um estudo nacional com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA, observou-se um grau elevado de reprodutibilidade entre medidas casuais realizadas por profissionais n&#227;o m&#233;dicos com outras realizadas em um ambiente com alto rigor de padroniza&#231;&#227;o da aferi&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Por&#233;m, apesar da medida casual da PA ainda ser padr&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico e controle da HAS, a sua ado&#231;&#227;o com o rigor de estudos controlados n&#227;o &#233; uma realidade na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual exercida na APS. Adicionalmente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas da PA &#233; o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, redu&#231;&#227;o de falsos diagn&#243;sticos e avalia&#231;&#245;es de controle da PA.</p>
        <p>Em um outro estudo nacional de an&#225;lise retrospectiva de exames de MAPA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> foi avaliado o impacto da reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de limiares de controle da PA segundo a aplica&#231;&#227;o das duas &#250;ltimas Diretrizes Brasileiras de MAPA. Com a ado&#231;&#227;o da atual diretriz, todos os limiares modificados reclassificaram os exames de forma significativa. O presente estudo contudo, procurou avaliar de forma prospectiva o impacto da ado&#231;&#227;o de diferentes limiares de normalidade para a MAPA em compara&#231;&#227;o com medidas realizadas por m&#233;dicos da APS. Os resultados, em termos de acur&#225;cia, foram semelhantes aos de outros estudos que apontaram baixa acur&#225;cia da PA obtida por medidas convencionais em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; obtida pela MAPA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> mas com resultados singulares ao comparar diferentes diretrizes para limiares de m&#233;dia press&#243;rica de 24 horas.</p>
        <p>As atuais diretrizes de hipertens&#227;o recomendam um controle satisfat&#243;rio da PA com objetivo de prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria como secund&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A extens&#227;o da concord&#226;ncia entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA controlada e n&#227;o controlada, baseada em medidas convencionais e comparadas &#224; MAPA de 24 horas, tem import&#226;ncia estrat&#233;gica na APS. A busca por limiares de normalidade para a MAPA de 24 horas tem por base desfechos cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> tendo o banco de dados do estudo IDACO um exemplo de referencial populacional. Estes resultados nortearam os alvos de normalidade para a MAPA nas diferentes diretrizes de HAS. Desta forma, a ado&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios de normalidade para a MAPA como um m&#233;todo auxiliar padr&#227;o-ouro para o controle, avalia&#231;&#227;o e estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica da HAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> deveria ser idealmente respaldada por um banco de dados que refletisse as especificidades populacionais.</p>
        <p>O estudo <italic>Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial</italic> (SPRINT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> apresenta evid&#234;ncias de benef&#237;cios do controle press&#243;rico em pacientes hipertensos com medidas mais r&#237;gidas para a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (&lt; 120 mmHg) em compara&#231;&#227;o a um controle mais flex&#237;vel (&lt; 140 mmHg). Portanto, evid&#234;ncias de redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos com pontos de corte mais rigorosos para o controle da PA poder&#227;o acarretar mudan&#231;as substanciais em futuras revis&#245;es das diretrizes de HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Assim, esta necessidade est&#225; de acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto na acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de m&#233;todos usuais de PA em compara&#231;&#227;o aos diferentes limiares de normalidade para o padr&#227;o-ouro de avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA.</p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA de 24 horas atrav&#233;s de uma medida &#250;nica na amostra pode ser considerada uma limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo. Isto pode implicar em uma limita&#231;&#227;o na reprodutibilidade das aferi&#231;&#245;es, principalmente quando considerada a avalia&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de descenso noturno da PA. Contudo, para mitigar essa potencial limita&#231;&#227;o, foram tomadas precau&#231;&#245;es como individualiza&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de sono e despertar, bem como uma rigidez quanto ao n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de aferi&#231;&#245;es e qualidade das medidas durante as 24 horas como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o ao estudo. Essas medidas seguiram as orienta&#231;&#245;es e recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Italiana de Hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA na APS, bem como o impacto da reclassifica&#231;&#227;o da HAS de acordo com os diferentes limiares de normalidade para a PA de 24 horas, podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es na tomada de decis&#245;es pelos m&#233;dicos da APS. Desta forma, um n&#250;mero mais significativo de estudos nacionais poder&#225; referenciar a elabora&#231;&#227;o de futuras diretrizes e indicar limiares de PA para defini&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo avaliou a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA de 24 horas no &#226;mbito da APS. As medidas da PA avaliadas pelos m&#233;dicos da APS apresentaram baixa acur&#225;cia quando comparadas com as obtidas pela MAPA de 24 horas, independente do limiar utilizado como crit&#233;rio de normalidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Guilherme Brasil Grezzana pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
