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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8YtXymShZCBRk6Jh4gW4fbh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000200122</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005002104</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography Safety in Chagas Disease Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turco</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melato</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Colandy Godoy de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG)</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem (CDI), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Francisco de Assis</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Francisco de Assis; Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Daniela do Carmo Rassi</bold>, Rua 1, 352 Apto 901 - Ed Reserva dos Buritis Setor Oeste. Posta Code 74115-040, Setor Oeste, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil. E-mail: <email>danirassi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>dani.rassi@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rassi DC, Vieira MLC, Furtado RG, Turco FP, Melato LH, Hotta VT, Nunes CGO, Rassi Jr. L, Rassi S; Acquisition of data: Rassi DC, Furtado RG, Turco FP, Melato LH, Nunes CGO, Rassi Jr. L; Statistical analysis: Rassi DC, Vieira MLC, Rassi S; Writing of the manuscript: Rassi DC, Vieira MLC, Hotta VT, Rassi S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>122</fpage>
      <lpage>128</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>A few decades ago, patients with Chagas disease were predominantly rural workers, with a low risk profile for obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). As urbanization has increased, they became exposed to the same risk factors for CAD of uninfected individuals. Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) has proven to be an important tool in CAD diagnosis. Despite being a potentially arrhythmogenic method, it is safe for coronary patients without Chagas disease. For Chagas disease patients, however, the indication of DSE in clinical practice is uncertain, because of the arrhythmogenic potential of that heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess DSE safety in Chagas disease patients with clinical suspicion of CAD, as well as the incidence of arrhythmias and adverse events during the exam.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective analysis of a database of patients referred for DSE from May/2012 to February/2015. This study assessed 205 consecutive patients with Chagas disease suspected of having CAD. All of them had their serology for Chagas disease confirmed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Their mean age was 64&#177;10 years and most patients were females (65.4%). No patient had significant adverse events, such as acute myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation, asystole, stroke, cardiac rupture and death. Regarding arrhythmias, ventricular extrasystoles occurred in 48% of patients, and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in 7.3%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>DSE proved to be safe in this population of Chagas disease patients, in which no potentially life-threatening outcome was found.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Atropine</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma cruzi / drug effects</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas disease continues to be a serious health problem, as well as an economic burden in most Latin-American countries. The World Health Organization has recently estimated that 18 million people are chronically infected with <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi,</italic> and approximately 200,000 new cases are diagnosed per year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A few decades ago, patients with Chagas disease were mainly rural workers, with low risk profile for coronary artery disease (CAD). As urbanization has increased since 1980, they became exposed to the same risk factors for CAD of uninfected individuals. Thus, the prevalence of CAD, as a cause of acute myocardial infarction, is expected to be similar in individuals with and without Chagas disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of CAD in patients with Chagas disease, however, is controversial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It is worth noting the inherent diagnostic difficulty concerning chest pain, which can be atypical or intense.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Coronary angiography should only be indicated in special situations, such as typical angina and presence of classic CAD risk factors, or when large ischemic areas are seen on non-invasive tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>For 25 years, stress echocardiography has proven to be an important tool for the diagnosis of CAD. The dobutamine-atropine protocol [dobutamine stress echocardiography - DSE)] is safe and has accuracy similar to that of other non-invasive diagnostic methods, but higher specificity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Dobutamine is the most commonly used agent in most pharmacological stress tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Severe ventricular arrhythmias can occur during the exam, but are rare, confirming, thus, the safety of using dobutamine for stress echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In clinical practice, however, the indication of DSE in chronic Chagas heart disease (CCHD) is controversial, because of the arrhythmogenic potential of the drug in an also arrhythmogenic heart disease. In the literature, there is no study aimed at specifically assessing the safety of DSE in a group of Chagas disease patients. Thus, this research, aimed at assessing the DSE safety for CAD diagnosis in that group of patients, is relevant.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Selection of patients and study site</title>
        <p>This is a retrospective analysis of a database to raise a hypothesis. A population of consecutive patients with CCHD and suspected of having CAD was assessed. They were referred for DSE from May/2012 to February/2015 at two echocardiography centers, one of them outside a hospital.</p>
        <p>Confirmation of serology for Chagas disease was required in all patients. Those who spontaneously presented with at least two positive serologies at the time of DSE were confirmed as having Chagas disease. Those who had no serology were invited, via telephone, to undergo the serological tests, and to provide written informed consent at the time of blood sample collection. They underwent at least two serological tests of different principles, which confirmed the existence of anti-<italic>T. cruzi</italic> antibodies. The following conventional serological tests were used: immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA); indirect immunofluorescence; and indirect hemagglutination assay. Patients refusing to undergo the tests were excluded from the analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic assessment, analysis of safety and arrhythmias</title>
        <p>Before DSE, the patients were asked about previous cardiovascular diseases, including Chagas disease, heart procedures they had already undergone, and regularly used medications.</p>
        <p>Echocardiography was performed with a HD-11 echocardiographer (Philips Ultrasound Systems, Andover, MA, USA), by an echocardiography professional from a group of four, equally trained, and in a standardized and uniform way, according to the ASE recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> That group of professionals has a large experience with stress echocardiography, each performing, on average, 200 exams/month. The exams were performed systematically in all participants, regardless of the serological confirmation for Chagas disease.</p>
        <p>Initially, the patients underwent a baseline echocardiographic study, with linear measurement of the heart structures and valvar flows. Ejection fraction was assessed by using the Teichholz or Simpson method, depending on the extent of the segmental contractility alteration. When using the latter, sometimes the end-systolic diameter was not measured. After acquiring baseline standard images in the parasternal, longitudinal, transverse, 4- and 2-chamber apical views, intravenous dobutamine infusion began, at an initial dose of 5 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg/min, with increasing increments of 10, 20, 30 and 40 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg/min every 3 minutes. If the patient had no echocardiographic sign of myocardial ischemia and did not reach the minimum heart rate of 100 bpm in the stage of 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg/min, 0.25 mg/min of atropine was administered every 1 minute, up to the maximum cumulative dose of 2 mg. There was no standardization concerning monitoring time after the end of infusion, and the time necessary for heart rate to reach less than 100 beats per minute was respected.</p>
        <p>The patients were kept under clinical, electrocardiographic and continuous blood pressure monitoring. The measures of blood pressure, heart rate and 12-lead electrocardiography were recorded at baseline, at the end of each stage and during recovery. The patients' symptoms were recorded either through direct questioning or direct patient's complaint at any time.</p>
        <p>The DSE was effective when one of the following objectives was met: at least 85% of maximum heart rate predicted for age, calculated with the Karvonen equation (maximum heart rate = 220 - age);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> echocardiographic signs of ischemia (new changes in left ventricular contractility); or end of the infusion protocol.</p>
        <p>The submaximal criteria for test interruption, considered non-diagnostic were: unbearable symptoms; limiting side effects, such as arterial hypertension (systolic blood pressure &gt; 230 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure &gt; 120 mm Hg); relative or absolute hypotension (systolic blood pressure drop &gt; 30 mm Hg at rest, or systolic blood pressure &lt; 80 mm Hg); supraventricular arrhythmias (sustained supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation); and ventricular arrhythmias (non-sustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The safety criteria for exam interruption were established as life-threatening complications, defined in the meta-analysis by Geleijnse et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> as cardiac rupture, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, asystole, ventricular fibrillation, and sustained ventricular tachycardia.</p>
        <p>The cardiac arrhythmias observed during the exam were defined as follows: supraventricular tachycardia, presence of well-defined, regular and similar narrow QRS complexes (&lt;120 ms), in the absence of conduction disorder; atrial fibrillation, absence of P wave associated with irregular rhythm, narrow QRS complexes (&lt;120 ms), in the absence of conduction disorder; frequent ventricular extrasystoles, presence of premature ventricular complexes with more than 6 complexes per minute; ventricular bigeminism, presence of ventricular extrasystoles alternating with normal QRS complexes; non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, presence of more than 3 premature complex ventricular beats, lasting less than 30 seconds and with heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute; and sustained ventricular tachycardia, presence of more than 3 premature complex ventricular beats, lasting more than 30 seconds and with heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The left ventricle was divided into 17 myocardial segments, according to the ASE recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The qualitative analysis of segmental myocardial contractility was based on visual assessment of myocardial thickening and wall motility graded into a segmental contractility index, each segment being scored as follows: 1 - normal; 2 - hypokinesia; 3 - akinesia; and 4 - dyskinesia. The normal value of that index is 1 (17 points/17 segments). Any value greater than 1 was considered abnormal segmental contractility index. Segmental myocardial contractility was positive for ischemia in the presence of altered segmental myocardial contractility in at least one left ventricular segment during pharmacological stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Non-probability convenience sampling was chosen and comprised patients with Chagas disease, suspected of having CAD, referred for DSE in the predetermined study period. The sample size was limited to the study's operational capacity.</p>
        <p>Multivariate analysis was conducted using binary multiple logistic regression to identify covariables associated with the occurrence of binary outcome. When indicated, given the reduced number of binary outcome events, the use of penalized maximum likelihood ratio test was considered.</p>
        <p>Multiple regression models were determined with the simultaneous introduction (<italic>full model</italic>) of the variables with p&lt;0.05 in univariate regression analysis and that showed neither multicollinearity nor percentage loss greater than 10%.</p>
        <p>Categorical variables were described as counts and percentages. Quantitative variables of normal and asymmetric distribution were described as mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range), respectively.</p>
        <p>Normality was assessed via visual inspection of histograms. The R software (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria) was used for statistical analysis. All probabilities of significance presented are bilateral, and values smaller than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The general population referred for DSE underwent 23,935 exams. Of that sample, 415 patients claiming to have Chagas disease were selected. Of those, 210 patients whose serology was not confirmed were excluded, resulting in a final group of 205 patients to be assessed.</p>
      <p>The mean age of the 205 patients analyzed was 64&#177;10 years, and most of them (65.4%) were of the female sex. Regarding pharmacological treatment, the most used drugs were angiotensin II receptor blockers (35,1%) and amiodarone (29.3%). Of the reported risk factors for CAD, dyslipidemia was the most frequent (33.2%). Regarding the presence of previous coronary event, 6.3% reported myocardial infarction, and 5.9% surgical or percutaneous myocardial revascularization. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical characteristics of the group and pharmacological treatment, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, the risk factors for CAD.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of the total sample</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left" colspan="2">Characteristic</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Age (years)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">64&#177;10 (Mean &#177; SD)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">n= 205</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">65.4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Drug treatment</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">n = 205</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CCB</td>
              <td align="center">9.8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI</td>
              <td align="center">9.8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ARB</td>
              <td align="center">35.1%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">12.2%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nitrate</td>
              <td align="center">0.5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Amiodarone</td>
              <td align="center">29.3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pacemaker</td>
              <td align="center">2.9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation at rest</td>
              <td align="center">1.5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CI to the use of atropine</td>
              <td align="center">2.4%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; CCB: calcium-channel blocker; ACEI: angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; CI: contraindication</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Risk factors for atherosclerotic disease</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="75%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Risk factor</th>
              <th align="center">n= 205</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH</td>
              <td align="center">64.3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM</td>
              <td align="center">12.7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">7.8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">33.2%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous AMI</td>
              <td align="center">6.3 %</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MR</td>
              <td align="center">5.9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FH</td>
              <td align="center">11.7%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; MR: previous myocardial revascularization; FH: family history of atherosclerotic disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the echocardiographic parameters and vital signs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>), most patients had preserved ejection fraction, normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but heart rate tending to the lower limit of normality.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic characteristics, blood pressure and heart rate</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">Median</th>
              <th align="center">IQR</th>
              <th align="center">Min</th>
              <th align="center">Max</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">205</td>
              <td align="center">36.02</td>
              <td align="center">5.402</td>
              <td align="center">(35.28; 36.77)</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">(32; 40)</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VST (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">205</td>
              <td align="center">8.698</td>
              <td align="center">1.504</td>
              <td align="center">(8.49; 8.905)</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">(8; 9)</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PW (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">205</td>
              <td align="center">8.517</td>
              <td align="center">1.363</td>
              <td align="center">(8.329; 8.705)</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">(8; 9)</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">205</td>
              <td align="center">49.81</td>
              <td align="center">7.388</td>
              <td align="center">(48.79; 50.83)</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">(45; 54)</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVESD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">171</td>
              <td align="center">30.13</td>
              <td align="center">5.566</td>
              <td align="center">(29.29; 30.97)</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">(26; 34)</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">205</td>
              <td align="center">62.36</td>
              <td align="center">11.16</td>
              <td align="center">(60.82; 63.89)</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">(58; 70)</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SCIr<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">205</td>
              <td align="center">1.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.362</td>
              <td align="center">(1.18; 1.279)</td>
              <td align="center">1.06</td>
              <td align="center">(1; .29)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SCIp<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">205</td>
              <td align="center">1.249</td>
              <td align="center">0.415</td>
              <td align="center">(1.192; 1.306)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">(1; 1.29)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">205</td>
              <td align="center">123.8</td>
              <td align="center">18.74</td>
              <td align="center">(121.2; 126.3)</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
              <td align="center">(110;140)</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">180</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">205</td>
              <td align="center">74.54</td>
              <td align="center">9.518</td>
              <td align="center">(73.23; 75.85)</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">(70; 80)</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (beat/min)</td>
              <td align="center">205</td>
              <td align="center">67.88</td>
              <td align="center">12.43</td>
              <td align="center">(66.17; 69.59)</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">(59; 75)</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">103</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Significant: variables without normal distribution. SD: standard deviation; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; IQR: interquartile range; LA: anteroposterior measure of left atrium; VST: ventricular septal thickness; PW: posterior wall thickness; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; EF: ejection fraction; SCIr: segmental contractility index at rest; SCIp: segmental contractility index at peak; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate at rest.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>More than half of the group (105 patients - 51.2%) had some alteration in segmental contractility at rest: in the apical segments of the ventricle, 30 patients; in the basal segments of the inferior and/or inferolateral wall, 35; association of the two alterations described, 32; and diffuse hypokinesia, 8. Regarding electrocardiographic changes, 98 patients had the following tracing alterations at rest: isolated right bundle branch block, 60 patients; association of right bundle branch block with left anterior hemiblock, 27; left bundle branch block, 5; atrial fibrillation rhythm, 3; and pacemaker rhythm, 3. In addition, only segmental contractility alteration, electrocardiographic alteration, or association of both was present in 50, 43 and 55 patients, respectively.</p>
      <p>Negative result for myocardial ischemia was the most frequent finding in 139 exams (67.9%). That result was positive in 29 exams (14.1%), and inconclusive (did not reach submaximal heart rate) in 37 (18%). Of the patients with inconclusive result, 22 (59.5%) used maximum dose of dobutamine and underwent all stages of the protocol, but some had their exams interrupted because of the following: severe chest pain, 1 (2.7%); important blood pressure elevation (&gt; 230/120 mm Hg), 1 (2.7%); severe headache, 2 (5.4%); and cardiac arrhythmias, 11 (29.7%). Frequent and polymorphic ventricular extrasystoles and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia were the most common arrhythmias related to exam interruption. Most patients with frequent ventricular extrasystoles during the exam had isolated extrasystoles at rest. Likewise, most arrhythmias were dose-dependent, occurring at pharmacological stress peak. Of the patients receiving maximum dose of dobutamine, 16 (72.7%) were on negative chronotropic drugs, such as beta-blocker or amiodarone.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the arrhythmias induced during DSE. Of the 205 patients, 18 (8.7%) had more than one type of arrhythmia during the exam.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Arrhythmias induced during stress echocardiography</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="70%"/>
            <col width="30%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Arrhythmias</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AF</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SSVT</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VE</td>
              <td align="center">100 (48%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bigeminismo</td>
              <td align="center">9 (4.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NSVT</td>
              <td align="center">15 (7.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SVT</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; SSVT: sustained supraventricular tachycardia; VE: ventricular extrasystole; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; SVT: sustained ventricular tachycardia.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The protocol was interrupted because of the appearance of significant arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, sustained supraventricular tachycardia, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and sustained ventricular tachycardia). Those patients required neither specific drug nor electrical cardioversion. No patient had hemodynamic instability. All patients underwent routine observation.</p>
      <p>Headache was the most frequent unwanted symptom (2.4%) during the exam, followed by chest pain (2.0%). No patient had hypotension during the exam, and only one (0.5%) had a hypertensive response.</p>
      <p>No patient had significant adverse events, such as acute myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation, asystole, stroke, cardiac rupture or death.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The use of DSE to diagnose CAD in patients who cannot undergo exercise test has increased. In addition, more aggressive protocols with high doses of dobutamine and atropine have been more often used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study designed to assess the safety of DSE, as well as the occurrence of arrhythmias, in an exclusive population of patients with Chagas disease.</p>
      <p>Despite the potential risk of complications, mainly arrhythmogenic ones, the method was safe when applied to 205 patients. None had significant complications, such as death, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac rupture, stroke, ventricular fibrillation or asystole. Most safety studies have reported a very low incidence of those events: the meta-analysis by Geleijnse et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> with 55,071 patients, has found an incidence of death, cardiac rupture and stroke lower than 0.01%, of acute myocardial infarction of 0.02%, and a rate of major complications of 1:475 (adding sustained ventricular tachycardia, asystole and ventricular fibrillation). Those figures are in accordance with those reported in the International Stress Echo Complication Registry,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> with a rate of 1:595 in the assessment of 35,103 patients.</p>
      <p>The population studied belongs to the same age group of those of the studies on DSE safety assessed in the meta-analysis cited.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Recently, a study conducted by O'Driskll et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> with 550 octogenarian patients has demonstrated that DSE was safe in that population and capable of identifying individuals at high risk for cardiovascular event.</p>
      <p>The patients with Chagas disease had a lower prevalence of risk factors for CAD as compared to those without Chagas disease, in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Of those risk factors, the most prevalent were hypertension and dyslipidemia, the only ones that got closer to those of the non-chagasic populations studied, such as the group assessed by San Roman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, with the following prevalence: hypertension, 61%; diabetes mellitus, 29%; dyslipidemia, 46%; smoking, 23%; history of previous infarction, 23%; and revascularization, 31%.</p>
      <p>Regarding pharmacological treatment, Chagas disease patients used less frequently antianginal therapy, such as beta-blockers, nitrates and calcium-channel blockers, as compared to those of previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> However, 30% of the patients used amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic and negatively chronotropic drug, which might have accounted for not reaching submaximal heart rate in most inconclusive results.</p>
      <p>In our study, the positive result for ischemia was less frequent than in other studies, maybe because of the smaller number of risk factors for CAD in the group of patients with Chagas disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A cohort of 4,033 patients conducted by Mathias et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> has shown a positive result in 37% of them, and inconclusive result in 10%. Sicari et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> in a cohort of 7,333 patients, has reported a positive result for ischemia in 39% of the exams.</p>
      <p>The only study published, assessing Chagas disease patients submitted to DSE, has been conducted by Aquatella et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> That study aimed at assessing whether the stimulation with dobutamine could trigger an abnormal contractility response, as seen in ischemic myocardium. In that small cohort (24 Chagas disease patients vs 10 controls), dobutamine has shown a chronotropic incompetence and a reduced contractile response, even in those without apparent cardiac manifestation. That study might explain part of the inconclusive results found in ours, because of that probable chronotropic deficit.</p>
      <p>Most patients with Chagas disease studied had some degree of segmental impairment, frequent in that pathology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> The segmental contractility index, which reflects the segmental myocardial impairment extent, was slightly altered (median value, 1.06), reflecting mild alterations and few impaired segments.</p>
      <p>Regarding arrhythmias, ventricular extrasystoles were the most frequently found, similarly to that reported in the safety studies analyzed in the meta-analysis by Geleijnse et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> However, the incidence was higher than that reported in most studies, that by Takeuchi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> being the one that got closer. That study, with 1,090 patients, has assessed different dobutamine-atropine protocols, with a 43.6% incidence of ventricular extrasystoles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia had the second highest incidence, 15 patients (7.3%), which was also greater than those already published, with a mean of 2.19% (range, 0.2% to 7.3%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The study conducted by Bremer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> with 4,035 patients, assessing the safety of stress echocardiography performed by nurses, was the only to show an incidence similar to the one of that group. Sustained ventricular tachycardia occurred in 2 (1%) patients, and that incidence was also higher than the one reported in previous studies for patients without Chagas disease, whose mean was 0.15% (range, 0.0% to 0.78%). Regarding supraventricular arrhythmias, the incidence was similar to that of other studies, where atrial fibrillation had a mean incidence of 0.9%, and sustained supraventricular tachycardia, of 1.3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Our patients had 0.5% and 1.0%, respectively.</p>
      <p>Unwanted adverse effects, such as chest pain, had a lower incidence than in previous studies, such as that by Mathias et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> San Roman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> and Mertes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> where chest pain occurred in 12.6%, 8.5% and 12.7%, respectively. Headache had the same frequency of that in other studies, as demonstrated by Mathias et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Mertes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and San Roman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> with incidence of 1.9%, 4% and 1.9%, respectively.</p>
      <p>In addition, the incidence of hypertensive response and hypotension was lower than that of the safety studies assessed in the meta-analysis by Geleijnse et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> in which the mean incidence of hypertension as the cause of protocol interruption was 1.3%, and that of hypotension, 1.7%. A recent retrospective analysis by Abram et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> with 2,968 patients with no cardiovascular disease and normal findings on stress echocardiography, has shown that blood pressure variation during the exam depends on age, sex and use of atropine. A greater increase in systolic blood pressure was seen in men and young individuals, with a more pronounced effect of atropine among the young.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This study is a retrospective analysis of a database, with the limitations inherent in that type of analysis. However, the exams were systematically performed by the same trained medical and nurse team, with large experience in that type of exam.</p>
        <p>The database is small as compared to those of safety studies of stress echocardiography, but the identification of that type of patient is limited.</p>
        <p>We had no coronary angiography of the patients who reported previous history of acute myocardial infarction. Thus, one might argue whether the segmental contractility alteration of such patients, when present, could be attributed to acute myocardial infarction or to Chagas heart disease. However, the number of those patients in our sample was reduced.</p>
        <p>The interobserver variation analysis of the echocardiographic data could not be performed, because the digital images were not stored.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Stress echocardiography with dobutamine and atropine showed to be safe in the population of patients with Chagas disease, in which no life-threatening outcome was observed.</p>
      <p>The incidence of arrhythmias during the exam was higher than that found in studies with populations without Chagas disease.</p>
      <p>The incidence of adverse effects, such as chest pain, arterial hypertension and hypotension, was lower than that found in studies with populations without Chagas disease.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Daniela do Carmo Rassi, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Seguran&#231;a do Ecocardiograma sob Estresse com Dobutamina-Atropina em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turco</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melato</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Colandy Godoy de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG); Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem (CDI), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Francisco de Assis; Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Daniela do Carmo Rassi</bold>, Rua 1, 352 Apto 901 - Ed Reserva dos Buritis Setor Oeste. CEP 74115-040, Setor Oeste, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>danirassi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>dani.rassi@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rassi DC, Vieira MLC, Furtado RG, Turco FP, Melato LH, Hotta VT, Nunes CGO, Rassi Jr. L, Rassi S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rassi DC, Furtado RG, Turco FP, Melato LH, Nunes CGO, Rassi Jr. L; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rassi DC, Vieira MLC, Rassi S; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rassi DC, Vieira MLC, Hotta VT, Rassi S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>At&#233; poucas d&#233;cadas atr&#225;s, os pacientes chag&#225;sicos eram predominantemente trabalhadores rurais, com baixo perfil de risco para doen&#231;a obstrutiva coron&#225;ria. Com a crescente urbaniza&#231;&#227;o, passaram a ter os mesmos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica que indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o infectados. O ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED) &#233; uma importante ferramenta no diagn&#243;stico de coronariopatia. &#201; referido, por&#233;m, como um m&#233;todo potencialmente arritmog&#234;nico, mas seguro, em pacientes coronarianos n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos. Entretanto, h&#225; inseguran&#231;a na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de indic&#225;-lo no paciente chag&#225;sico, devido ao potencial arritmog&#234;nico j&#225; intr&#237;nseco nesta cardiopatia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Analisar a seguran&#231;a do EED em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de chag&#225;sicos com suspeita cl&#237;nica de coronariopatia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>An&#225;lise retrospectiva de um banco de dados de pacientes encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do EED entre maio/2012 e fevereiro/2015. Avaliou-se pacientes consecutivos portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas e com suspeita de coronariopatia. Confirmou-se a sorologia para doen&#231;a de Chagas em todos os pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia et&#225;ria dos 205 pacientes analisados foi de 64 &#177; 10 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (65,4%). Nenhum paciente apresentou eventos adversos significativos, como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, assistolia, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, ruptura card&#237;aca ou morte. Quanto &#224;s arritmias, extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares frequentes ocorreram em 48% dos pacientes, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada em 7,3%, bigeminismo em 4,4%, taquicardia supraventricular e taquicardia ventricular sustentada em 1% e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 0,5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O EED mostrou ser um exame seguro nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes chag&#225;sicos, onde nenhum desfecho grave foi encontrado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse</kwd>
        <kwd>Atropina</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma cruzi / efeitos de drogas</kwd>
        <kwd>Seguran&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas continua sendo um grave problema de sa&#250;de e econ&#244;mico na maioria dos pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina. Recente estimativa da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de indica que 18 milh&#245;es de pessoas est&#227;o cronicamente infectadas pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi,</italic> com cerca de 200 mil novos casos diagnosticados por ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>At&#233; poucas d&#233;cadas atr&#225;s, os pacientes chag&#225;sicos eram predominantemente trabalhadores rurais, com baixo perfil de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Com a crescente urbaniza&#231;&#227;o, a partir de 1980, passaram a ser expostos aos mesmos fatores de risco para DAC que os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o infectados. Assim, &#233; natural que a preval&#234;ncia de DAC, como causa de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, seja semelhante em chag&#225;sicos e n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DAC nos pacientes chag&#225;sicos, contudo, &#233; controversa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Deve-se reconhecer a inerente dificuldade diagn&#243;stica quanto &#224; dor precordial, que pode ser at&#237;pica ou intensa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A coronariografia s&#243; deve ser indicada em situa&#231;&#245;es especiais, como dor anginosa t&#237;pica e presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para DAC, ou grande &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica demonstrada em testes n&#227;o invasivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; 25 anos o ecocardiograma sob estresse demonstra ser uma importante ferramenta para o diagn&#243;stico de coronariopatia. O uso do protocolo com dobutamina-atropina [ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina -EED)] &#233; seguro e possui acur&#225;cia semelhante aos outros m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos n&#227;o invasivos, com uma especificidade superior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A dobutamina &#233; o agente mais comumente utilizado na maioria dos testes farmacol&#243;gicos de estresse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Arritmias ventriculares graves durante o exame podem ocorrer, por&#233;m s&#227;o raras, confirmando assim a seguran&#231;a do uso de dobutamina no ecocardiograma sob estresse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entretanto, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, h&#225; inseguran&#231;a quanto &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o do EED na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC), devido ao potencial arritmog&#234;nico da droga, em uma cardiopatia tamb&#233;m arritmog&#234;nica. N&#227;o h&#225; na literatura um estudo desenhado com o objetivo espec&#237;fico de avaliar a seguran&#231;a do EED em um grupo de pacientes chag&#225;sicos. Da&#237; a relev&#226;ncia desta pesquisa, no sentido de contribuir para o esclarecimento sobre a seguran&#231;a do emprego do EED para o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria, neste grupo de pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e local do estudo</title>
          <p>Esta &#233; uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de um banco de dados para formula&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese. Foi avaliada uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes consecutivos portadores de CCC, com suspeita de insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria. Foram encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do EED no per&#237;odo entre maio/2012 e fevereiro/2015, em dois laborat&#243;rios de ecocardiografia, sendo um deles n&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
          <p>Foi necess&#225;ria a confirma&#231;&#227;o da sorologia para doen&#231;a de Chagas em todos os pacientes. Os que apresentaram espontaneamente duas ou mais sorologias positivas no momento do exame de EED, foram confirmados como chag&#225;sicos. Os que n&#227;o apresentaram as sorologias foram convidados, por contato telef&#244;nico, a realizar os testes sorol&#243;gicos, com assinatura do termo de consentimento, no local da coleta sangu&#237;nea. Foram submetidos a pelo menos dois testes sorol&#243;gicos de princ&#237;pios diferentes, que comprovaram a exist&#234;ncia de anticorpos anti-T. cruzi. Os testes sorol&#243;gicos empregados foram os convencionais: ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico (ELISA), imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta (IFI) ou hemaglutina&#231;&#227;o indireta (HAI). Os pacientes que se recusaram a realiz&#225;-los foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, an&#225;lise de seguran&#231;a e de arritmias</title>
          <p>Antes do in&#237;cio do EED, os pacientes foram questionados sobre a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares pr&#233;vias, inclusive doen&#231;a de Chagas, os procedimentos cardiol&#243;gicos a que j&#225; haviam sido submetidos e de quais medicamentos faziam uso regular.</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada com aux&#237;lio do ecocardi&#243;grafo modelo HD-11 (Philips Ultrasound Systems, Andover, MA, EUA). Os exames foram realizados por um ecocardiografista de um grupo de quatro profissionais, com o mesmo treinamento, de forma padronizada e uniforme, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ASE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Os ecocardiografistas desse grupo possuem uma grande experi&#234;ncia com ecocardiograma sob estresse (realiza&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 200 exames/m&#234;s cada um). Os exames foram realizados de maneira sistem&#225;tica, em todos os pacientes, independentemente da confirma&#231;&#227;o da sorologia para doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos, inicialmente, a um estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico basal, com medidas lineares das estruturas card&#237;acas e dos fluxos valvares. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de Teichholz ou Simpson, dependendo da extens&#227;o da altera&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar. Quando esse &#250;ltimo m&#233;todo foi usado, em alguns casos n&#227;o se mediu o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final. Ap&#243;s aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens padr&#227;o no estado basal nos planos paraesternal longitudinal, transversal, apical quatro e duas c&#226;maras, foi iniciada a infus&#227;o endovenosa de dobutamina, com dose inicial de 5<italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg/min, com incrementos crescentes de 10, 20, 30 e 40<italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg/min a cada 3 minutos. Caso o paciente n&#227;o apresentasse sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e n&#227;o tivesse atingido a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de no m&#237;nimo 100 bpm no est&#225;gio de 20<italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg/min, administrou-se atropina em doses de 0,25 mg/min, a cada 1 minuto, at&#233; a dose m&#225;xima acumulativa de 2mg. N&#227;o houve uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o quanto ao tempo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da infus&#227;o. Aguardou-se o tempo necess&#225;rio para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca retornar ao valor inferior a 100 batimentos por minuto.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram mantidos sob monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e press&#243;rica cont&#237;nuas, e foram registradas as medidas de press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e eletrocardiograma em 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es antes, no estado basal, ao final de cada est&#225;gio e durante a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o. A sintomatologia dos pacientes foi registrada de acordo com questionamento direto ou queixa direta do paciente, a qualquer momento do estudo.</p>
          <p>O EED foi considerado eficaz quando o estudo alcan&#231;ou um dos objetivos seguintes: m&#237;nimo de 85% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima, predita para a idade, calculada de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o de Karvonen (220 - idade = frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> ou presen&#231;a de sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de isquemia (novas altera&#231;&#245;es na motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) ou t&#233;rmino do protocolo de infus&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios subm&#225;ximos de interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste, considerados ent&#227;o n&#227;o diagn&#243;sticos foram: sintomas intoler&#225;veis, efeitos colaterais limitantes incluindo hipertens&#227;o arterial (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 230 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &gt; 120 mmHg), hipotens&#227;o relativa ou absoluta (queda da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &gt; 30 mmHg de repouso ou press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 80 mmHg), arritmias supraventriculares (taquicardia supraventricular sustentada e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial) e arritmias ventriculares (taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada e sustentada).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de seguran&#231;a do exame foram estabelecidos como as complica&#231;&#245;es graves, que potencialmente causam risco de vida, definidos na meta-an&#225;lise realizada por Geleijnse et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> como ruptura card&#237;aca, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, assistolia, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e taquicardia ventricular sustentada.</p>
          <p>Quanto &#224;s arritmias card&#237;acas registradas durante o exame, definiram-se: taquicardia supraventricular, a presen&#231;a de complexos QRS estreitos (&lt;120ms), na aus&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o, bem definidos, regulares e semelhantes entre si; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, a aus&#234;ncia de onda P, associada com ritmo irregular, complexos QRS estreitos (&lt;120 ms), na aus&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o; extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares frequentes, a presen&#231;a de complexos ventriculares prematuros e com frequ&#234;ncia maior que 6 complexos por minuto; bigeminismo ventricular, a presen&#231;a de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares alternadas com complexos QRS normais; taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada, a presen&#231;a de mais de tr&#234;s batimentos ventriculares complexos prematuros, com dura&#231;&#227;o menor que 30 segundos e com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca maior que 100 batimentos por minuto; e taquicardia ventricular sustentada, a presen&#231;a de mais de tr&#234;s batimentos ventriculares complexos prematuros, com dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 30 segundos e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca maior que 100 batimentos por minuto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi dividido em 17 segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos, segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ASE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A an&#225;lise qualitativa da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar mioc&#225;rdica foi baseada na avalia&#231;&#227;o visual do espessamento mioc&#225;rdico e no grau de motilidade da parede graduada em um &#237;ndice de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar, dando a cada um dos segmentos a seguinte pontua&#231;&#227;o: 1 - normal; 2 - hipocinesia; 3 - acinesia; e 4 - discinesia. O valor normal desse &#237;ndice &#233; 1 (17 pontos/17 segmentos). Qualquer valor maior que 1 foi considerado &#237;ndice de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar alterado. Considerou-se contra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica segmentar positiva para isquemia a presen&#231;a n&#237;tida de altera&#231;&#227;o de motilidade mioc&#225;rdica segmentar em um ou mais segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, durante o estresse farmacol&#243;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Decidiu-se por uma amostra n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica por conveni&#234;ncia composta por pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas, com suspeita de insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria, encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma sob estresse no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-determinado da pesquisa. O tamanho da amostra foi limitado &#224; capacidade operacional do estudo.</p>
          <p>An&#225;lise multivariada via regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria m&#250;ltipla foi utilizada para identificar covari&#225;veis associadas com a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho bin&#225;rio. Quando indicado, dado o reduzido n&#250;mero de eventos do desfecho bin&#225;rio, considerou-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de m&#225;xima verossimilhan&#231;a penalizada.</p>
          <p>Modelos de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla foram determinados com introdu&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea (<italic>full model</italic>) de vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p&lt;0,05 na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada e que n&#227;o apresentaram multicolinearidade ou percentual de perda maior que 10%.</p>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas com contagens e propor&#231;&#245;es. Vari&#225;veis quantitativas de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e assim&#233;trica foram descritas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil), respectivamente.</p>
          <p>Normalidade foi avaliada com a inspe&#231;&#227;o visual de histogramas. O software R (R Foundation, Viena, &#193;ustria) foi utilizado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de dados. Todas as probabilidades de signific&#226;ncia apresentadas s&#227;o do tipo bilateral e valores menores que 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram realizados 23.935 exames de EED na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, encaminhada para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. Dessa amostra, foram selecionados 415 pacientes, que referiram ser portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas. Foram exclu&#237;dos 210 pacientes devido &#224; n&#227;o confirma&#231;&#227;o da sorologia, resultando em um grupo final de 205 pacientes para serem avaliados.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia et&#225;ria dos 205 pacientes analisados foi de 64 &#177; 10 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (65,4%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso, as drogas mais utilizadas eram os bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II (35,1%) e a amiodarona (29,3%). Dos fatores de risco referidos para DAC, a dislipidemia foi a mais frequente (33,2%). Quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de evento coronariano pr&#233;vio, 6,3% relataram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e 5,9% algum tipo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (cir&#250;rgica ou angioplastia). Todas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do grupo e tratamento medicamentoso est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>, e os fatores de risco para DAC na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da amostra total</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" colspan="2">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">64 &#177; 10 (M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">n= 205</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">65,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tratamento medicamentoso</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">n = 205</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BCC</td>
                <td align="center">9,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">iECA</td>
                <td align="center">9,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRA</td>
                <td align="center">35,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">12,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nitrato</td>
                <td align="center">0,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Amiodarona</td>
                <td align="center">29,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marca-passo</td>
                <td align="center">2,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em repouso</td>
                <td align="center">1,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CI ao uso de atropina</td>
                <td align="center">2,4%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o, BCC: bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio; iECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina, BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; CI: contraindica&#231;&#227;o</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="75%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Fator de risco</th>
                <th align="center">n= 205</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">64,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">12,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">7,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">33,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 %</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RM</td>
                <td align="center">5,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF</td>
                <td align="center">11,7%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabete melito; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; RM: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via; HF: hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e sinais vitais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>), a maioria dos pacientes possu&#237;a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica dentro da normalidade, por&#233;m frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tendendo para o limite inferior da normalidade.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
                <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center">Mediana</th>
                <th align="center">IQR</th>
                <th align="center">Min</th>
                <th align="center">Max</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">36,02</td>
                <td align="center">5,402</td>
                <td align="center">(35,28; 36.77)</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">(32; 40)</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SEP (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">8,698</td>
                <td align="center">1,504</td>
                <td align="center">(8,49; 8.905)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">(8; 9)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">8,517</td>
                <td align="center">1,363</td>
                <td align="center">(8,329; 8,705)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">(8; 9)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">49,81</td>
                <td align="center">7,388</td>
                <td align="center">(48,79; 50,83)</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">(45; 54)</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">171</td>
                <td align="center">30,13</td>
                <td align="center">5,566</td>
                <td align="center">(29,29; 30,97)</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">(26; 34)</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">62.36</td>
                <td align="center">11,16</td>
                <td align="center">(60,82; 63,89)</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">(58; 70)</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECS REP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">1,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,362</td>
                <td align="center">(1,18; 1,279)</td>
                <td align="center">1,06</td>
                <td align="center">(1; ,29)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECS PICO<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">1,249</td>
                <td align="center">0,415</td>
                <td align="center">(1,192; 1,306)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">(1; 1,29)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">123,8</td>
                <td align="center">18,74</td>
                <td align="center">(121,2; 126,3)</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">(110;140)</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">180</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">74,54</td>
                <td align="center">9,518</td>
                <td align="center">(73,23; 75,85)</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">(70; 80)</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (batimento/min)</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">67,88</td>
                <td align="center">12,43</td>
                <td align="center">(66,17; 69,59)</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">(59; 75)</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Significativo: vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o apresentam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: medida anteroposterior do &#225;trio esquerdo; SEP: espessura do septo interventricular; PP: espessura da parede posterior; IECS REP: &#237;ndice de escore de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar no repouso; IECS PICO: &#237;ndice de escore contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar no pico; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso; IQR: intervalo interquartil; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Mais da metade do grupo (105 pacientes - 51,2%) apresentava alguma altera&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar em repouso: nos segmentos apicais do ventr&#237;culo, 30 pacientes; nos segmentos basais das paredes inferior e/ou inferolateral, 35; associa&#231;&#227;o das duas altera&#231;&#245;es anteriormente descritas, 32; e hipocinesia difusa, 8. Quanto &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas do grupo, 98 pacientes apresentavam as seguintes altera&#231;&#245;es nos tra&#231;ados em repouso: bloqueio de ramo direito isolado, 60 pacientes; associa&#231;&#227;o de bloqueio de ramo direito com bloqueio divisional anterossuperior esquerdo, 27; bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, 5; ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, 3; e ritmo de marca-passo, 3. Somente altera&#231;&#227;o de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar, altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, ou associa&#231;&#227;o das duas estava presente em 50, 43 e 55 pacientes, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>O resultado negativo para isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio foi o mais frequente e ocorreu em 139 exames (67,9%). O resultado foi positivo em 29 exames (14,1%) e inconclusivo em 37 (18%). Dos pacientes com resultado inconclusivo (n&#227;o atingiram a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca subm&#225;xima), 22 (59,5%) usaram dose m&#225;xima de dobutamina, passando por todos os est&#225;gios do protocolo, 1 (2,7%) teve o exame interrompido por dor tor&#225;cica intensa, 1 (2,7%) devido aumento importante da press&#227;o arterial (valor maior que 230/120 mmHg), 2 devido cefaleia intensa (5,4%) e 11 (29,7%) devido arritmias card&#237;acas. Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares frequentes e polim&#243;rficas e taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada foram as arritmias mais comumente relacionadas com a interrup&#231;&#227;o do exame. Grande parte dos pacientes que apresentaram extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares frequentes durante o exame, apresentava extrass&#237;stoles isoladas no repouso. Da mesma forma, a maioria das arritmias apresentadas foi dose-dependente, e ocorreu no pico do estresse farmacol&#243;gico. Dos pacientes que receberam dose m&#225;xima de dobutamina, 16 (72,7%) usavam drogas cronotr&#243;picas negativas como betabloqueador ou amiodarona.</p>
        <p>As arritmias induzidas durante o EED est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>. Dos 205 pacientes, 18 (8,7%) apresentaram mais de um tipo de arritmia durante o exame.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Arritmias induzidas durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="70%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Arritmias</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FA</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TSV</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EV</td>
                <td align="center">100 (48%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bigeminismo</td>
                <td align="center">9 (4,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TVNS</td>
                <td align="center">15 (7,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TVS</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; TSV: taquicardia supraventricular sustentada; EV: extrass&#237;stole ventricular; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; TVS: taquicardia ventricular sustentada.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Foi interrompido o protocolo diante do surgimento de arritmias significativas (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, taquicardia supraventricular sustentada, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada e taquicardia ventricular sustentada). N&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica ou cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica para esses pacientes. Em nenhum caso houve instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Realizou-se observa&#231;&#227;o rotineira para todos os pacientes.</p>
        <p>A cefaleia foi o sintoma indesej&#225;vel mais frequente (2,4%) durante o exame, seguida de dor precordial (2,0%). Nenhum paciente apresentou hipotens&#227;o durante o exame e apenas um paciente (0,5%) teve resposta hipertensiva.</p>
        <p>Nenhum paciente apresentou eventos adversos significativos como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, assistolia, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, ruptura card&#237;aca ou morte.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O emprego do EED para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC em pacientes com limita&#231;&#227;o ao teste ergom&#233;trico tem aumentado ao longo dos anos. Al&#233;m disso, protocolos mais agressivos com altas doses de dobutamina e atropina t&#234;m sido aplicados com maior frequ&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ao nosso conhecimento, esse &#233; o primeiro estudo desenhado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a do EED, com enfoque tamb&#233;m na ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o exclusiva de pacientes chag&#225;sicos.</p>
        <p>Apesar do risco potencial de surgimento de complica&#231;&#245;es, principalmente as arritmog&#234;nicas, o m&#233;todo foi seguro quando realizado nos 205 pacientes. Nenhum paciente apresentou complica&#231;&#245;es significativas como morte, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, rotura card&#237;aca, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou assistolia. A maioria dos estudos pr&#233;vios de seguran&#231;a relatou uma incid&#234;ncia muito baixa desses eventos, como a meta-an&#225;lise publicada por Geleijnse et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> com 55.071 pacientes, onde a incid&#234;ncia de morte, rotura card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral foi menor que 0,01% e a de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, de 0,02%, com uma taxa de incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores de 1:475 (acrescentando a taquicardia ventricular sustentada, assistolia e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular). Esse n&#250;mero, tamb&#233;m est&#225; de acordo com as complica&#231;&#245;es encontradas no registro internacional de complica&#231;&#245;es em ecocardiograma sob estresse (<italic>International Stress Echo Complication Registry),</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> com taxa de 1:595 na avalia&#231;&#227;o de 35.103 pacientes.</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada por n&#243;s possui a mesma faixa et&#225;ria se comparada com os diversos estudos de seguran&#231;a do EED avaliados na meta-an&#225;lise anteriormente citada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Recentemente, um estudo conduzido por O'Driscoll et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> com 550 pacientes octogen&#225;rios demonstrou que o EED foi um exame seguro nessa popula&#231;&#227;o e capaz de identificar indiv&#237;duos com alto risco de evento cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Os fatores de risco referidos para DAC nos pacientes chag&#225;sicos apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia menor quando comparados &#224; de n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos, em estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Os fatores de risco referidos mais prevalentes foram hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia, sendo esses os &#250;nicos que se aproximaram daqueles das popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o chag&#225;sicas j&#225; estudadas, como por exemplo no grupo avaliado por San Roman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> com as seguintes preval&#234;ncias: hipertens&#227;o, 61%; diabetes melito, 29%; dislipidemia, 46%; tabagismo, 23%; hist&#243;ria de infarto pr&#233;vio, 23%; e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, 31%.</p>
        <p>Quanto ao tratamento medicamentoso, o grupo de pacientes chag&#225;sicos utilizou, em menor frequ&#234;ncia, terap&#234;utica antianginosa como betabloqueador, nitratos e bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio, quando comparado com estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Em contrapartida, 30% dos pacientes utilizaram amiodarona, uma droga antiarr&#237;tmica e cronotr&#243;pica negativa, que foi talvez um dos respons&#225;veis pelo n&#227;o alcance da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca subm&#225;xima na maioria dos resultados inconclusivos.</p>
        <p>O resultado positivo para isquemia na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi menos frequente do que nos outros estudos, talvez pela menor quantidade de fatores de risco referidos para DAC presentes nesse grupo de pacientes chag&#225;sicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Uma coorte de 4.033 pacientes conduzida por Mathias et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> apresentou resultado positivo em 37% dos pacientes e resultado inconclusivo em 10%. Sicari et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> em sua coorte de 7.333 pacientes, obteve resultado positivo para isquemia em 39% dos exames.</p>
        <p>O &#250;nico trabalho publicado na literatura, em que foram avaliados pacientes chag&#225;sicos submetidos ao EED, foi o conduzido por Aquatella.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Nesse estudo, o objetivo era avaliar se a estimula&#231;&#227;o com dobutamina poderia desencadear uma resposta de contra&#231;&#227;o anormal como visto no mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico. Nessa pequena coorte (24 pacientes chag&#225;sicos vs 10 controles), concluiu-se que a dobutamina evidenciou uma incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica existente e uma resposta contr&#225;til diminu&#237;da, mesmo naqueles sem manifesta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca aparente. Esse estudo pode explicar parte dos resultados inconclusivos encontrados em nossa amostra, devido a esse prov&#225;vel d&#233;ficit cronotr&#243;pico.</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes chag&#225;sicos estudados, a maioria apresentava algum grau de comprometimento segmentar, frequente nessa patologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> O &#237;ndice de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar, que reflete o grau de comprometimento segmentar mioc&#225;rdico, foi discretamente alterado, sendo seu valor mediano de 1,06, refletindo discretas altera&#231;&#245;es e poucos segmentos comprometidos.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s arritmias, as extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares foram as mais frequentes, de forma semelhante aos estudos de seguran&#231;a j&#225; realizados e analisados na meta-an&#225;lise publicada por Geleijnse et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Por&#233;m, a incid&#234;ncia foi superior &#224;quela da maioria dos estudos, sendo o estudo conduzido por Takeuchi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> o que mais se aproximou. Esse estudo, com 1090 pacientes, avaliou diferentes protocolos de dobutamina-atropina, tendo a incid&#234;ncia de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares sido de 43,6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> A segunda maior incid&#234;ncia foi de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada: 15 pacientes (7,3%). Essa incid&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m foi maior do que nos estudos j&#225; publicados, onde a m&#233;dia foi de 2,19% (variando de 0,2% a 7,3%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> O estudo conduzido por Bremer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> com 4.035 pacientes, que avaliou a seguran&#231;a do ecocardiograma sob estresse conduzido por enfermeiras, foi o &#250;nico que apresentou incid&#234;ncia semelhante &#224; daquele grupo. A taquicardia ventricular sustentada ocorreu em 2 (1%) pacientes, sendo essa incid&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m superior aos estudos pr&#233;vios em pacientes n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos, onde a m&#233;dia foi de 0,15% (variando de 0,0% a 0,78%). Quanto &#224;s arritmias supraventriculares, a incid&#234;ncia foi semelhante &#224; dos demais estudos, onde a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial teve uma incid&#234;ncia m&#233;dia de 0,9% e a taquicardia supraventricular sustentada de 1,3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Nossos pacientes apresentaram 0,5% e 1,0%, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Efeitos adversos indesej&#225;veis, como dor precordial, tiveram uma incid&#234;ncia menor do que nos estudos pr&#233;vios, como naqueles conduzidos por Mathias et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> San Roman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> e Mertes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> onde a precordialgia ocorreu em 12,6%, 8,5% e 12,7%, respectivamente. Cefaleia ocorreu na mesma frequ&#234;ncia que nos outros estudos, como demonstrado por Mathias et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Mertes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e San Roman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> com incid&#234;ncia de 1,9%, 4% e 1,9%, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de resposta hipertensiva e hipotens&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi inferior &#224; dos estudos de seguran&#231;a avaliados na meta-an&#225;lise publicada por Geleijnse et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> onde a incid&#234;ncia m&#233;dia de hipertens&#227;o como causa de interrup&#231;&#227;o do protocolo foi 1,3%, e de hipotens&#227;o como um crit&#233;rio para interrup&#231;&#227;o do exame, 1,7%. Uma recente an&#225;lise retrospectiva publicada por Abram et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> com 2968 pacientes sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular e com exames de ecocardiograma sob estresse normais, demostrou que a varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial durante o exame depende da idade, sexo e uso de atropina. Houve um maior incremento da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica nos homens e jovens, com efeito da atropina mais pronunciado nos jovens.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo de an&#225;lise retrospectiva de um banco de dados, o que implica nas limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes a essa qualidade de an&#225;lise. Contudo, os exames foram realizados de forma sistem&#225;tica, por uma mesma equipe m&#233;dica e de enfermagem, treinada e com grande experi&#234;ncia nesse tipo de exame.</p>
          <p>Este banco de dados &#233; pequeno, quando comparado aos de estudos de seguran&#231;a de ecocardiograma de estresse, por&#233;m a identifica&#231;&#227;o desse tipo de paciente &#233; limitada.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o possu&#237;mos os estudos de cineangiografia dos pacientes que referiram hist&#243;ria de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Portanto, pode-se questionar se a altera&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar desses pacientes, quando presente, deve ser atribu&#237;da ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou &#224; cardiopatia chag&#225;sica. Esse o n&#250;mero de pacientes em nossa amostra, por&#233;m, foi reduzido.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a an&#225;lise da varia&#231;&#227;o interobservador dos dados do ecocardiograma, pois as imagens digitais n&#227;o foram arquivadas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina e atropina demostrou ser um exame seguro nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes chag&#225;sicos, onde nenhum desfecho grave foi encontrado.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de arritmias durante o exame foi maior do que a encontrada em estudos em popula&#231;&#245;es de n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos, como dor precordial, hipertens&#227;o arterial e hipotens&#227;o, foi menor do que a encontrada em estudos de popula&#231;&#245;es de n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Daniela do Carmo Rassi pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
