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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">f8Ggj5dkF4FNtv48sjRLR5D</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000200116</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Atherosclerosis/Endothelium/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resveratrol Treatment Normalizes the Endothelial Function and Blood Pressure in Ovariectomized Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fabricio</surname>
            <given-names>Victor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oishi</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biffe</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ruffoni</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Dias Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Ana da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nonaka</surname>
            <given-names>Keico Okino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Jhonatan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Carlos</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="city">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (UFSCar), S&#227;o Carlos, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Victor Fabricio</bold>, Rodovia Washington Lu&#237;s, Km 235. Postal Code 13565-905, Jardim Guanabara, S&#227;o Carlos, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>vicfabricio@gmail.com</email>, <email>malaksoad@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Fabricio V, Nonaka KO, Rodrigues GJ; Acquisition of data: Fabricio V, Oishi JC, Biffe BG, Ruffoni LDG, Silva KA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Fabricio V, Oishi JC, Nonaka KO, Rodrigues GJ; Statistical analysis: Fabricio V, Oishi JC; Obtaining financing: Nonaka KO, Rodrigues GJ; Writing of the manuscript: Fabricio V, Oishi JC, Nonaka KO, Rodrigues GJ; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oishi JC, Biffe BG, Ruffoni LDG, Silva KA, Nonaka KO, Rodrigues GJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>116</fpage>
      <lpage>121</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Despite knowing that resveratrol has effects on blood vessels, blood pressure and that phytostrogens can also improve the endothelium-dependent relaxation/vasodilation, there are no reports of reveratrol's direct effect on the endothelial function and blood pressure of animals with estrogen deficit (mimicking post-menopausal increased blood pressure).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To verify the effect of two different periods of preventive treatment with resveratrol on blood pressure and endothelial function in ovariectomized young adult rats. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>3-month old female Wistar rats were used and distributed in 6 groups: intact groups with 60 or 90 days, ovariectomized groups with 60 or 90 days, and ovariectomized treated with resveratrol (10 mg/kg of body weight per day) for 60 or 90 days. The number of days in each group corresponds to the duration of the experimental period. Vascular reactivity study was performed in abdominal aortic rings, systolic blood pressure was measured and serum nitric oxide (NO) concentration was quantified. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Ovariectomy induced blood pressure increase 60 and 90 days after surgery, whereas the endothelial function decreased only 90 days after surgery, with no difference in NO concentration among the groups. Only longer treatment (90 days) with resveratrol was able to improve the endothelial function and normalize blood pressure. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our results suggest that 90 days of treatment with resveratrol is able to improve the endothelial function and decrease blood pressure in ovariectomized rats.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats, Wistar</kwd>
        <kwd>Resveratrol</kwd>
        <kwd>Phytoestrogens</kwd>
        <kwd>Ovariectomy</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium, Vascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2012/24477-8</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by CAPES and partially funded by FAPESP (2012/24477-8).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The endothelium is a monolayer of tissue located inside the blood vessels and can have endocrine and paracrine functions, regulating vascular function by releasing trophic and vasoactive factors that regulate the vascular tone and even control the vascular wall inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Endothelial dysfunction is characterized mainly by a direct or indirect decrease of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>NO release by the endothelium is modulated by several factors, including estrogen. This hormone is able to increase NO bioavailability and production through genomic and non-genomic factors. Among them, we can mention its action on estrogen receptor &#945; (ER&#945;) and the reduction of oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Thus, the reduction of this hormone that is observed after menopause can lead to endothelial dysfunction with a consequent increase in blood pressure.</p>
      <p>In order to reduce some negative effects of estrogen deficiency, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is commonly indicated. However, studies indicate that this treatment may be associated with adverse cardiovascular events, increased risk of the development of breast cancer and deep vein thrombosis in women with a predisposition to these conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In an attempt to find alternatives to HRT with fewer side effects, resveratrol (3,4,5'-trihydroxystilbene) has shown promising effect because of its similarity to diethylstilbestrol (a synthetic estrogen) and can be regarded as a phytoestrogen. In addition, resveratrol can exert its action on estrogen receptors and may then be regarded as a SERM (selective estrogen receptor modulator).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite knowing that both phytoestrogens and SERMs are reported in the literature as acute improvers of endothelium-dependent relaxation/vasodilation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and that studies indicate the effect of resveratrol on blood pressure and blood vessels,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> there are not many reports of its direct effect on both the endothelial function and blood pressure in animals with estrogen deficit only. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the effect of two different preventive treatment protocols with resveratrol on blood pressure and endothelial function in young ovariectomized female rats.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals and treatments</title>
        <p>The experimental protocol was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Brazilian College for Animal Experimentation (COBEA) and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Sao Carlos - UFSCar (2-043/2013).</p>
        <p>Sixty Wistar (<italic>Rattus norvegicus albinis)</italic> female rats (90 days old at the beginning of the experiment) were housed under controlled dark-light cycles (14h/10h from 6:00 pm to 8:00 am) and temperature (22 &#177; 2 &#176;C) receiving standard diet and water <italic>ad libitum</italic> for 60 or 90 days.</p>
        <p>The animals were randomly assigned to six experimental groups: intact - 60 Days Days (INT 60), ovariectomized - 60 days (OVX 60), ovariectomized + resveratrol - 60 days (OVX + RES 60), intact - 90 days (INT 90), ovariectomized - 90 days (OVX 90) and ovariectomized + resveratrol - 90 days (OVX + RES 90). The number of days in each group represented the duration of the experimental period. The animals in the intact groups received no intervention; the ovariectomized groups were ovariectomized and treated with a 0.9% saline solution (0.1ml/100g of body weight per day) by gavage until the end of the experimental period. Those in the ovariectomized + resveratrol group were ovariectomized and treated daily with a solution of 10mg/kg of body weight of resveratrol per day (solubilized in ethanol and diluted with distilled water, with the final concentration of ethanol at 5%), also by gavage for 60 or 90 days. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were anaesthetized with isoflurane and euthanized by decapitation. Blood and aorta artery were collected for experimental analysis.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure</title>
          <p>Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography (model Power Lab 8/35, AD Instruments, Pty Ltda, Colorado Springs, CO) in non-anesthetized animals, as described elsewhere by Rodrigues et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> two days before the animals were killed by decapitation at the end of each experimental period. The average of four consecutive measurements was taken as the mean systolic blood pressure of each animal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vascular reactivity studies</title>
          <p>The thoracic aortas were isolated, cleaned of adherent connective tissues, and placed in Krebs solution, as described elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The aortas were carefully dissected and mounted as ring preparations (&#8773;4 mm in length) and placed in bath chambers (5 mL) containing Krebs solution at 37 &#176;C (NaCl 130mM, KCl 47 mM, KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1.2 mM, CaCl 1.6; MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1.2mM; NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 14.9 mM; glucose 5.5 mM) continuously bubbled with 95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>, pH 7.4, in a Mulvany-Halpern isometric myograph (model 610 DMT-USA, Marietta, GA) and recorded by a PowerLab8/SP data acquisition system (AD Instruments Pty Ltd., Colorado Springs, CO). The aortic rings were submitted to a tension of 1.5 g, which was readjusted every 15 min for a 60-min equilibration period before addition of the given drug. Experiments were conducted in aortic rings with intact endothelium and also in endothelium-denuded aortic rings. Endothelial integrity was assessed by the degree of relaxation induced by 1<italic>&#181;</italic>mol/l acetylcholine (Ach) in the presence of contractile tonus induced by phenylephrine (0.1<italic>&#181;</italic>M). The ring was considered as with intact endothelium if relaxation with acetylcholine was higher than 80%. In endothelium-denuded aortas, the relaxation to Ach was lower than 5%. After the endothelial integrity test, aortic rings were pre-contracted with phenylephrine (0.1<italic>&#181;</italic>M). When the plateau was reached, concentration-effect curves to acetylcholine (0.1nM to 0.1mM) in intact endothelium aortic rings or to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in endothelium-denuded aortic rings were constructed. The potency (pD<sub>2</sub>) and the maximal relaxant effect (ME) were measured.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Serum Nitrite and Nitrate (NOx)</title>
        <p>Serum nitric oxide levels were obtained by measuring the serum concentrations of its stable end-products nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub>
					<sup>-</sup>) and nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>
					<sup>-</sup>), collectively known as NO<sub>x</sub>. The NO/ozone chemiluminescence method was performed using the NO Analizer 280i (Sievers, Boulder, CO, USA). The NO<sub>x</sub> concentration was corrected by the factor obtained by the quotient of the measured NO<sub>x</sub> and expected concentrations of sodium nitrate (5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>M), yielding a standard curve.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Normality of distribution of the variables studied (all quantitative and continuous) was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Differences in means among the groups in each experimental period were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). When significance was indicated, a Newman-Keuls post hoc analysis was used with statistical significance set at p&lt;0.05 (Software Statistica 7.0, StatSoft. Inc, Tulsa, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Drugs and chemicals</title>
        <p>Acetylcholine, phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO, USA). Resveratrol was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> we can observe that 60 days of ovariectomy did not change the endothelium-dependent and independent vascular relaxation of aortic rings, and resveratrol supplementation had no effect in the OVX group. The maximal relaxant effect (ME) did not change in aortic rings with or without endothelium for all groups. Also, a decrease in the potency of acetylcholine in inducing relaxation (pD2 OVX 90: 6.99 &#177; 0.10) was observed after 90 days of ovariectomy when compared to intact animals (pD2 INT 90: 7.51 &#177; 0.07, p&lt;0.05). Ninety days of resveratrol supplementation was able to increase the pD2 to acetylcholine (pD2: OVX+RES: 7.50 &#177; 0.15, p &lt;0.05) and also bring it to values similar to those of the intact groups, normalizing the endothelial function. In denuded aortic rings, no change was observed in the endothelium-independent relaxant effect in pD2 values in all groups. ME did not change after 90 days of ovariectomy or resveratrol supplementation in endothelium-dependent and independent relaxation induced by acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside, respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Values of power (pD2) and maximal relaxant effect (ME) to relaxation induced by acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, in aortic rings with (E+) or without (E-) its endothelium from intact (INT), ovariectomized (OVX) and ovariectomized + resveratrol (OVX + RES) groups in both experimental periods. Values are expressed as Mean&#177;SD. Comparisons were made using One-way ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls post- hoc test. *p&lt;0.05 compared to INT 60 group; +p&lt;0.05 compared to INT 90 group; # p&lt; 0.05 compared to OVX 90 group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="4">Relaxation induced by acetyilcholine (E+) and sodium nitroprusside (E-)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>60 DAYS</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>INT 60</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>OVX 60</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>OVX+ RES 60</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pD2 E+</td>
              <td align="center">7.69 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td align="center">7.43 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">7.63 &#177; 0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ME E+</td>
              <td align="center">94.28 &#177; 4.80</td>
              <td align="center">84.66 &#177; 4.93</td>
              <td align="center">89.00 &#177; 4.43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pD2 E-</td>
              <td align="center">8.55 &#177; 0.09</td>
              <td align="center">8.51 &#177; 0.11</td>
              <td align="center">8.56 &#177; 0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ME E-</td>
              <td align="center">105.40 &#177; 2.12</td>
              <td align="center">103.30 &#177; 2.17</td>
              <td align="center">105.50 &#177; 2.71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>90 DAYS</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>INT 90</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>OVX 90</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>OVX+ RES 90</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pD2 E+</td>
              <td align="center">7.51 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">7.00 &#177; 0.10<sup>+</sup></td>
              <td align="center">7.50 &#177; 0.15<sup>#</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ME E+</td>
              <td align="center">86.18 &#177; 4.32</td>
              <td align="center">85.50 &#177; 2.45</td>
              <td align="center">81.67 &#177; 3.61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pD2 E-</td>
              <td align="center">8.45 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">8.45 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">8.43 &#177; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ME E-</td>
              <td align="center">105.70 &#177; 2.62</td>
              <td align="center">105.20 &#177; 1.76</td>
              <td align="center">102.20 &#177; 4.21</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> we can observe that ovariectomy induced an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) 60 and 90 days after surgery. The treatment with resveratrol for 60 days did not prevent the increase in blood pressure. However, 90 days of treatment with resveratrol prevented it, and normalized blood pressure. Nevertheless, no difference could be observed in serum NO concentration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>) in both treatment periods (60 and 90 days).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and serum Nitric Oxide concentration (NO) in intact (INT), ovariectomized (OVX) and ovariectomized + resveratrol (OVX + RES) groups of both experimental periods. Values expressed as Mean&#177;SD. Comparisons were made using One-way ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls post- hoc test. *p&lt;0.05 compared to INT 60 group; +p&lt;0.05 compared to INT 90 group; # p&lt; 0.05 compared to OVX 90 group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>60 DAYS</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>INT 60</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>OVX 60</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>OVX+ RES 60</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">120.39 &#177; 4.58</td>
              <td align="center">138.16 &#177; 5.42*</td>
              <td align="center">135.18 &#177; 5.42*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NO (uM)</td>
              <td align="center">33.91 &#177; 8.55</td>
              <td align="center">28.51 &#177; 7.47</td>
              <td align="center">30.42 &#177; 9.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>90 DAYS</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>INT 90</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>OVX 90</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>OVX+ RES 90</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">123.92 &#177; 4.98</td>
              <td align="center">145.21 &#177; 9.79+</td>
              <td align="center">123.33 &#177; 3.66#</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NO (uM)</td>
              <td align="center">30.96 &#177; 5.17</td>
              <td align="center">31.26 &#177; 9.06</td>
              <td align="center">30.61 &#177; 10.38</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Serum nitric oxide concentration in &#181;M in intact - 60 days (INT 60), ovariectomized - 60 days (OVX 60) and ovariectomized + resveratrol - 60 days (OVX + RES 60) groups. Values expressed as Mean&#177;SD. Comparisons were made using One-way ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls post- hoc test. No differences were observed between the groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0116-70012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Serum nitric oxide concentration in &#181;M in intact - 90 days (INT 90), ovariectomized - 90 days (OVX 90) and ovariectomized + resveratrol - 90 days (OVX + RES 90) groups. Values are expressed as Mean&#177;SD. Comparisons were made using One-way ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls post- hoc test. No differences were observed between the groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0116-70012-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main finding of this study was that the treatment with resveratrol for 90 days prevented the changes in blood pressure and endothelial function induced by estrogen deficiency. In this trial period, we have verified that ovariectomy was effective to induce endothelial dysfunction and elevation of blood pressure. The 60-day estrogen deficiency was not enough to induce changes in endothelial function in aortic ring of rats; however, this period was enough to increase the blood pressure value and resveratrol treatment did not modify endothelial function and blood pressure. </p>
      <p>The increase in blood pressure due to ovariectomy and its subsequent reduction in the group treated with resveratrol in the 90-day experimental protocol also was observed previously by Patki et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> who treated Wistar ovariectomized rats with frozen grape powder (in which one of the components is resveratrol). Still, the authors suggest that the effect of ovariectomy on blood pressure is induced by elevation in oxidative stress triggered by estrogen deficit and the effect of frozen grape powder may be related to its strong antioxidant effect,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> a feature also verified with resveratrol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The decrease in endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortic rings and consequent increase with the treatment with resveratrol in the 90-day experimental protocol agrees with the results presented by Mizutani and colleagues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive ovariectomized rats, supplemented dietetically with 5mg/kg of body weight of resveratrol. However, these authors indicate that the effect of the substance on the endothelium is through the increased bioavailability of NO, as reported by other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, a fact not confirmed by our study.</p>
      <p>An interesting result was that only prolonged resveratrol treatment (90 days) was able to improve the endothelial function and normalize blood pressure. Sixty days after surgery, no endothelium dysfunction was verified, and no improvement was induced by resveratrol. Thus, our result suggests that the improvement in the endothelial function induced by resveratrol normalizes the blood pressure in OVX rats by a NO independent mechanism. </p>
      <p>Vanhoute et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> point out that in addition to NO there are other endothelium factors which can induce vasodilation, including the <italic>endothelium</italic>-derived hyperpolarizing factor (<italic>EDHF</italic>). Furthermore, Dolinsky et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> suggested that the effect of resveratrol on blood pressure can be different in accordance to the experimental model used, and these differences could result from the distinct mechanisms of hypertension developing. Considering that there are few studies that have evaluated the effect of estrogen deficiency on blood pressure and endothelial function in young/adult animal models, the results of this study represent an important contribution of resveratrol as a preventive treatment for postmenopausal cardiovascular effects.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our results suggest that ninety days of treatment with resveratrol (10 mg/kg body weight per day) is able to normalize the endothelial function and blood pressure of ovariectomized rats via a NO-independent mechanism.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Limitations</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There was not enough budget to perform other analyzes, such as the quantification of NO and of oxidative stress markers in blood vessels, that could better consolidate the causes of impairment and / or improvement in systolic blood pressure and vascular reactivity.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CAPES and partially funded by FAPESP (2012/24477-8).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Victor Fabricio, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>Prof&#170;. Dr&#170;. Evelin Capellari Carnio and Marcelo Eduardo Batalh&#227;o (Laboratory Expert) of Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (USP) for the performance of nitric oxide analyzes.</p>
    </ack>
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              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dolinsky</surname>
              <given-names>VW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghanim</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mroziewicz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resveratrol inhibits neointimal formation after arterial injury through an endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanism</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>222</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>375</fpage>
          <lpage>381</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Yamagata K, Tagami M, Yamori Y. Dietary polyphenols regulate endothelial function and prevent cardiovascular disease. Nutrition. 2015;31(1):28-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yamagata</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tagami</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamori</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
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          <article-title>Dietary polyphenols regulate endothelial function and prevent cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Nutrition</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>28</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Aterosclerose/Endot&#233;lio/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento com Resveratrol Normaliza a Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial e a Press&#227;o Arterial em Ratas Ovariectomizadas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fabricio</surname>
            <given-names>Victor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oishi</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biffe</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ruffoni</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Dias Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Ana da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nonaka</surname>
            <given-names>Keico Okino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Jhonatan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (UFSCar), S&#227;o Carlos, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Victor Fabricio</bold>, Rodovia Washington Lu&#237;s, Km 235. CEP 13565-905, Jardim Guanabara, S&#227;o Carlos, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>vicfabricio@gmail.com</email>, <email>malaksoad@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fabricio V, Nonaka KO, Rodrigues GJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fabricio V, Oishi JC, Biffe BG, Ruffoni LDG, Silva KA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fabricio V, Oishi JC, Nonaka KO, Rodrigues GJ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fabricio V, Oishi JC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Nonaka KO, Rodrigues GJ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fabricio V, Oishi JC, Nonaka KO, Rodrigues GJ; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oishi JC, Biffe BG, Ruffoni LDG, Silva KA, Nonaka KO, Rodrigues GJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Apesar de se saber que o resveratrol apresenta efeitos sobre a press&#227;o arterial e os vasos sangu&#237;neos, e que os fitoestr&#243;genos podem melhorar o relaxamento/vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio, n&#227;o h&#225; relatos do efeito direto do resveratrol sobre a press&#227;o arterial e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em animais com defici&#234;ncia de estr&#243;geno (mimetizando a press&#227;o arterial aumentada p&#243;s-menopausa).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Verificar o efeito de dois diferentes per&#237;odos de tratamento preventivo com resveratrol sobre a press&#227;o arterial e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em ratas adultas jovens ovariectomizadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram utilizadas ratas Wistar com 3 meses de idade, distribu&#237;das em 6 grupos: grupos intactas com 60 ou 90 dias, grupos ovariectomizadas com 60 ou 90 dias, grupos ovariectomizadas e tratadas com resveratrol na dose de 10mg/kg de massa corporal por dia, durante 60 ou 90 dias, sendo o n&#250;mero de dias em cada grupo relativo &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo experimental. Foi realizado um estudo de reatividade vascular em an&#233;is da aorta abdominal, mensurada a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e quantificada a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A ovariectomia induziu aumento da press&#227;o arterial 60 e 90 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia, enquanto a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial decaiu apenas ap&#243;s 90 dias, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO entre os grupos. Apenas o tratamento prolongado com resveratrol (90 dias) foi capaz de melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e normalizar a press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nossos resultados sugerem que o tratamento por 90 dias com resveratrol &#233; capaz de melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e diminuir a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea em ratas ovariectomizadas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos Wistar</kwd>
        <kwd>Resveratrol</kwd>
        <kwd>Fitoestr&#243;genos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ovariectomia</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio Vascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O endot&#233;lio &#233; uma monocamada de tecido localizada no interior dos vasos sangu&#237;neos e pode ter fun&#231;&#245;es end&#243;crinas e par&#225;crinas, regulando a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular atrav&#233;s da libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores tr&#243;ficos e vasoativos que controlam o t&#244;nus vascular e at&#233; mesmo a inflama&#231;&#227;o da parede vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial caracteriza-se principalmente pela diminui&#231;&#227;o, direta ou indireta, da biodisponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A libera&#231;&#227;o de NO pelo endot&#233;lio &#233; modulada por v&#225;rios fatores, incluindo o estr&#243;geno. Este horm&#244;nio &#233; capaz de aumentar a biodisponibilidade e a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO atrav&#233;s de fatores gen&#244;micos e n&#227;o gen&#244;micos, entre os quais podemos mencionar a a&#231;&#227;o sobre o receptor &#945; estrog&#234;nico (ER&#945;) e a redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Assim, a redu&#231;&#227;o deste horm&#244;nio, que &#233; observada ap&#243;s a menopausa, pode levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, com consequente aumento da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>A fim de reduzir alguns efeitos negativos da defici&#234;ncia estrog&#234;nica, geralmente se indica a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal (TRH). No entanto, estudos indicam que este tratamento pode estar associado a eventos cardiovasculares adversos, aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de c&#226;ncer de mama e trombose venosa profunda em mulheres com predisposi&#231;&#227;o para estas doen&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Numa tentativa de encontrar alternativas &#224; TRH com menos efeitos colaterais, o resveratrol (3,4,5'-trihidroxiestilbeno) tem mostrado efeito promissor devido &#224; sua semelhan&#231;a com o dietilestilbestrol (um estr&#243;geno sint&#233;tico), podendo ser considerado um fitoestr&#243;geno. Al&#233;m disso, o resveratrol pode exercer sua a&#231;&#227;o sobre os receptores de estr&#243;geno, podendo ser considerado um modulador seletivo do receptor de estr&#243;geno (MSRE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de se saber que h&#225; relatos na literatura tanto dos fitoestr&#243;genos quanto dos MSRE como melhoradores agudos do relaxamento/vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e que h&#225; estudos mostrando o efeito do resveratrol sobre a press&#227;o arterial e os vasos sangu&#237;neos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> n&#227;o h&#225; muitos relatos de seu efeito direto sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a press&#227;o arterial em animais com com defici&#234;ncia isolada de estr&#243;genos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de dois diferentes protocolos de tratamento preventivo com resveratrol sobre a press&#227;o arterial e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em ratas jovens ovariectomizadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais e tratamentos</title>
          <p>O protocolo experimental foi realizado de acordo com as diretrizes do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro para Experimentos em Animais (COBEA), tendo sido aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos - UFSCar (2-043/2013).</p>
          <p>Sessenta ratas Wistar (<italic>Rattus norvegicus albinis)</italic> (90 dias de vida no in&#237;cio do experimento) foram abrigadas sob ciclos claro-escuro (14h/10h das 18:00 &#224;s 8:00 horas) e temperatura (22 &#177; 2 &#176;C) controlados, recebendo dieta padr&#227;o &#224; vontade durante 60 ou 90 dias.</p>
          <p>Os animais foram randomicamente distribu&#237;dos em seis grupos experimentais: intactas - 60 dias (INT 60); ovariectomizadas - 60 dias (OVX 60); ovariectomizadas + resveratrol - 60 dias (OVX + RES 60); intactas - 90 dias (INT 90); ovariectomizadas - 90 dias (OVX 90); e ovariectomizadas + resveratrol - 90 dias (OVX + RES 90), sendo que o n&#250;mero de dias em cada grupo representou a dura&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo experimental. Os animais dos grupos intactas n&#227;o receberam nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o; as ratas dos grupos ovariectomizadas foram ovariectomizadas e tratadas com soro fisiol&#243;gico a 0,9% (0,1 mL/100 g de peso corporal por dia) por gavagem at&#233; o fim do per&#237;odo experimental; e as dos grupos ovariectomizadas + resveratrol foram ovariectomizadas e tratadas diariamente com uma solu&#231;&#227;o de resveratrol a 10mg/kg de peso corporal por dia (solubilizado em etanol e dilu&#237;do em &#225;gua destilada, com a concentra&#231;&#227;o final de etanol a 5%), igualmente por gavagem, durante 60 ou 90 dias. Ao final do per&#237;odo experimental, as ratas foram anestesiadas com isoflurano e submetidos a eutan&#225;sia por decapita&#231;&#227;o, sendo coletados sangue e a aorta para an&#225;lise.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Press&#227;o arterial</title>
            <p>A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) foi medida por pletismografia de cauda com manguito (modelo Power Lab 8/35, AD Instruments, Pty Ltd, Colorado Springs, CO) com os animais n&#227;o anestesiados, conforme descrito anteriormente por Rodrigues et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> dois dias antes de os animais serem mortos por decapita&#231;&#227;o ao final de cada per&#237;odo experimental. A m&#233;dia de quatro medidas sucessivas foi considerada como a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de cada animal.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Estudos da reatividade vascular</title>
            <p>As aortas tor&#225;cicas foram isoladas, sendo removido o tecido conjuntivo nelas aderido, e colocadas em solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs, como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> As aortas foram cuidadosamente dissecadas e montadas em an&#233;is (&#8773;4 mm de extens&#227;o), sendo colocadas em c&#226;maras de banho (5 mL) contendo solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs &#224; 37 &#176;C (NaCl 130mM, KCl 47 mM, KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1,2 mM, CaCl 1,6; MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1,2mM; NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 14,9 mM; glicose 5,5 mM) continuamente borbulhada com 95% de O<sub>2</sub> e 5% de CO<sub>2</sub>, pH 7,4, em mi&#243;grafo isom&#233;trico Mulvany-Halpern (modelo 610 DMT-USA, Marietta, GA), com registro atrav&#233;s de um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados PowerLab8/SP (AD Instruments Pty Ltd., Colorado Springs, Colorado). Os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram submetidos a uma tens&#227;o de 1,5g, que foi reajustada a cada 15 minutos durante um per&#237;odo de equil&#237;brio de 60 minutos antes de ser adicionada a droga especificada. Os experimentos foram realizados em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio intacto e tamb&#233;m em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos desprovidos de endot&#233;lio. A integridade endotelial foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do grau de relaxamento induzido por acetilcolina (Acl) a 1<italic>&#181;</italic>mol/L na presen&#231;a de t&#244;nus ccontr&#225;til induzido por fenilefrina (0.1<italic>&#181;</italic>M). Considerava-se que o anel possu&#237;a endot&#233;lio intacto se o relaxamento com acetilcolina fosse maior que 80%. Em aortas desprovidas de endot&#233;lio, o relaxamento com Acl foi menor que 5%. Ap&#243;s o teste de integridade endotelial, os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina (0,1<italic>&#181;</italic>M). Ap&#243;s o plat&#244; de contra&#231;&#227;o ser atingido, curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito foram constru&#237;das para acetilcolina (0,1nM a 0,1mM) em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio intacto, ou para o nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (NPS) em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos sem endot&#233;lio. A pot&#234;ncia (pD2 ) e o efeito relaxante m&#225;ximo (EM) foram mensurados</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nitrito e Nitrato S&#233;ricos (NO<sub>X</sub>)</title>
          <p>Foram obtidos os n&#237;veis de &#243;xido n&#237;trico s&#233;rico atrav&#233;s da medida das concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de seus produtos finais est&#225;veis nitrito (NO<sub>2</sub>
						<sup>-</sup>) e nitrato (NO<sub>3</sub>
						<sup>-</sup>), coletivamente conhecidos como NO<sub>X</sub>. O m&#233;todo de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia de NO/oz&#244;nio foi realizado atrav&#233;s do aparelho <italic>NO Analizer 280i</italic> (Sievers, Boulder, CO, EUA). A concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO<sub>X</sub> foi corrigida pelo fator obtido pelo quociente entre o NO<sub>X</sub> medido e as concentra&#231;&#245;es esperadas de nitrato de s&#243;dio (5, 10, 25, 50 e 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>M), que fornecessem uma curva padr&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foi verificada a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das v&#225;riaveis estudadas (todas quantitativas e cont&#237;nuas) atrav&#233;s do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnof.</p>
          <p>As diferen&#231;as das m&#233;dias entre os grupos em cada per&#237;odo experimental foram comparadas atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de uma via (ANOVA). Quando havia signific&#226;ncia, foi usada a an&#225;lise de Newman-Keul post hoc, sendo o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica estabelecido a p&lt;0,05 (Software Statistica 7.0, StatSoft. Inc, Tulsa, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Drogas e subst&#226;ncias qu&#237;micas</title>
          <p>A acetilcolina, fenilefrina e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio foram adquiridas de Sigma-Alddrich (St Louis, MO, EUA). O resveratrol foi adquirido de Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>, pode-se observar que 60 dias de ovariectomia n&#227;o alteraram o relaxamento vascular endot&#233;lio dependente e independente dos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos, sendo que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com reverastrol n&#227;o teve nenhum efeito no grupo OVX. O efeito relaxante m&#225;ximo (EM) n&#227;o se alterou nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com ou sem endot&#233;lio para todos os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, 90 dias ap&#243;s a ovariectomia, observou-se uma queda na pot&#234;ncia de relaxamento &#224; acetilcolina (pD2 OVX 90: 6,99 &#177; 0,10) em compara&#231;&#227;o com os animais intactos (pD2 INT 90: 7,51 &#177; 0,07, p&lt;0,05). A suplementa&#231;&#227;o com resveratrol por 90 dias foi capaz de aumentar o pD2 (pD2: OVX+RES: 7,50 &#177; 0,15, p &lt;0,05) trazendo-o ao n&#237;vel dos do grupo de intactas, normalizando a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos desprovidos de endot&#233;lio, n&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as no efeito de relaxamento independente de endot&#233;lio em valores de pD2 para todos os grupos. N&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a no EM 90 dias ap&#243;s a ovariectomia ou suplementa&#231;&#227;o com resveratrol no relaxamento endot&#233;lio dependente ou independente induzido por acetilcolina ou nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio, respectivamente.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores de pot&#234;ncia (pD2) e efeito relaxante m&#225;ximo (EM) para relaxamento induzido por acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com (E+) ou sem (E-) endot&#233;lio dos grupos intacta (INT), ovariectomizada (OVX) e ovariectomizada + resveratrol (OVX + RES) nos dois per&#237;odos experimentais. Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. As compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas atrav&#233;s de ANOVA de uma via seguida de teste de Newman-Keuls post-hoc. *p&lt;0,05 comparado com o grupo INT 60; +p&lt;0,05 comparado com o grupo INT 90; # p&lt; 0,05 comparado com o grupo OVX 90</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">Relaxamento induzido por acetilcolina (E+) e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (E-)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>60 DIAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>INT 60</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>OVX 60</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>OVX+ RES 60</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pD2 E+</td>
                <td align="center">7,69 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">7,43 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">7,63 &#177; 0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EM E+</td>
                <td align="center">94,28 &#177; 4,80</td>
                <td align="center">84,66 &#177; 4,93</td>
                <td align="center">89,00 &#177; 4,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pD2 E-</td>
                <td align="center">8,55 &#177; 0,09</td>
                <td align="center">8,51 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">8,56 &#177; 0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EM E-</td>
                <td align="center">105,40 &#177; 2,12</td>
                <td align="center">103,30 &#177; 2,17</td>
                <td align="center">105,50 &#177; 2,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>90 DIAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>INT 90</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>OVX 90</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>OVX+ RES 90</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pD2 E+</td>
                <td align="center">7,51 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 &#177; 0,10+</td>
                <td align="center">7,50 &#177; 0,15#</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EM E+</td>
                <td align="center">86,18 &#177; 4,32</td>
                <td align="center">85,50 &#177; 2,45</td>
                <td align="center">81,67 &#177; 3,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pD2 E-</td>
                <td align="center">8,45 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">8,45 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">8,43 &#177; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EM E-</td>
                <td align="center">105,70 &#177; 2,62</td>
                <td align="center">105,20 &#177; 1,76</td>
                <td align="center">102,20 &#177; 4,21</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2</xref>, podemos observar que a ovariectomia induziu a um aumento na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) 60 e 90 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia. O tratamento com resveratrol por 60 dias n&#227;o preveniu o aumento na press&#227;o arterial. No entanto, o tratamento com resveratrol por 90 dias preveniu esse aumento, e normalizou a press&#227;o arterial. Ainda, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as na concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO s&#233;rica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2</xref>) em ambos os per&#237;odos de tratamento (60 e 90 dias).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) nos grupos intacta (INT), ovariectomizada (OVX) e ovariectomizada + resveratrol (OVX + RES) nos dois per&#237;odos experimentais. Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177;DP. As compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas por ANOVA de uma via seguida de teste de Newman-Keuls post-hoc. p&lt;0,05 comparado com o grupo INT 60; +p&lt;0,05 comparado com o grupo INT 90; # p&lt; 0,05 comparado com o grupo OVX 90</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>60 DIAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>INT 60</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>OVX 60</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>OVX+ RES 60</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">120,39 &#177; 4,58</td>
                <td align="center">138,16 &#177; 5,42*</td>
                <td align="center">135,18 &#177; 5,42*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NO (uM)</td>
                <td align="center">33,91 &#177; 8,55</td>
                <td align="center">28,51 &#177; 7,47</td>
                <td align="center">30,42 &#177; 9,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>90 DIAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>INT 90</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>OVX 90</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>OVX+ RES 90</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">123,92 &#177; 4,98</td>
                <td align="center">145,21 &#177; 9,79<sup>+</sup></td>
                <td align="center">123,33 &#177; 3,66<sup>#</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NO (uM)</td>
                <td align="center">30,96 &#177; 5,17</td>
                <td align="center">31,26 &#177; 9,06</td>
                <td align="center">30,61 &#177; 10,38</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concentra&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico s&#233;rico em &#181; M nos grupos intacta - 60 dias (INT 60), ovariectomizada - 60 dias (OVX 60) e ovariectomizada + resveratrol - 60 dias (OVX + RES 60). Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177;DP. As compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas com ANOVA de uma via seguida de teste de Newman-Keuls post-hoc. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0116-70012-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concentra&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico s&#233;rico em &#181; M nos grupos intacta - 90 dias (INT 90), ovariectomizada - 90 dias (OVX 90) e ovariectomizada + resveratrol - 90 dias (OVX + RES 90). Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia&#177;DP. As compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas atrav&#233;s de ANOVA de uma via seguida de teste de Newman-Keuls post-hoc. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0116-70012-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado deste estudo foi que o tratamento com resveratrol durante 90 dias preveniu altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial e na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial induzidas por defici&#234;ncia estrog&#234;nica. Neste per&#237;odo experimental, verificamos que a ovariectomia foi eficaz em induzir disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e aumento de press&#227;o arterial. A defici&#234;ncia estrog&#234;nica por 60 dias n&#227;o foi suficiente para induzir mudan&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos; no entanto, este per&#237;odo foi capaz de aumentar o valor de press&#227;o arterial, sendo que o tratamento com resveratrol n&#227;o modificou a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nem a press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>O aumento na press&#227;o arterial decorrente de ovariectomia e subsequente redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o no grupo tratado com resveratrol no protocolo experimental de 90 dias j&#225; havia sido anteriormente observado por Patki et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> que trataram ratas Wistar ovariectomizadas com p&#243; de uva congelada (no qual um dos componentes &#233; o resveratrol). Ainda assim, os autores sugerem que o efeito da ovariectomia na press&#227;o arterial seja induzido pelo aumento do estresse oxidativo desencadeado pelo d&#233;ficit de estr&#243;geno e que o efeito do p&#243; de uva congelada possa estar relacionado a seu grande efeito antioxidante,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> caracter&#237;stica que tamb&#233;m foi verificada com o resveratrol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos e seu consequente aumento com o tratamento com resveratrol no protocolo experimental de 90 dias tamb&#233;m foi encontrado por Mizutani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> em ratas ovariectomizadas espontaneamente hipertensas com predisposi&#231;&#227;o a AVC, dieteticamente suplementadas com resveratrol (5mg/kg de peso corporal). Entretanto, esses autores indicam que o efeito da subst&#226;ncia sobre o endot&#233;lio se d&#225; atrav&#233;s da biodisponibilidade aumentada de NO, como relatado por outros estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> o que n&#227;o foi confirmado em nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Um resultado interessante foi que apenas o tratamento prolongado com resveratrol (90 dias) foi capaz de melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e normalizar a press&#227;o arterial. Sessenta dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia, n&#227;o se verificou disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, nem foi induzida nenhuma melhora com o resveratrol. Assim, nossos resultados sugerem que a melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial induzida pelo resveratrol normaliza a press&#227;o arterial em ratas OVX atrav&#233;s de um mecanismo independente de NO. </p>
        <p>Vanhoute et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> mostram que al&#233;m do NO h&#225; outros fatores endoteliais que podem induzir vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, incluindo o fator hiperpolarizante derivado de endot&#233;lio. Al&#233;m disso, Dolinsky et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> sugeriram que o efeito do resveratrol sobre a press&#227;o arterial pode ser diferente de acordo com o modelo experimental usado, e essas diferen&#231;as poderiam ser decorrentes dos mecanismos distintos de hipertens&#227;o em desenvolvimento. Considerando-se que h&#225; uma escassez de estudos avaliando o efeito da defici&#234;ncia de estr&#243;geno sobre a press&#227;o arterial e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em modelos animais jovens/adultos, os resultados deste estudo apresentam uma importante contribui&#231;&#227;o sobre o resveratrol como tratamento preventivo de efeitos cardiovasculares p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos resultados sugerem que o tratamento com resveratrol por 90 dias (10 mg/kg de peso corporal por dia) &#233; capaz de normalizar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a press&#227;o arterial de ratas ovariectomizadas atrav&#233;s de um mecanismo independente de NO.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o houve or&#231;amento suficiente para realizar outras an&#225;lises que pudessem consolidar melhor as causas de comprometimento e/ou melhora na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e na reatividade vascular, como a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de NO e de marcadores de estresse oxidativo nos vasos sangu&#237;neos.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES e parcialmente pela FAPESP (2012/24477-8).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Victor Fabricio pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Prof&#170;. Dr&#170;. Evelin Capellari Carnio e Marcelo Eduardo Batalh&#227;o (Especialista em Laborat&#243;rio) da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (USP) pela realiza&#231;&#227;o das an&#225;lises de &#211;xido Nitrico.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
