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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gsjTZkr6MV3NsmrCd89Yr6g</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000200097</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170019</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Lack of Clinical Applications Would be the Cause of Low Interest in an Endothelial Dysfunction Classification</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arc&#234;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>Livia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Evora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo RB Evora</bold>, Department of Surgery and Anatomy of School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto of the University of Sao Paulo - Brazil, Campus Universitario s/n; Monte Alegre. Postal Code: 14048-900. E-mail: <email>prbevora@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>97</fpage>
      <lpage>99</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Endothelium / dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Classification</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Based on the assumption that a classification system is a very critical subject and may significantly improve the prediction of individual responses to treatment and related diseases, we proposed 16 years ago a classification for endothelial dysfunction including etiological, functional, and evolutionary aspects (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Proposal of an endothelial dysfunction classification. Modified from Evora et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0097-70019-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Since our first publication, we wrote that a proposition for an endothelial dysfunction classification might deserve criticism because it could still be seen as unsuitable and pretentious. The first question is of a philosophical nature because the present concepts on endothelial function and dysfunction might eventually change dynamically over time. The classification could also be interpreted as a premature reductionism, sounding like an "end of the question" proposal. The lack of clinical applications could be the cause of the low interest in an endothelial dysfunction classification. This editorial aims to explore the differences among the three classification axes and the practical and clinical implications of each proposed category. Aspects relevant to the etiology of the dysfunctions, in addition to treatment directions, are also considered.</p>
    <p>The dysfunction in the endothelial cell precedes the organic cellular dysfunction in most cardiovascular diseases and characterizes the primary endothelial dysfunction (etiological classification).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The endothelial dysfunction may be primary (or genetically inherited). This implies a need for the development of diagnostic methods applied to early detection and primary prevention of endothelial dysfunction as a useful measure to halt the development of cardiovascular diseases. Treatment in these cases is aimed at preventing cardiovascular risk factors through lifestyle modifications, such as diet and weight control, physical exercise, and smoking cessation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> From this point of view, endothelial dysfunction should be considered a public health problem. A secondary (or phenotypic) endothelial dysfunction may occur when endothelial cells lose their ability to produce nitric oxide (NO) and increase the expression of vasoconstrictor, proinflammatory, and prothrombotic factors, configuring a proatherosclerotic scenario. Such phenotypic alterations contribute to the formation, progression, and rupture of atherosclerotic lesions, and are commonly found in hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In this type of endothelial dysfunction, pharmacological treatment shows consistent results in terms of restoring the endothelial function. For example, antihypertensive medications to control blood pressure, statin treatment to reduce LDL cholesterol levels, and antidiabetics to reduce blood glucose levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Studies in the 1990s definitively established the role of the endothelium in all cardiovascular diseases. Such diseases are associated with endothelial dysfunction due to impaired release of endothelium-derived relaxing factors and, consequently, a risk of spasm and thrombosis (atherosclerotic or nonatherosclerotic obstructive coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, and heart failure, among others).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Therapeutic interventions have been developed for this type of endothelial dysfunction (vasotonic), which is characterized by functional impairment, aiming to improve the endothelial function and prevent its dysfunction in asymptomatic individuals and in patients with coronary artery disease. Beta-blockers, statins, angiotensin-receptor antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antioxidants, and insulin sensitizers show benefits in these cases. Other substances, such as L-arginine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and folic acid, are also under investigation for their contribution to improving the endothelial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The vasoplegic endothelial dysfunction classification includes the characteristic situations of severe vasoplegias, many of which are time resistant to the action of vasoconstrictive amines. This type of dysfunction is characterized by an excessive production of vasorelaxant substances produced by the endothelium, especially NO, and include, for instance, vasoplegias during and after cardiopulmonary bypass, sepsis, and anaphylactoid and anaphylactic reactions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The vasoplegic syndrome has a multifactorial genesis and, in the case of patients undergoing cardiac surgery, occurs mainly due to exposure of the body to nonphysiological materials and the use of heparin/protamine,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> triggering an inflammatory response syndrome. During this process, there is complement activation, cytokine release, leukocyte activation, and expression of adhesion molecules, as well as a production of oxygen free radicals, arachidonic acid metabolites, platelet activity factor, NO, and endothelin. The consequences of the inflammatory response syndrome may lead to dysfunction of multiple organs and systems, such as the one that occurs in septic shock. The decrease in systemic vascular resistance observed in vasoplegic syndromes is associated with excessive NO production and may be reversed by NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors and methylene blue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The term "vasoplegic endothelial dysfunction" was created as part of the proposed classification and deserves some comments. Searching the MEDLINE database using quoted terms, we found: "endothelium dysfunction" (37,640 papers), "endothelial dysfunction" (69,115 papers), "vasoplegic endothelial dysfunction" (12 papers), "vasoplegia" (206 papers), and "vasoplegic syndrome" (243 papers). Assuming that the excessive release of NO is, in fact, an endothelial dysfunction, this terminology would be unified to the search of distributive shock (sepsis, anaphylaxis), anaphylactoid reactions, and vasoplegias related to cardiopulmonary bypass. In this manner, this issue demands special attention from the scientific community, at least in terms of unifying the terminology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Endothelial dysfunction may be reversible or partially reversible in such cases, according to the prognostic or evolutionary classification. Endothelial dysfunction should be considered in hypertensive postmenopausal women presenting with abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular function. However, a significant improvement in endothelial function may be reached after 6 months of antihypertensive therapy. These changes may identify patients with a more favorable prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Dysfunction of the coronary or peripheral vascular endothelium is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and provides valuable prognostic information. In such cases, modification of risk factors and drug treatment (statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) may improve the endothelial function and prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Most risk factors related to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have been found to be associated with the endothelium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> These risk factors include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking, which may be reversed by pharmacological or nonpharmacological treatment. In other words, it is possible to improve endothelial dysfunction using medical treatment and exercise, even without completely reversing it.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Irreversible endothelial dysfunction usually occurs during the progression of cardiovascular diseases and sepsis.</p>
    <p>We have been using the proposed classification since 2000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> as a didactic model, carefully emphasizing eventual biases concerning its misinterpretation. However, the current usefulness of an endothelial dysfunction classification still remains "an open discussion". Semiquantitative measurements of endothelial dysfunction may potentially amend the assessment of the proposed categories. We hoped that the classification system would be used to improve and uniformly diagnose patients, in addition to providing a route for collaborative studies on endothelial dysfunction across academic centers. However, as already mentioned, the lack of clinical applications could be the cause for the low interest in an endothelial dysfunction classification. Perhaps the development of biomarkers may strengthen the clinical reasoning of cardiovascular diseases from the point of view of endothelial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
		</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Falta de Aplica&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas Seria a Causa para Baixo Interesse em uma Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arc&#234;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>Livia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Evora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo RB Evora</bold>, Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil, Campus Universitario s/n; Monte Alegre. CEP: 14048-900. E-mail: <email>prbevora@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio / disfun&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Classifica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Com base no pressuposto de que um sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; um assunto bastante cr&#237;tico e que pode melhorar significativamente a predi&#231;&#227;o das respostas individuais a um tratamento e a doen&#231;as relacionadas, n&#243;s propusemos h&#225; 16 anos uma classifica&#231;&#227;o para a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial incluindo aspectos etiol&#243;gicos, funcionais e evolutivos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Proposta de classifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Modificada a partir de Evora et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-02-0097-70019-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Desde a nossa primeira publica&#231;&#227;o, n&#243;s escrevemos que uma proposta para uma classifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial poderia merecer cr&#237;tica porque poderia ainda ser vista como inadequada e pretensiosa. A primeira d&#250;vida &#233; de natureza filos&#243;fica, pois os conceitos atuais sobre fun&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial poder&#227;o eventualmente mudar dinamicamente ao longo do tempo. A classifica&#231;&#227;o poderia tamb&#233;m ser interpretada como um reducionismo prematuro, soando como uma proposta do tipo "fim de quest&#227;o". A falta de aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas poderia ser a causa para baixo interesse em uma classifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Este editorial visa explorar as diferen&#231;as entre os tr&#234;s eixos da classifica&#231;&#227;o e as implica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas e cl&#237;nicas de cada categoria proposta. Aspectos relevantes para a etiologia das disfun&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m de dire&#231;&#245;es de tratamento, s&#227;o tamb&#233;m considerados. </p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o da c&#233;lula endotelial precede a disfun&#231;&#227;o celular org&#226;nica na maioria das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e caracteriza a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial prim&#225;ria (caracteriza&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ser prim&#225;ria (ou herdada geneticamente). Isso implica em uma necessidade de desenvolvimento de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos aplicados &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial como uma medida &#250;til para interromper o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. O tratamento, nestes casos, visa a preven&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovasculares atrav&#233;s de modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida, tais como controle de dieta e peso, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A partir deste ponto de vista, a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial deve ser considerada um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Uma disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial secund&#225;ria (ou fenot&#237;pica) pode ocorrer quando as c&#233;lulas endoteliais perdem a capacidade de produzir &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) e aumentam a express&#227;o de fatores vasoconstritores, proinflamat&#243;rios e protromb&#243;ticos, configurando um cen&#225;rio pr&#243;-ateroscler&#243;tico. Tais altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas contribuem para a forma&#231;&#227;o, progress&#227;o e ruptura de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas e s&#227;o comumente encontradas na hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Neste tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico mostra resultados consistentes em termos de restabelecimento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Por exemplo, medicamentos anti-hipertensivos para controle da press&#227;o arterial, tratamento com estatinas para redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol e antidiab&#233;ticos orais para redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de glicemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Estudos na d&#233;cada de 90 estabeleceram definitivamente o papel do endot&#233;lio em todas as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Tais doen&#231;as est&#227;o associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial devido a um preju&#237;zo na libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores relaxantes derivados do endot&#233;lio e, consequentemente, risco de espasmo e trombose (doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva ateroscler&#243;tica ou n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia, aterosclerose, fen&#244;meno de Raynaud e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, entre outros).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas t&#234;m sido desenvolvidas para este tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (vasot&#244;nica), que &#233; caracterizada por comprometimento funcional, com o objetivo de melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio e evitar sua disfun&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos e em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Betabloqueadores, estatinas, antagonistas dos receptores da angiotensina, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, antioxidantes e sensibilizadores da insulina mostram benef&#237;cios nestes casos. Outras subst&#226;ncias, como a L-arginina, a tetrahidrobiopterina e o &#225;cido f&#243;lico tamb&#233;m est&#227;o sendo investigados devido &#224;s suas contribui&#231;&#245;es para a melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vasopl&#233;gica inclui as situa&#231;&#245;es caracter&#237;sticas de vasoplegias graves, muitas das quais s&#227;o resistentes &#224; a&#231;&#227;o de aminas vasoconstritoras. Este tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o &#233; caracterizado por uma produ&#231;&#227;o excessiva de subst&#226;ncias vasorrelaxantes produzidas pelo endot&#233;lio, especialmente o NO, e incluem, por exemplo, vasoplegias durante e ap&#243;s circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, sepse e rea&#231;&#245;es anafil&#225;ticas e anafilactoides.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A s&#237;ndrome vasopl&#233;gica tem uma g&#234;nese multifatorial e, no caso de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, ocorre principalmente devido &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o corporal a materiais n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gicos e ao uso de heparina/protamina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> desencadeando uma s&#237;ndrome de resposta inflamat&#243;ria. Durante este processo, h&#225; ativa&#231;&#227;o do complemento, libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas, ativa&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos e express&#227;o de mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o, bem como produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres de oxig&#234;nio, metab&#243;litos do &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico, fator de ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e endotelina. As consequ&#234;ncias da s&#237;ndrome da resposta inflamat&#243;ria podem levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas, como a que ocorre no choque s&#233;ptico. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica observada nas s&#237;ndromes vasopl&#233;gicas est&#225; associada com excesso de produ&#231;&#227;o de NO e pode ser revertida por inibidores da NO sintase (NOS) e azul de metileno.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O termo "disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vasopl&#233;gica" foi criado como parte da classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta e merece alguns coment&#225;rios. Ao pesquisar o banco de dados MEDLINE usando palavras entre aspas, encontramos: "<italic>endothelium dysfunction</italic>" (disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial; 37.640 artigos), "<italic>endothelial dysfunction</italic>" (disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial; 69.115 artigos), "<italic>vasoplegic endothelial dysfunction</italic>" (disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vasopl&#233;gica; 12 artigos), "<italic>vasoplegia</italic>" (206 artigos) e "<italic>vasoplegic syndrome</italic>" (s&#237;ndrome vasopl&#233;gica; 243 artigos). Partindo do princ&#237;pio de que a libera&#231;&#227;o excessiva de NO &#233;, de fato, uma disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, esta terminologia seria unificada para a pesquisa de choque distributivo (sepse, anafilaxia), rea&#231;&#245;es anafilactoides e vasoplegias relacionadas &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Desta forma, este problema exige uma aten&#231;&#227;o especial por parte da comunidade cient&#237;fica, pelo menos em termos de unificar a terminologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ser revers&#237;vel ou parcialmente revers&#237;vel em tais casos, de acordo com o progn&#243;stico ou classifica&#231;&#227;o evolutiva. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial deve ser considerada em mulheres hipertensas na p&#243;s-menopausa que apresentam anormalidades da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular dependente do endot&#233;lio. No entanto, uma melhoria significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ser alcan&#231;ada ap&#243;s 6 meses de terapia anti-hipertensiva. Estas altera&#231;&#245;es podem identificar pacientes com um progn&#243;stico mais favor&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio vascular coronariano ou perif&#233;rico &#233; um preditor independente de eventos cardiovasculares e fornece uma valiosa informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. Em tais casos, a modifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco e o tratamento medicamentoso (estatinas e inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina) podem melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e o progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A maioria dos fatores de risco relacionados &#224; aterosclerose e &#224; morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular tem sido descrita como tendo associa&#231;&#227;o com o endot&#233;lio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Esses fatores de risco incluem hiperlipidemia, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e tabagismo, que podem ser revertidos pelo tratamento farmacol&#243;gico ou n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico. Em outras palavras, &#233; poss&#237;vel melhorar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial com tratamento m&#233;dico e exerc&#237;cio, mesmo sem revert&#234;-la totalmente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial irrevers&#237;vel ocorre geralmente durante a progress&#227;o das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e sepse.</p>
      <p>N&#243;s temos utilizado a classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta desde 2000,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> como um modelo did&#225;tico, enfatizando cuidadosamente eventuais vieses relativos &#224; sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, a utilidade atual de uma classifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial permanece ainda "uma discuss&#227;o em aberto". Medidas semiquantitativas da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial podem, potencialmente, alterar a avalia&#231;&#227;o das categorias propostas. N&#243;s esper&#225;vamos que o sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o fosse utilizado para melhorar e diagnosticar pacientes de maneira uniforme, al&#233;m de fornecer um caminho para estudos colaborativos sobre a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em centros acad&#234;micos. Por&#233;m, como j&#225; mencionamos, a falta de aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas poderia ser a causa para o baixo interesse em uma classifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Talvez o desenvolvimento de biomarcadores possa refor&#231;ar o racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico sobre as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares do ponto de vista da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
