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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7snh3bWvN9PvnctLbHP9mhn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000100091</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160199</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatty Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: An Under-Diagnosed Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elagha</surname>
            <given-names>Abdalla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuisz</surname>
            <given-names>Anthon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cairo University Hospitals</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cairo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="EG">Egypt</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt / National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Westchester Medical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">New York</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">NY</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Westchester Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Abdalla Elagha</bold>, 1 Saraya St., Third floor. 11211. Manial. Cairo. E-mail: <email>abdallaaa@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Elagha A, Fuisz A; Obtaining financing: Fuisz A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>91</fpage>
      <lpage>92</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography, X Ray-Computed/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>During a preoperative cardiac assessment, a 57-year-old asymptomatic female, without known cardiac risk-factors, was found to have LBBB on ECG. Echocardiography revealed dilated cardiomyopathy. To rule-out coronary artery disease, coronary CT-angiography was performed and showed no significant coronary obstruction.</p>
    <p>For further evaluation, a cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) study was performed. A focal area of fatty infiltration was seen in the left ventricular (LV) apex extending from the subendocardial to the subepicardial surfaces (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1B</xref>). This area was suppressed with fat saturation pulse-sequences (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>), and did not show enhanced signal on delayed-hyperenhancement images (DHE) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>). Both LV and LA were dilated; LV systolic function was reduced globally. Additionally, the CMR showed normal RV dimensions, function, and wall-thickness. The fatty area was also seen retrospectively on the cardiac CT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1E</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>MRI axial images of the heart using different pulse sequences to demonstrate myocardial segment of fatty infiltration in the LV apex. The CMR protocol included T1-weighted spin-echo (with-and-without fat-suppression), T2-weighted black-blood image, and DHE after administration of gadolinium. (A) T2-weighted black blood; (B) T1-weighted turbo spin echo; (C) T1-weighted turbo spin echo with fat saturation (showed clear nulling of apical fatty area); (D) DHE technique showing no evidence of myocardial scar; (E) Multi-detector CT image that shows a focal area of fatty infiltration in the LV apex (black arrow). This area has a negative Hounsfield value indicating its fatty nature. Follow-up 3 Tesla CMR study after 18 months showed no significant changes in fat distribution within LV; (F) Two-chamber T1-weighted turbo spin echo showing the fatty area at the LV apex; (G) Two-chamber T1-weighted turbo spin echo with fat saturation showing clear nulling of apical fatty area; (H) Axial T1-weighted single-shot axial image of the most distal apical portion of LV showing part of the fatty area; (I) DHE technique showing no evidence of myocardial scar; however, the fatty area is not enhanced.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0091-60199-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A follow-up CMR study after 18 months - using 3 Tesla magnet - showed no significant changes of fat distribution within the LV, and a mild reduction of LV systolic function (ejection fraction =45%) that was similar to the initial study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1F</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">I</xref>).</p>
    <p>There are few differential diagnoses. Firstly, cardiac lipoma, which is usually well-defined and well-encapsulated, and generally produces compression on adjacent cardiac structures. Secondly, fatty deposition following MI is associated with myocardial thinning and scarring on DHE images. Lastly, arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy is a substrate for ventricular arrhythmias and usually involves interventricular septum.</p>
    <p>Isolated fatty LV cardiomyopathy is an uncommon clinical entity, and it could be under-diagnosed. With recent technological advancements in CT and MRI, more cases can be detected and investigated.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia Ventricular Esquerda Gordurosa: Uma Doen&#231;a Subdiagnosticada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elagha</surname>
            <given-names>Abdalla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuisz</surname>
            <given-names>Anthon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt / National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Westchester Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Abdalla Elagha</bold>, 1 Saraya St., Third floor. 11211. Manial. Cairo. E-mail: <email>abdallaaa@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Elagha A, Fuisz A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Fuisz A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Durante uma avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de uma mulher assintom&#225;tica de 57 anos de idade, sem fatores conhecidos de risco card&#237;aco, o ECG mostrou BRE e a ecocardiografia revelou cardiomiopatia dilatada. Foi feita uma TC angiografia coron&#225;ria, para descartar doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, que n&#227;o acusou obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa.</p>
      <p>Foi utilizado tamb&#233;m estudo de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (CMR). Observou-se uma &#225;rea focal de infiltra&#231;&#227;o gordurosa no &#225;pice ventricular esquerdo (VE) que se estendia da superf&#237;cie subendorc&#225;rdica &#224; subepic&#225;rdica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">1B</xref>). Esta &#225;rea estava suprimida com sequencias de pulso com satura&#231;&#227;o de gordura (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1C</xref>) e n&#227;o mostrou sinal refor&#231;ado em imagens de hiper-realce tardio (HRT) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1D</xref>). Ambos os VE e AE estavam dilatados; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE estava reduzida globalmente. Al&#233;m disso, a CMR mostrou que o VD estava com dimens&#245;es, fun&#231;&#227;o e espessura parietal normais. A &#225;rea com gordura tamb&#233;m apareceu na TC card&#237;aca retrospectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1E</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagens axiais de MRI do cora&#231;&#227;o usando diferentes sequencias de pulso para demonstrar o segmento do mioc&#225;rdio com infiltra&#231;&#227;o gordurosa no &#225;pice do VE. O protocolo de CMR incluiu spin-echo ponderada em T1 (com e sem supress&#227;o de gordura), imagem com t&#233;cnica de sangue escuro (black-blood) ponderada em T2 e HRT ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de gadol&#237;nio. (A) black-blood ponderada em T2, (B), spin-echo turbo ponderada em T1, (C) spin-echo turbo ponderada em T1 com satura&#231;&#227;o de gordura (mostrou clara supress&#227;o da &#225;rea gordurosa apical), (D) T&#233;cnica de HRT n&#227;o mostrou evid&#234;ncias de cicatriz do mioc&#225;rdio, (E) Imagem de TC de m&#250;ltiplos detectores que mostra a &#225;rea focal da infiltra&#231;&#227;o gordurosa no &#225;pice do VE (seta preta). Esta &#225;rea tem valor Hounsfield negativo, indicando sua natureza gordurosa. Estudo de follow-up com 3-Tesla ap&#243;s 18 meses n&#227;o mostrou mudan&#231;as significativas na distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura no VE, (F) Spin-echo turbo com duas c&#226;maras ponderada em T1 mostrando a &#225;rea gordurosa no &#225;pice do VE, (G) Spin-echo turbo com duas c&#226;maras ponderada em T1 com satura&#231;&#227;o de gordura mostrando clara supress&#227;o da &#225;rea gordurosa apical, (H) Imagem axial obtida em single-shot ponderada em T1 da por&#231;&#227;o apical mais distal do VE mostrando parte da &#225;rea gordurosa, (I) T&#233;cnica de HRT mostrando que n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de cicatriz do mioc&#225;rdio - &#225;rea gordurosa n&#227;o real&#231;ada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0091-60199-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Estudo de follow-up com CMR ap&#243;s 18 - com uso de campo magn&#233;tico 3 Tesla - n&#227;o apontou mudan&#231;as significativas de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura dentro do VE e uma leve redu&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o = 45%) semelhante ao estudo inicial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">F&#237;gura 1F</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">I</xref>).</p>
      <p>Existem alguns diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais. Primeiramente, lipoma card&#237;aco, geralmente bem definido e encapsulado, e que normalmente produz compress&#227;o em estruturas card&#237;acas adjacentes. Em segundo lugar, a deposi&#231;&#227;o gordurosa p&#243;s IM est&#225; associada ao adelga&#231;amento e cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em imagens HRT. Por &#250;ltimo, a cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do VE &#233; um substrato para arritmias ventriculares, e geralmente envolve o septo interventricular.</p>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia ventricular esquerda gordurosa isolada &#233; uma entidade cl&#237;nica rara que pode ser subdiagnosticada. Com os avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos recentes em CTs e MRIs, mais casos podem ser detectados e investigados.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
