<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GMsysfvPjFZ5vQ5qnZ9sQhj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000100087</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160198</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case Report: Multivessel Coronary Disease Assessment with SPECT <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi and Rubidium-82 PET/CT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padilha</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giorgi</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clementina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izaki</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghetti</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear e Imagem Molecular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Bruno Gomes Padilha</bold>, Rua Minas Gerais, 428. Postal Code 01244010, Higien&#243;polis, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>bgpadilha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Meneghetti JC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Padilha BG; Writing of the manuscript: Sabino D; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Giorgi MC, Soares Jr. J, Izaki M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>87</fpage>
      <lpage>90</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheterization</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Rubidium-82</kwd>
        <kwd>Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi</kwd>
        <kwd>Radionuclide Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary angiography (CAG) is the standard diagnostic method for detection of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, it is often necessary to evaluate the expression of a coronary obstruction in relation to myocardial perfusion, before defining the best patient management.</p>
      <p>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with technetium-99m-Sestamibi (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi) allows early detection and evaluation of disease extension and cardiovascular risk in patients with suspected or established CAD, helping in decision-making regarding the start and type of therapy to be implemented.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This method has been widely used, but shows difficulties in some situations such as balanced multivessel disease, in which the proportional flow distribution in the myocardial regions can hinder ischemia detection. In such cases, additional assessment data, such as evaluation of contractility, decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) under stress, electrocardiographic alterations or symptoms during stress, dilation of the left ventricle (LV) cavity under stress can provide evidence of ischemia, indicating further diagnostic investigation.</p>
      <p>Noninvasive imaging using Positron-Emission Computed Tomography (PET-CT) allows the acquisition of myocardial perfusion imaging with better quality than conventional equipment, in addition to estimating quantitative measures of myocardial blood flow at rest and under stress, as well as of coronary reserve.</p>
      <p>We report the case of a patient with multivessel CAD referred for evaluation of myocardial perfusion, which was carried out through the two methods (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Myocardial perfusion at rest (R) and stress (S) with technetium-99m-Sestamibi (MIBI) to the right and rubidium-82 (82Rb) to the left. Ischemia can be observed in most prominent inferolateral wall in 82Rb. B) Left ventricular motility study (GATED-PET) shows apical akinesia and severe hypomotility of the left ventricular inferior and septal walls, with a decrease in ejection fraction under stress and the presence of transient ischemic dilation (volumetric ratio between stress and rest of 1.28).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0087-60198-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>Female patient, 63 years old, reported chest burning pain and dyspnea on exertion for 2 years and was submitted to CAT, which detected CAD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). She had hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy to be clarified. On physical examination, the patient was in good general status, eupneic, acyanotic, regular heart rhythm, normal heart sounds with no murmurs, positive pulmonary breath sounds without adventitious sounds, unaltered abdomen and full pulses and with good amplitude, without edema, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I. She was receiving carvedilol, losartan, spironolactone, furosemide, simvastatin, aspirin and clopidogrel. The resting echocardiogram showed significant degree of diffuse myocardial involvement; LV diastolic dysfunction grade 1, moderate-degree mitral regurgitation and ejection fraction of 30%. The baseline electrocardiogram showed inactive areas in the inferior and anterolateral walls, in addition to possible left ventricular overload.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Myocardial blood flow measurements (mL/ min/g) at rest and under stress, and coronary reserve in the territories of the left anterior descending (LAD), circumflex (LCX) and right coronary (RCA) arteries obtained with rubidium/positron-emission tomography. Observe the overall reduction in myocardial blood flow and left ventricular (LV) reserve and the territories of the three arteries (reserve &lt;2.0). (B) Coronary angiography showing 100% occlusion in the anterior descending, circumflex and right coronary arteries, as well as the presence of grade 3 collateral circulation of multiple origin to the anterior descending artery, grade 2 in the right coronary artery and grade 3 in the second left marginal artery.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0087-60198-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The patient underwent myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with Sestamibi and rubidium-82 (<sup>82</sup>Rb), according to previously described protocol and technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Initially, the resting image was carried out; approximately 2 hours later, the stress imaging was performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and 2) using dipyridamole as a stress agent. The findings showed greater extension of perfusion alterations in the examination with <sup>82</sup>Rb, in addition to coronary reserve alteration in all arterial territories.</p>
      <p>Currently, the patient is being followed with optimal medical treatment due to the high risk and the presence of well-developed collateral circulation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The established method for assessing perfusion and myocardial function, with an important role in risk stratification of patients with known or suspected CAD is cardiac SPECT with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi. However, some disadvantages of the study related to the presence of image artifacts, the long duration of the examination and the possibility of underestimating ischemia severity in patients with multivessel disease <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> should be considered.</p>
      <p>Among the noninvasive methods of LV perfusion and wall motion assessment, PET-CT with <sup>82</sup>Rb has shown higher sensitivity and accuracy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> This is a positron-emitting radionuclide that has characteristics similar to those of potassium and an ultrashort half-life of 75 seconds.</p>
      <p>The advantages of performing tests with <sup>82</sup>Rb in PET-CT are: better image quality due to attenuation correction, reduced examination time (approximately 40 minutes), less radiation exposure, and the possibility of quantification of myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Despite the high cost, this test allows the noninvasive evaluation of CAD, providing new data with probable impact on patient management<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and, eventually, can prevent costly interventions that do not result in clinical improvement.</p>
      <p>The quantification of coronary flow reserve with <sup>82</sup>Rb is calculated by dividing the blood flow under stress by that at rest, considering the coronary territories of the anterior descending, right coronary and circumflex arteries, as well as that of the LV as a whole. This index provides subsidies to differentiate patients with ischemia in the territory supplied by an artery with less severe stenosis from those with multivessel disease (balanced ischemia) because in these cases the reserve is globally decreased.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a recently published study, the coronary blood flow was considered an independent risk factor for symptomatic patients with normal myocardial perfusion study on PET.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Other published studies have shown subclinical abnormalities in myocardial blood flow or coronary flow reserve in different cohorts of patients, including obese, diabetic, smoker, hypertensive and HIV-positive patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> with microcirculation disease and dilated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which seems to have implications for the prognosis of these patients.</p>
      <p>In this present case, the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with Sestamibi showed a pattern of transient relative myocardial perfusion with Sestamibi, which seems visually less extensive than that observed in the study with <sup>82</sup>Rb. Additionally, the quantification of myocardial blood flow and coronary reserve showed alterations in the three arterial territories, characterizing a worse prognosis. If the patient had not been submitted to assessment with <sup>82</sup>Rb, further evaluation would be needed for the feasibility study, due to the small degree of transient defect detected by the examination with Sestamibi. This would increase the time of examination and radiation dose received by the patient.</p>
      <p>In our country, it is not possible to routinely perform myocardial perfusion imaging with PET-CT and <sup>82</sup>Rb due to several factors, such as limited availability of PET-CT equipment and strontium/rubidium generator. However, the technique has great applicability in nuclear cardiology, either with <sup>82</sup>Rb or ammonia, particularly in the increase of prognostic information provided by the test, such as in the case of coronary flow reserve.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Bruno Gomes Padilha, from INCOR-HCFMUSP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Yoshinaga K, Klein R, Tamaki N. Generator-produced rubidium-82 positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging-From basic aspects to clinical applications. J Cardiol. 2010;55(2):163-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshinaga</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamaki</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Generator-produced rubidium-82 positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging-From basic aspects to clinical applications</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>163</fpage>
          <lpage>173</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Yoshinaga K, Katoh C, Manabe O, Klein R, Naya M, Sakakibara M, et al. Incremental diagnostic value of regional myocardial blood flow quantification over relative perfusion imaging with generator-produced rubidium-82 PET. Circ J. 2011,75(11):2628-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshinaga</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katoh</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manabe</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naya</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sakakibara</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incremental diagnostic value of regional myocardial blood flow quantification over relative perfusion imaging with generator-produced rubidium-82 PET</article-title>
          <source>Circ J</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2628</fpage>
          <lpage>2634</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Sampson UK, Dorbala S, Limaye A, Kwong R, Di Carli MF. Diagnostic accuracy of rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion imaging with hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the detection of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(10):1052-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sampson</surname>
              <given-names>UK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dorbala</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Limaye</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kwong</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Carli</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic accuracy of rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion imaging with hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the detection of coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1052</fpage>
          <lpage>1058</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Sampson U K, Dorbala S, Limaye A, Kwong R, Di Carli MF. Diagnostic accuracy of rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion imaging with hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the detection of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007:49(10):1052-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sampson</surname>
              <given-names>U K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dorbala</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Limaye</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kwong</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Carli</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic accuracy of rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion imaging with hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the detection of coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1052</fpage>
          <lpage>1058</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 McMahon SR, Kikut J, Pinckney RG, Keating FK. Feasibility of stress only rubidium-82 PET myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2013;20(6):1069-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McMahon</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kikut</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinckney</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keating</surname>
              <given-names>FK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Feasibility of stress only rubidium-82 PET myocardial perfusion imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1069</fpage>
          <lpage>1075</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Ghotbi AA, Kjaer A, Hasbak P. Review: comparison of PET rubidium-82 with conventional SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2014;34(3):163-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ghotbi</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kjaer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hasbak</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Review: comparison of PET rubidium-82 with conventional SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging</article-title>
          <source>Clin Physiol Funct Imaging</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>163</fpage>
          <lpage>170</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Gibbons RJ, Chareonthaitawee P. Establishing the prognostic value of Rb-82 PET myocardial perfusion imaging: a step in the right direction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2(7):855-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbons</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chareonthaitawee</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Establishing the prognostic value of Rb-82 PET myocardial perfusion imaging: a step in the right direction</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>855</fpage>
          <lpage>857</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Naya M, Murthy VL, Taqueti VR, Foster CR, Klein J, Garber M, et al. Preserved coronary flow reserve effectively excludes high-risk coronary artery disease on angiography. J Nucl Med. 2014;55(2):248-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Naya</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murthy</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taqueti</surname>
              <given-names>VR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garber</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preserved coronary flow reserve effectively excludes high-risk coronary artery disease on angiography</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>248</fpage>
          <lpage>255</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Kaufmann PA, Camici PG. Myocardial blood flow measurement by PET: Technical aspects and clinical applications. J Nucl Med. 2005;46(1):75-88.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaufmann</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camici</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial blood flow measurement by PET: Technical aspects and clinical applications</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>75</fpage>
          <lpage>88</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Schindler TH, Cardenas J, Prior JO, Facta AD, Kreissl MC, Zhang XL, et al. Relationship between increasing body weight, insulin resistance, inflammation, adipocytokine leptin, and coronary circulatory function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(6):1188-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schindler</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardenas</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prior</surname>
              <given-names>JO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Facta</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kreissl</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>XL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between increasing body weight, insulin resistance, inflammation, adipocytokine leptin, and coronary circulatory function</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1188</fpage>
          <lpage>1195</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relato de Caso: Investiga&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;a Multiarterial com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi e Rub&#237;dio-82 em PET-CT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padilha</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giorgi</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clementina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izaki</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghetti</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear e Imagem Molecular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno Gomes Padilha</bold>, Rua Minas Gerais, 428. CEP 01244-010, Higien&#243;polis, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>bgpadilha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Meneghetti JC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Padilha BG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sabino D; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Giorgi MC, Soares Jr. J, Izaki M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Rub&#237;dio-82</kwd>
        <kwd>Tecn&#233;cio Tc 99 m Sestamibi</kwd>
        <kwd>Cintilografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Cinecoronarioangiografia (CATE) &#233; o m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico padr&#227;o para detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). No entanto, muitas vezes &#233; necess&#225;rio avaliar a express&#227;o de uma obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, antes de definir o melhor manejo do paciente.</p>
        <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com Tecn&#233;cio-99m-Sestamibi (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi) permite a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a e do risco cardiovascular em pacientes com DAC suspeita ou estabelecida, auxiliando na tomada de decis&#227;o quanto ao in&#237;cio e ao tipo de terapia a ser institu&#237;da.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Esse m&#233;todo vem sendo amplamente utilizado, por&#233;m apresenta dificuldades em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es, como a doen&#231;a multiarterial balanceada, em que a distribui&#231;&#227;o proporcional do fluxo nos territ&#243;rios mioc&#225;rdicos pode prejudicar a detec&#231;&#227;o da isquemia. Nesses casos, dados adicionais do exame, como avalia&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade, queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) ap&#243;s o estresse, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou sintomas durante o estresse, dilata&#231;&#227;o da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) ap&#243;s o estresse, podem fornecer ind&#237;cios de isquemia, indicando o prosseguimento da investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica.</p>
        <p>Imagens n&#227;o invasivas utilizando tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (PET-CT) permitem a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com melhor qualidade que os equipamentos convencionais, al&#233;m do c&#225;lculo de medidas quantitativas do fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico no repouso e no estresse, bem como da reserva coronariana.</p>
        <p>Relatamos o caso de um paciente portador de DAC multiarterial encaminhado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, que realizou o exame com os dois m&#233;todos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Estudo de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em repouso (R) e estresse (E) com tecn&#233;cio-99m-sestamibi (MIBI), &#224; direita, e rub&#237;dio-82 (<sup>82</sup>Rb), &#224; esquerda. Observa&#8209;se isquemia na parede inferolateral mais destacada no <sup>82</sup>Rb. B) O estudo de motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (GATED-PET) mostra acinesia apical e hipomotilidade acentuada das paredes inferior e septal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ao estresse e entre o estresse e o repouso de 1,28).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0087-60198-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do Caso</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, com 63 anos de idade, referia dor precordial em queima&#231;&#227;o e dispneia aos esfor&#231;os h&#225; 2 anos, tendo sido submetida a CATE que detectou DAC (Figura 2). Apresentava hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia, resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e miocardiopatia dilatada a esclarecer. Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava-se em bom estado geral, eupneica, acian&#243;tica, ritmo card&#237;aco regular, bulhas normofon&#233;ticas e sem sopros, murm&#250;rio vesicular pulmonar positivo sem ru&#237;dos advent&#237;cios, abdome sem altera&#231;&#245;es, e pulsos cheios e com boa amplitude, sem edemas, classe funcional I <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA). Encontrava-se em uso de carvedilol, losartana, espironolactona, furosemida, sinvastatina, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e clopidogrel. O ecocardiograma de repouso mostrava comprometimento difuso do mioc&#225;rdio de grau importante; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE grau 1, insufici&#234;ncia mitral de grau moderado e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 30%. O eletrocardiograma basal apresentava &#225;reas inativas nas paredes inferior e anterolateral, al&#233;m de poss&#237;vel sobrecarga ventricular esquerda.</p>
        <p>A paciente foi submetida &#224; cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com sestamibi e com rub&#237;dio-82 (<sup>82</sup>Rb), segundo protocolo e t&#233;cnica previamente descritos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Inicialmente, foi realizada a imagem de repouso; cerca de 2 horas ap&#243;s, foi realizada a imagem de estresse (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2</xref>) utilizando o dipiridamol como agente estressor. Os achados mostraram maior extens&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es perfusionais no exame realizado com <sup>82</sup>Rb, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#227;o da reserva coronariana em todos os territ&#243;rios arteriais.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Medidas de fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico (em mL/min/g) em repouso e em estresse, e reserva coronariana nos territ&#243;rios de descendente anterior (LAD), circunflexa (LCX) e coron&#225;ria direita (RCA) obtidos com rub&#237;dio/ tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons. Nota-se redu&#231;&#227;o global do fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico e da reserva no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (LV) e nos tr&#234;s territ&#243;rios arteriais (reserva &lt; 2,0). B) A angiografia coronariana evidencia obstru&#231;&#227;o de 100% em descendente anterior, circunflexa e coron&#225;ria direita, e presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral de m&#250;ltipla origem para descendente anterior grau 3, coron&#225;ria direita grau 2 e segunda marginal esquerda grau 3.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0087-60198-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No momento, a paciente encontra-se em acompanhamento com tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, devido ao alto risco e &#224; presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral bem desenvolvida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O m&#233;todo consagrado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdicas, com importante papel na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco dos pacientes com DAC conhecida ou suspeita &#233; o SPECT card&#237;aco com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi. No entanto, algumas desvantagens do estudo, relacionadas com a presen&#231;a de artefatos de imagem, a longa dura&#231;&#227;o do exame e a possibilidade de subestimar a gravidade da isquemia em pacientes com doen&#231;a multiarterial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> devem ser consideradas.</p>
        <p>Entre os m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da perfus&#227;o e da motilidade do VE, o PET-CT com <sup>82</sup>Rb tem demonstrado maior sensibilidade e acur&#225;cia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Trata-se de um radionucl&#237;deo emissor de p&#243;sitrons que apresenta caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes ao pot&#225;ssio e uma meia-vida ultracurta de 75 segundos.</p>
        <p>As vantagens da realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames com <sup>82</sup>Rb em PET-CT s&#227;o: melhor qualidade da imagem devido &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o, redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de exame (aproximadamente 40 minutos), menor exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, e possibilidade da quantifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico e da reserva de fluxo coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Apesar do alto custo, esse exame possibilita uma avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da DAC, fornecendo novos dados com prov&#225;vel impacto no manejo do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e, eventualmente, pode evitar interven&#231;&#245;es caras, que n&#227;o produziriam melhora cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo coronariano com <sup>82</sup>Rb &#233; calculada pela divis&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo ao estresse pelo repouso , considerando-se os territ&#243;rios coron&#225;rios das art&#233;rias descendente anterior, coron&#225;ria direita e circunflexa, bem como do VE como um todo. Este &#237;ndice fornece subs&#237;dios para discriminar pacientes com isquemia em territ&#243;rio suprido por uma art&#233;ria com estenose menos acentuada dos com doen&#231;a multiarterial (isquemia balanceada), pois, nestes casos, a reserva se mostra globalmente diminu&#237;da.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Em estudo recentemente publicado, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano foi considerado um fator de risco independente em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com estudo de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica relativa por PET normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Outros diversos estudos publicados mostraram anormalidades subcl&#237;nicas no fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico ou na reserva de fluxo coronariano em diferentes coortes de pacientes, incluindo obesos, diab&#233;ticos, tabagistas, hipertensos e HIV positivos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> com doen&#231;a de microcircula&#231;&#227;o e miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica dilatada, o que parece ter implica&#231;&#245;es no progn&#243;stico desses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Neste caso apresentado, a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com sestamibi mostrou um padr&#227;o de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica relativa transit&#243;ria com sestamibi, que parece visualmente menos extenso que o observado no estudo com <sup>82</sup>Rb. Adicionalmente, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico e da reserva coronariana evidenciou altera&#231;&#245;es nos tr&#234;s territ&#243;rios arteriais, o que caracteriza um pior progn&#243;stico. Se a paciente n&#227;o tivesse sido submetida &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o com o <sup>82</sup>Rb, seria necess&#225;ria a avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar, para pesquisa de viabilidade, devido ao pequeno grau de defeito transit&#243;rio detectado pelo exame com sestamibi. Isso aumentaria o tempo de exame e a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o recebida pela paciente.</p>
        <p>No nosso meio, ainda n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel realizar estudos de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com PET-CT e <sup>82</sup>Rb de forma rotineira por diversos fatores, como a pouca disponibilidade do equipamento de PET-CT e o gerador de estr&#244;ncio/rub&#237;dio. No entanto, a t&#233;cnica apresenta enorme aplicabilidade na cardiologia nuclear, seja com <sup>82</sup>Rb ou am&#244;nia, principalmente no acr&#233;scimo de informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas fornecidas, como no caso da reserva de fluxo coronariano.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Bruno Gomes Padilha pelo INCOR-HCFMUSP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
