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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">S8zJ6kN4xtwWXsJVpkdcNYL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000100070</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compound Heterozygous SCN5A Mutations in a Toddler - Are they Associated with a More Severe Phenotype?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Epifanio</surname>
            <given-names>Hindalis Ballesteros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wulkan</surname>
            <given-names>Fanny</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Theo Gremen Mimary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Mauricio Scanavacca</bold>, Av. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>scanavacca@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Sacilotto L, Epifanio HB, Scanavacca MI; Acquisition of data: Sacilotto L, Epifanio HB, Wulkan F, Gremen T,; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sacilotto L, Epifanio HB, Darrieux FCC, Wulkan F, Gremen T, Pereira AC, Scanavacca MI; Writing of the manuscript: Sacilotto L, Darrieux FCC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sacilotto L, Darrieux FCC, Hachul DT, Pereira AC, Scanavacca MI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>70</fpage>
      <lpage>73</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Compound heterozygosity has been described in inherited arrhythmias, and usually associated with a more severe phenotype. Reports of this occurrence in Brugada syndrome patients are still rare. We report a study of genotype-phenotype correlation after the identification of new variants by genetic testing. We describe the case of an affected child with a combination of two different likely pathogenic <italic>SCN5A</italic> variants, presenting sinus node dysfunction, flutter and atrial fibrillation, prolonged HV interval, spontaneous type 1 Brugada pattern in the prepubescent age and familiar history of sudden death.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Brugada Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Sinoatrial Node / abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Testing</kwd>
        <kwd>Heredity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Brugada Syndrome is a potentially lethal cardiac channelopathy. Diagnosis is challenging in most cases and is mainly based on clinical history and electrocardiographic patterns. The disease is often diagnosed during adulthood and rarely in children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>More than 300 different mutations associated with Brugada Syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> have been described in the <italic>SCN5A</italic> gene that encodes the cardiac sodium channel. Around 20-30% of Brugada Syndrome patients harbor a putative causal mutation in this gene.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>The alpha subunit of the sodium channel is associated with atrial and ventricular excitability. Despite the clear causal relationship between <italic>SCN5A</italic> mutations and the Brugada Syndrome phenotype, there are clinical variability of the phenotype including, besides the full-blown Brugada Syndrome set of signs and symptoms, atrial fibrillation, sick sinus syndrome, long QT syndrome, dilated cardiomyopathy and a range of overlap syndromes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>While compound heterozygosity has been described in a number of monogenic heart disorders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> including inherited arrhythmias, and usually associated with a more severe phenotype, the occurrence in Brugada syndrome patients are still under investigation. In this paper, we describe a case of an affected child presenting a combination of two different <italic>SCN5A</italic> pathogenic mutations.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Family study</title>
        <p>The boy presented with palpitations and syncope at age 4 due to a wide QRS tachycardia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1, A</xref>). There was no structural heart disease by echocardiogram and cardiac resonance imaging. The electrophysiological study resulted in a slight increase in the HV interval (62ms), without induction of ventricular arrhythmia. The patient was treated with oral quinidine due to its vagolytic effect before Brugada Syndrome suspicion. External loop recorder showed paroxysmal 2:1 atrial flutter, associated with the symptom of diaphoresis, and asymptomatic sinus pauses of 3.2 up to 4.6 seconds unrelated to the atrial flutter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1, B</xref>). Then an atrioventricular pacemaker was implanted. During the following three years, the child remained asymptomatic. At age 8, he presented a Brugada type 1 electrocardiography (ECG) pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1, C</xref>), several episodes of atrial fibrillation, without spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recording of clinical history. A) wide QRS tachycardia at age 4; B) sinus pauses; C) electrocardiogram of the proband in right upper precorial leads after 3 years of follow-up, at age 8; D) electrocardiogram in right upper precorial leads: ajmaline challenge (mother). E) electrocardiogram in standard leads: ajmaline challenge (father).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0070-70006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>His paternal uncle had atrial fibrillation and died suddenly at age 34, after dinner. His parents had a normal electrocardiogram, although the ajmaline test induced a Brugada type 1 ECG pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1, D</xref>).</p>
        <p><italic>SCN5A</italic> bidirectional Sanger sequencing revealed a compound heterozygosity from paternal (NM_001099404:c. 1198 G&gt;A, p. G400R) and maternal (NM_001099404: c.4382 C&gt;G, p.T1461S) inheritance. Both variants were <italic>likely pathogenic</italic>, according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Guidelines for the interpretation of genetic variants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Family history and genetic results are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Brugada type 1 pattern; SD: sudden death; ECG: electrocardiography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0070-70006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this report, we describe an unusual case of a toddler presenting with sinus node dysfunction, flutter and atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular block, prolonged HV interval and family history of sudden death, probably due to mutations in the SCN5A gene, which, in this case, was characterized as a compound heterozygote (p.G400R and p.T1461S).</p>
      <p>This report is original in that it presents a case of a boy at prepubescent age with a distinct clinical presentation - a combination of conduction system disturbances, atrial tachyarrhythmias, Brugada ECG pattern, and two novel genetic variants.</p>
      <p>Interestingly, the initial resting ECGs of the index case and the family were normal (except for the first-degree atrioventricular block of the father), but the case follow-up and provocative tests performed on his parents revealed type 1 Brugada electrocardiographic pattern.</p>
      <p>We hypothesize that, in this case, the severe phenotype manifested since childhood may be the result of the combination of both mutations. The index case had an overlapping syndrome, and the spontaneous type 1 Brugada pattern was detected at prepubescent age, which is uncommon.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The family presentation suggests the incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity of the mutation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Compound mutations are rare conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Medeiros-Domingos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> described a child with progressive cardiac conduction system disease, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in a febrile state, compound mutation inherited from the mother (<italic>SCN5A</italic> gene, mutation p.R34fs*62), and a prolonged QT interval inherited from the father (<italic>SCN5A</italic> gene, mutation p.R1195H), revealed by the functional analysis. Robyns et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> showed a compound mutation also in the <italic>SCN5A</italic> gene, which was actually a combination of a mutation and a new variant that seemed to evoke a severe phenotype, including spontaneous atrial tachyarrhythmia at young age.</p>
      <p>According to our research, the p.G400R and p.T1461S are new variants; the absence of these variants in the Exome Aggregation Consortium, in addition to the in silico analysis of the variants by pathogenicity prediction programs (Mutation Taster, SIFT e Polyphen 2), and familial cosegregation of the disease (including the response to the ajmaline test) indicate the classification of these variants as <italic>likely pathogenic</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Besides, another amino acid substitution in <italic>SCN5A</italic> gene, at the same residue (p.G400A) has been previously reported to cause electrical storm after myocardial infarction. Although the American College of Medical Genetics guidelines provide good genetic evidence for the mutation status of each variant, functional studies assessing the combined effects of these variants would be of benefit.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The wide phenotypic expression of the <italic>SCN5A</italic> mutation remains a challenge. Additional genetic variation is one of the explanations for the low penetrance and variable clinical expression of the disease. We described variants and also their responses to the ajmaline test, which can indicate its pathogenic role.</p>
      <p><italic>SCN5A</italic> compound mutations seem to lead to severe clinical and electrocardiographic manifestations. However, further studies are warranted to describe the long-term consequences of harboring compound mutations of the <italic>SCN5A</italic>.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>9 Robyns T, Nuyens D, Casteren LV, Corveleyn A, Ravel TD, Heidbuchel H, et al. Reduced penetrance and variable expression of <italic>SCN5A</italic> mutations and the importance of co-inherited genetic variants: case report and review of the literature. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2014;14(3):133-49.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Robyns</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nuyens</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casteren</surname>
              <given-names>LV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corveleyn</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ravel</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heidbuchel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reduced penetrance and variable expression of SCN5A mutations and the importance of co-inherited genetic variants: case report and review of the literature</article-title>
          <source>Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>133</fpage>
          <lpage>149</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Tan BY, Yong RY, Barajas-Martinez H, Dumaine R, Chew YX, Wasan PS, et al. A Brugada syndrome proband with compound heterozygote mutations identified from a Chinese family in Singapore. Europace. 2016;18(6):897-904.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>BY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yong</surname>
              <given-names>RY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barajas-Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dumaine</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chew</surname>
              <given-names>YX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wasan</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Brugada syndrome proband with compound heterozygote mutations identified from a Chinese family in Singapore</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>897</fpage>
          <lpage>904</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heterozigose Composta no Gene SCN5A em Crian&#231;a - H&#225; Associa&#231;&#227;o com Gravidade da Doen&#231;a?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Epifanio</surname>
            <given-names>Hindalis Ballesteros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wulkan</surname>
            <given-names>Fanny</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Theo Gremen Mimary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauricio Scanavacca</bold>, Av. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. Email: <email>mauricio.scanavacca@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sacilotto L, Epifanio HB, Scanavacca MI; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sacilotto L, Epifanio HB, Wulkan F, Gremen T; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sacilotto L, Epifanio HB, Darrieux FCC, Wulkan F, Gremen T, Pereira AC, Scanavacca MI; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sacilotto L, Darrieux, FCC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sacilotto L, Darrieux, FCC, Hachul DT, Pereira AC, Scanavacca MI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A heterozigose composta &#233; descrita em arritmias heredit&#225;rias, geralmente associada a um fen&#243;tipo mais grave. Relatos dessa ocorr&#234;ncia em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Brugada ainda s&#227;o raros. Neste estudo, descrevemos o caso de uma crian&#231;a com a combina&#231;&#227;o de duas novas variantes distintas no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic>, apresentando disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal, <italic>flutter</italic> e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, intervalo HV prolongado, padr&#227;o tipo 1 espont&#226;neo de Brugada na idade pr&#233;-puberal e hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</kwd>
        <kwd>N&#243; Sinoatrial / anormalidades</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes Gen&#233;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hereditariedade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A S&#237;ndrome de Brugada &#233; uma canalopatia potencialmente letal. O diagn&#243;stico se baseia principalmente na hist&#243;rica cl&#237;nica e no eletrocardiograma, podendo ser complexo devido ao padr&#227;o din&#226;mico das manifesta&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. A doen&#231;a &#233; geralmente diagnosticada na fase adulta e raramente na inf&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Mais de 300 muta&#231;&#245;es distintas associadas &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Brugada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> foram descritas no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic>, que codifica o canal de s&#243;dio card&#237;aco. Cerca de 20 a 30% dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Brugada s&#227;o portadores de uma muta&#231;&#227;o nesse gene, que supostamente causam a doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A subunidade alfa do canal de s&#243;dio est&#225; associada com a despolariza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e, portanto, com a excitabilidade atrial e ventricular. Apesar da rela&#231;&#227;o causal existente entre muta&#231;&#245;es no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic> e o fen&#243;tipo da S&#237;ndrome Brugada, existem manifesta&#231;&#227;oes cl&#237;nicas at&#237;picas que incluem, al&#233;m do conjunto de sinais e sintomas da s&#237;ndrome de Brugada, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal, s&#237;ndrome do QT longo, cardiomiopatia dilatada e uma gama de manifesta&#231;&#245;es sobrepostas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora a heterozigose composta seja descrita em doen&#231;as card&#237;acas monog&#234;nicas, incluindo arritmias heredit&#225;rias e esteja associada a um fen&#243;tipo mais grave, a sua ocorr&#234;ncia na S&#237;ndrome de Brugada permanece pouco elucidada. Neste artigo, descrevemos o caso de uma crian&#231;a apresentando a combina&#231;&#227;o de duas variantes possivelmente patog&#234;nicas no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo da fam&#237;lia</title>
          <p>Crian&#231;a de 4 anos, sexo masculino, apresentou palpita&#231;&#245;es e s&#237;ncope por taquicardia com QRS alargado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1, A</xref>). O ecocardiograma e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca n&#227;o detectaram doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural. O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico revelou aumento do intervalo HV (62 ms), sem indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares. O paciente foi tratado com quinidina oral, por seu efeito vagol&#237;tico, antes da suspeita de s&#237;ndrome de Brugada. O monitor de eventos (<italic>loop recorder</italic>) documentou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial parox&#237;stico com condu&#231;&#227;o ventricular 2:1, associado ao sintoma de diaforese, al&#233;m de pausas sinusais de 3,2 a 4,6 segundos, n&#227;o relacionado ao flutter atrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1, B</xref>). Foi optado pelo implante de marca-passo atrioventricular. A crian&#231;a permaneceu assintom&#225;tica nos tr&#234;s anos seguintes. Aos 8 anos, apresentou um padr&#227;o de Brugada tipo 1 ao eletrocardiograma (ECG) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1, C</xref>) e v&#225;rios epis&#243;dios de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial sem arritmia ventricular espont&#226;nea.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Taquicardia com complexo QRS largo aos 4 anos de idade; B) pausas sinusais; C) eletrocardiograma do probando com deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas em posi&#231;&#227;o superior (V1 e V2 nos segundo, terceiro e quarto espa&#231;os intercostais) ap&#243;s 3 anos de seguimento, aos 8 anos de idade; D) teste de (m&#227;e); E) teste de ajmalina (pai).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0070-70006-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O tio paterno apresentava fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e teve morte s&#250;bita aos 34 anos de idade, ap&#243;s a refei&#231;&#227;o. Os pais apresentavam ECG normal ao repouso. Realizado teste de ajmalina, que demonstrou padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de Brugada tipo 1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1, D</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">E</xref>).</p>
          <p>O sequenciamento bidirecional do <italic>SCN5A</italic> pelo m&#233;todo de Sanger revelou a presen&#231;a de duas variantes em heterozigose, uma herdada do pai (NM_001099404:c. 1198 G&gt;A, p.G400R) e a outra da m&#227;e (NM_001099404: c.4382 C&gt;G, p.T1461S). Ambas as variantes eram possivelmente patog&#234;nicas (<italic>likely pathogenic</italic>), de acordo com as diretrizes do <italic>American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics</italic> para interpreta&#231;&#227;o das variantes gen&#233;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A hist&#243;ria familiar e os resultados gen&#233;ticos est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Heredograma. B1: padr&#227;o de Brugada tipo 1.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0070-70006-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste artigo, descrevemos um caso incomum de uma crian&#231;a com disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal, <italic>flutter</italic> e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio atrioventricular, intervalo HV prolongado e hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita, provavelmente por muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic>, que levou a perda de fun&#231;&#227;o dos canais de s&#243;dio, nesse caso, por heterozigosidade composta (p.G400R e p.T1461S).</p>
        <p>Este relato &#233; original por apresentar um caso de um paciente pr&#233;-adolescente com um quadro cl&#237;nico peculiar - uma combina&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, taquiarritmias atriais, padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de Brugada, associados a duas novas variantes gen&#233;ticas.</p>
        <p>&#201; interessante mencionar que os ECGs iniciais de repouso do caso &#237;ndice e familiares eram normais (exceto pelo bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau do pai). No entanto, o teste provocativo revelou o padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de Brugada tipo 1.</p>
        <p>Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que, neste caso, o fen&#243;tipo grave que esteve presente desde a inf&#226;ncia, pode ser resultante da combina&#231;&#227;o de ambas as muta&#231;&#245;es. O caso &#237;ndice apresentou uma s&#237;ndrome de sobreposi&#231;&#227;o (ou <italic>overlap syndrome</italic>), com manifesta&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de Brugada tipo 1 espont&#226;neo, identificada ainda na idade pr&#233;-puberal, o que &#233; um fen&#244;meno incomum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o familiar sugere uma penetr&#226;ncia incompleta e expressividade vari&#225;vel das muta&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de mais de uma muta&#231;&#227;o no mesmo gene &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Medeiros-Domingos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> descreveram um caso de uma crian&#231;a com dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca progressivo, taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfica durante estado febril, por muta&#231;&#227;o herdada da m&#227;e (gene <italic>SCN5A</italic>, muta&#231;&#227;o p.R34fs/60) e intervalo QT prolongado, herdado do pai (gene <italic>SCN5A</italic>, muta&#231;&#227;o R1195H), explorado por an&#225;lise funcional. Robyns et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> tamb&#233;m demonstraram mais de uma muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic>, na realidade uma combina&#231;&#227;o de uma muta&#231;&#227;o e uma nova variante que pareceu ter gerado um fen&#243;tipo grave, incluindo taquiarritmia atrial espont&#226;nea em idade jovem.</p>
        <p>De acordo com nosso estudo, a p.G400R e a p.T1461S s&#227;o variantes novas. A aus&#234;ncia dessas variantes no <italic>Exome Agregation Consortium</italic>, al&#233;m da an&#225;lise <italic>in silico</italic> dessas variantes por programas de predi&#231;&#227;o de patogenicidade (<italic>Mutation Taster</italic>, Provean, <italic>SIFT</italic> e <italic>Polyphen 2</italic>) e a co-segrega&#231;&#227;o familiar da doen&#231;a (incluindo a resposta ao teste com ajmalina) levaram a classifica&#231;&#227;o de "possivelmente patog&#234;nicas" (<italic>likely pathogenic</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo pr&#233;vio relatou que a substitui&#231;&#227;o de outro amino&#225;cido no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic> no mesmo res&#237;duo (p.G400A) causou tempestade el&#233;trica em um paciente, ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Apesar de as diretrizes do <italic>American College of Medical Genetics</italic> fornecerem boa evid&#234;ncia do <italic>status</italic> de patogenicidade de cada variante, seria &#250;til a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos funcionais que avaliassem os efeitos combinados das mesmas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ampla express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica da muta&#231;&#227;o no SCN5A ainda representa um desafio cl&#237;nico. A complexidade gen&#233;tica pode ser uma das explica&#231;&#245;es da baixa penetr&#226;ncia e express&#227;o vari&#225;vel da doen&#231;a. N&#243;s descrevemos as variantes e tamb&#233;m suas respostas ao teste com ajmalina, que podem indicar seu papel patog&#234;nico.</p>
        <p>As muta&#231;&#245;es compostas no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic> parecem levar a manifesta&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas mais graves. No entanto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para descrever as consequ&#234;ncias a longo prazo da coexist&#234;ncia das muta&#231;&#245;es no gene SCN5A</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
