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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">n5BLc9W8d88mpcrDQvmnzhh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000100060</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160186</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005027102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <article-categories>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Original Articles</subject>
            <subj-group>
              <subject>Metabolism/Nutrition</subject>
            </subj-group>
          </subj-group>
        </article-categories>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Lifestyle Intervention on Metabolic Syndrome and its Impact on Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saboya</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Pozas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimmermann</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gustavo</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macagnan</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio Edler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feoli</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Pandolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Margareth da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA; RS - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), RS - Brasil </institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Patricia Pozas Saboya, Av. Ipiranga, 6690 / 300 - Postal Code 90610-000, Jardim Bot&#226;nico, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>patricia.saboya@acad.pucrs.br</email>; <email>ppozassaboya@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Saboya PP, Bodanese LC, Zimmermann PR, Gustavo AS; Acquisition of data: Saboya PP, Gustavo AS, Macagnan FE, Feoli AP, Oliveira MS; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Saboya PP; Obtaining financing: Gustavo AS, Macagnan FE, Feoli AP, Oliveira MS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Saboya PP, Bodanese LC, Zimmermann PR, Gustavo AS, Macagnan FE, Feoli AP, Oliveira MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>60</fpage>
      <lpage>69</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Lifestyle intervention programs can reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and, therefore, reduce the risk for cardiac disease, one of the main public health problems nowadays.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three types of approach for lifestyle change programs in the reduction of metabolic parameters, and to identify its impact on the quality of life (QOL) of individuals with MetS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A randomized controlled trial included 72 individuals with MetS aged 30-59 years. Individuals were randomized into three groups of multidisciplinary intervention [Standard Intervention (SI) - control group; Group Intervention (GI); and Individual Intervention (II)] during 12 weeks. The primary outcome was change in the metabolic parameters, and secondarily, the improvement in QOL measures at three moments: baseline, 3 and 9 months.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Group and individual interventions resulted in a significant reduction in body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure at 3 months and the improvement of QOL, although it was significantly associated with the physical functioning domain. However, these changes did not remain 6 months after the end of intervention. Depression and anxiety were significantly associated with worse QOL, although they showed no effect on the response to intervention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Multidisciplinary intervention, especially in a group, might be an effective and economically feasible strategy in the control of metabolic parameters of MetS and improvement of QOL compared to SI, even in a dose-effect relationship.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Style</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS), considered a complex set of cardiovascular risk factors related to abdominal fat and resistance to insulin, has been increasing progressively and is strongly associated with high cardiovascular morbimortality,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> with estimated prevalence around 23.7%, according to Adult Treatment Panel III criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The main recommendations for MetS prevention and treatment are the change in lifestyle through a multifactor approach based on education, regular physical exercise and a healthy diet, as well as pharmacological strategies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies show that programs of lifestyle change that include nutritional education and supervised physical exercise were efficient to achieve the proposed goals for the treatment of MetS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, few studies use this multifactor approach in their interventions, including all main aspects in the intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Furthermore, an increasing number of studies support the idea that MetS is significantly associated with impaired quality of life (QOL),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and that this association can be predictive of mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Otherwise, few intervention studies confirm the association between MetS and QOL, showing improvement in the MetS components, followed by better QOL scores after lifestyle change intervention,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> in up to 24 months of follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Moreover, studies also show association between depression, anxiety and MetS, although they are not conclusive. While some studies demonstrate the association between MetS and depression,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> others reveal only association between MetS and anxiety.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> For this reason, the analysis of the prevalence of these clinical situations was carried out in this study in order to identify whether there is some influence of these variables in the recovery or the improvement process of the metabolic condition.</p>
      <p>The study of prevention and treatment strategies, as well as the relationship between MetS and QOL, due to its relevance, complexity and treatment possibility, have been receiving little attention in medical literature. Thus, the aim of this study is to test three different programs with a multidisciplinary approach for lifestyle change in the reduction of metabolic parameters and QOL improvement in the population of a rapidly developing country.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>Randomized controlled trial was conducted at the <italic>Centro de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</italic> (HSL-PUCRS), a general university hospital in Southern Brazil. The trial was registered in clinical trial registry Brazil, ReBEC, number RBR9wz5fc.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria: waist circumference (WC) measure &gt; 88 cm for females and &gt; 102 cm for males, followed by at least two criteria: a) systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805; 130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 85 mmHg; b) triglycerides (TGL): &#8805; 150 mg/dL; c) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C): &lt; 40 mg/dL for males and &lt; 50 mg/dL for females;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and d) fasting glucose (FG): &#8805; 100 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria: a) absolute contraindication for physical activity due to musculoskeletal, neurological, vascular, lung and cardiac problems; b) pregnancy; c) diagnosis of severe psychiatric disorders, significant cognitive impairment, assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination (scores under 24 as a cutoff point); d) unavailability to participate in the program.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedures</title>
        <p>Individuals recruited by media advertising in newspapers, radio and websites participated in a screening meeting when they were told about the objectives, inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. After identifying the participants who were able to join the study, they were consecutively randomized into the three kinds of intervention for lifestyle change, by simple randomization 1:1:1. This procedure occurred successively in four waves till the sample size was reached.</p>
        <p>After randomization, each individual received the information regarding the procedures involved in the study, specific for each program, and signed the written informed consent previously approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of PUCRS, under number 10/05153. Initial interviews were scheduled, as well as the following appointments, according to the intervention program drawn. All interviews and interventions were previously confirmed by telephone and performed by the researchers, who were submitted to quality standard training for data collection and intervention procedures.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Standard intervention</title>
          <p>The standard intervention (SI), considered in this study as the control group, was the non-pharmacological intervention recommended by the main guidelines for the clinical management of MetS. The volunteers in this group had two consultations: at baseline and 3 months. Consultations were carried out individually by the nursing staff: the first one for standard guidance on exercising, diet and self-care, according to the guidelines. The diet program is based on the healthy diet model of the Brazilian Ministry of Health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and the self-care program, focused on the administration of the medications in use and general health care. The second consultation approached the facility and difficulty to follow recommendations for changing eating habits and regular exercising.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intervention group</title>
          <p>The group intervention (GI) worked the change in lifestyle through the discussion of pre-defined themes of health education, focused on the main cardiovascular risk factors considered changeable which are associated with MetS, as well as motivation for changing behavior, based on the transtheoretical model of change.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The GI appointments occurred weekly during 1 hour and 45 minutes, coordinated by a psychologist, a nurse, a physical therapist and a nutritionist. During the first 45 minutes, volunteers discussed a health topic proposed by the team. Soon after that, they discussed and tested strategies for changing eating habits and regular exercising, which could be included in the volunteers' routine, according to the group's motivation. The groups were composed of 10 to 12 individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Individual intervention</title>
          <p>The volunteers in the individual intervention (II) group participated in weekly individual appointments with the psychology and nutrition teams, and exercised regularly with the physical therapy team.</p>
          <p>Nutritional intervention: based on the needs of each participant according to the aspects that should be changed, respecting intrinsic and extrinsic conditions necessary for the changing process of eating habits. During the weekly appointments, body weight was measured and adhesion to the diet program was assessed through a brief 24-hour recall. In addition, possible difficulties in the adhesion to the strategies and goals agreed in the previous consultation were constantly recorded and monitored. MetS-related themes were developed based on a pre-defined program and addressed individually, aiming to improve the understanding and adhesion to the strategies for changing eating habits.</p>
          <p>Psychological intervention: based on the transtheoretical model of change,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> adapted for individual model, which worked on the different stages of change based on a structured program, with pre-defined objectives, as well as the specific change processes. Materials such as flyers were used and filled out by the volunteer.</p>
          <p>Physical intervention: composed of 36 sessions on the treadmill for 60 continuous minutes each. They occurred three times a week, and the intensity was adjusted according to the recommended heart rate (HR) for each individual. The training range remained between 75% and 85% of the maximum HR, assessed by the graded exercise test (GXT). During physical exercise, BP, HR and symptoms of cardiovascular alterations were monitored. The speed and inclination were constantly adjusted to keep HR within the training range.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurements</title>
          <p>All groups were assessed at baseline, end of interventions (3 months), and 6 months later (9 months). The assessment comprised physical, metabolic, behavioral and psychological aspects of the individuals studied.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sociodemographic data</title>
          <p>Data on personal identification, psychosocial and health aspects, such as diagnosis, medications in use and lifestyle (smoking habit, use of alcohol, physical activity), were collected in individual interviews by use of a structured questionnaire.</p>
          <p>Alcohol use: male intake - up to 1 oz (30 ml) of ethanol/day; female intake - up to 0.5 oz of ethanol/day.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Physical activity: exercise at least once a week as opposed to no exercise, the latter characterizing a sedentary lifestyle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical parameters</title>
          <p>The anthropometric profile assessment included measuring WC, with a millimeter non-extensible long tape at the abdomen's maximum extension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> body weight, and height, to calculate body mass index (BMI). Individuals were barefoot and lightly dressed having body weight measured, through the use of a properly calibrated 160-kg Cauduro<sup>&#174;</sup> scale. The Sunny<sup>&#174;</sup> vertical anthropometer was used for measuring height. Blood pressure values were assessed in three consecutive measurements, according to the American Hypertension Guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory parameters</title>
          <p>Blood samples were collected after fasting for the analysis of biochemical markers. Plasma and serum were separated and stored at -80&#176;C for later analyses at HSL-PUCRS' laboratory. The tests analyzed were FG, total cholesterol, HDL-C and TGL, while low-density protein was determined indirectly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Depression and anxiety</title>
          <p>These variables were measured through the Adult Self Report (ASR),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> self-administered scale of 126 items that aims to identify the aspects of adults' adaptive functioning between the ages of 19 and 59 years, identifying behavioral and emotional problems and higher incidence of psychopathological disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating a greater number of behavioral problems. Individuals with scores above 60 within the internalization scale, who demonstrate borderline and clinical status or under drug treatment, were classified as depressed or anxious.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality of life</title>
          <p>This variable was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form, General Health Survey (SF-36)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> that evaluates the QOL of individuals in relation to their disease. It consists of 36 questions, divided into the following 8 domains: physical functioning; limitations due to physical problem; bodily pain; general health perceptions; vitality; social functioning; role limitations due to emotional problems; and mental health. These domains were summarized into Physical and Mental Component Summary (PCS and MCS, respectively). The scores range from 0 to 100 for each domain, in which higher scores indicate better QOL.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>For &#945; = 0.05, 90% power and estimating a difference between WC averages of 0.9 units of standard deviation, a sample number of 27 volunteers in each group was calculated. Considering maximum loss of 20%, the sample size became 34 per group.</p>
        <p>Quantitative data were described as mean and standard deviation. Categorical variables were presented as counts and percentages. Comparisons of quantitative data used the one-way Anova for 3 groups and <italic>t</italic> test for 2 groups. For categorical data, we used the chi-square and Fisher's exact test, when necessary. To evaluate the outcomes, MetS components and QOL scores, considering adjustment for confounding factors, analysis of covariance and multiple linear regression were used. Additionally, analysis of covariance was used for comparisons at 3 and 9 months, adjusting for baseline measures and other confounding factors. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program, version 21, with an alpha level of significance at 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This study included 72 individuals who concluded the intervention, divided into three groups: SI, 19; GI, 25; and II, 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Individuals who did not complete the trial and the ones that remained in the study showed similar characteristics regarding race, marital status and BMI. However, there were more women with lower levels of education (data not shown).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flow chart of study participants.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0060-60186-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>According to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, most of the population studied was female, white and had high levels of education. Groups showed similar distributions in terms of general characteristics, as well as MetS and QOL components, without statistically significant differences at baseline.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the study participants</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center">SI</th>
              <th align="center">GI</th>
              <th align="center">II</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n=19</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n=25</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n=28</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">52.1&#177;7.2</td>
              <td align="center">50.9&#177;7.7</td>
              <td align="center">51.6&#177;5.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.831 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (36.8)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (52.0)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (71.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.055 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (89.5)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (92.0)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (85.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.763 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Marital status, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.768 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With companion</td>
              <td align="center">12 (66.7)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (71.4)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (68.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Single</td>
              <td align="center">3 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (23.8)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (24.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Widowed</td>
              <td align="center">3 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (4.8)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Level of education, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.424 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4 years of study</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5 to 8 years of study</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Over 9 years of study</td>
              <td align="center">19 (100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (92.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary lifestyle, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (57.9)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (64.0)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (75.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.442 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.305 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of alcohol, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (7.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.280 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">33.5&#177;4.1</td>
              <td align="center">35.1&#177;3.6</td>
              <td align="center">33.7&#177;3.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.283 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>MetS Components</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">112.6&#177;8.3</td>
              <td align="center">112.9&#177;10.0</td>
              <td align="center">110.7&#177;7.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.605 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">132.6&#177;10.3</td>
              <td align="center">131.8&#177;15.2</td>
              <td align="center">135.5&#177;13.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.577 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">90.6&#177;10.3</td>
              <td align="center">89.7&#177;12.7</td>
              <td align="center">89.2&#177;11.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.922 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TGL (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">174.6&#177;60.2</td>
              <td align="center">266.5&#177;227.0</td>
              <td align="center">200.4&#177;84.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.101 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">46.4&#177;8.9</td>
              <td align="center">47.7&#177;11.3</td>
              <td align="center">48.2&#177;14.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.872 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>SF-36</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical functioning</td>
              <td align="center">76.8&#177;20.6</td>
              <td align="center">74.8&#177;18.1</td>
              <td align="center">77.0&#177;17.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.898 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Role-physical</td>
              <td align="center">75.0&#177;35.4</td>
              <td align="center">77.1&#177;26.5</td>
              <td align="center">86.6&#177;30.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.365 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bodily pain</td>
              <td align="center">62.8&#177;21.9</td>
              <td align="center">63.6&#177;21.5</td>
              <td align="center">70.9&#177;22.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.369 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">General health</td>
              <td align="center">73.2&#177;14.8</td>
              <td align="center">72.8&#177;18.3</td>
              <td align="center">72.0&#177;18.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.973 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vitality</td>
              <td align="center">58.9&#177;22.9</td>
              <td align="center">61.0&#177;22.7</td>
              <td align="center">58.9&#177;22.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.933 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Social functioning</td>
              <td align="center">82.4&#177;23.5</td>
              <td align="center">78.3&#177;23.8</td>
              <td align="center">80.8&#177;16.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.810 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Role emotional</td>
              <td align="center">80.7&#177;25.6</td>
              <td align="center">72.0&#177;39.3</td>
              <td align="center">70.2&#177;38.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.600 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mental health</td>
              <td align="center">71.6&#177;18.8</td>
              <td align="center">71.7&#177;22.8</td>
              <td align="center">68.9&#177;16.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.842 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical component summary</td>
              <td align="center">46.8&#177;8.5</td>
              <td align="center">47.2&#177;6.8</td>
              <td align="center">49.9&#177;5.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.227 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mental component summary</td>
              <td align="center">50.2&#177;10.2</td>
              <td align="center">48.9&#177;14.1</td>
              <td align="center">47.1&#177;9.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.664 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>ANOVA;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Chi-square test; SI: standard intervention; GI: group intervention; II: individual intervention; BMI: body mass index; MetS: metabolic syndrome; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TGL: triglycerides; HDL-C- High: density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> presents results regarding MetS components in the three types of intervention. Although there was a reduction in TGL, FG and DBP, only BMI, WC and SBP showed significant reduction in their mean scores after 12 weeks. Compared to baseline, only II was associated with a significant reduction in SBP levels. On the other hand, regarding BMI and WC, both the GI and II showed a significant reduction in their mean scores, and GI was more effective in the reduction of BMI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparisons between the 3 groups at 3 and 9 months in metabolic parameters by ANCOVA</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="18%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="5%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="5%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">SI</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">GI</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">II</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Month 3 <break/>(n=19)</th>
              <th align="center">Month 9<break/> (n=17)</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Month 3<break/> (n=25)</th>
              <th align="center">Month 9<break/> (n=21)</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Month 3<break/> (n=28)</th>
              <th align="center">Month 9<break/> (n=20)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>MetS Components</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">33.7&#177;0.3</td>
              <td align="center">33.2&#177;0.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">33.3&#177;0.3</td>
              <td align="center">33.5&#177;0.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">32.2&#177;0.2</td>
              <td align="center">32.4&#177;0.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.144</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">110.2&#177;1.2</td>
              <td align="center">108.0&#177;1.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">108.5&#177;1.0</td>
              <td align="center">108.0&#177;1.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">105.4&#177;1.0</td>
              <td align="center">106.4&#177;1.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
              <td align="center">0.522</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">134.3&#177;2.8</td>
              <td align="center">132.9&#177;3.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">130.6&#177;2.5</td>
              <td align="center">128.8&#177;3.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">120.6&#177;2.3</td>
              <td align="center">124.6&#177;3.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.330</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">86.4&#177;2.5</td>
              <td align="center">85.6&#177;2.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">84.6&#177;2.2</td>
              <td align="center">82.8&#177;1.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">80.9&#177;2.0</td>
              <td align="center">80.7&#177;1.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.199</td>
              <td align="center">0.263</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TGL (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">215.0&#177;14.5</td>
              <td align="center">182.1&#177;19.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">203.6&#177;12.8</td>
              <td align="center">210.7&#177;16.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">176.2&#177;12.3</td>
              <td align="center">203.4&#177;15.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.103</td>
              <td align="center">0.539</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">43.6&#177;1.4</td>
              <td align="center">45.2&#177;1.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">48.0&#177;1.2</td>
              <td align="center">47.4&#177;1.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">46.9&#177;1.2</td>
              <td align="center">46.3&#177;1.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.060</td>
              <td align="center">0.616</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FG (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">111.0&#177;4.3</td>
              <td align="center">112.3&#177;5.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">107.7&#177;3.6</td>
              <td align="center">106.9&#177;4.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">99.5&#177;3.7</td>
              <td align="center">105.6&#177;4.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.108</td>
              <td align="center">0.600</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>p: statistical significance at 3 months; p *: statistical significance at 9 months; SI: standard intervention; GI: group intervention; II: individual intervention; MetS: metabolic syndrome; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TGL: triglycerides; HDL-C: highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol; FG: Fasting glucose.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>BMI, WC, SBP and Physical Functioning measures at baseline and 3 months. BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SI: Standard Intervention; GI: Group Intervention; II: Individual intervention.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0060-60186-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding QOL scores, almost all domains in all types of intervention showed an increase in their mean scores after 12 weeks. However, only physical functioning showed significant association (p=0.024), although general health had borderline significance. Compared to baseline, in almost all SF-36 domains, QOL improvement was higher in the II, although no statistically significant difference among the groups was found. Considering the PCS and MCS scores, no significant difference was found after the intervention. Similarly, there was no significant difference among the groups, despite the fact that II encouraged a larger increase in the MCS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparisons between the 3 groups at 3 and 9 months in the QOL domains by ANCOVA</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">SI</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">GI</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">II</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Month 3<break/> (n=19)</th>
              <th align="center">Month 9<break/> (n=17)</th>
              <th align="center">Month 3<break/> (n=25)</th>
              <th align="center">Month 9<break/> (n=21)</th>
              <th align="center">Month 3<break/> (n=28)</th>
              <th align="center">Month 9<break/> (n=20)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="9">
                <bold>SF-36</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PF</td>
              <td align="center">76.7&#177;3.5</td>
              <td align="center">76.8&#177;4.5</td>
              <td align="center">78.3&#177;3.0</td>
              <td align="center">78.5&#177;4.1</td>
              <td align="center">87.7&#177;2.8</td>
              <td align="center">75.3&#177;4.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.024</td>
              <td align="center">0.865</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RP</td>
              <td align="center">83.6&#177;5.3</td>
              <td align="center">86.5&#177;9.0</td>
              <td align="center">92.1&#177;4.7</td>
              <td align="center">73.7&#177;8.1</td>
              <td align="center">88.4&#177;4.4</td>
              <td align="center">82.7&#177;8.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.488</td>
              <td align="center">0.543</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BP</td>
              <td align="center">72.8&#177;5.0</td>
              <td align="center">70.5&#177;5.4</td>
              <td align="center">73.3&#177;4.4</td>
              <td align="center">65.9&#177;4.8</td>
              <td align="center">79.3&#177;4.2</td>
              <td align="center">61.7&#177;5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.511</td>
              <td align="center">0.513</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GH</td>
              <td align="center">79.6&#177;2.8</td>
              <td align="center">79.5&#177;3.9</td>
              <td align="center">78.0&#177;2.5</td>
              <td align="center">76.2&#177;3.5</td>
              <td align="center">85.8&#177;2.3</td>
              <td align="center">78.8&#177;3.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.057</td>
              <td align="center">0.799</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VT</td>
              <td align="center">69.5&#177;3.1</td>
              <td align="center">66.9&#177;4.5</td>
              <td align="center">71.2&#177;2.7</td>
              <td align="center">64.3&#177;4.1</td>
              <td align="center">77.6&#177;2.6</td>
              <td align="center">68.9&#177;4.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.096</td>
              <td align="center">0.732</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SF</td>
              <td align="center">84.2&#177;4.2</td>
              <td align="center">78.9&#177;5.3</td>
              <td align="center">87.2&#177;3.6</td>
              <td align="center">78.5&#177;4.8</td>
              <td align="center">92.7&#177;3.5</td>
              <td align="center">81.2&#177;5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.272</td>
              <td align="center">0.922</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RE</td>
              <td align="center">88.8&#177;6.8</td>
              <td align="center">79.6&#177;7.3</td>
              <td align="center">80.2&#177;5.9</td>
              <td align="center">87.9&#177;6.6</td>
              <td align="center">88.4&#177;5.6</td>
              <td align="center">81.7&#177;6.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.522</td>
              <td align="center">0.676</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MH</td>
              <td align="center">77.8&#177;3.0</td>
              <td align="center">72.9&#177;3.9</td>
              <td align="center">76.1&#177;2.6</td>
              <td align="center">77.3&#177;3.5</td>
              <td align="center">82.7&#177;2.5</td>
              <td align="center">75.1&#177;3.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.163</td>
              <td align="center">0.708</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PCS</td>
              <td align="center">49.2&#177;1.5</td>
              <td align="center">50.3&#177;2.3</td>
              <td align="center">50.6&#177;1.3</td>
              <td align="center">46.7&#177;2.0</td>
              <td align="center">51.8&#177;1.3</td>
              <td align="center">47.2&#177;2.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.444</td>
              <td align="center">0.477</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MCS</td>
              <td align="center">53.2&#177;1.8</td>
              <td align="center">49.8&#177;2.2</td>
              <td align="center">52.2&#177;1.6</td>
              <td align="center">52.5&#177;2.0</td>
              <td align="center">55.2&#177;1.5</td>
              <td align="center">52.4&#177;2.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.377</td>
              <td align="center">0.606</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>p: statistical significance at 3 months; p *: statistical significance at 9 months; SI: standard intervention; GI: group intervention; II: individual intervention; SF-36: Medical Outcome Study Short Form General Health Survey; PF: physical functioning; RP: Rrle-physical; BP: bodily pain; GH: general health; VT: vitality; SF: social functioning; RE: role-emotional; MH: mental health; PCS: physical component summary; MCS: mental component summary.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Nevertheless, these results concerning the improvement of metabolic parameters, as well as QOL, were not kept 6 months after the end of intervention.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 41.7% and 22.2%, respectively. Regarding metabolic parameters, there was no significant association between MetS components and depression and anxiety. Concerning QOL, the mean scores for individuals with anxiety were lower in all SF-36 domains compared to those who did not have anxiety, although they were significant only in 5 domains (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Averages of the SF-36 scores of individuals with depression (DEP) and without depression (N-DEP) and with anxiety (ANX) and without anxiety (N-ANX)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables <break/>(n=72)</th>
              <th align="center">DEP</th>
              <th align="center">N-DEP</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">ANX</th>
              <th align="center">N-ANX</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="7">
                <bold>SF-36</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical functioning</td>
              <td align="center">73.1&#177;5.3</td>
              <td align="center">77.0&#177;2.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.502</td>
              <td align="center">75.0&#177;3.2</td>
              <td align="center">77.0&#177;2.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.643</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Role-physical</td>
              <td align="center">54.7&#177;8.9</td>
              <td align="center">87.7&#177;3.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">76.7&#177;5.2</td>
              <td align="center">82.9&#177;5.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.388</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bodily pain</td>
              <td align="center">52.2&#177;4.2</td>
              <td align="center">70.2&#177;2.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">59.1&#177;3.5</td>
              <td align="center">71.3&#177;3.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">General health</td>
              <td align="center">65.7&#177;4.8</td>
              <td align="center">74.6&#177;2.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.107</td>
              <td align="center">70.9&#177;2.8</td>
              <td align="center">73.8&#177;2.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.471</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vitality</td>
              <td align="center">45.9&#177;5.3</td>
              <td align="center">63.6&#177;2.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
              <td align="center">51.7&#177;3.6</td>
              <td align="center">65.3&#177;3.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Social functioning</td>
              <td align="center">64.4&#177;6.9</td>
              <td align="center">85.0&#177;2.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
              <td align="center">72.3&#177;4.4</td>
              <td align="center">86.2&#177;2.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Role-emotional</td>
              <td align="center">45.8&#177;10.0</td>
              <td align="center">81.5&#177;4.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">61.1&#177;7.5</td>
              <td align="center">82.5&#177;4.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mental health</td>
              <td align="center">53.5&#177;5.5</td>
              <td align="center">75.4&#177;2.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">61.7&#177;3.8</td>
              <td align="center">76.9&#177;2.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>t test; SF-36- Medical Outcome Study Short Form General Health Survey.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Among the individuals who had depression, besides the lower QOL mean scores, all QOL domains, except for physical functioning and general health, showed significant difference when compared to those who did not have depression (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Regarding the influence of anxiety and depression in the intervention response, this study demonstrated that only depression had a negative significant effect on the scores of the SF-36 role emotional domain, although there was no statistical difference among the groups analyzed. MetS components, as well as the other QOL domains, showed no association with depression and anxiety.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study tested 3 types of multidisciplinary intervention for lifestyle change in individuals with MetS, followed during 9 months, to determine its effects in the reduction of metabolic parameters and improvement of QOL. Results suggest that GI, as well as II were associated with significant BMI and WC reduction although only II had been significantly associated with lower SBP levels, which partially confirms the hypothesis previously established. It was surprising that GI reduced BMI levels more than II. According to a previous study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> which demonstrated that standard advice is not sufficient to obtain changes in lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors, SI, even showing a slight reduction in WC, did not have positive results in the improvement of the other metabolic parameters or statistically significant improvements in QOL, and II and GI showed a better response to intervention. Despite the fact that GI showed a smaller WC reduction than II, considering the fact that a 3-cm reduction already results in significant improvement of cardiometabolic risk factors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> GI proved effective once it promoted a 4.4-cm reduction.</p>
      <p>In accordance with previous reports,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> this study demonstrated that lifestyle intervention produced beneficial effects on metabolic parameters, especially on weight loss and WC, and the average of WC reduction in the II group was similar to the one found in individuals who underwent an intensive lifestyle intervention program.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, the present study, including all interventions, did not show statistically significant effects on FG, TGL,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> DBP and HDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Although this study demonstrated improvement in QOL in both groups after intervention, in accordance with previous studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> only the physical functioning domain, also shown in other studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> showed a significant association. However, opposing data from most studies which demonstrated that QOL improvement is maintained after intervention for a period of 12,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> 24<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and up to 36 months,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> this study showed this effect only after the end of intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Due to the fact that there are no studies comparing the different approaches for individual and group lifestyle interventions in individuals with MetS, the finding that II showed higher effect on most QOL domains suggests that this result might be attributed to the intensity of intervention. This occurs because, according to the results of previous studies comparing types of intervention related to their intensity (moderate x intensive), the individuals who took part in more intensive programs showed significantly better results in weight reduction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and in most QOL domains.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Similarly, it is inconclusive whether this improvement in QOL might be related to weight loss, due to the relationship between BMI increase and QOL impairment,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> improvement in the physical condition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> or both.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another important contribution of this study is the fact that it demonstrated the influence of depression and anxiety in the reduction of scores in most QOL domains for individuals with MetS. Previous studies have already shown the association between MetS and depression and anxiety,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> but only a few analyzed its impact on QOL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Despite the fact that there was no significant influence of these variables in the response to intervention, deserves attention, as these clinical situations lead to QOL impairment, which justifies the importance of screening individuals with MetS for depression and anxiety.</p>
      <p>This study provides preliminary data that a group intervention program can present results similar to individual intervention and, for this reason, might be an important prevention strategy, although its effects were not kept after the intervention. Therefore, it seems important to carry out a regular follow-up, as well as measures that encourage individuals to continue the lifestyle changes to maintain these effects. Moreover, group programs for lifestyle change seem to be an alternative intervention strategy that presents the best cost-benefit ratio in the management of metabolic parameters, as well as QOL of individuals who suffer from this important clinical condition nowadays.</p>
      <p>A limiting factor in this study was the dropout rate, which hindered the use of the intention to treat analysis. Although this rate was similar between GI and II interventions, SI presented a high figure. A possible explanation for this can relate to the fact that the SI did not meet the individuals' expectations, since they were looking for a new type of intervention. Although the dropout occurred during follow-up, individuals who did not complete the study showed no significant differences when compared to individuals who remained in the study, which might minimize the effect of these losses. Another limiting factor concerns the relatively small intervention period of 12 weeks. Although this is the period normally used in other trials, metabolic parameters and QOL improvement results might have been kept if the intervention had lasted longer.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Multidisciplinary intervention, especially in a group, might be an effective and economically feasible strategy to control the metabolic parameters of MetS and improvement of QOL compared to SI, even in a dose-effect relationship.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Patr&#237;cia Pozas Saboya, from Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>The authors thank their colleagues of the MERC research group, for their collaboration, especially academic students, for helping with data collection. We also thank Isabel Merlo Crespo for her important collaboration in our library searches and Dr. M&#225;rio Wagner for the statistical work developed throughout the project.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
        <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Metabolismo/Nutri&#231;&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </subj-group>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interven&#231;&#227;o de Estilo de Vida na S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica e seu Impacto na Qualidade de Vida: Um Estudo Controlado Randomizado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saboya</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Pozas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimmermann</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gustavo</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macagnan</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio Edler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feoli</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Pandolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Margareth da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA; RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), RS - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Patricia Pozas Saboya, Av. Ipiranga, 6690 / 300 - CEP 90610-000, Jardim Bot&#226;nico, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>patricia.saboya@acad.pucrs.br</email>; <email>ppozassaboya@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p><bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autore</bold>s</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Saboya PP, Bodanese LC, Zimmermann PR, Gustavo AS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Saboya PP, Gustavo AS, Macagnan FE, Feoli AP, Oliveira MS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Saboya PP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Gustavo AS, Macagnan FE, Feoli AP, Oliveira MS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Saboya PP, Bodanese LC, Zimmermann PR, Gustavo AS, Macagnan FE, Feoli AP, Oliveira MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Programas de interven&#231;&#227;o em estilo de vida podem reduzir a preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) e, portanto, diminuir o risco de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, um dos principais problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica da atualidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar os efeitos de tr&#234;s tipos de abordagem para programas de mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida visando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, assim como identificar seu impacto na qualidade de vida (QV) de indiv&#237;duos com SM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo randomizado controlado incluindo 72 indiv&#237;duos com SM com idade de 30 a 59 anos, que foram randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar [Interven&#231;&#227;o Padr&#227;o (IP) - grupo controle; Interven&#231;&#227;o em Grupo (IG); e Interven&#231;&#227;o Individual (II)] por 12 semanas. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a mudan&#231;a nos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, e o secund&#225;rio, a melhora nas medidas de QV em tr&#234;s momentos: condi&#231;&#227;o basal, aos 3 e aos 9 meses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As interven&#231;&#245;es IG e II resultaram em uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o em &#237;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, e em melhoras da QV aos 3 meses, embora significativamente associadas com o dom&#237;nio 'capacidade funcional'. Tais mudan&#231;as, entretanto, n&#227;o permaneceram 6 meses ap&#243;s o final da interven&#231;&#227;o. Depress&#227;o e ansiedade associaram-se significativamente com pior QV, embora sem efeito na resposta &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar, em especial em grupo, pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia efetiva e economicamente poss&#237;vel para controlar os par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos de SM e melhorar a QV quando comparada &#224; IP, mesmo em uma rela&#231;&#227;o de dose-efeito.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM), considerada um conjunto complexo de fatores de risco cardiovascular relacionado &#224; gordura abdominal e resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, tem aumentado progressivamente, apresentando forte associa&#231;&#227;o com alta morbimortalidade cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e preval&#234;ncia estimada em torno de 23,7%, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do III Painel de Tratamento de Adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> As principais recomenda&#231;&#245;es para preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da SM s&#227;o mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida atrav&#233;s de uma abordagem multifatorial baseada em educa&#231;&#227;o, pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e dieta saud&#225;vel, assim como estrat&#233;gias farmacol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos mostraram que programas para mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida incluindo orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional e pr&#225;tica supervisionada de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico foram eficientes para o cumprimento dos objetivos propostos no tratamento da SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Entretanto, poucos estudos usam essa abordagem multifatorial em suas interven&#231;&#245;es, incluindo todos os principais aspectos da interven&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, um n&#250;mero crescente de estudos enfatiza a significativa associa&#231;&#227;o entre SM e comprometimento da qualidade de vida (QV),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> podendo tal associa&#231;&#227;o ser preditiva de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Por outro lado, poucos estudos intervencionais confirmam a associa&#231;&#227;o entre SM e QV, mostrando melhora nos componentes de SM, seguida por melhor escore de QV ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> em at&#233; 24 meses de seguimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, outros estudos, ainda que inconclusivos, relataram associa&#231;&#227;o entre depress&#227;o, ansiedade e SM. Enquanto alguns estudos mostraram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre SM e depress&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> outros revelaram associa&#231;&#227;o apenas entre SM e ansiedade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Por isso, o presente estudo realizou an&#225;lise da preval&#234;ncia dessas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para identificar se existe influ&#234;ncia dessas vari&#225;veis na recupera&#231;&#227;o ou melhora da condi&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento, assim como da rela&#231;&#227;o entre SM e QV, devido &#224; sua relev&#226;ncia, complexidade e possibilidade de tratamento, vem recebendo pouca aten&#231;&#227;o na literatura m&#233;dica. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo testar tr&#234;s diferentes programas para mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida com uma abordagem multidisciplinar, visando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos e melhora da QV na popula&#231;&#227;o de um pa&#237;s em r&#225;pido desenvolvimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Um ensaio randomizado controlado foi conduzido no Centro de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS), um hospital universit&#225;rio geral no sul do Brasil, e registrado no Registro de Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Brasileiro (REBEC, n&#250;mero RBR9wz5fc).</p>
          <p>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: medida da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) &gt; 88 cm para mulheres e &gt; 102 cm para homens, acompanhada de pelo menos dois dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: a) press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805; 130 mmHg, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805; 85 mmHg; b) triglicer&#237;deos (TGL): &#8805; 150 mg/dL; c) colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C): &lt; 40 mg/dL para homens e &lt; 50 mg/dL para mulheres;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e d) glicemia de jejum (GJ): &#8805; 100 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: a) contraindica&#231;&#227;o absoluta de atividade f&#237;sica devido a problemas musculoesquel&#233;ticos, neurol&#243;gicos, vasculares, pulmonares e card&#237;acos; b) gravidez; c) diagn&#243;stico de dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos graves, significativo comprometimento cognitivo, avaliado pelo Mini Exame do Estado Mental (escores abaixo de 24 como ponto de corte); d) n&#227;o disponibilidade para participar do programa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos</title>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos recrutados por propaganda em jornais, r&#225;dio e <italic>websites</italic> participaram de uma reuni&#227;o de triagem, quando foram informados sobre os objetivos e crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o do estudo. Ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o daqueles que poderiam participar do estudo, eles foram consecutivamente randomizados para os tr&#234;s tipos de interven&#231;&#227;o para mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida, atrav&#233;s de simples randomiza&#231;&#227;o 1:1:1. Esse procedimento ocorreu sucessivamente em quatro ondas at&#233; que se atingisse o tamanho da amostra.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o, cada indiv&#237;duo foi informado quanto aos procedimentos envolvidos no estudo, espec&#237;ficos de cada programa, e assinou o termo de consentimento livre e informado previamente aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da PUCRS (n&#250;mero 10/05153). As entrevistas iniciais foram marcadas, assim como as seguintes, de acordo com o programa de interven&#231;&#227;o sorteado. Todas as entrevistas e interven&#231;&#245;es foram previamente confirmadas por telefone e realizadas pelos pesquisadores, que haviam sido submetidos a treinamento de padr&#227;o de qualidade para coleta de dados e procedimentos de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o</title>
            <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o (IP), considerada neste estudo como o grupo controle, foi a interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica recomendada pelas principais diretrizes para conduta cl&#237;nica na SM. Os volunt&#225;rios nesse grupo tinham duas consultas: na condi&#231;&#227;o basal e aos 3 meses. As consultas foram realizadas individualmente pela equipe de enfermagem: a primeira para orienta&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o sobre exerc&#237;cio, dieta e cuidados pessoais, de acordo com as diretrizes. O programa diet&#233;tico foi baseado em modelo de dieta saud&#225;vel do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de brasileiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e no programa de cuidados pessoais, focado na administra&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos usados e nos cuidados gerais de sa&#250;de. A segunda consulta abordou a facilidade e a dificuldade para se seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para mudan&#231;a nos h&#225;bitos alimentares e pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o em grupo</title>
            <p>O grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o em grupo (IG) trabalhou a mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida atrav&#233;s da discuss&#227;o de temas predefinidos sobre educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, focados nos principais fatores de risco cardiovascular considerados modific&#225;veis e associados com SM, assim como a motiva&#231;&#227;o para mudan&#231;a comportamental, baseada no modelo transte&#243;rico de mudan&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> As consultas do grupo IG ocorreram semanalmente por 1 hora e 45 minutos, tendo sido coordenadas por uma equipe com um profissional de psicologia, um de enfermagem, um de fisioterapia e um de nutri&#231;&#227;o. Durante os primeiros 45 minutos, os volunt&#225;rios discutiram um t&#243;pico de sa&#250;de proposto pela equipe. Logo ap&#243;s, discutiram e testaram estrat&#233;gias para mudan&#231;a de h&#225;bitos alimentares e pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio, que pudessem ser inclu&#237;das na rotina dos volunt&#225;rios, conforme a motiva&#231;&#227;o do grupo. Os grupos eram compostos de 10 a 12 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o individual</title>
            <p>Os volunt&#225;rios no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o individual (II) participaram de consultas semanais individuais com as equipes de psicologia e nutri&#231;&#227;o, e praticaram exerc&#237;cio regularmente com a equipe de fisioterapia.</p>
            <p>Interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional: baseada nas necessidades de cada participante conforme o que precisasse ser mudado, respeitando-se as condi&#231;&#245;es intr&#237;nsecas e extr&#237;nsecas do processo de mudan&#231;a de h&#225;bitos alimentares. Durante as consultas semanais, mediu-se o peso corporal e avaliou-se a ades&#227;o ao programa diet&#233;tico atrav&#233;s de um breve recordat&#243;rio alimentar de 24 horas. Al&#233;m disso, as poss&#237;veis dificuldades de ades&#227;o &#224;s estrat&#233;gias, assim como os objetivos acordados na consulta anterior, eram constantemente registrados e monitorados. Os temas relacionados &#224; SM foram desenvolvidos com base em um programa predefinido e abordados individualmente, visando a melhorar a compreens&#227;o e a ades&#227;o &#224;s estrat&#233;gias para mudan&#231;a de h&#225;bitos alimentares.</p>
            <p>Interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica: baseada no modelo transte&#243;rico de mudan&#231;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> adaptado para o modelo individual, que trabalhou os diferentes est&#225;gios de mudan&#231;a com base em um programa estruturado, com objetivos predefinidos, e em processos de mudan&#231;a espec&#237;fica. Utilizaram-se folhetos que foram preenchidos pelos volunt&#225;rios.</p>
            <p>Interven&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica: realizada em esteira, com 36 sess&#245;es de 60 minutos cont&#237;nuos cada, frequ&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s vezes por semana e intensidade do exerc&#237;cio ajustada de acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) recomendada para cada indiv&#237;duo. A faixa de treinamento variou de 75% a 85% da FC m&#225;xima, avaliada pelo teste de esfor&#231;o gradual (GXT). Durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, monitoraram-se a press&#227;o arterial, a FC e os sintomas de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. A velocidade e a inclina&#231;&#227;o foram constantemente ajustadas para manter a FC dentro da faixa de treinamento.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas</title>
          <p>Todos os grupos foram avaliados na condi&#231;&#227;o basal, ao final das interven&#231;&#245;es (3 meses) e 6 meses mais tarde (9 meses). A avalia&#231;&#227;o compreendeu aspectos f&#237;sicos, metab&#243;licos, comportamentais e psicol&#243;gicos dos indiv&#237;duos estudados.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos</title>
            <p>Os dados sobre identifica&#231;&#227;o pessoal, aspectos psicossociais e de sa&#250;de, como diagn&#243;stico, medica&#231;&#245;es usadas e estilo de vida (tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool, atividade f&#237;sica), foram coletados em entrevistas individuais, usando-se um question&#225;rio estruturado.</p>
            <p>Consumo de &#225;lcool: masculino, at&#233; 30 ml de etanol/dia; feminino, at&#233; 15 ml de etanol/dia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Atividade f&#237;sica: exerc&#237;cio pelo menos uma vez por semana em oposi&#231;&#227;o a nenhum exerc&#237;cio, o &#250;ltimo caracterizando um estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos</title>
            <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil antropom&#233;trico incluiu a medida da CA com uma fita n&#227;o extens&#237;vel milimetrada na altura do maior di&#226;metro abdominal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> do peso corporal e da altura para o c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). O peso corporal foi medido com os indiv&#237;duos descal&#231;os e vestindo roupas leves, usando-se uma balan&#231;a Cauduro<sup>&#174;</sup> de 160kg adequadamente calibrada. A altura foi medida com o antrop&#244;metro vertical Sunny<sup>&#174;</sup>. Foram tomadas tr&#234;s medidas consecutivas da press&#227;o arterial, de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Americana de Hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais</title>
            <p>Amostras de sangue foram coletadas ap&#243;s jejum para an&#225;lise dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos. Plasma e soro foram separados e armazenados a -80&#176;C para an&#225;lises posteriores no laborat&#243;rio do HSL-PUCRS. Foram realizados os exames de GJ, colesterol total, HDL-C e TGL, sendo o colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na da baixa densidade determinado indiretamente.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Depress&#227;o e ansiedade</title>
            <p>Essas vari&#225;veis foram medidas atrav&#233;s de <italic>Adult Self-Report</italic> (ASR),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> uma escala auto-administrada com 126 itens, que visa a identificar os aspectos da fun&#231;&#227;o adaptativa de adultos com idades entre 19 e 59 anos, identificando problemas comportamentais e emocionais e maior incid&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios psicopatol&#243;gicos, como ansiedade e depress&#227;o. O escore varia de 0 a 100, sendo que os mais altos indicam maior n&#250;mero de problemas comportamentais. Indiv&#237;duos com escores acima de 60 na escala de internaliza&#231;&#227;o, que s&#227;o lim&#237;trofes (<italic>borderline</italic>) ou est&#227;o em tratamento medicamentoso, foram classificados como deprimidos ou ansiosos.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Qualidade de vida</title>
            <p>A QV foi analisada usando-se o Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida SF-36<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> que avalia a QV de indiv&#237;duos em rela&#231;&#227;o a suas doen&#231;as. Consiste em 36 perguntas divididas nos oito dom&#237;nios seguintes: capacidade funcional; limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos f&#237;sicos; dor corporal; estado geral de sa&#250;de; vitalidade; aspectos sociais; limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos emocionais; e sa&#250;de mental. Esses dom&#237;nios foram resumidos nos Sum&#225;rios do Componente F&#237;sico e do Componente Mental (PCS e MCS, respectivamente). Os escores variam de 0 a 100 para cada dom&#237;nio, os mais altos indicando melhor QV.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para alfa = 0,05, poder de 90% e estimando-se uma diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias de CA de 0.9 unidades de desvio-padr&#227;o, calculou-se uma amostra de 27 volunt&#225;rios em cada grupo. Para uma perda m&#225;xima de 20%, o tamanho da amostra passou a 34 volunt&#225;rios por grupo.</p>
          <p>Os dados quantitativos foram descritos como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. Os dados quantitativos foram comparados usando-se ANOVA de 1 via para os tr&#234;s grupos e o teste <italic>t</italic> para dois grupos. Para os dados categ&#243;ricos, usaram-se os testes do qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher, quando necess&#225;rio. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos, componentes da SM e escores de QV, considerando-se ajuste para fatores de confus&#227;o, utilizaram-se an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia e regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla. Al&#233;m disso, usou-se an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia para compara&#231;&#245;es aos 3 e 9 meses, ajustando-se para as medidas da condi&#231;&#227;o basal e outros fatores de confus&#227;o. Os resultados foram submetidos a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica usando-se o programa SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic>), vers&#227;o 21, com um n&#237;vel alfa de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Este estudo incluiu 72 indiv&#237;duos que conclu&#237;ram a interven&#231;&#227;o, divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: IP, 19; IG, 25; e II, 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Os indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o completaram o estudo e aqueles que permaneceram no estudo apresentavam caracter&#237;sticas similares quanto a cor da pele, estado civil e IMC. No entanto, um maior n&#250;mero de mulheres tinha n&#237;vel educacional baixo (dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma dos participantes do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0060-60186-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>, a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentava um maior n&#250;mero de mulheres, de indiv&#237;duos de cor branca e de alto n&#237;vel educacional. Os grupos apresentavam distribui&#231;&#245;es similares em termos de caracter&#237;sticas gerais e dos componentes de SM e QV, sem diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na condi&#231;&#227;o basal.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">IP <break/>n=19</th>
                <th align="center">IG <break/>n=25</th>
                <th align="center">II <break/>n=28</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">52,1&#177;7,2</td>
                <td align="center">50,9&#177;7,7</td>
                <td align="center">51,6&#177;5,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,831 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulher, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (36,8)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (52,0)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (71,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,055 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cor branca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (89,5)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (92,0)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (85,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,763 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estado civil, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,768 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">12 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (71,4)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (68,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Solteiro</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (24,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vi&#250;vo</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>N&#237;vel educacional, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,424 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4 anos de estudo</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5 a 8 anos de estudo</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9 ou mais anos de estudo</td>
                <td align="center">19 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (92,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (57,9)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (64,0)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (75,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,442 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,305 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de &#225;lcool, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,280 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">33,5&#177;4,1</td>
                <td align="center">35,1&#177;3,6</td>
                <td align="center">33,7&#177;3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,283 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Componentes de SM</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CA (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">112,6&#177;8,3</td>
                <td align="center">112,9&#177;10,0</td>
                <td align="center">110,7&#177;7,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,605 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">132,6&#177;10,3</td>
                <td align="center">131,8&#177;15,2</td>
                <td align="center">135,5&#177;13,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,577 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">90,6&#177;10,3</td>
                <td align="center">89,7&#177;12,7</td>
                <td align="center">89,2&#177;11,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,922 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TGL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">174,6&#177;60,2</td>
                <td align="center">266,5&#177;227,0</td>
                <td align="center">200,4&#177;84,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,101 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">46,4&#177;8,9</td>
                <td align="center">47,7&#177;11,3</td>
                <td align="center">48,2&#177;14,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,872 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>SF-36</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Capacidade funcional</td>
                <td align="center">76,8&#177;20,6</td>
                <td align="center">74,8&#177;18,1</td>
                <td align="center">77,0&#177;17,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,898 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos f&#237;sicos</td>
                <td align="center">75,0&#177;35,4</td>
                <td align="center">77,1&#177;26,5</td>
                <td align="center">86,6&#177;30,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,365 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor corporal</td>
                <td align="center">62,8&#177;21,9</td>
                <td align="center">63,6&#177;21,5</td>
                <td align="center">70,9&#177;22,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,369 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estado geral de sa&#250;de</td>
                <td align="center">73,2&#177;14,8</td>
                <td align="center">72,8&#177;18,3</td>
                <td align="center">72,0&#177;18,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,973 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vitalidade</td>
                <td align="center">58,9&#177;22,9</td>
                <td align="center">61,0&#177;22,7</td>
                <td align="center">58,9&#177;22,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,933 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos sociais</td>
                <td align="center">82,4&#177;23,5</td>
                <td align="center">78,3&#177;23,8</td>
                <td align="center">80,8&#177;16,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,810 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos emocionais</td>
                <td align="center">80,7&#177;25,6</td>
                <td align="center">72,0&#177;39,3</td>
                <td align="center">70,2&#177;38,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,600 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sa&#250;de mental</td>
                <td align="center">71,6&#177;18,8</td>
                <td align="center">71,7&#177;22,8</td>
                <td align="center">68,9&#177;16,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,842 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sum&#225;rio do componente f&#237;sico</td>
                <td align="center">46,8&#177;8,5</td>
                <td align="center">47,2&#177;6,8</td>
                <td align="center">49,9&#177;5,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,227 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sum&#225;rio do componente mental</td>
                <td align="center">50,2&#177;10,2</td>
                <td align="center">48,9&#177;14,1</td>
                <td align="center">47,1&#177;9,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,664 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>ANOVA;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>teste do qui-quadrado; IP: interven&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o; IG: interven&#231;&#227;o em grupo; II: interven&#231;&#227;o individual; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; TGL: triglicer&#237;deos; HDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; SF-36: Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida SF-36.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os componentes de SM nos tr&#234;s grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o. Embora tenha havido redu&#231;&#227;o em TGL, GJ e PAD, apenas IMC, CA e PAS apresentaram significativa redu&#231;&#227;o em suas m&#233;dias ap&#243;s 12 semanas. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a condi&#231;&#227;o basal, apenas a II associou-se a significativa redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de PAS. Por outro lado, com rela&#231;&#227;o a IMC e CA, os grupos de IG e de II mostraram significativa redu&#231;&#227;o em seus escores m&#233;dios, tendo a IG sido mais eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o do IMC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#245;es dos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos entre os 3 grupos aos 3 e 9 meses por ANCOVA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">IP</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">IG</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">II</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">M&#234;s 3 <break/>(n=19)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#234;s 9 <break/>(n=17)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#234;s 3 <break/>(n=25)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#234;s 9 <break/>(n=21)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#234;s 3 <break/>(n=28)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#234;s 9 <break/>(n=20)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Componentes de SM</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">33,7&#177;0,3</td>
                <td align="center">33,2&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center">33,3&#177;0,3</td>
                <td align="center">33,5&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center">32,2&#177;0,2</td>
                <td align="center">32,4&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,144</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CA (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">110,2&#177;1,2</td>
                <td align="center">108,0&#177;1,3</td>
                <td align="center">108,5&#177;1,0</td>
                <td align="center">108,0&#177;1,1</td>
                <td align="center">105,4&#177;1,0</td>
                <td align="center">106,4&#177;1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,522</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">134,3&#177;2,8</td>
                <td align="center">132,9&#177;3,9</td>
                <td align="center">130,6&#177;2,5</td>
                <td align="center">128,8&#177;3,3</td>
                <td align="center">120,6&#177;2,3</td>
                <td align="center">124,6&#177;3,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">86,4&#177;2,5</td>
                <td align="center">85,6&#177;2,2</td>
                <td align="center">84,6&#177;2,2</td>
                <td align="center">82,8&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">80,9&#177;2,0</td>
                <td align="center">80,7&#177;1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,199</td>
                <td align="center">0,263</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TGL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">215,0&#177;14,5</td>
                <td align="center">182,1&#177;19,7</td>
                <td align="center">203,6&#177;12,8</td>
                <td align="center">210,7&#177;16,1</td>
                <td align="center">176,2&#177;12,3</td>
                <td align="center">203,4&#177;15,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,103</td>
                <td align="center">0,539</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">43,6&#177;1,4</td>
                <td align="center">45,2&#177;1,7</td>
                <td align="center">48,0&#177;1,2</td>
                <td align="center">47,4&#177;1,4</td>
                <td align="center">46,9&#177;1,2</td>
                <td align="center">46,3&#177;1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
                <td align="center">0,616</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GJ (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">111,0&#177;4,3</td>
                <td align="center">112,3&#177;5,3</td>
                <td align="center">107,7&#177;3,6</td>
                <td align="center">106,9&#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center">99,5&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">105,6&#177;4,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,108</td>
                <td align="center">0,600</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>p: Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica aos 3 meses; p *: signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica aos 9 meses; IP: interven&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o; IG: interven&#231;&#227;o em grupo; II: interven&#231;&#227;o individual; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; TGL: triglicer&#237;deos; HDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; GJ: glicemia de jejum.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medidas de &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e capacidade funcional na condi&#231;&#227;o basal e aos 3 meses de interven&#231;&#227;o. IP: interven&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o; IG: interven&#231;&#227;o em grupo; II: interven&#231;&#227;o Individual</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0060-60186-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Quanto aos escores de QV, quase todos os dom&#237;nios em todos os tipos de interven&#231;&#227;o mostraram um aumento em seus escores m&#233;dios ap&#243;s 12 semanas. Entretanto, apenas a 'capacidade funcional' mostrou significativa associa&#231;&#227;o (p=0,024), embora 'estado geral de sa&#250;de' tenha apresentado signific&#226;ncia lim&#237;trofe. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a condi&#231;&#227;o basal, em quase todos os dom&#237;nios do SF-36, a melhora da QV foi maior no grupo de II, embora sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Quanto aos escores PCS e MCS, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Da mesma forma, os grupos n&#227;o diferiram significativamente, ainda que o grupo de II tenha ensejado maior aumento no MCS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#245;es dos dom&#237;nios de qualidade de vida entre os 3 grupos aos 3 e 9 meses por ANCOVA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">IP</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">IG</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">II</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">M&#234;s 3 <break/>(n=19)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#234;s 9 <break/>(n=17)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#234;s 3 <break/>(n=25)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#234;s 9 <break/>(n=21)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#234;s 3 <break/>(n=28)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#234;s 9 <break/>(n=20)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>SF-36</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CF</td>
                <td align="center">76,7&#177;3,5</td>
                <td align="center">76,8&#177;4,5</td>
                <td align="center">78,3&#177;3,0</td>
                <td align="center">78,5&#177;4,1</td>
                <td align="center">87,7&#177;2,8</td>
                <td align="center">75,3&#177;4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
                <td align="center">0,865</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF</td>
                <td align="center">83,6&#177;5,3</td>
                <td align="center">86,5&#177;9,0</td>
                <td align="center">92,1&#177;4,7</td>
                <td align="center">73,7&#177;8,1</td>
                <td align="center">88,4&#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center">82,7&#177;8,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,488</td>
                <td align="center">0,543</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DC</td>
                <td align="center">72,8&#177;5,0</td>
                <td align="center">70,5&#177;5,4</td>
                <td align="center">73,3&#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center">65,9&#177;4,8</td>
                <td align="center">79,3&#177;4,2</td>
                <td align="center">61,7&#177;5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,511</td>
                <td align="center">0,513</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SG</td>
                <td align="center">79,6&#177;2,8</td>
                <td align="center">79,5&#177;3,9</td>
                <td align="center">78,0&#177;2,5</td>
                <td align="center">76,2&#177;3,5</td>
                <td align="center">85,8&#177;2,3</td>
                <td align="center">78,8&#177;3,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,057</td>
                <td align="center">0,799</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VT</td>
                <td align="center">69,5&#177;3,1</td>
                <td align="center">66,9&#177;4,5</td>
                <td align="center">71,2&#177;2,7</td>
                <td align="center">64,3&#177;4,1</td>
                <td align="center">77,6&#177;2,6</td>
                <td align="center">68,9&#177;4,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,096</td>
                <td align="center">0,732</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AS</td>
                <td align="center">84,2&#177;4,2</td>
                <td align="center">78,9&#177;5,3</td>
                <td align="center">87,2&#177;3,6</td>
                <td align="center">78,5&#177;4,8</td>
                <td align="center">92,7&#177;3,5</td>
                <td align="center">81,2&#177;5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,272</td>
                <td align="center">0,922</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE</td>
                <td align="center">88,8&#177;6,8</td>
                <td align="center">79,6&#177;7,3</td>
                <td align="center">80,2&#177;5,9</td>
                <td align="center">87,9&#177;6,6</td>
                <td align="center">88,4&#177;5,6</td>
                <td align="center">81,7&#177;6,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,522</td>
                <td align="center">0,676</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SaM</td>
                <td align="center">77,8&#177;3,0</td>
                <td align="center">72,9&#177;3,9</td>
                <td align="center">76,1&#177;2,6</td>
                <td align="center">77,3&#177;3,5</td>
                <td align="center">82,7&#177;2,5</td>
                <td align="center">75,1&#177;3,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,163</td>
                <td align="center">0,708</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCS</td>
                <td align="center">49,2&#177;1,5</td>
                <td align="center">50,3&#177;2,3</td>
                <td align="center">50,6&#177;1,3</td>
                <td align="center">46,7&#177;2,0</td>
                <td align="center">51,8&#177;1,3</td>
                <td align="center">47,2&#177;2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,444</td>
                <td align="center">0,477</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MCS</td>
                <td align="center">53,2&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">49,8&#177;2,2</td>
                <td align="center">52,2&#177;1,6</td>
                <td align="center">52,5&#177;2,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,2&#177;1,5</td>
                <td align="center">52,4&#177;2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,377</td>
                <td align="center">0,606</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>p: Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica aos 3 meses; p *: signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica aos 9 meses; IP: interven&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o; IG: interven&#231;&#227;o em grupo; II: interven&#231;&#227;o individual; SF-36: Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida SF-36; CF: capacidade funcional; AF: aspectos f&#237;sicos; DC: dor corporal; SG: sa&#250;de geral; VT: vitalidade; AS: aspectos sociais; AE: aspectos emocionais; SaM: sa&#250;de mental; PCS: sum&#225;rio do componente f&#237;sico; MCS: sum&#225;rio do componente mental.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No entanto, esses resultados relativos &#224; melhora dos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, assim como da QV, n&#227;o foram mantidos 6 meses ap&#243;s o final da interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As preval&#234;ncias de ansiedade e depress&#227;o foram 41,7% e 22,2%, respectivamente. Quanto aos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa dos componentes de SM com depress&#227;o e ansiedade. Quanto &#224; QV, indiv&#237;duos com ansiedade tiveram escores m&#233;dios mais baixos em todos os dom&#237;nios do SF-36 em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem ansiedade, embora com signific&#226;ncia apenas em cinco dom&#237;nios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dias dos escores do SF-36 para indiv&#237;duos com depress&#227;o (DEP) e sem depress&#227;o (N-DEP) e indiv&#237;duos com ansiedade (ANS) e sem ansiedade (N-ANS)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis <break/>(n=72)</th>
                <th align="center">DEP</th>
                <th align="center">N-DEP</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">ANS</th>
                <th align="center">N-ANS</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>SF-36</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Capacidade funcional</td>
                <td align="center">73,1&#177;5,3</td>
                <td align="center">77,0&#177;2,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,502</td>
                <td align="center">75,0&#177;3,2</td>
                <td align="center">77,0&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,643</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos f&#237;sicos</td>
                <td align="center">54,7&#177;8,9</td>
                <td align="center">87,7&#177;3,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">76,7&#177;5,2</td>
                <td align="center">82,9&#177;5,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,388</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor corporal</td>
                <td align="center">52,2&#177;4,2</td>
                <td align="center">70,2&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">59,1&#177;3,5</td>
                <td align="center">71,3&#177;3,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sa&#250;de geral</td>
                <td align="center">65,7&#177;4,8</td>
                <td align="center">74,6&#177;2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,107</td>
                <td align="center">70,9&#177;2,8</td>
                <td align="center">73,8&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,471</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vitalidade</td>
                <td align="center">45,9&#177;5,3</td>
                <td align="center">63,6&#177;2,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">51,7&#177;3,6</td>
                <td align="center">65,3&#177;3,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos sociais</td>
                <td align="center">64,4&#177;6,9</td>
                <td align="center">85,0&#177;2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
                <td align="center">72,3&#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center">86,2&#177;2,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos emocionais</td>
                <td align="center">45,8&#177;10,0</td>
                <td align="center">81,5&#177;4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">61,1&#177;7,5</td>
                <td align="center">82,5&#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sa&#250;de mental</td>
                <td align="center">53,5&#177;5,5</td>
                <td align="center">75,4&#177;2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">61,7&#177;3,8</td>
                <td align="center">76,9&#177;2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Teste t; SF-36- Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida SF-36.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Entre indiv&#237;duos com depress&#227;o, al&#233;m dos escores m&#233;dios de QV mais baixos, todos os dom&#237;nios de QV, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o de 'capacidade funcional' e 'sa&#250;de geral', apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa quando comparados aos de indiv&#237;duos sem depress&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). Quanto &#224; influ&#234;ncia de ansiedade e depress&#227;o na resposta &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o, o presente estudo demonstrou que apenas depress&#227;o teve um efeito negativo significativo nos escores do dom&#237;nio 'limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos emocionais', a despeito da aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos analisados. Os componentes de SM, assim como os demais dom&#237;nios de QV, n&#227;o tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o com depress&#227;o e ansiedade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo testou tr&#234;s tipos de interven&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar para mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida em indiv&#237;duos com SM, acompanhados por 9 meses, para determinar seus efeitos na redu&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos e na melhora da QV. Os resultados sugerem que os grupos de IG e de II associaram-se com significativa redu&#231;&#227;o de IMC e CA, embora apenas o grupo de II apresentasse associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com mais baixos n&#237;veis de PAS, confirmando em parte a hip&#243;tese previamente levantada. Foi motivo de surpresa que o grupo de IG tenha reduzido o IMC mais do que o de II. Como em estudo pr&#233;vio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> demonstrando que a orienta&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o n&#227;o foi suficiente para operar mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e nos fatores de risco cardiovascular, o grupo de IP, ainda que mostrando leve redu&#231;&#227;o na CA, n&#227;o obteve resultados positivos quanto &#224; melhora dos outros par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos ou melhora estatisticamente significativa em QV, tendo os grupos de II e de IG apresentado melhor resposta &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o. Embora o grupo de IG tenha apresentado menor redu&#231;&#227;o na CA do que o de II, e considerando que uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 3 cm j&#225; melhore significativamente os fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> a IG provou ser eficaz, pois promoveu uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 4,4 cm.</p>
        <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a de relatos anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> este estudo demonstrou que a interven&#231;&#227;o em estilo de vida produziu efeitos ben&#233;ficos nos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, em especial em perda de peso e CA, sendo a m&#233;dia da redu&#231;&#227;o de CA no grupo de II similar &#224; encontrada em indiv&#237;duos submetidos a um programa intensivo de interven&#231;&#227;o em estilo de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Entretanto, o presente estudo, incluindo todas as interven&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o mostrou efeito estatisticamente significativo em GJ, TGL,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> PAD e HDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Embora este estudo tenha demonstrado melhora na QV nos dois grupos ao final da interven&#231;&#227;o, &#224; semelhan&#231;a de estudos anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> apenas o dom&#237;nio 'capacidade funcional', tamb&#233;m relatado em outros estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> apresentou significativa associa&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, em contraste com a maioria dos estudos demonstrando que a melhora da QV se mant&#233;m ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o por um per&#237;odo de 12,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> 24<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e at&#233; 36 meses,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> este estudo n&#227;o mostrou a perman&#234;ncia de tal efeito uma vez finda a interven&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Como n&#227;o existem estudos comparando as diferentes abordagens para interven&#231;&#227;o em estilo de vida individual ou em grupo em SM, o achado de maior efeito na maioria dos dom&#237;nios de QV no grupo de II sugere que o resultado possa ser atribu&#237;do &#224; intensidade da interven&#231;&#227;o. Isso ocorre porque, conforme os resultados de estudos comparando tipos de interven&#231;&#227;o relacionados a intensidade (moderada x intensa), indiv&#237;duos participando de programas mais intensos mostraram resultados significativamente melhores para redu&#231;&#227;o de peso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e na maior parte dos dom&#237;nios de QV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Da mesma forma, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel concluir se essa melhora na QV pode estar relacionada com perda de peso, devido &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o entre aumento de IMC e comprometimento da QV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> ou com melhora na condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> ou com ambas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra importante contribui&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi ter demonstrado a influ&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o e ansiedade na redu&#231;&#227;o de escores para a maioria dos dom&#237;nios de QV para indiv&#237;duos com SM. Estudos j&#225; mostraram a associa&#231;&#227;o de SM com depress&#227;o e ansiedade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> mas apenas poucos analisaram seu impacto na QV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Ainda que n&#227;o tenha havido significativa influ&#234;ncia dessas vari&#225;veis na resposta &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o, merece aten&#231;&#227;o, pois essas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas levam ao comprometimento da QV, justificando a import&#226;ncia da realiza&#231;&#227;o de um rastreamento para depress&#227;o e ansiedade em indiv&#237;duos com SM.</p>
        <p>Este estudo fornece dados preliminares de que um programa de IG possa apresentar resultados similares aos de um programa de II, e, por essa raz&#227;o, possa ser uma importante estrat&#233;gia de preven&#231;&#227;o, embora seus efeitos n&#227;o tenham se mantido ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Parece, portanto, importante realizar acompanhamento regular, assim como medidas que encorajem os indiv&#237;duos a continuar a mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida para manter tais efeitos. Al&#233;m disso, programas em grupo para mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida parecem ser uma estrat&#233;gia de interven&#231;&#227;o alternativa com a melhor rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio no manuseio dos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, assim como da QV, de indiv&#237;duos com essa importante condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica atualmente.</p>
        <p>Um fator limitante neste estudo foi a taxa de desist&#234;ncia, que impediu o uso de an&#225;lise de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar. Embora essa taxa tenha sido similar nos grupos de IG e de II, o grupo de IP apresentou alta taxa de desist&#234;ncia. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o seria o fato de que a IP n&#227;o teria atendido &#224;s expectativas dos indiv&#237;duos, que esperavam um novo tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o. Embora a desist&#234;ncia tenha ocorrido durante o acompanhamento, os indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o completaram o estudo n&#227;o apresentaram significativas diferen&#231;as quando comparados &#224;queles que permaneceram no estudo, o que pode ter minimizado o efeito dessas perdas. Outro fator limitante refere-se ao per&#237;odo relativamente curto da interven&#231;&#227;o (12 semanas). Embora esse tenha sido o per&#237;odo usado em outros estudos, os par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos e a melhora da QV poderiam ter se mantido se a interven&#231;&#227;o durasse mais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar, em especial em grupo, pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia eficiente e economicamente vi&#225;vel para controlar os par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos da SM e melhorar a QV em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o, mesmo em uma rela&#231;&#227;o de dose-efeito.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Patr&#237;cia Pozas Saboya pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem aos colegas do grupo de pesquisa MERC por sua colabora&#231;&#227;o, em especial aos estudantes pela ajuda na coleta de dados. Agradecem ainda a Isabel Merlo Crespo, por sua importante colabora&#231;&#227;o na pesquisa de biblioteca, e ao Dr. M&#225;rio Wagner, pela an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica do projeto.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
