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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rYTP5y9LRCcqSPTDPDWZLsK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000100047</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160187</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005028101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Hypertension</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Electrocardiogram Performance in the Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Patients With Left Bundle Branch Block</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Burgos</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Freitas Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco de Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bombig</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Dilma de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Japy Angelini</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP) - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Par&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bel&#233;m</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Par&#225; (UFPA), Bel&#233;m, PA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Par&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Henrique Tria Bianco</bold>, Rua Loefgren, 1350 - Vila Clementino S&#227;o Paulo -SP, Brazil, Postal Code: 04040-001. E-mail: <email>henriquetria@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Burgos PFM, Bianco HT, P&#243;voa R; Acquisition of data: Burgos PFM, Luna Filho B, Costa FA, Bombig MTN, Souza D, Bianco HT, Oliveira Filho JA, P&#243;voa R; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Burgos PFM; Writing of the manuscript: Burgos PFM, Bianco HT, Izar MCO, Fonseca FAH, P&#243;voa R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: P&#243;voa R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>47</fpage>
      <lpage>52</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular events, and its detection usually begins with an electrocardiogram (ECG).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the impact of complete left bundle branch block (CLBBB) in hypertensive patients in the diagnostic performance of LVH by ECG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 2,240 hypertensive patients were studied. All of them were submitted to an ECG and an echocardiogram (ECHO). We evaluated the most frequently used electrocardiographic criteria for LVH diagnosis: Cornell voltage, Cornell voltage product, Sokolow-Lyon voltage, Sokolow-Lyon product, RaVL, RaVL+SV<sub>3</sub>, RV<sub>6</sub>/RV<sub>5</sub> ratio, strain pattern, left atrial enlargement, and QT interval. LVH identification pattern was the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) obtained by ECHO in all participants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean age was 11.3 years &#177; 58.7 years, 684 (30.5%) were male and 1,556 (69.5%) were female. In patients without CLBBB, ECG sensitivity to the presence of LVH varied between 7.6 and 40.9%, and specificity varied between 70.2% and 99.2%. In participants with CLBBB, sensitivity to LVH varied between 11.9 and 95.2%, and specificity between 6.6 and 96.6%. Among the criteria with the best performance for LVH with CLBBB, Sokolow-Lyon, for a voltage of &#8805; 3,0mV, stood out with a sensitivity of 22.2% (CI 95% 15.8 - 30.8) and specificity of 88.3% (CI 95% 77.8 - 94.2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In hypertensive patients with CLBBB, the most often used criteria for the detection of LVH with ECG showed significant decrease in performance with regards to sensitivity and specificity. In this scenario, Sokolow-Lyon criteria with voltage &#8805;3,0mV presented the best performance.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Bundle-Branch Block</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) diagnosis by electrocardiogram (ECG) in hypertensive patients involves clinical and prognostic decisions. Pioneering studies by Framingham have shown that alterations in QRS voltage and ventricular repolarization are important determining factors for cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite its relatively low sensitivity, ECG makes up for this limitation with high specificity in the identification of LVH. Moreover, it is a widely used method that is easily accessible and low cost. However, several situations may negatively alter ECG performance in LVH diagnosis, among which is the presence of complete left bundle branch block (CLBBB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Because it interferes in the measurement of its criteria or parameters, alterations promoted by CLBBB in ECG tracings are described as restrictive for the electrocardiographic diagnosis of LVH.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate CLBBB influence in the sensitivity and specificity of the main electrocardiographic criteria used in LVH diagnosis in patients with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>We analyzed ECG tracings in 12-lead of 2,240 hypertensive patients in outpatient care. Patients with valvular diseases, known coronary artery disease, previous myocardial infarction, Chagas disease, rhythm disturbances, right bundle branch block, use of digitalis compounds, ventricular pre-excitation, or inadequate technical quality of the echocardiogram were excluded from the present analysis.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiogram</title>
        <p>All participants were submitted to a 12-lead ECG at rest, recording at a speed of 25 mm/s and standardized calibration for 10 mm/cm (equipment - Dixtal<sup>&#174;</sup> EP3, Brazil). For the precise analysis of the tracing, we used a magnifying glass that allowed a fivefold enlargement in its contact face. In all tracings (analyzed by the same observer), a certified cardiologist with experience in ECG reading was brought in. We estimated the axis and duration of the QRS complex; R wave amplitude in aV<sub>L</sub>, V<sub>5</sub> and V<sub>6</sub> leads; S wave amplitude in V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2</sub> and V<sub>3</sub>; and the strain pattern in V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub>. We separately analyzed 14 electrocardiographic criteria for LVH:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Cornell voltage criteria: RaV<sub>L</sub> + SV<sub>3</sub> &#8805;20 mm for women and &#8805;28 mm for men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Cornell criteria duration: (RaV<sub>L</sub> + SV<sub>3</sub>) x QRS duration - for women, add 8 mm, &#8805;2440 mm.ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Sokolow-Lyon voltage criteria: SV<sub>1</sub> + RV<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub> &#8805;30 mm and &#8805;35 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Sokolow-Lyon product criteria: (SV<sub>1</sub> + RV<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub>) x QRS duration &#8805;3710 mm.ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Gubner-Ungerleider score: RD1+SV3 &gt;25 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>R wave of aV<sub>L</sub> &#8805; 11 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>RaVL product: RaVL x duration QRS &#8805;1030 mm.ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>RaVL +SV<sub>3</sub> &gt;16 mm in men and &gt;14mm in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>RV<sub>6</sub>/RV<sub>5</sub> ratio &gt;1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>(Biggest R wave + biggest S wave) x (QRS duration): &gt;28 mm.ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Presence of the strain pattern: defined as the convex depression of the ST segment with asymmetrical inversion of the T wave opposed to QRS complex in V<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub> leads.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Left atrial enlargement: duration &#8805;120 ms; P wave alteration at D2 with slurrying in the apex or Morris signal in V1; terminal component with duration and amplitude &#8805; 0,04 mm.s).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Other analyzed electrocardiographic variables</title>
        <p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>QT interval: measured in ms, from the beginning of the Q wave to the end of the T wave (corrected through Bazett's formula: QTc = QT/RR<sup>1/2</sup>; normal values from 350 to 440 ms).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>CLBBB was identified when: duration off the QRS &#8805;120ms; absence of "q" wave in D1, aVL, V5 and V6; widened R waves with slots and/or medium-terminal slurrying in D1, aVL, V5 and V6; "r" wave with slow growth of V1 to V3 with possible occurrence of QS; widened S waves with thickening and/or slots in V1 and V2; intrinsicoid deflection in V5 and V6 &#8805;0,05 s, electrical axis between -30&#186; e + 60&#186;; ST depression and asymmetrical T wave in opposition to medium-terminal delay.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram</title>
        <p>The exams were performed with the device ATL<sup>&#174;</sup> 1500, USA, with 2.0 and 3.5 MHz transducers. All measurements were obtained by the same observer who was unaware of participants' clinical characteristics, and according to the recommendations of the European Association of Echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Images were obtained with the participant in left lateral decubitus from the left parasternal region between the fourth and fifth intercostal space, proceeding with the habitual sections for the complete study in M and two-dimensional modes, simultaneously with the recording of the ECG. According to the recommendations of the Penn Convention, the following measurements were performed: left ventricle size (LV) in systole and diastole; interventricular septum thickness in diastole (IVSD) and end diastolic left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWd); LV end-diastolic diameter (LVDd); end systolic and diastolic volumes, and percentage of diastolic shortening and ejection fraction by the cube method. LV mass was calculated by the formula: LV mass = 0.8 X {1.04 [(IVSD + LVDd + LVPWd)<sup>3</sup> - (LVDd)<sup>3</sup>]} + 0.6 g.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> LV mass was indexed for body surface to adjust differences in heart size depending on the patient size. Body surface was calculated by the formula BS = (W - 60) X 0.01 + H, where: BS is the body surface in m<sup>2</sup>, W is the weight in kg, and H is the height in meters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Enlargement of the LV mass was considered when the mass index was &#8805;96 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women and &#8805;116 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed in mean and standard deviation. Categorical variables were expressed in percentages. We used Pearson's linear correlation coefficient to determine the association between LVMI and the numerous electrocardiographic criteria. To analyze the performance of LVH electrocardiographic criteria, we used the values obtained for sensitivity and specificity with the respective confidence intervals of 95%. In the evaluation of statistical differences between LVH electrographic criteria in patients with and without CLBBB, we used McNemar's paired test. A reproducibility study of ECG tracings was performed by three observers who interpreted 100 tracings randomly taken from the sample. To that end, we analyzed the amplitude of R and S waves and the duration of the QRS complex, and the Kappa test was used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> To verify statistical significance, in all comparisons, we considered confidence intervals of 95% and p &lt; 0.05. All analyses were executed with the software SPSS (version 17.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 2,240 studied participants, 684 were male (30.5%), and 1,556 were female (69.5%), with a mean age of 11.3 &#177; 58.7 years. Of these, 2,054 (91.7%) constituted the group of patients without CLBBB, and 186 (8.3%) formed the group with CLBBB. In the group without CLBBB, 46.8% had LVH whereas in the group with CLBBB, 67.7% had LVH, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. In this series, we had 11.8% (22/186) of the patients with CLBBB with left anterior divisional block.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the sample according to the presence or absence or CLBBB </title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">No CLBBB (n=2054)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">With CLBBB (n=186)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Age</td>
              <td align="center">Male / Female</td>
              <td align="center">Age</td>
              <td align="center">Male / Female</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">11.4&#177;58.3</td>
              <td align="center">610 (29.7%) / 1444 (70.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">8.5&#177;63.4</td>
              <td align="center">74 (39.8%) / 112 (60.2%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data expressed as mean and standard deviation and n (%). CLBBB: complete left bundle branch block.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>According to Pearson's correlation, in both groups there was a significant association between LVMI and the electrocardiographic variables for most LVH criteria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). However, the correlations between the several criteria and LVMI showed a moderate or weak correlation, suggesting that these criteria are not fully able to explain the presence of LVH, regardless of CLBBB in the electrocardiographic tracing. We did not perform correlations between LVMI with enlargement of the left atrium and the strain pattern considering these are qualitative variables.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pearson correlation between LVMI and the analyzed electrocardiographic criteria</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Without CLBBB (n=2054)</th>
              <th align="center">With CLBBB (n=186)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cornell voltage</td>
              <td align="center">0.400<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.306<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cornell duration</td>
              <td align="center">0.456<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.392<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon voltage</td>
              <td align="center">0.404<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.124</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">R in aVL</td>
              <td align="center">0.300<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.141</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTc</td>
              <td align="center">0.085<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.210<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gubner-Ungerleider</td>
              <td align="center">0.536<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.305<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(Rmax+Smax) x dur QRS</td>
              <td align="center">0.546<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.383<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p&lt; 0.05; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; CLBBB: complete left bundle branch block..</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In relation to the electrocardiographic criteria for LVH, patients with CLBBB presented significant alterations with expressive decrease in values. Sokolow-Lyon voltage criteria (&#8805;3.0 mV e &#8805;3.5 mV), R wave amplitude in aVL, and enlargement of the left atrium had the lowest reductions in specificity. Interestingly, this happened with an insignificant alteration in sensitivity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>). In the criteria in which there were substantial increases of sensitivity indices, such as Cornell voltage and Cornell voltage product, these increases were concomitant with the expressive loss of specificity, which hinders the application of these criteria in the scenario of ECG with the presence of LBBB.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sensitivity of electrocardiographic variables for LVH in patients with and without CLBBB</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Criteria</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Without CLBBB<break/>(n=2054)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">With CLBBB<break/>(n=186)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>Sensitivity (CI<sup>95%</sup>)</th>
              <th>Sensitivity (CI<sup>95%</sup>)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon voltage &#8805;35 mm</td>
              <td align="center">12.5 (10.6-14.8)</td>
              <td align="center">12.7 (7.90-19.6)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon voltage &#8805;30 mm</td>
              <td align="center">21.0 (18.5-23.6)</td>
              <td align="center">22.2 (15.8-30.8)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon duration &#8805;3710 mm.ms</td>
              <td align="center">7.6 (6.1-9.5)</td>
              <td align="center">46.8 (38.3-55.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cornell Voltage &#8805; 28 mm (m). &#8805;20 (f)</td>
              <td align="center">9.3 (7.6-11.3)</td>
              <td align="center">78.5 (67.6-86.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cornell Voltage duration 2440 mm.ms</td>
              <td align="center">17.4 (15.2-19.9)</td>
              <td align="center">86.5 (79.4-91.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gubner-Ungerleider &#8805; 25 mm</td>
              <td align="center">33.2 (30.3-36.3)</td>
              <td align="center">59.5 (50.7-67.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RaVL &#8805; 11 mm</td>
              <td align="center">10.0 (8.3-12.1)</td>
              <td align="center">11.9 (7.3-18.7)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RaVL duration &gt;103 mm.ms</td>
              <td align="center">8.9 (7.3-10.9)</td>
              <td align="center">46.0 (37.5-54.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RaVL+SV3 &gt;16 mm (m). 4 mm (f)</td>
              <td align="center">40.9 (37.8-44.0)</td>
              <td align="center">88.1 (81.4-92.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTc &#8805; 440 ms</td>
              <td align="center">35.4 (32.4-38.5)</td>
              <td align="center">80.9 (73.2-86.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">V6/V5 &gt;1</td>
              <td align="center">12.4 (10.5-14.7)</td>
              <td align="center">72.3 (72.3-86.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(Rm+Sm) product &#8805;28 mm.ms</td>
              <td align="center">30.8 (28.0-33.8)</td>
              <td align="center">95.2 (90.0-97.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Enlarged left atrium</td>
              <td align="center">38.1 (35.1- 41.2)</td>
              <td align="center">32.5 (24.9-41.1)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Strain pattern</td>
              <td align="center">16.6 (14.4-19.1)</td>
              <td align="center">51.5 (42.9-60.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>increase in sensitivity with p value &lt; 0.05; CI 95%: confidence interval; ns: non-significant; m: male; f: female. LVH: Left ventricular hypertrophy;CLBBB: complete left bundle branch block.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Specificity of electrocardiographic variables for LVH in patients with and without CLBBB</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Criteria</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Without CLBBB<break/>(n=2054)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">With CLBBB<break/>(n=186)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>Specificity (CI<sup>95%</sup>)</th>
              <th>Specificity (CI<sup>95%</sup>)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon voltage &#8805;35 mm</td>
              <td align="center">97.6 (96.5-98.3)</td>
              <td align="center">96.6 (88.6-99.0)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon voltage &#8805;30 mm</td>
              <td align="center">92.4 (90.7-93.9)</td>
              <td align="center">88.3 (77.8-94.2)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon product &#8805;3710 mm.ms</td>
              <td align="center">99.1 (98.4-99.5)</td>
              <td align="center">70.0 (57.4-80.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cornell Voltage</td>
              <td align="center">99.2 (98.5-99.6)</td>
              <td align="center">38.2 (29.8-47.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cornel Voltage product &#8805;28 mm (m). &#8805;20 mm (f)</td>
              <td align="center">96.7 (95.5-97.6)</td>
              <td align="center">20.3 (12.0-32.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gubner-Ungerleider &#8805; 25 mV</td>
              <td align="center">91.1 (89.2-92.6)</td>
              <td align="center">61.6 (49.0-72.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RaVL &#8805; 11 mm</td>
              <td align="center">97.0 (95.8-97.2)</td>
              <td align="center">96.6 (88.6-99.0)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RaVL.durQRS &gt;103</td>
              <td align="center">98.5 (97.6-99.1)</td>
              <td align="center">71.6 (59.2-81.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RaVL+SV3 &gt;16 mm (m). 14 mm (f)</td>
              <td align="center">84.2 (81.9-86.2)</td>
              <td align="center">18.3 (10.5-29.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTc &#8805; 440 ms</td>
              <td align="center">70.2 (67.4-72.8)</td>
              <td align="center">25.0 (15.7-37.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">V6&gt; V5</td>
              <td align="center">90.9 (89.0-92.5)</td>
              <td align="center">18.3 (10.5-29.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(Rm+Sm) product &#8805;28 mm.ms</td>
              <td align="center">90.4 (88.5-92.0)</td>
              <td align="center">6.6 (2.6 -15.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Enlarged left atrium</td>
              <td align="center">77.8 (75.2-80.2)</td>
              <td align="center">75.0 (62.7-84.2)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Strain Pattern</td>
              <td align="center">97.7 (96.6-98.4)</td>
              <td align="center">50.0 (37.3-62.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>decrease in specificity with p value &lt; 0.05; CI 95%: confidence interval; ns: non-significant; m: male; f: female. LVH: Left ventricular hypertrophy;CLBBB: complete left bundle branch block.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>With regards to the reproducibility study, the level of agreement among the three observers varied between 0.82 and 0.98, which are considered excellent numbers. The first figure corresponds to the duration of the QRS complex, and the last one to the amplitude of R and S waves, respectively.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The presence of LVH is a consistent predictor of high cardiovascular risk, regardless of other comorbidities. In clinical and epidemiological studies, there is a clear relation between LVH and adverse cardiovascular events. Hence the importance of early detection, if possible, through low-cost, easily accessible diagnostic methods. Unquestionably, ECG is one of the most frequently used methods in the detection of LVH, be it for its low operational cost or wide availability. It is often an initial instrument in the identification of several cardiologic manifestations. In the scenario of LVH secondary to SAH, it is inarguably the most cost-effective exam. It is known, however, that several factors interfere in the diagnostic precision of LVH, more specifically the presence of conduction disturbances, especially CLBBB, which notoriously imposes limitations in LVH diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the last few decades, ECHO has become the reference exam in the evaluation of LV mass and function. In this context, it is used not only to confirm LVH, but also other pathological manifestations. As opposed to ECG, ECHO found the limitation in LVH identification, and provided earlier diagnosis and more aggressive approaches to associated diseases, such as SAH. However, despite its relatively low sensitivity, ECG is still the most widely used exam to detect LVH in hipertensive patients. This is because it is an easily performed test that shows excellent inter/ intraobserver reproducibility. Conversely, besides having a much higher operational cost, ECHO is extremely dependent not only on the quality of the device, but also on the observer interpreting the images.</p>
      <p>Since CLBBB interferes in several electrocardiographic parameter employed in LVH diagnosis, in this study we evaluated the main criteria used by the ECG in this situation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Considering LV mass calculation presumes the heart to be in normal, ellipsoid shape, patients with dilated hearts were excluded. To increase homogeneity in the analysis of sample members, we used LVMI to compare individuals with different body compositions and, thus, obtain values that would better identify groups at high risk for cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>LVMI association with LVH electrocardiographic criteria showed moderate or weak correlation in patients with and without CLBBB. However, in the group with CLBBB, even though Sokolow-Lyon voltage and RaVL criteria did not show statistically significant correlation with LVMI, they presented the best diagnostic performances.</p>
      <p>In patients with CLBBB, sensitivity varied between 12.7% and 95.2%, and specificity between 6.6 and 96.6%. The electrocardiographic criteria that predominantly used QRS complex voltage presented an increase in sensitivity, but at the cost of a great reduction in specificity. We observed that the criteria that obtained the highest sensitivity increases, such as Cornell criteria, RaVL duration, RaVL+SV<sub>3</sub>, also had the highest statistically significant reduction in specificity. Exceptions included only Sokolow-Lyon voltage and RaVL, which had discreet, non-significant reductions in specificity.</p>
      <p>Generally speaking, there was a reduction in specificity, with mild or strong intensity, in all the criteria. However, among the criteria that showed the best performance in detecting LVH in the presence of CLBBB, Sokolow-Lyon for a voltage of &#8805;3,0mV with a sensitivity of 22.2% (CI 95% 15.8 - 30.8) and specificity of 88.3% (IC 95% 77.8 - 94.2) stood out. We would point out that these values have no statistical significance. It is known that sensitivity and specificity data are related to the prevalence of the phenomenon in the evaluated sample. It is also known that hypertensive patients with CLBBB are usually older and have had the disease for longer. This explains why, in the present study, the group of patients with CLBBB presented a prevalence of 67.7%. Conversely, the group without CLBBB have a lower prevalence (46.8%).</p>
      <p>The reasons for the different performances of the several electrocardiographic criteria are not clear. However, they are related to the specificity of parameters that compose each criterion, with the limitations of each method, which essentially stem from the electrical activity of the cardiac muscle and are, deductively, correlated to the three-dimensional anatomic alteration. Moreover, besides the specific limitations of each criteria in particular, there are also individual characteristics of the studied sample.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>CLBBB modifies ECG sensitivity and specificity in the detection of LVH. However, the best diagnostic performance of the ECG, in the presence of CLBBB, occurred with Sokolow-Lyon voltage and RaVL criteria. The other electrocardiographic criteria presented expressive losses in specificity, rendering them less indicated in the presence of this conduction disturbance. Considering this is a study performed in a relatively young, hypertensive population in outpatient care, caution is recommended when transferring these results onto a group of older patients with more advanced hypertensive diseases.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Capes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Paula Freitas Martins Burgos, from Federal University of Sao Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
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        <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
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        </subj-group>
      </subj-group>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desempenho do Eletrocardiograma no Diagn&#243;stico da Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda em Pacientes Hipertensos na Presen&#231;a de Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Burgos</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Freitas Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco de Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bombig</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Dilma de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Japy Angelini</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP) - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Par&#225; (UFPA), Bel&#233;m, PA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Henrique Tria Bianco, Rua Loefgren, 1350 - Vila Clementino S&#227;o Paulo - SP CEP - 04040-001. E-mail: <email>henriquetria@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Burgos PFM, Bianco HT, P&#243;voa R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Burgos PFM, Luna Filho B, Costa FA, Bombig MTN, Souza D, Bianco HT, Oliveira Filho JA, P&#243;voa R; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Burgos PFM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Burgos PFM, Bianco HT, Izar MCO, Fonseca FAH, P&#243;voa R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: P&#243;voa R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) &#233; importante fator de risco para eventos cardiovasculares, e sua identifica&#231;&#227;o se inicia, geralmente, pela realiza&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma (ECG).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar, em hipertensos, o impacto do bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo (BCRE) no desempenho diagn&#243;stico da HVE pelo ECG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 2.240 pacientes hipertensos. Todos realizaram ECG e ecocardiograma (ECO). Foram avaliados os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos mais utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE: Cornell voltagem, Cornell voltagem produto, Sokolow-Lyon voltagem, Sokolow-Lyon produto, RaVL, RaVL produto, RaVL+SV<sub>3</sub>, Rela&#231;&#227;o RV<sub>6</sub>/RV<sub>5</sub>, padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic>, aumento atrial esquerdo e o intervalo QT. O padr&#227;o de identifica&#231;&#227;o da HVE foi o &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE) obtido pelo ECO em todos participantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 11,3 anos &#177; 58,7 anos, 684 (30,5%) homens e 1.556 (69,5%) mulheres. Nos participantes sem BCRE, a sensibilidade do ECG para a presen&#231;a de HVE variou de 7,6 a 40,9%, e a especificidade de 70,2 a 99,2%. Nos participantes com BCRE, a sensibilidade para a HVE variou de 11,9 a 95,2%, e a especificidade de 6,6 a 96,6%. Dentre os crit&#233;rios com melhor desempenho para HVE com BCRE, destacou-se o de Sokolow-Lyon para voltagem &#8805; 3,0mV com sensibilidade de 22,2% (IC 95% 15,8 - 30,8) e especificidade de 88,3% (IC 95% 77,8 - 94,2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nos hipertensos com BCRE, os crit&#233;rios mais utilizados para detec&#231;&#227;o da HVE pelo ECG apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa de desempenho da sensibilidade e especificidade. Nesse cen&#225;rio, o crit&#233;rio de Sokolow-Lyon com voltagem &#8805;3,0mV apresentou melhor comportamento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda / diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio de Ramo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) pelo eletrocardiograma (ECG) em pacientes hipertensos envolve decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e progn&#243;sticas. Os estudos pioneiros de Framingham demonstraram que as altera&#231;&#245;es na voltagem do QRS e na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular s&#227;o determinantes importantes para eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O ECG, apesar da sensibilidade relativamente baixa, compensa essa limita&#231;&#227;o com alta especificidade na identifica&#231;&#227;o da HVE. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; um m&#233;todo amplamente disseminado, de f&#225;cil acesso e de baixo custo. Entretanto, diversas situa&#231;&#245;es podem alterar negativamente o desempenho do ECG no diagn&#243;stico da HVE. Dentre essas, destaca-se a presen&#231;a do bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo (BCRE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Por interferir na mensura&#231;&#227;o de seus crit&#233;rios e par&#226;metros, as altera&#231;&#245;es promovidas pelo BCRE no tra&#231;ado do ECG s&#227;o descritas como restritivas para o diagn&#243;stico eletrocardiogr&#225;fico da HVE.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do BCRE na sensibilidade e especificidade dos principais crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos utilizados no diagn&#243;stico de HVE em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foram analisados os tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos em 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es de 2.240 pacientes hipertensos em tratamento ambulatorial. Pacientes com doen&#231;a orovalvar, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria conhecida, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a de Chagas, dist&#250;rbios do ritmo, bloqueio de ramo direito, uso de compostos digit&#225;licos, pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou qualidade t&#233;cnica inadequada do ecocardiograma foram exclu&#237;dos da presente an&#225;lise.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes realizaram ECG de repouso nas 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas, registro com velocidade de 25 mm/s e calibra&#231;&#227;o padronizada para 10 mm/cm (aparelho Dixtal<sup>&#174;</sup> EP3, Brasil). Para an&#225;lise precisa do tra&#231;ado foi utilizada lupa que permitia aumento de cinco vezes em sua face de contato. Em todos os tra&#231;ados (analisados pelo mesmo observador), um cardiologista certificado e com experi&#234;ncia em interpreta&#231;&#227;o de ECG foi convocado. Foram estimados o eixo e a dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS; a amplitude da onda R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es aV<sub>L</sub>, V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6;</sub> a amplitude da onda S em V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2</sub> e V<sub>3</sub> e o padr&#227;o "strain" em V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub>. Foram avaliados, em separado, 14 crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para HVE, a saber:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>Crit&#233;rio de Cornell voltagem: RaV<sub>L</sub> + SV<sub>3</sub> &#8805;20 mm para mulheres e &#8805;28 mm para homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Crit&#233;rio de Cornell dura&#231;&#227;o: (RaV<sub>L</sub> + SV<sub>3</sub>) x dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS, para mulheres adicionar 8 mm, &#8805;2440 mm.ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Crit&#233;rio de Sokolow-Lyon voltagem: SV<sub>1</sub> + RV<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub> &#8805;30 mm e &#8805;35 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Crit&#233;rio de Sokolow-Lyon produto: (SV<sub>1</sub> + RV<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub>) x dura&#231;&#227;o QRS &#8805;3710 mm.ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Escore de Gubner-Ungerleider: RD1+SV3 &gt;25 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Onda R de aV<sub>L</sub> &#8805; 11 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>RaVL produto: RaVL x dura&#231;&#227;o QRS &#8805;1030 mm.ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>RaVL +SV<sub>3</sub> &gt;16 mm em homens e &gt;14mm em mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Rela&#231;&#227;o RV<sub>6</sub>/RV<sub>5</sub> &gt;1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>(Maior onda R + maior onda S) x (dura&#231;&#227;o QRS): &gt;28 mm.ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Presen&#231;a do padr&#227;o "strain": definido como depress&#227;o convexa do segmento ST com invers&#227;o assim&#233;trica da onda T oposta ao complexo QRS nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Aumento atrial esquerdo: dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805;120 ms; altera&#231;&#227;o da onda P em D2 com empastamento no &#225;pice ou sinal de Morris em V1: componente terminal com dura&#231;&#227;o e amplitude &#8805; 0,04 mm.s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outras vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas analisadas</title>
          <p>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>Intervalo QT: medido em ms, do in&#237;cio da onda Q at&#233; o final da onda T (corrigido pela f&#243;rmula de Bazett: QTc = QT/RR<sup>1/2</sup>; valores normais de 350 a 440 ms).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>O BCRE foi identificado quando: dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &#8805;120ms; aus&#234;ncia de onda "q" em D1, aVL, V5 e V6; ondas R alargadas e com entalhes e/ou empastamento m&#233;dio-terminais em D1, aVL, V5 e V6; onda "r" com crescimento lento de V1 a V3 podendo ocorrer QS; ondas S alargadas com espessamentos e/ou entalhes em V1 e V2; deflex&#227;o intrinsec&#243;ide em V5 e V6 &#8805;0,05 s, eixo el&#233;trico entre -30&#186; e + 60&#186;; depress&#227;o de ST e onda T assim&#233;trica em oposi&#231;&#227;o ao retardo m&#233;dio-terminal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</title>
          <p>Os exames foram realizados em aparelho ATL<sup>&#174;</sup> 1500, USA, com transdutores de 2,0 e 3,5 MHz. Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas pelo mesmo observador, que desconhecia as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos participantes, e de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Associa&#231;&#227;o Europ&#233;ia de Ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> As imagens foram obtidas com o participante em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo a partir da regi&#227;o paraesternal esquerda entre o quarto ou quinto espa&#231;o intercostal, procedendo-se aos cortes habituais para completo estudo aos modos M e bidimensional, simultaneamente ao registro do ECG. De acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Conven&#231;&#227;o de Penn, as seguintes medidas foram efetuadas: tamanho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) em s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole; espessura do septo interventricular em di&#225;stole (SIVD) e da parede posterior do VE no final da di&#225;stole (PPVED); di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE (DDVE); volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais e percentual de encurtamento diast&#243;lico e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo do cubo. A massa do VE foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula: massa do VE = 0,8 X {1,04 [(SIVD + DDVE + PPVED)<sup>3</sup> - (DDVE)<sup>3</sup>]} + 0,6 g.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A massa do VE foi indexada para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea para ajuste das diferen&#231;as do tamanho do cora&#231;&#227;o &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es do tamanho do paciente. A superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula: SC = (P - 60) X 0,01 + H, em que SC &#233; a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea em m<sup>2</sup>, P &#233; o peso, em Kg e H &#233; a altura em metros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Foi considerado aumento da massa do VE quando o &#237;ndice de massa era &#8805;96 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres e &#8805; 116 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em percentagem. Utilizou-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o IMVE e os diversos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Para a an&#225;lise do desempenho dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de HVE foram utilizados os valores obtidos para sensibilidade e especificidade com os respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para HVE nos pacientes com e sem BCRE empregou-se o teste de McNemar pareado. O estudo da reprodutibilidade dos tra&#231;ados do ECG foi realizado por tr&#234;s observadores que interpretaram 100 tra&#231;ados retirados aleatoriamente da amostra. Com esse objetivo foram analisadas a amplitude das ondas R e S e dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS e utilizou-se do teste de Kappa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Para a verifica&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es, foram considerados intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% e p &lt; 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram executadas em programa SPSS (vers&#227;o 17.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 2.240 participantes estudados, 684 eram do g&#234;nero masculino (30,5%) e 1.556 do feminino (69,5%), com idade m&#233;dia de 11,3 &#177; 58,7 anos. Desse total, 2.054 (91,7%) constitu&#237;am o grupo dos pacientes sem BCRE e 186 (8,3%) formavam o grupo de pacientes com BCRE. No grupo de pacientes sem BCRE, 46,8% tinham HVE, ao passo que no grupo com BCRE, 67,7% dos pacientes tinham HVE, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>. Nessa casu&#237;stica tivemos 11,8% (22/186) dos pacientes com BCRE com bloqueio divisional anterior esquerdo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra de acordo com presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de BCRE</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Sem BCRE (n=2054)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Com BCRE (n=186)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">Homens / Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">Homens / Mulheres</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">11,4&#177;58,3</td>
                <td align="center">610 (29,7%) / 1444 (70,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">8,5&#177;63,4</td>
                <td align="center">74 (39,8%) / 112 (60,2%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e n (%). BCRE: bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>De acordo com a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, houve, em ambos os grupos, associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre o IMVE e as vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas para a maioria dos crit&#233;rios de HVE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). Todavia, as correla&#231;&#245;es entre os diversos crit&#233;rios e o IMVE evidenciaram correla&#231;&#227;o moderada ou fraca, sugerindo que esses crit&#233;rios t&#234;m baixa capacidade para explicar a presen&#231;a da HVE, independentemente da presen&#231;a do BCRE no tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. N&#227;o foram executadas as correla&#231;&#245;es entre o IMVE com o aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo e o padr&#227;o "strain" por serem essas vari&#225;veis qualitativas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre o IMVE e os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos analisados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Sem BCRE (n=2054)</th>
                <th align="center">Com BCRE (n=186)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cornell voltagem</td>
                <td align="center">0,400<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,306<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cornell dura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,456<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,392<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon voltagem</td>
                <td align="center">0,404<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">R de aVL</td>
                <td align="center">0,300<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,141</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,085<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,210<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gubner-Ungerleider</td>
                <td align="center">0,536<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,305<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(Rm&#225;x+Sm&#225;x) x dur QRS</td>
                <td align="center">0,546<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,383<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt; 0,05; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; BCRE: bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; especificidade dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para a HVE, os pacientes com BCRE apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es significantes com diminui&#231;&#245;es expressivas de valores. Os crit&#233;rios de Sokolow-Lyon voltagem (&#8805;3,0 mV e &#8805;3,5 mV), a amplitude da onda R em aVL e o aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo foram os que tiveram as menores redu&#231;&#245;es de especificidades. De forma interessante, isso ocorreu com inexpressiva altera&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">4</xref>). Nos crit&#233;rios em que ocorreram aumentos substanciais dos &#237;ndices de sensibilidade, como o de Cornell voltagem e Cornell voltagem produto, isso foi concomitante com a expressiva perda de especificidade, o que inviabiliza a aplica&#231;&#227;o desses crit&#233;rios no cen&#225;rio de ECG com presen&#231;a de BRE.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sensibilidade das vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas para HVE em pacientes com e sem BCRE</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Crit&#233;rio</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Sem BCRE<break/>(n=2054)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Com BCRE<break/>(n=186)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Sensibilidade (IC<sup>95%</sup>)</th>
                <th>Sensibilidade (IC<sup>95%</sup>)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon voltagem &#8805;35 mm</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 (10,6-14,8)</td>
                <td align="center">12,7 (7,90-19,6)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon voltagem &#8805;30 mm</td>
                <td align="center">21,0 (18,5-23,6)</td>
                <td align="center">22,2 (15,8-30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805;3710 mm.ms</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 (6,1-9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">46,8 (38,3-55,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cornell Voltage &#8805; 28 mm (h), &#8805;20 (m)</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 (7,6-11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">78,5 (67,6-86,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cornell Voltagem dura&#231;&#227;o 2440 mm.ms</td>
                <td align="center">17,4 (15,2-19,9)</td>
                <td align="center">86,5 (79,4-91,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gubner-Ungerleider &#8805; 25 mm</td>
                <td align="center">33,2 (30,3-36,3)</td>
                <td align="center">59,5 (50,7-67,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RaVL &#8805; 11 mm</td>
                <td align="center">10,0 (8,3-12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">11,9 (7,3-18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RaVL dura&#231;&#227;o &gt;103 mm.ms</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 (7,3-10,9)</td>
                <td align="center">46,0 (37,5-54,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RaVL+SV3 &gt;16 mm (h), 4 mm (m)</td>
                <td align="center">40,9 (37,8-44,0)</td>
                <td align="center">88,1 (81,4-92,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc &#8805; 440 ms</td>
                <td align="center">35,4 (32,4-38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">80,9 (73,2-86,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">V6/V5 &gt;1</td>
                <td align="center">12,4 (10,5-14,7)</td>
                <td align="center">72,3 (72,3-86,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(Rm+Sm) produto &#8805;28 mm.ms</td>
                <td align="center">30,8 (28,0-33,8)</td>
                <td align="center">95,2 (90,0-97,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;trio E aumentado</td>
                <td align="center">38,1 (35,1- 41,2)</td>
                <td align="center">32,5 (24,9-41,1)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Padr&#227;o de "strain"</td>
                <td align="center">16,6 (14,4-19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">51,5 (42,9-60,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>eleva&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade com valor de p &lt; 0,05; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ns: n&#227;o significante; h: homem; m: mulher. BCRE: bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Especificidade das vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas para HVE em pacientes com e sem BCRE </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Crit&#233;rio</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Sem BCRE<break/>(n=2054)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Com BCRE<break/>(n=186)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Especificidade (IC<sup>95%</sup>)</th>
                <th>Especificidade (IC<sup>95%</sup>)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon voltagem &#8805;35 mm</td>
                <td align="center">97,6 (96,5-98,3)</td>
                <td align="center">96,6 (88,6-99,0)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon voltagem &#8805;30 mm</td>
                <td align="center">92,4 (90,7-93,9)</td>
                <td align="center">88,3 (77,8-94,2)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sokolow-Lyon produto &#8805;3710 mm.ms</td>
                <td align="center">99,1 (98,4-99,5)</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 (57,4-80,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cornell Voltagem</td>
                <td align="center">99,2 (98,5-99,6)</td>
                <td align="center">38,2 (29,8-47,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cornel Voltagem produto &#8805;28 mm (h), &#8805;20 mm (m)</td>
                <td align="center">96,7 (95,5-97,6)</td>
                <td align="center">20,3 (12,0-32,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gubner-Ungerleider &#8805; 25 mV</td>
                <td align="center">91,1 (89,2-92,6)</td>
                <td align="center">61,6 (49,0-72,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RaVL &#8805; 11 mm</td>
                <td align="center">97,0 (95,8-97,2)</td>
                <td align="center">96,6 (88,6-99,0)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RaVL.durQRS &gt;103</td>
                <td align="center">98,5 (97,6-99,1)</td>
                <td align="center">71,6 (59,2-81,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RaVL+SV3 &gt;16 mm (h), 14 mm (m)</td>
                <td align="center">84,2 (81,9-86,2)</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 (10,5-29,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc &#8805; 440 ms</td>
                <td align="center">70,2 (67,4-72,8)</td>
                <td align="center">25,0 (15,7-37,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">V6&gt; V5</td>
                <td align="center">90,9 (89,0-92,5)</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 (10,5-29,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(Rm+Sm) produto &#8805;28 mm.ms</td>
                <td align="center">90,4 (88,5-92,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6.6 (2,6 -15,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;trio E aumentado</td>
                <td align="center">77,8 (75,2-80,2)</td>
                <td align="center">75,0 (62,7-84,2)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Padr&#227;o de "strain"</td>
                <td align="center">97,7 (96,6-98,4)</td>
                <td align="center">50,0 (37,3-62,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>diminui&#231;&#227;o da especificidade com valor de p &lt; 0,05; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ns: n&#227;o significante; h: homem; m: mulher. BCRE: bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto ao estudo de reprodutibilidade, o n&#237;vel de concord&#226;ncia entre os tr&#234;s observadores variou de 0,82 a 0,98, n&#250;meros considerados excelentes. A primeira cifra corresponde &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS e a &#250;ltima &#224; amplitude das ondas R e S respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de HVE &#233; preditora consistente de alto risco cardiovascular, independentemente de outras comorbidades. Tanto em estudos cl&#237;nicos quanto em epidemiol&#243;gicos h&#225; clara rela&#231;&#227;o entre HVE e eventos cardiovasculares adversos. Da&#237; a import&#226;ncia de sua detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e, se poss&#237;vel, por meio de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos de baixo custo e amplo acesso. O ECG, inquestionavelmente, &#233; um dos m&#233;todos mais utilizados na detec&#231;&#227;o da HVE, seja pelo baixo custo operacional ou por sua disponibilidade. O ECG, frequentemente, constitui em instrumento inicial de identifica&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas. No cen&#225;rio da HVE secund&#225;ria &#224; HAS &#233;, indiscutivelmente, o exame mais custo-efetivo. Sabe-se, todavia, que diversos fatores interferem na precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da HVE, especificamente a presen&#231;a de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, principalmente a do tipo BCRE que &#233; um dos mais conhecidos a criar limita&#231;&#245;es para o diagn&#243;stico da HVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o ECO tornou-se exame de refer&#234;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o e da massa do VE. Nesse sentido, &#233; utilizado n&#227;o apenas para a confirma&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de HVE, mas tamb&#233;m de outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas. Em contraposi&#231;&#227;o ao ECG, o ECO constatou a limita&#231;&#227;o na identifica&#231;&#227;o da HVE e propiciou o diagn&#243;stico mais precoce e a abordagem mais agressiva das doen&#231;as associadas, como a HAS. Todavia, o ECG, n&#227;o obstante sua relativa baixa sensibilidade, ainda &#233; o exame mais usado para detec&#231;&#227;o da HVE em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial. Isso se deve tanto &#224; facilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o como tamb&#233;m &#224; excelente reprodutividade inter e intraobservador. De forma distinta, o ECO, al&#233;m de ser t&#233;cnica de maior custo operacional, &#233; extremamente dependente n&#227;o s&#243; da qualidade do aparelho, como tamb&#233;m do observador que interpreta as imagens.</p>
        <p>Como o BCRE interfere em v&#225;rios par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos empregados no diagn&#243;stico da HVE, avaliamos, neste estudo, os principais crit&#233;rios utilizados pelo ECG nessa situa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Considerando que o c&#225;lculo de massa do VE pressup&#245;e cora&#231;&#227;o com forma normal, elips&#243;ide, os pacientes com &#243;rg&#227;os dilatados foram exclu&#237;dos. Para aumentar a homogeneidade na an&#225;lise dos membros da amostra, utilizamos a IMVE para comparar indiv&#237;duos com diferentes composi&#231;&#245;es corp&#243;reas e, dessa maneira, obter valores que identificassem mais fidedignamente os grupos de alto risco para eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o do IMVE com os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para HVE mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o moderada ou fraca tanto nos pacientes com BCRE quanto naqueles sem BCRE. Entretanto, no grupo com BCRE os crit&#233;rios de Sokolow-Lyon voltagem e RaVL, embora n&#227;o apresentassem correla&#231;&#227;o significante estatisticamente com o IMVE, foram aqueles com melhores desempenhos diagn&#243;sticos.</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes com BCRE a sensibilidade variou de 12,7 a 95,2% e a especificidade de 6,6 a 96,6%. Os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos que utilizaram predominantemente a voltagem do complexo QRS apresentaram aumento da sensibilidade, mas &#224; custa de grande redu&#231;&#227;o da especificidade. Observou-se que os crit&#233;rios que tiveram maiores aumentos da sensibilidade como os crit&#233;rios de Cornell, RaVL dura&#231;&#227;o, RaVL+SV<sub>3</sub> tiveram tamb&#233;m maiores diminui&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significantes da especificidade. Exce&#231;&#245;es apenas para os crit&#233;rios de Sokolow-Lyon voltagem e RaVL. Esses &#250;ltimos tiveram redu&#231;&#245;es discretas, n&#227;o significativas, da especificidade.</p>
        <p>De forma geral, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da especificidade em maior ou menor intensidade em todos os crit&#233;rios. Todavia, entre os crit&#233;rios que demonstraram melhores desempenhos para detectar a HVE na presen&#231;a do BCRE, destacou-se o crit&#233;rio de Sokolow-Lyon para voltagem &#8805;3,0mV com sensibilidade de 22,2% (IC 95% 15,8 - 30,8) e especificidade de 88,3% (IC 95% 77,8 - 94,2). Ressalva para o fato de esses valores n&#227;o terem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. &#201; conhecido que os dados de sensibilidade e especificidade est&#227;o relacionados &#224; preval&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno na amostra avaliada. Tamb&#233;m &#233; reconhecido que os pacientes hipertensos com BCRE geralmente s&#227;o mais idosos e com mais tempo de doen&#231;a. Isso explica por que no presente estudo o grupo de pacientes com BCRE apresentou preval&#234;ncia de 67,7%. J&#225; o grupo sem BCRE teve uma preval&#234;ncia mais baixa (46,8%).</p>
        <p>As raz&#245;es para os diferentes desempenhos dos diversos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos n&#227;o est&#227;o claras. Por&#233;m, se relacionam &#224; especificidade dos par&#226;metros que comp&#245;em cada crit&#233;rio, aliados &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es de um m&#233;todo, essencialmente decorrente da atividade el&#233;trica do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco e, dedutivamente, correlacionado &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica tridimensional. Por conseguinte, al&#233;m das limita&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas de cada crit&#233;rio em particular, h&#225; ainda caracter&#237;sticas individuais da amostra estudada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O BCRE modifica a sensibilidade e especificidade do ECG em detectar a HVE. Todavia, o melhor desempenho diagn&#243;stico do ECG na presen&#231;a de BCRE ocorreu com os crit&#233;rios de Sokolow-Lyon voltagem e RaVL. Os demais crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos apresentaram perdas expressivas da especificidade, tornando-os menos recomend&#225;veis na presen&#231;a desse dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o. Por tratar-se de estudo realizado em popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos relativamente jovens e em acompanhamento ambulatorial, &#233; necess&#225;rio cuidado na extrapola&#231;&#227;o desses resultados para grupos de pacientes mais idosos e com doen&#231;as hipertensivas mais avan&#231;adas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Capes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Paula Freitas Martins Burgos pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
