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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gs5hwBhWk8GzfRvMMvm4qPQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000100038</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160184</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005027101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Hemodynamics - Adults</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparative Study between Perfusion Changes and Positive Findings on Coronary Flow Reserve</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Roberto Frack</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Ortiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Denk</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarbine</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanuttini</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel An&#237;bal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Carmen Weigert</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Admar Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Michel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address:</bold> Rafael Michel de Macedo, Rua Pedro Collere, 890, Postal Code 80330-290. Vila Izabel, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rafael.macedo@hospitalcostantini.com.br</email>, <email>acbrandt@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Costantini CRF, Ramires JA, Costantini CO, Denk MA, Macedo RM; Acquisition of data: Costantini CRF, Costantini CO, Denk MA, Silveira CW, Macedo RM; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Costantini CRF, Costantini CO, Denk MA, Macedo RM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Costantini CRF, Ramires JA, Costantini CO, Denk MA, Tarbine SG, Santos MF, Zanuttini DA, Souza AM, Macedo RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>38</fpage>
      <lpage>46</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Functional assessment of coronary artery obstruction is used in cardiology practice to correlate anatomic obstructions with flow decrease. Among such assessments, the study of the coronary fractional flow reserve (FFR) has become the most widely used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the correlation between FFR and findings of ischemia obtained by noninvasive methods including stress echocardiography and nuclear medicine and the presence of critical coronary artery obstruction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective study of cases treated with systematized and standardized procedures for coronary disease between March 2011 and August 2014. We included 96 patients with 107 critical coronary obstructions (&gt; 50% in the coronary trunk and/or &#8805; 70% in other segments) estimated by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS). All cases presented ischemia in one of the noninvasive studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>All 96 patients presented ischemia (100%) in one of the functional tests. On FFR study with adenosine 140 g/kg/min, 52% of the cases had values &#8804; 0.80. On correlation analysis for FFR &#8804; 0.80, the evaluation of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy, and ROC curve in relation to the stenosis degree and length, and presence of ischemia, no significant values or strong correlation were observed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Coronary FFR using a cut-off value of 0.80 showed no correlation with noninvasive ischemia tests in patients with severe coronary artery obstructions on QCA and ICUS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial / physiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is considered the most common cause of death due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Brazil and worldwide. Nonetheless, the number of individuals aged more than 60 years who survive a first event increases at each year, a fact that is attributed to technological advancements in diagnostic methods and treatment techniques over the past 30 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>International guidelines recommend a combination of functional and anatomical assessments to define the ideal treatment strategy for CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, some studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> aiming at complete lesion revascularization, have proposed treatment of lesions with a &#8804; 50% stenosis diameter with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), prioritizing the anatomical findings independent of their functional repercussions (assessed by noninvasive methods).</p>
      <p>The DEFER study showed that it is safe to defer treatment of functionally nonsignificant coronary lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> More recently, the FAME study showed that in the presence of multivessel disease, treatment of epicardial lesions guided by fractional flow reserve (FFR) is associated with a reduction in ischemic complications when compared with treatment guided by angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Based on these findings, FFR measurement has become routine in guiding clinical decision making in CAD treatment. However, both the technique and its cut-off value of 0.80 have not been tested in some specific situations including severe coronary artery obstructions (the initial results involved minor and moderate lesions). Therefore, to evaluate the impact of FFR measurement on severe lesions with ischemia previously detected by noninvasive functional tests will be of great importance, as the decision to treat or not to treat these lesions may be substantiated by the results of the FFR study.</p>
      <p>Thus, the objective of this study was to correlate the FFR results, using a cut-off value of 0.80, with the presence of ischemia, detected by noninvasive tests including stress echocardiography or nuclear medicine, in patients with severe coronary obstruction assessed by cineangiography and intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Type of study</title>
        <p>We conducted a retrospective study of cases treated with systematized and standardized procedures for coronary disease between March 2011 and August 2014 at the <italic>Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini (HCC)</italic> in Curitiba.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Studied population</title>
        <p>We screened 264 patients with suspected CAD who had undergone noninvasive functional tests, pharmacological stress echocardiography or nuclear medicine, and had an indication of cineangiography.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
        <p>The study's project was described in line with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the <italic>Hospital Erasto Gaertner</italic> (2274/13). All patients read, understood, and signed an informed consent form prepared according to Resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council. The study included patients who presented ischemia on perfusion studies with pharmacological stress echocardiography or nuclear medicine due to severe obstructive lesions with &gt; 50% obstruction in the left coronary trunk (LCT) and/or &#8805; 70% in other segments, leading to ischemia in the region supplied by the affected artery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>We excluded from the study those cases with associated neoplasms, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency (creatinine &gt; 2.0 mg/dL), hemorrhagic disease, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or surgical treatment in the past 6 months, as well as coronary obstructions &lt; 50% in the LCT territory and/or &lt; 70% in other segments.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Noninvasive functional evaluation methods</title>
        <p>All patients included in the study underwent noninvasive functional evaluation with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) and/or pharmacological stress echocardiography.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy</title>
          <p>MPS was performed according to a standard protocol recommended by the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> both for the exercise and pharmacological stress (intravenous dipyridamole) protocols. The images were obtained with a tomographic gamma camera (Philips Cardio MD3), reconstructed with the program Cedars Quantitative Gated Spect, and interpreted by two independent investigators who concurred with the diagnosis of ischemia. The MPS images were qualitatively and quantitatively interpreted by more than one experienced investigator according to the ASNC recommendations. For the MPS quantification, we subjectively (visually) assigned a numerical value to each of the 17 segments in both phases, categorizing it as 0 (homogeneous uptake), 1 (slightly decreased uptake), 2 (moderately decreased uptake), 3 (markedly decreased uptake), or 4 (no uptake). The sum of the scores attributed to the 17 segments in the stress (SSS) and resting (SRS) phases allows a semiquantitative evaluation of the intensity and extent of the coronary disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Exercise ECG was performed according to the Bruce protocol as per criteria established by the guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Pharmacological stress was induced by intravenous injection of dipyridamole 0.84 mg/kg for 3 minutes, followed 4 minutes later by injection of the radiotracer (sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc) at a 555 to 740 MBq dose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The images were analyzed by two independent investigators and ischemia was considered to be present when both interpretations were in agreement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pharmacological stress echocardiography</title>
          <p>The echocardiographic study with pharmacological stress was performed according to the criteria set by the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> with continuous infusion of dobutamine at increasing doses every 2 minutes, starting with 5 &#181;g/kg/min; when the maximal heart rate was not reached, atropine bolus was used at an initial dose of 0.25 mg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Method of angiographic evaluation</title>
        <p>All volunteers included in the study underwent coronary angiography. The coronary lesions diagnosed were initially classified according to their severity by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). They were also assessed by ICUS for better quantification of the lesion areas. Additionally, the patients underwent FFR measurement and the results were compared with the ischemic areas suggested by noninvasive functional tests.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantitative coronary angiography</title>
          <p>The angiographic images were evaluated by the main investigator (CRC) and the hemodynamic team of the <italic>Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini</italic>. For that, we used a specific software to quantify obstructive coronary lesions (CASS version 5.7.4, Pie Medical Imaging B.V., The Netherlands).</p>
          <p>In all cases, the images were obtained in different projections, always seeking a better visualization of the lesion and of the proximal and distal portions of the artery. Thus, it was possible to establish a mean reference diameter for the artery, the length of the lesion, the minimum luminal diameter, and the percentage of the diameter of the stenosis [(reference diameter - minimum luminal diameter)/(reference diameter x 100)] before and after the procedure. The calibration standard was established by the outer diameter of the catheter filled with contrast.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurement of fractional flow reserve</title>
          <p>To evaluate the impact of the lesion on the coronary flow, FFR was used according to established criteria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> in which the distal pressure was measured with a 0.014-inche guide wire (Pressure Wire 4 Sensor, RADI Medical Systems, Uppsala, Sweden) or a Volcano Wave Wire (Volcano Inc., Rancho Cordova, California, USA) immediately distal to the stenosis, one at a time,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> during the period of maximal hyperemia induced by intravenous injection of adenosine 140 &#181;g/kg/min through a large venous access in the antecubital vein. The aortic pressure was measured with a 6 or 7 F guide catheter. Lesions with a FFR &#8804; 0.80 were considered to be responsible for the ischemia, as determined by the guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intracoronary ultrasound</title>
          <p>The ICUS images were obtained with a rotating single element transducer with a 40 MHz frequency within a 2.6 Fr sheath and an automated transducer pullback with a speed of 0.5 mm/s, connected to an iLAB 2 scanner (Boston Scientific Corporation, Natick, USA) and Eagle Eye Platinum Intravenous Ultrasound (IVUS) Catheter (Volcano Corporation, San Diego, California, USA).</p>
          <p>The images were digitized and analyzed according to the criteria of the Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Standards for Acquisition, Measurement and Reporting of Intravascular Ultrasound Studies (American College of Cardiology)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and the program EchoPlaque 3.0.48 (INDEC Systems Inc., Mountain View, USA), respectively. Each millimeter of the arterial segments was analyzed with computerized planimetry to measure the lesion area and volume.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>See <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref> below.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study Design. QCA: quantitative coronary angiography; LCT: left coronary trunk; FFR: fractional flow reserve.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0038-60184-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>In the descriptive statistical analysis, the results of categorical variables are expressed as absolute frequencies and percentages. For continuous variables, we present mean &#177; standard deviation values. To verify homogeneity and normality, we applied the Levene and Shapiro-Wilk tests. To compare two groups in regard to quantitative variables, we used Student's <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples. When the comparison included more than two groups, we used one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Regarding categorical variables, the comparisons were performed using Fisher's exact test. To evaluate the cut-off values for quantitative variables associated with dichotomous outcomes of interest, we adjusted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Statistical significance was set at p values &lt; 0.05. The data were analyzed with the programs IBM SPSS Statistics v.20 and GraphPad Prism v.6.05. We used logistic regression and ROC curve analysis to define the correlation coefficients between noninvasive and invasive functional evaluations with the FFR measurement.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In total, 107 obstructive lesions were diagnosed by angiography in the 96 patients included in the study. In 34% of the cases, the obstructions affected multiple vessels and in 81 cases (87% of the sample), the obstructions were categorized as type B/C according to the classification of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The anterior descending artery had the highest prevalence of lesions (52.34%).</p>
      <p>Based on the assumption, grounded in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> that coronary lesions with a FFR &#8804; 0.80 should be deemed responsible for the myocardial ischemia, the following variables were compared between the FFR &gt; 0.80 and &#8804; 0.80 groups in the sample with ischemia detected by functional tests: modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, clinical characteristics of the patients prior to the initiation of the clinical investigation, findings of noninvasive functional tests, and angiographic findings (QCA, ICUS, and FFR).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents the characteristics of the sample with regard to risk factors and clinical characteristics in the FFR &gt; 0.80 and &#8804; 0.80 groups. We observed similar results between both groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of risk factors and clinical characteristics in the FFR &#8804; 0.80 and FFR &gt; 0.80 groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Clinical Characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Total</bold>
                <break/>
                <bold>96 patients</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>FFR &#8804; 0.8</bold>
                <break/>
                <bold>48 patients</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>FFR &gt; 0.8</bold>
                <break/>
                <bold>48 patients</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">65.60 &#177; 10.34</td>
              <td align="center">65.8 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td align="center">65.4 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (69)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (65)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (73)</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">93 (97)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (98)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (23)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (48)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (52)</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">93 (97)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (96)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (98)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (21)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Clinical Symptoms</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Total</bold>
                <break/>
                <bold>96 patients</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>FFR &#8804; 0.8</bold>
                <break/>
                <bold>48 patients</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>FFR &gt; 0.8</bold>
                <break/>
                <bold>48 patients</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Silent ischemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (17)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (21)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stable angina, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (42)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (42)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (42)</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unstable angina, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (34)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (27)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (42)</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atypical angina, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Acute coronary syndrome, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Fisher's exact test (categorical variables) or Student's t test for independent samples (quantitative variables); p &lt; 0.05; n: number, SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> presents the results of the noninvasive functional evaluations conducted in each group for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. In the FFR &gt; 0.80 group, 41 patients (85%) underwent MPS, while seven (15%) underwent stress echocardiography. The corresponding numbers in the FFR &#8804; 0.80 group were 42 (88%) and six (12%), respectively. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> also shows the results according to the classification of ischemia as mild, moderate, and important. We observed a higher frequency of mild ischemia in the FFR &gt; 0.80 group and moderate ischemia in the FFR &#8804; 0.80 group.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage distribution of the functional tests performed. FFR: fractional flow reserve</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0038-60184-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>When we compared the groups in terms of angiographic characteristics, we observed a significant (p &lt; 0.03) difference in regard to the anatomical location of the lesion, with a greater number of lesions in the anterior descending artery in the FFR &#8804; 0.80 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of angiographic characteristics in the general sample and in the FFR &#8804; 0.80 and FFR &gt; 0.80 groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Angiographic characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">Total <break/>107 lesions</th>
              <th align="center">FFR &#8804; 0.8 <break/>56 lesions</th>
              <th align="center">FFR &gt; 0.8 <break/>51 lesions</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Type B/C lesions, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (81)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (75)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (76.47)</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Multivessel, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (34)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (37.5)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (29.41)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bifurcation, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (11.76)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left coronary trunk, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (6.54)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.57)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (9.80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left coronary trunk involving the proximal AD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1.87)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.57)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (52.34)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (64.29)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (39.21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diagonal, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (4.67)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (5.35)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Circumflex, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (14.95)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (14.28)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (15.68)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Circumflex marginal branch, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (2.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (5.88)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right coronary, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (14.02)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (7.14)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (21.57)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Posterior descending - right coronary, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1.87)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.78)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.97)</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Saphenous vein graft, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.93)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.97)</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QCA, RVD, mm (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">2.71 &#177; 0.63</td>
              <td align="center">2.70 &#177; 0.72</td>
              <td align="center">2.73 &#177; 0.53</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QCA, stenosis diameter (%)</td>
              <td align="center">75.43 &#177; 6.68</td>
              <td align="center">75.5 &#177; 5.85</td>
              <td align="center">74.25 &#177; 8.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QCA, length, mm (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">11.36 &#177; 5.19</td>
              <td align="center">12.12 &#177; 6.19</td>
              <td align="center">10.53 &#177; 3.71</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Ultrasonographic Characteristics</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVD, mm (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">2.99 &#177; 0.42</td>
              <td align="center">2.98 &#177; 0.40</td>
              <td align="center">3.15 &#177; 0.44</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICUS, stenosis diameter (%)</td>
              <td align="center">84.21 &#177; 8.46</td>
              <td align="center">84.25 &#177; 8.03</td>
              <td align="center">84.18 &#177; 9.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICUS, length, mm (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">19.89 &#177; 7.22</td>
              <td align="center">20.93 &#177; 8.02</td>
              <td align="center">18.76 &#177; 6.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fractional flow reserve (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 &#177; 0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.72 &#177; 0.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 &#177; 0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Fisher's exact test (categorical variables) or Student's t test for independent samples (quantitative variables); p &lt; 0.05. AD: anterior descending; SD: standard deviation; RVD: reference vessel diameter; QCA: quantitative coronary angiography; ICUS: intracoronary ultrasound. * Considered statistically significant at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> also shows that when the QCA was compared with respect to the diameter of the stenosis, there was no significant difference between lesions with FFR &#8804; or &gt; 0.80 (74.25 &#177; 7.2% <italic>versus</italic> 75.5 &#177; 6.84%, respectively). Also, no significant differences were observed when the length of the lesion was compared between the FFR &#8804; 0.80 and &gt; 0.80 groups: 12.12 &#177; 5.22 mm <italic>versus</italic> 10.53 &#177; 4.24 mm, respectively, on QCA evaluation and 20.92 &#177; 7.27 mm <italic>versus</italic> 18.76 &#177; 7.22 mm, respectively, on ICUS evaluation.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the characteristics of the predictors of ischemia for a FFR &#8804; 0.80. Considering the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values, we found a reference arterial diameter of &lt; 2.62 mm, and minimal luminal diameters of &lt; 0.36 mm on QCA and &lt; 2.50 mm on ICUS.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the analysis of ischemia predictors for a FFR &#8804; 0.80</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">AUC (%)</th>
              <th align="center">95% CI</th>
              <th align="center">Accuracy</th>
              <th align="center">Values associated with <break/>a FFR &#8804; 0.80 (cut-off <break/>values)</th>
              <th align="center">Sensitivity (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Specificity (%)</th>
              <th align="center">PPV (%)</th>
              <th align="center">NPV (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QCA diameter</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.39 - 0.62</td>
              <td align="center">53.3%</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 76%</td>
              <td align="center">48.2</td>
              <td align="center">58.8</td>
              <td align="center">56.3</td>
              <td align="center">50.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICUS diameter</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
              <td align="center">0.38 - 0.60</td>
              <td align="center">52.3%</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 86%</td>
              <td align="center">57.1</td>
              <td align="center">47.1</td>
              <td align="center">54.2</td>
              <td align="center">50.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QCA RVD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.43 - 0.65</td>
              <td align="center">57.0%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 2.62</td>
              <td align="center">57.1</td>
              <td align="center">56.9</td>
              <td align="center">59.3</td>
              <td align="center">54.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QCA MLD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
              <td align="center">0.42 - 0.64</td>
              <td align="center">57.0%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.36</td>
              <td align="center">48.2</td>
              <td align="center">66.7</td>
              <td align="center">61.4</td>
              <td align="center">54.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICUS MLD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.43 - 0.65</td>
              <td align="center">57.9%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 2.50</td>
              <td align="center">53.6</td>
              <td align="center">62.7</td>
              <td align="center">61.2</td>
              <td align="center">55.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QCA LL (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
              <td align="center">0.48 - 0.70</td>
              <td align="center">64.5%</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 9.68</td>
              <td align="center">66.1</td>
              <td align="center">62.7</td>
              <td align="center">66.1</td>
              <td align="center">62.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICUS LL (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
              <td align="center">0.47 - 0.69</td>
              <td align="center">57.9%</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 20</td>
              <td align="center">51.8</td>
              <td align="center">64.7</td>
              <td align="center">61.7</td>
              <td align="center">55.0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>QCA: quantitative coronary angiography; ICUS: intracoronary ultrasound; RVD: reference vessel diameter; MLD: minimal luminal diameter; LL: lesion length; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value; AUC: area under the ROC curve; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval for the AUC. For these calculations, the prevalence of FFR &#8804; 0.80 in this study population was estimated from the sample results (56/107 = 52.3%).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main findings of this study were: 1) in the overall evaluation of the sample, the descending anterior artery showed the highest prevalence of lesions (52.34%), while 87% of the sample presented type B/C obstructions; 2) when patients with ischemia diagnosed by a noninvasive functional test were divided into FFR &gt; 0.80 and &#8804; 0.80 groups, there were no significant differences between both groups in regard to modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, as well as clinical symptoms leading to the investigation. In the angiographic data evaluated, there was a significant difference with respect to the anatomical location of the lesion, with more common lesions in the left anterior descending artery in the FFR &#8804; 0.80 group; 3) correlation analysis for FFR &#8804; 0.80 considering the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy and ROC curve relative to the presence of ischemia and stenosis degree and length did not show values with significance or strong correlation.</p>
      <p>For some authors, the cut-off value of 0.80 for the FFR may represent more than an anatomic evaluation. Pijls et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> studied 45 patients with angiographically questionable stenoses according to their angiographic severity. In 24 and 21 patients with 44 &#177; 9% and 41 &#177; 8% percent stenoses, respectively, their results suggested that the FFR had a greater accuracy to distinguish stenoses with a potential hemodynamic impact (sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 100%) compared with exercise testing, MPS, and stress echocardiography.</p>
      <p>Other studies have been published using the FFR as a measurement to recommend or not recommend PCI, including the DEFER study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> which evaluated 325 patients divided into three groups, none of whom had undergone functional evaluation to justify the procedure. The patients were randomized to group 1 (defer; immediate PCI or not, n = 91, no prior functional tests and FFR &#8805; 0.75, undergoing optimized clinical treatment), group 2 (reference; n = 144, no prior functional tests and FFR &lt; 0.75, undergoing immediate PCI), and group 3 (perform; n = 90, no prior functional tests, with FFR &#8805; 0.75 and mean stenosis percentage of 48 &#177; 10%, undergoing, nonetheless, immediate PCI). The 5-year follow-up in the DEFER study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> showed consistent results, with a risk of death or infarction of 1% per year in the population whose treatment was deferred based on the FFR. It is worth noting that the patients in the <italic>perform</italic> group who had no clinical or noninvasive functional criteria for PCI presented a 7.9% rate of death/acute myocardial infarction at 5 years. However, it is unclear whether these results would be similar had noninvasive diagnostic tests such as MPS been performed. In the present study, unlike the methodology of the DEFER study, patients undergoing coronary angiography had a positive functional assessment of myocardial ischemia and, as a result, we noted that there was no significant or strong correlation (sensitivity/specificity), positive/negative predictive values, and accuracy in relation to the degree or extension of the stenosis and presence of ischemia. Although the FAME study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> showed that 60% of the patients had obstructive lesions &gt; 70% and nearly 20% had lesions &gt; 90%, these patients had not undergone noninvasive functional tests that could be confronted with the values obtained by FFR measurement.</p>
      <p>It is clear that the decision of coronary intervention should be based on objective evidence of the functional and anatomical impact of the coronary narrowing;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> this evidence helps to stratify the disease risk and future coronary events, providing better guidance in terms of therapeutic approach.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Patients with significant areas of ischemia have a worse prognosis when maintained on clinical treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> If the ischemia negatively affects the individual's daily life due to the occurrence of symptoms, revascularization may bring major benefits, as shown in the COURAGE study, which demonstrated better symptom control with revascularization;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> even asymptomatic patients with moderate/important ischemia show better outcomes in terms of reduction of adverse events after revascularization of the lesion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A very important issue that should be addressed in this discussion is related to the numerous changes that the methodology used for FFR measurement has undergone during the evolution of interventional cardiology. These changes relate to:</p>
      <list list-type="alpha-upper">
        <list-item>
          <p>The ideal dose of adenosine: Pijls et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> have validated the method using an intravenous infusion of adenosine at a dose of 140 &#181;g/kg/min to induce maximal hyperemia. The DEFER study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> used two methods for adenosine administration: intravenous, at a dose of 140 &#181;g/kg/min, and intracoronary, at a dose of 15 &#181;g in the right coronary and 20 &#181;g in left coronary. The ISCHEMIA study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> in turn, proposed that the dose of 140 &#181;g/kg/min should be doubled when the FFR results are &#8805; 0.81 or &#8804; 0.82. In addition, De Luca et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> showed that intracoronary adenosine at increasing doses of up to 720 &#181;g progressively decreased the FFR values. We should also emphasize that the infusion of adenosine at a dose of 140 &#181;g/kg/min may not produce absolute maximal vasodilation in the subepicardial infarction in all patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Route of administration: different protocols suggest different administration routes, including intravenous, intracoronary, and central lines.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Time to maximal hyperemia: In 2013, Tarkin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> published a study showing that the measurements should only be obtained when steady-state hyperemia has been reached for &#8805; 60 seconds during continuous intravenous infusion of adenosine, which is not consistent with protocols used in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Ideal cut-off value: The cut-off value to detect ischemia with a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 100% is 0.75. Values below 0.75 are almost always associated with myocardial ischemia, while stenosis associated with FFR greater than 0.80 are almost never associated with ischemia, creating a gray area for FFR values between 0.75 and 0.80.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> To increase to close to 100% the sensitivity to detect ischemia, a FFR cut-off value of 0.80 has been recently used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In a recent study, Petraco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> suggested that the gray zone for the FFR measurement is between 0.75 and 0.85. In clinical practice, this means that each time a single FFR measurement falls between 0.75 and 0.85, there is a chance that a recommendation for revascularization guided by FFR may change if the measurement is repeated after 10 minutes; the chance becomes greater as the FFR result becomes closer to 0.80. Based on the classic flow dynamics equation, in which the resistance to the flow across the stenosis is dependent on both the length and diameter of the stenosis, Lopez-Lopez-Palop et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> and Jaffe et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> recently showed that the length of the lesion is more important than its diameter when the functional impact of the lesion is estimated. It is important to emphasize that in our registry, the longer was the lesion, the greater was the correlation with the positive FFR, corroborating the theory defended by these authors.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>It is questionable if the 0.80 cut-off value for the FFR measurement is ideal to quantify lesions and whether it is really possible to define a patient's therapy based on this method alone since this study was unable to show reproducibility in severe lesions with noninvasive functional tests to confirm its physiological meaning.</p>
      <p>Based on the findings of this study and this sample, we believe that it is precocious to adopt the cut-off value of 0.80 for FFR measurement as a gold standard with a class of recommendation I and level of evidence A<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> in defining the treatment strategy for coronary artery disease. Some barriers still need to be overcome, such as the definition of the actual value of the ideal reference for the cut-off measurement, the time to hyperemia, and the dose and ideal administration route for FFR measurement.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The number of patients included in the study was low. A continuity of the study including a greater number of participants is suggested.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study found no correlation between FFR values (cut-off value of 0.80) with the presence of myocardial ischemia obtained by noninvasive functional studies in angiographically severe coronary lesions assessed by QCA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Mansur Ade P, Favarato D. Mortality due to cardiovascular diseases in Brazil and in the metropolitan region of S&#227;o Paulo: a 2011 update. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012;99(2):755-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mansur Ade</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Favarato</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mortality due to cardiovascular diseases in Brazil and in the metropolitan region of S&#227;o Paulo: a 2011 update</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
        <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Hemodin&#226;mica - Adultos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </subj-group>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo Comparativo entre Altera&#231;&#245;es de Perfus&#227;o e Achados Positivos da Reserva de Fluxo Coronariano</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Roberto Frack</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Ortiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Denk</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarbine</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanuttini</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel An&#237;bal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Carmen Weigert</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Admar Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Michel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini,Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Costantini CRF, Ramires JA, Costantini CO, Denk MA, Macedo RM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Costantini CRF, Costantini CO, Denk MA, Silveira CW, Macedo RM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Costantini CRF, Costantini CO, Denk MA, Macedo RM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Costantini CRF, Ramires JA, Costantini CO, Denk MA, Tarbine SG, Santos MF, Zanuttini DA, Souza AM, Macedo RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Rafael Michel de Macedo, Rua Pedro Collere, 890, CEP 80330-290. Vila Izabel, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rafael.macedo@hospitalcostantini.com.br</email>, <email>acbrandt@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional da obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial coronariana &#233; empregada na pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica para correlacionar a obstru&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica e a queda de fluxo. Dentre as formas de avalia&#231;&#227;o, o estudo da reserva fracionada de fluxo (RFF) coronariano se tornou a mais utilizada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a RFF com achados de isquemia, obtidos por m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos como a ecocardiografia de estresse ou medicina nuclear, e a presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo de casos tratados com procedimentos sistematizados e padronizados para doen&#231;a coronariana entre mar&#231;o de 2011 e agosto de 2014. Foram inclu&#237;dos 96 pacientes com 107 obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas cr&#237;ticas (&gt; 50% no tronco da coron&#225;ria e/ou &#8805; 70% nos demais segmentos) estimadas por angiografia coronariana quantitativa (ACQ) e ultrassonografia intracoronariana (USIC). Todos os casos apresentaram isquemia em um dos estudos n&#227;o invasivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ao estudo da RFF com adenosina na dose de 140 &#181;g/kg/min, valores &#8804; 0,80 foram encontrados em 52% dos casos. Na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o para RFF &#8804; 0,80, avaliando-se sensibilidade/especificidade, valor preditivo positivo/negativo, acur&#225;cia e curva ROC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de estenose, extens&#227;o da estenose e presen&#231;a de isquemia, n&#227;o foram observados valores de signific&#226;ncia ou de forte correla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A RFF coronariana a um valor de corte de 0,80 n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com testes n&#227;o invasivos de isquemia em pacientes com obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas graves &#224; ACQ e USIC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Reserva Fracionada de Fluxo</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio / fisiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; considerada a causa mais comum de morte por doen&#231;a cardiovascular no Brasil e no mundo. Apesar disto, o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com mais de 60 anos que sobrevivem a um primeiro evento aumenta ano ap&#243;s ano, fato atribu&#237;do ao avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos e de t&#233;cnicas de tratamento nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diretrizes internacionais recomendam uma combina&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e anat&#244;mica para definir a estrat&#233;gia ideal de tratamento da DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Entretanto, alguns estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> visando revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa das les&#245;es, propuseram tratamento com interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) para les&#245;es com estenose de di&#226;metro &#8804; 50%, valorizando achados anat&#244;micos independentes de sua repercuss&#227;o funcional (avaliada por m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos).</p>
        <p>O estudo DEFER mostrou que &#233; seguro diferir o tratamento de les&#245;es coronarianas funcionalmente n&#227;o significativas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Mais recentemente, o estudo FAME mostrou que na presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a em m&#250;ltiplos vasos, o tratamento das les&#245;es epic&#225;rdicas guiado pela reserva fracionada de fluxo (RFF) est&#225; associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas quando comparado com o tratamento guiado pela angiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com base nestes achados, a medida da RFF se tornou rotineira, norteando a tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica para o tratamento da DAC. No entanto, a t&#233;cnica da RFF e seu valor de corte de 0,80 ainda n&#227;o foram testados em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas como nas obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas graves (os resultados iniciais envolveram les&#245;es leves e moderadas). Sendo assim, ser&#225; de grande relev&#226;ncia avaliar o impacto da medida da RFF em les&#245;es graves com isquemia previamente detectada por exames funcionais n&#227;o invasivos, uma vez que a decis&#227;o de tratar ou n&#227;o tratar essas les&#245;es poder&#225; ser fundamentada no resultado do estudo da RFF.</p>
        <p>Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar os resultados da RFF, utilizando como ponto de corte o valor de 0,80, com a presen&#231;a de isquemia, obtida por testes n&#227;o invasivos como ecocardiografia de estresse ou medicina nuclear, em pacientes portadores de obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas graves avaliadas por cinecoronariografia e ultrassonografia intracoronariana (USIC).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo de estudo</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de casos tratados com procedimentos sistematizados e padronizados para doen&#231;a coronariana entre mar&#231;o de 2011 e agosto de 2014 no Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini (HCC) em Curitiba.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          <p>Foram triados 264 pacientes com suspeita de DAC, submetidos a testes funcionais n&#227;o invasivos, ecocardiografia de estresse farmacol&#243;gico ou medicina nuclear e com indica&#231;&#227;o de cinecoronariografia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>O projeto deste estudo foi descrito em conson&#226;ncia com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Erasto Gaertner (2274/13). Todos os pacientes leram, compreenderam e assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido preparado conforme a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de. Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes que apresentavam isquemia ao estudo de perfus&#227;o com ecocardiografia de estresse farmacol&#243;gico ou medicina nuclear devido a les&#245;es graves com obstru&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50% em tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCESQ) e/ou &#8805; 70% nos demais segmentos, indutoras de isquemia na regi&#227;o irrigada pela art&#233;ria lesionada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os casos com neoplasias associadas, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia renal (creatinina &gt; 2,0 mg/dL), doen&#231;a hemorr&#225;gica, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, ou tratamento cir&#250;rgico nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses, bem como obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarinas &lt; 50% no territ&#243;rio do TCESQ e/ou &lt; 70% nos demais segmentos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional n&#227;o invasiva</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo realizaram avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional n&#227;o invasiva com cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CPM) e/ou ecocardiografia sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</title>
            <p>A CPM foi realizada de acordo com protocolo padronizado e recomendado pela <italic>American Society of Nuclear Cardiology</italic> (ASNC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> tanto para o protocolo de esfor&#231;o quanto para o farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol endovenoso. As imagens foram obtidas por gama c&#226;mara tomogr&#225;fica (Philips Cardio MD3), reconstru&#237;das com o programa <italic>Cedars Quantitative Gated Spect</italic> e interpretadas por dois examinadores independentes e concordantes para o diagn&#243;stico de isquemia. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens da CPM foi realizada de modo qualitativo e quantitativo por mais de um observador experiente e de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ASNC. Para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da CPM, denominou-se subjetivamente (visual) um valor num&#233;rico para cada um dos 17 segmentos em ambas as fases, que foi ent&#227;o categorizado em 0 (capta&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea), 1 (hipocapta&#231;&#227;o leve), 2 (hipocapta&#231;&#227;o moderada), 3 (hipocapta&#231;&#227;o acentuada), ou 4 (aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o). A soma dos escores atribu&#237;dos aos 17 segmentos na fase de estresse (SSS) e repouso (SRS) permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o semiquantitativa da intensidade e extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						</p>
            <p>O ECG de esfor&#231;o foi realizado com o protocolo de Bruce, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pela diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O estresse farmacol&#243;gico foi realizado com inje&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de dipiridamol 0,84 mg/kg por 3 minutos, seguido 4 minutos depois pela inje&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador (sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc) na dose de 555 a 740 MBq.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						</p>
            <p>As imagens foram analisadas por dois examinadores independentes e a presen&#231;a de isquemia foi considerada quando havia concord&#226;ncia na interpreta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Ecocardiografia sob stress farmacol&#243;gico</title>
            <p>O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico com estresse farmacol&#243;gico foi realizado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios das diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> com dobutamina em infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua em doses crescentes a cada 2 minutos, iniciando com 5 &#181;g/kg/min; quando a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima n&#227;o era atingida, utilizava-se atropina na dose inicial de 0,25 mg em bolus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Todos os volunt&#225;rios inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana. As les&#245;es coronarianas diagnosticadas foram inicialmente classificadas quanto &#224; severidade pelo m&#233;todo de angiografia coronariana quantitativa (ACQ). Em complemento, foram tamb&#233;m avaliadas por USIC para melhor quantifica&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas de les&#227;o. Al&#233;m disto, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; medida da RFF e os resultados foram comparados com as &#225;reas isqu&#234;micas sugeridas pelos exames funcionais n&#227;o invasivos.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Angiografia coronariana quantitativa</title>
            <p>As imagens angiogr&#225;ficas foram avaliadas pelo pesquisador principal (CRC) e pela equipe de hemodin&#226;mica do Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini. Para tal, foi utilizado um programa espec&#237;fico para quantifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o obstrutiva coron&#225;ria (CASS vers&#227;o 5.7.4, <italic>Pie Medical Imaging B.V.</italic>, Holanda).</p>
            <p>Em todos os casos, as imagens foram obtidas em diferentes proje&#231;&#245;es, procurando-se sempre uma melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o e das por&#231;&#245;es proximal e distal da art&#233;ria. Assim, p&#244;de-se estabelecer o di&#226;metro m&#233;dio de refer&#234;ncia do vaso, a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o, o di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo e o percentual de di&#226;metro da estenose [(di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia - di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo)/(di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia x 100)] antes e ap&#243;s o procedimento. O padr&#227;o de calibra&#231;&#227;o foi estabelecido pelo di&#226;metro exterior do cateter preenchido com contraste.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Medida da reserva fracionada de fluxo</title>
            <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto da les&#227;o no fluxo coronariano, foi utilizada a RFF de acordo com crit&#233;rios estabelecidos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> sendo a press&#227;o distal medida por meio de uma corda-guia de 0,014 polegadas (Pressure Wire 4 Sensor, RADI Medical Systems, Uppsala, Su&#233;cia) ou Volcano Wave Wire (Volcano Inc., Rancho Cordova, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA), imediatamente distal &#224; estenose, uma de cada vez,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> durante o per&#237;odo de hiperemia m&#225;xima induzida pela inje&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de adenosina na dose de 140 &#181;g/kg/min, por meio de acesso venoso calibroso em veia antecubital. A press&#227;o na aorta foi obtida por cateter-guia de 6 ou 7 F. As les&#245;es com RFF &#8804; 0,80 foram consideradas respons&#225;veis pela isquemia, como determinam as diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Ultrassonografia intracoronariana</title>
            <p>As imagens de USIC foram obtidas com um transdutor de elemento &#250;nico, rotacional, com frequ&#234;ncia de 40 MHz, envolto em bainha com perfil 2,6 F e recuo automatizado em sistema de tra&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica com velocidade de 0,5 mm/s, conectado a um esc&#226;ner iLAB 2 (Boston Scientific Corporation, Natick, EUA) e Eagle Eye Platinum Intravenous Ultrasound (IVUS) Catheter (Volcano Corporation, San Diego, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA).</p>
            <p>As imagens foram digitalizadas e analisadas de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do <italic>Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Standards for Acquisition, Measurement and Reporting of Intravascular Ultrasound Studies (American College of Cardiology)</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e do programa EchoPlaque 3.0.48 (INDEC Systems Inc., Mountain View, EUA), respectivamente. Os segmentos arteriais foram analisados a cada mil&#237;metro com uso de planimetria computadorizada para medida das &#225;reas e volumes das les&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Veja a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 1</xref> na p&#225;gina seguinte.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Desenho do estudo. ACQ: angiografia coronariana quantitativa; TCESQ: tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda; RFF: reserva fracionada de fluxo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0038-60184-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
            <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva, os resultados de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas est&#227;o expressos como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e percentuais. Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, s&#227;o apresentados valores de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Para verifica&#231;&#227;o de homogeneidade e normalidade, foram aplicados os testes de Levene e Shapiro-Wilk. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis quantitativas, foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes. Quando a compara&#231;&#227;o incluiu mais de dois grupos, foi utilizado o modelo de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) com um fator. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, as compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas com o teste exato de Fisher. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o de pontos de corte para vari&#225;veis quantitativas associados a resultados dicot&#244;micos de interesse, foram ajustadas curvas do tipo <italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic> (ROC). Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida para valores de p &lt; 0,05. Os dados foram analisados com os programas IBM SPSS Statistics v.20 e GraphPad Prism, v.6.05. Foi utilizada a regra de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e curva ROC para definir os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional n&#227;o invasiva e a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional invasiva com a medida de RFF.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dentre os 96 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, foram diagnosticadas por angiografia 107 les&#245;es obstrutivas. Em 34% dos casos, as obstru&#231;&#245;es eram multiarteriais e em 81 casos (87% da amostra), as obstru&#231;&#245;es eram do tipo B/C, segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o do <italic>American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A art&#233;ria descendente anterior foi a que apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia (52,34%) de les&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Partindo do pressuposto fundamentado pela literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> de que les&#245;es coronarianas com RFF &#8804; 0,80 devem ser consideradas respons&#225;veis pela isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, as seguintes vari&#225;veis foram comparadas entre os grupos com medidas de RFF &gt; 0,80 e RFF &#8804; 0,80 dentro da amostra com teste funcional isqu&#234;mico: fatores de risco modific&#225;veis e n&#227;o modific&#225;veis, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;vias dos pacientes ao in&#237;cio da investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, achados dos exames funcionais n&#227;o invasivos e achados angiogr&#225;ficos (ACQ, USIC e RFF).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas da amostra em termos de fatores de risco e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas nos grupos com RFF &#8804; 0,80 e &gt; 0,80. Nota-se similaridade dos resultados entre os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre os grupos RFF &#8804; 0,80 e RFF &gt; 0,80</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                  <break/>
                  <bold>96 pacientes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>RFF &#8804; 0,8</bold>
                  <break/>
                  <bold>48 pacientes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>RFF &gt; 0,8</bold>
                  <break/>
                  <bold>48 pacientes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">65,60 &#177; 10,34</td>
                <td align="center">65,8 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">65,4&#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (65)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (97)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (98)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (97)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (96)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (98)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo atual, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sintomas Cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                  <break/>
                  <bold>96 pacientes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>RFF &#8804; 0,8</bold>
                  <break/>
                  <bold>48 pacientes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>RFF &gt; 0,8</bold>
                  <break/>
                  <bold>48 pacientes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isquemia silenciosa, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina est&#225;vel, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina inst&#225;vel, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina at&#237;pica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fisher (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas) ou teste t de Student para amostras independentes (vari&#225;veis quantitativas); p &lt; 0,05; n: n&#250;mero; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref> apresenta os resultados referentes &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional n&#227;o invasiva realizada pelos grupos para diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. No grupo com RFF &gt; 0,80, ao todo 41 pacientes (85%) realizaram CPM e sete (15%) realizaram ecocardiografia de estresse, enquanto que no grupo com RFF &#8804; 0,80, esses testes foram realizados por 42 (88%) e seis (12%) pacientes, respectivamente. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref> mostra ainda os resultados encontrados de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da isquemia em discreta, moderada e importante. Nota-se uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de isquemia discreta no grupo com RFF &gt; 0,80 e de isquemia moderada no grupo com RFF &#8804; 0,80.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o percentual de exames funcionais realizados. RFF: reserva fracionada de fluxo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0038-60184-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Quando os grupos foram comparados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas, verificou-se uma diferen&#231;a significativa (p &lt; 0,03) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; por&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da les&#227;o, sendo que o grupo com RFF &#8804; 0,80 apresentou um n&#250;mero maior de les&#245;es na art&#233;ria descendente anterior (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas na amostra geral e nos grupos RFF &#8804; 0,80 e RFF &gt; 0,80</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas</th>
                <th align="center">Total <break/>107 les&#245;es</th>
                <th align="center">RFF &#8804; 0,8 <break/>56 les&#245;es</th>
                <th align="center">RFF &gt; 0,8 <break/>51 les&#245;es</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Les&#245;es tipo B/C, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (81)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (75)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (76,47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Multiarterial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (29,41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bifurca&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (11,76)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (6,54)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,57)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (9,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda envolvendo DA proximal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,87)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,57)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (52,34)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (64,29)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (39,21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diagonal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (4,67)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,35)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunflexa, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (14,95)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14,28)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (15,68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marginal circunflexa, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coron&#225;ria direita, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (14,02)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (7,14)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (21,57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Descendente posterior &#8211; coron&#225;ria direita, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,87)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,78)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ponte de safena, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACQ, DRV, mm (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">2,71 &#177; 0,63</td>
                <td align="center">2,70 &#177; 0,72</td>
                <td align="center">2,73 &#177; 0,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACQ, estenose di&#226;metro, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">75,43 &#177; 6,68</td>
                <td align="center">75,5 &#177; 5,85</td>
                <td align="center">74,25 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td align="center">0.39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACQ, extens&#227;o, mm (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">11,36 &#177; 5,19</td>
                <td align="center">12,12 &#177; 6,19</td>
                <td align="center">10,53 &#177; 3,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas Ultrassonogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DRV, mm (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">2,99 &#177; 0,42</td>
                <td align="center">2,98 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td align="center">3,15 &#177; 0,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">USIC, estenose di&#226;metro, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">84,21 &#177; 8,46</td>
                <td align="center">84,25 &#177; 8,03</td>
                <td align="center">84,18 &#177; 9,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">USIC, extens&#227;o, mm (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">19,89 &#177; 7,22</td>
                <td align="center">20,93 &#177; 8,02</td>
                <td align="center">18,76 &#177; 6,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reserva fracionada de fluxo (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 &#177; 0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 &#177; 0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fisher (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas) ou teste t de Student para amostras independentes (vari&#225;veis quantitativas); p &lt; 0,05. DA: descendente anterior; DP:- desvio padr&#227;o; DRV: di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso; ACQ: angiografia coronariana quantitativa; USIC: ultrassonografia intracoronariana. *Considerada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa para p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref> mostra ainda que quando o di&#226;metro da estenose foi avaliado &#224; ACQ, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as les&#245;es com RFF &#8804; ou &gt; que 0,80 (74,25 &#177; 7,2% <italic>versus</italic> 75,5 &#177; 6,84%, respectivamente). N&#227;o houve tamb&#233;m diferen&#231;a significativa na avalia&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o da les&#227;o entre os grupos com RFF &#8804; 0,80 e &gt; 0,80: 12,12 &#177; 5,22 mm <italic>versus</italic> 10,53 &#177; 4,24 mm, respectivamente, &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o com ACQ e 20,92 &#177; 7,27 mm <italic>versus</italic> 18,76 &#177; 7,22 mm, respectivamente, &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o com USIC.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas dos preditores de isquemia para RFF &#8804; 0,80. Quando avaliadas a sensibilidade, especificidade e os valores preditivos positivos e negativos, foram encontrados di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso de &lt; 2,62 mm e di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo de &lt; 0,36 mm pela ACQ e &lt; 2,50 mm pela USIC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da an&#225;lise dos preditores de isquemia para RFF &#8804; 0,80</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">AUC <break/>(%)</th>
                <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center">Acur&#225;cia</th>
                <th align="center">Valores associados <break/>a RFF &#8804; 0,80 (pontos <break/>de corte)</th>
                <th align="center">Sensibilidade <break/>(%)</th>
                <th align="center">Especificidade <break/>(%)</th>
                <th align="center">VPP <break/>(%)</th>
                <th align="center">VPN <break/>(%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro ACQ</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 - 0,62</td>
                <td align="center">53,3%</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 76%</td>
                <td align="center">48,2</td>
                <td align="center">58,8</td>
                <td align="center">56,3</td>
                <td align="center">50,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro USIC</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
                <td align="center">0,38 - 0,60</td>
                <td align="center">52,3%</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 86%</td>
                <td align="center">57,1</td>
                <td align="center">47,1</td>
                <td align="center">54,2</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DRV ACQ (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 - 0,65</td>
                <td align="center">57,0%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 2,62</td>
                <td align="center">57,1</td>
                <td align="center">56,9</td>
                <td align="center">59,3</td>
                <td align="center">54,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DLM ACQ (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,42 - 0,64</td>
                <td align="center">57,0%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,36</td>
                <td align="center">48,2</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">61,4</td>
                <td align="center">54,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DLM USIC (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 - 0,65</td>
                <td align="center">57,9%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 2,50</td>
                <td align="center">53,6</td>
                <td align="center">62,7</td>
                <td align="center">61,2</td>
                <td align="center">55,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CL ACQ (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,48 - 0,70</td>
                <td align="center">64,5%</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 9,68</td>
                <td align="center">66,1</td>
                <td align="center">62,7</td>
                <td align="center">66,1</td>
                <td align="center">62,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CL USIC (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,47 - 0,69</td>
                <td align="center">57,9%</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 20</td>
                <td align="center">51,8</td>
                <td align="center">64,7</td>
                <td align="center">61,7</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>ACQ: angiografia coronariana quantitativa; USIC: ultrassonografia intracoronariana; DRV: di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso; DLM: di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo; CL: comprimento da les&#227;o; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; VPN: valor preditivo negativo; AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva ROC; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% para a AUC. Para estes c&#225;lculos, a preval&#234;ncia de RFF &#8804; 0,80 na popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi estimada a partir dos resultados da amostra (56/107 = 52,3%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais achados deste estudo foram: 1) na avalia&#231;&#227;o geral da amostra, a art&#233;ria descendente anterior foi a que apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es (52,34%), enquanto 87% da amostra apresentou obstru&#231;&#245;es do tipo B/C; 2) quando os pacientes com isquemia diagnosticada por exame funcional n&#227;o invasivo foram divididos nos grupos RFF &gt; 0,80 e RFF &#8804; 0,80, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a fatores de risco modific&#225;veis e n&#227;o modific&#225;veis, ou em rela&#231;&#227;o a sintomas cl&#237;nicos que motivaram o in&#237;cio da investiga&#231;&#227;o. Nos dados angiogr&#225;ficos avaliados, houve diferen&#231;a significativa com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da les&#227;o, sendo que les&#245;es na art&#233;ria descendente anterior foram mais comuns no grupo com RFF &#8804; 0,80; 3) a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o para RFF &#8804; 0,80 avaliando-se sensibilidade/especificidade, valor preditivo positivo/negativo, acur&#225;cia e curva ROC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau ou extens&#227;o da estenose e &#224; presen&#231;a de isquemia n&#227;o mostrou valores significantes ou de forte correla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Para alguns autores, o valor de corte de 0,80 para a RFF pode representar mais do que uma avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica. Pijls et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> estudaram 45 pacientes com estenoses angiograficamente duvidosas de acordo com severidade &#224; angiografia. Em 24 e 21 pacientes com percentuais de estenose de 44 &#177; 9% e 41 &#177; 8%, respectivamente, os resultados sugeriram que a RFF tinha uma precis&#227;o muito maior em distinguir quando uma estenose apresentaria um significado hemodin&#226;mico (sensibilidade de 88% e especificidade de 100%) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos exames de teste ergom&#233;trico, CPM e ecocardiografia de estresse.</p>
        <p>Outros trabalhos foram publicados utilizando a RFF como uma medida para recomendar ou n&#227;o recomendar ICP, como por exemplo o estudo DEFER<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> que avaliou 325 pacientes divididos em tr&#234;s grupos, todos sem avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional que justificasse o procedimento. Os pacientes foram randomizados em grupo 1 (<italic>defer</italic>; ICP imediata ou n&#227;o, n = 91, sem exames funcionais pr&#233;vios e com RFF &#8805; 0,75, nos quais foi realizado tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado), grupo 2 (<italic>reference</italic>; n = 144, sem exames funcionais pr&#233;vios e com RFF &lt; 0,75, submetidos &#224; ICP imediata) e grupo 3 (<italic>perform</italic>; n = 90, sem exames funcionais pr&#233;vios, com RFF &#8805; 0,75 e m&#233;dia de percentual de estenose de 48 &#177; 10%, mas ainda assim submetido &#224; ICP imediata). O seguimento de 5 anos no estudo DEFER<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> mostrou resultados consistentes, com um risco de morte ou infarto de 1% ao ano na popula&#231;&#227;o cujo tratamento foi adiado com base na RFF. Vale salientar que os pacientes do grupo <italic>perform</italic> que n&#227;o tinham crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos ou funcionais n&#227;o invasivos para a ICP apresentaram uma taxa de &#243;bito/infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio de 7,9% aos 5 anos. Por&#233;m, questiona-se se esses resultados seriam os mesmos se testes diagn&#243;sticos n&#227;o invasivos pr&#233;vios como a CPM tivessem sido utilizados. No presente estudo, diferentemente da metodologia do estudo DEFER, os pacientes submetidos &#224; coronariografia tinham uma avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional positiva para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e, como resultado, notou-se que n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia ou forte correla&#231;&#227;o (sensibilidade/especificidade), valor preditivo positivo/negativo e acur&#225;cia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau e extens&#227;o da estenose e &#224; presen&#231;a de isquemia. Embora o estudo FAME<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> tenha mostrado que 60% dos pacientes apresentavam les&#245;es obstrutivas &gt; 70% e quase 20% apresentavam les&#227;o &gt; 90%, esses pacientes n&#227;o realizaram exames funcionais n&#227;o invasivos que pudessem ser confrontados com os valores obtidos pela medida da RFF.</p>
        <p>&#201; evidente que a decis&#227;o sobre interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana deve ser baseada em provas objetivas de significado funcional e anat&#244;mico sobre o estreitamento de uma art&#233;ria coronariana;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> estes achados auxiliam na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da doen&#231;a e de eventos coronarianos futuros, possibilitando uma melhor orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre a conduta terap&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Pacientes com &#225;reas significativas de isquemia t&#234;m um pior progn&#243;stico quando mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Se a isquemia interfere negativamente no cotidiano do indiv&#237;duo devida &#224; presen&#231;a de sintomas, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pode trazer grandes benef&#237;cios, j&#225; foram comprovados pelo estudo COURAGE, que demonstrou melhor controle de sintomas quando o paciente &#233; revascularizado;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> at&#233; mesmo pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com isquemia moderada/importante apresentam melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o em termos de redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma quest&#227;o muito importante que deve ser abordada nesta discuss&#227;o &#233; referente &#224;s in&#250;meras mudan&#231;as que a metodologia empregada na medida da RFF passou no decorrer da evolu&#231;&#227;o da cardiologia intervencionista. Essas mudan&#231;as dizem respeito a:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-upper">
          <list-item>
            <p>Dose ideal de adenosina: Pijls et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> validaram o m&#233;todo com infus&#227;o endovenosa de adenosina na dose de 140 &#181;g/kg/min para induzir hiperemia m&#225;xima. O estudo DEFER<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> utilizou dois m&#233;todos de administra&#231;&#227;o de adenosina: endovenosa na dose de 140 &#181;g/kg/min e intracoronariana na dose de 15 &#181;g na coron&#225;ria direita e 20 &#181;g na coron&#225;ria esquerda. J&#225; o estudo ISCHEMIA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> prop&#244;s que a dose de 140 &#181;g/kg/min seja dobrada caso os resultados da medida da RFF estejam entre &#8805; 0,81 ou &#8804; 0,82. Adicionalmente, De Luca et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> mostraram que doses crescentes de adenosina intracoronariana de at&#233; 720 &#181;g diminu&#237;ram progressivamente os valores de RFF. Deve-se enfatizar ainda que a infus&#227;o de adenosina na dose de 140 &#181;g/kg/min pode n&#227;o produzir vasodilata&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima absoluta no mioc&#225;rdio subepicardial em todos os pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Via de administra&#231;&#227;o: Diferentes protocolos sugerem utiliza&#231;&#227;o de vias diferentes de administra&#231;&#227;o, incluindo a via endovenosa e a intracoronariana, al&#233;m de acesso central.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Tempo at&#233; hiperemia m&#225;xima: Em 2013, Tarkin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> publicaram um estudo que mostrou que as medidas s&#243; devem ser feitas quando o estado de hiperemia est&#225;vel tiver sido alcan&#231;ado por &#8805; 60 segundos durante a infus&#227;o endovenosa de adenosina, o que n&#227;o condiz com protocolos utilizados em estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ponto de corte ideal: O valor de corte para detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia com uma sensibilidade de 90% e especificidade de 100% &#233; de 0,75. Valores inferiores a 0,75 est&#227;o praticamente sempre associados &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, enquanto estenoses associadas &#224; RFF maior que 0,80 quase nunca se associam &#224; isquemia, criando uma zona cinzenta para valores de RFF entre 0,75-0,80.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Para aumentar a sensibilidade da detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia para pr&#243;ximo de 100%, tem sido utilizado mais recentemente o valor de corte de 0,80 para a RFF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Em um estudo recente, Petraco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> sugerem que a zona cinzenta da medida da RFF est&#225; entre 0,75 e 0,85. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, isto significa que cada vez que uma &#250;nica medida de RFF resultar entre 0,75 e 0,85, h&#225; uma chance de que a recomenda&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o guiada por RFF mude, caso a medida seja repetida ap&#243;s 10 minutos; essa chance &#233; cada vez maior quanto mais pr&#243;ximo de 0,80 for o resultado da RFF. Fundamentados na cl&#225;ssica equa&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica do fluxo, na qual a resist&#234;ncia do fluxo atrav&#233;s da estenose depende tanto do comprimento quanto do di&#226;metro da estenose, Lopez-Palop et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> e Jaffe et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> mostraram recentemente que na estimativa do significado funcional de uma les&#227;o, o comprimento da les&#227;o &#233; mais importante que o seu di&#226;metro. &#201; importante ressaltar que em nosso registro, quanto mais longa foi a les&#227;o, maior foi a correla&#231;&#227;o com a RFF positiva, corroborando a teoria defendida por estes autores.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Questiona-se se a medida de corte de 0,80 obtida com a medida da RFF seria a melhor forma de quantificar uma les&#227;o e se &#233; realmente poss&#237;vel definir a terapia de um paciente com base apenas neste m&#233;todo, j&#225; que este estudo n&#227;o mostrou reprodutibilidade em les&#245;es severas com exames funcionais n&#227;o invasivos que confirmem seu significado fisiol&#243;gico.</p>
        <p>Fundamentados pelos achados deste estudo nesta amostra, acreditamos que &#233; precoce a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da medida da RFF com valor de corte de 0,80 como padr&#227;o-ouro e com grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o I e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> para a defini&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia de tratamento da DAC. Algumas barreiras ainda precisam ser vencidas, como a defini&#231;&#227;o do real valor de refer&#234;ncia da medida de corte ideal, o tempo de hiperemia e a dosagem e a via de administra&#231;&#227;o ideal para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da medida da RFF.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foi baixo. Sugere-se a continuidade do estudo com a inclus&#227;o de um n&#250;mero maior de participantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo n&#227;o encontrou correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores da RFF (corte de 0,80) com a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica obtida por meio de estudos funcionais n&#227;o invasivos em les&#245;es coronarianas angiograficamente severas avaliadas por ACQ.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
