<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kHNjDpQGBwtnkThCJLr7X6L</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000100031</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160195</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Epidemiology</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of High Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Survival after Acute Coronary Syndrome: Insights from the ERICO Registry</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia C</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staniak</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alessandra C. Goulart</bold>, Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica - Hospital Universit&#225;rio. Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2565, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Butant&#227;. Postal Code 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>agoulart@hu.usp.br</email>, <email>alecgoulart@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Maia FC, Goulart AC, Drager LF, Staniak HL, Santos IS, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM; Acquisition of data: Maia FC, Goulart AC, Staniak HL, Santos IS, Bensenor IM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Maia FC, Goulart AC, Drager LF, Santos IS, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM; Statistical analysis: Maia FC, Goulart AC, Bensenor IM; Obtaining financing: Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>31</fpage>
      <lpage>37</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a very often clinical condition that can be associated with high mortality risk, particularly in coronary heart disease (CHD). The diagnosis of OSA is not always accessible via the gold-standard method polysomnography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate long-term influence of the high risk for OSA on fatal and non-fatal outcomes after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry Strategy (ERICO) Study using the Berlin questionnaire as a surrogate.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Berlin questionnaire, a screening questionnaire for OSA, was applied in 639 cases of ACS 30 days after the index event. Cox regression proportional-hazards model was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause, cardiovascular and CHD (myocardial infarction) mortality, as well as, the combined endpoint of fatal or recurrent non-fatal CHD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The high-risk group for OSA had higher frequencies of previous personal/family history of CHD and diabetes, in addition to a poorer event-free survival, as compared to the low-risk group (p-log-rank=0.03). The HR for fatal or recurrent non-fatal CHD was 4.26 (95% confidence interval, 1.18 - 15.36) in patients at high risk for OSA compared to those at low risk for OSA after a 2.6-year mean follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Using Berlin questionnaire, we were able to identify high risk for OSA as an independent predictor of non-fatal reinfarction or CHD mortality in post-ACS individuals in a long-term follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Survivorship (Public Health)</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea, Obstructive</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In addition to the classical cardiovascular risk factors, new risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been detected in recent years. A promising candidate is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a common clinical condition characterized by partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep. These obstructive events elicit a series of mechanical, hemodynamic, chemical, neural, and inflammatory responses, with adverse consequences for the cardiovascular system. A recent meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies suggests that severe OSA significantly increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and all-cause mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Moreover, subclinical atherosclerosis has been associated with OSA in many reports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> OSA may also affect the prognosis of patients with CHD. Some previous studies have shown an association of OSA with a poor long-term prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> This was not confirmed in another study that evaluated acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a short follow-up of 6 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Polysomnography is the gold-standard test for diagnosis of OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However, its use in large epidemiological studies is limited by its high cost. As a surrogate for polysomnography, several authors have attempted to develop screening questionnaires to detect individuals at high risk for OSA. The Berlin questionnaire, one of the available questionnaires for OSA diagnosis, has been used in other countries and in several studies in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> However, no previous study has evaluated OSA assessed by Berlin questionnaire in a sample of ACS with a long-term follow-up.</p>
      <p>We aimed to evaluate the Berlin questionnaire, a screening tool of OSA, as a predictor of long-term survival measured in the Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry Strategy (ERICO Study).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design and population study</title>
        <p>The ERICO Study is an ongoing prospective cohort study that enrolled all consecutive cases of ACS at the hospital affiliated to the University of S&#227;o Paulo (HU-USP), an academic and teaching hospital situated in the district of Butantan, in the western region of the city. The design and baseline data of the ERICO Study are described in detail elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Individuals with ACS are treated in the emergency department, the internal medicine ward, or in a general intensive care unit. Patients requiring an interventional procedure are mostly referred to the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas. The protocol of the study was approved by the local Institutional Review Board addressing research in human participants. All participants provided written informed consents.</p>
        <p>All individuals with suspected ACS were invited to take part in the main study. The clinical interview included questions about education attainment (no formal education, elementary, high-school, or college), marital status (single, married, divorced or widowed), race (White, Mixed Race, Black or Asian), main cardiovascular risk factors, such as self-reported hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking (never, past or current), family and personal history of CHD, and physical inactivity. Further details about ACS definition are elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Additional data were obtained on cardiovascular risk stratification, such as urgent or scheduled percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and/or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), echocardiogram findings and information about medications taken. Three physicians were responsible for reviewing all the medical charts, asking the participants for necessary information on hospital admission, and requesting electrocardiograms, laboratory tests (troponin I, MB-creatine kinase, serum glucose, total cholesterol, HDL/LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and total blood cell count), and for the in-hospital medical treatment.</p>
        <p>Six months and each year after the index event, all participants were contacted by telephone to update the information about their vital status, cardiovascular history, use of medications, depressive symptoms, and physical activity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OSA definition</title>
        <p>Berlin questionnaire was applied to all participants by trained interviewers, 30 days, 180 days, and one-year after ACS. The Berlin questionnaire includes 10 items divided into categories I (5 questions), II (3 questions) and III (2 questions). Two positive answers to questions 1 to 5 define category I as positive, and 2 positive answers to questions 6 to 8 define category II as positive. Category III is fulfilled if the subject presents hypertension or a body-mass index (BMI) &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The subject will be classified as having a high risk for OSA if at least two categories are positive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The sensitivity and the specificity of the Berlin questionnaire for CHD were 70% and 48%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Some studies in Brazil have similar results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <p>We analyzed data from mortality [fatal endpoints: due to all causes, CVD and CHD] and a combined endpoint (fatal or recurrent non-fatal CHD). Each identified event was adjudicated using predefined international criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Participants were defined as having death from a cardiovascular cause (CVD mortality) if we identified a cause of death classified in the 10th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) chapter IX "Diseases of the circulatory system" or if we identified a cause of death classified as ICD-10 code R57.0 "Cardiogenic shock".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Vital status was investigated periodically by a hot-pursuit strategy during the follow-up. Mortality information was confirmed by official death certificates with the collaboration of the municipal and State's health offices (<italic>Programa de Aprimoramento das Informa&#231;&#245;es de Mortalidade no Munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo, PRO-AIM,</italic> and <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o Sistema Estadual de An&#225;lise de Dados-SEADE</italic>, respectively).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Baseline characteristics were analyzed according to OSA risk (low and high). Categorical variables were expressed as proportions (%) and compared using the Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, as indicated. We tested the probability of distribution of continuous variables by the normality test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Once continuous variables were parametric, all were expressed in mean (&#177; standard deviation) and compared by OSA risk groups using Student <italic>t</italic>-test. We performed survival analyses (mean follow-up 2.6 years), considering the following endpoints: fatal (all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, CHD mortality), combined endpoint (recurrent non-fatal or fatal CHD) using Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard models for fatal and non-fatal outcomes were built and presented as crude, age-sex adjusted and after multivariate adjustment for age, sex, family history of CHD, previous history of ACS, diabetes (yes or no), dyslipidemia (yes or no), smoking (never, past or current), sedentary lifestyle (yes or no), type of ACS (angina, NSTEMI and STEMI myocardial infarction) and ejection fraction (%) on admission. We did not adjust for the presence of hypertension and obesity because the Berlin questionnaire includes these two risk factors as part of the classification criteria. All tests were two-sided, and p&lt;0.05 was considered significant. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS software, version 22.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We included in the present analysis 639 (95.9%) participants with complete information on Berlin questionnaire 30 days after the index event. Individuals detected as having a high risk for OSA according to the Berlin questionnaire were mostly men (55.9%) compared to women (44.1%), p=0.02. In addition, individuals at high risk had higher BMI levels as compared to those at low risk (28.0 versus 25.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, p&lt;0.001). We detected higher frequencies of previous history of CHD, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle in individuals at higher risk for OSA as compared to individuals at low risk. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves were not statistically different comparing individuals classified as at high and low risk for OSA regarding all-cause and CVD mortality or fatal CHD outcomes. However, when we analyzed the composite endpoint (recurrent non-fatal or fatal CHD), the high-risk group for OSA had lower event-free survival than the low-risk group after a mean follow-up of 2.6 years (p-log rank=0.03) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Cox regression analyses confirmed these findings (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Obstructive sleep apnea as predictor of long-term survival measured by Berlin questionnaire in the ERICO study participants during a 2.6-year mean follow-up.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0031-60195-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the ERICO study participants according to the presence of low- and high-risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) 30 days after acute coronary syndrome</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Risk for OSA</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Low n = 310</th>
              <th align="center">High n = 329</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men (%)</td>
              <td align="center">201 (64.8)</td>
              <td align="center">184 (55.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean age (years) (&#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">62.1 (13.1)</td>
              <td align="center">63.1 (12.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m2) (&#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">25.9 (4.2)</td>
              <td align="center">28.0 (5.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Marital status (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Single</td>
              <td align="center">44 (14.2)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (10.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Married</td>
              <td align="center">189 (61.2)</td>
              <td align="center">210 (64)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Divorced</td>
              <td align="center">26 (8.4)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (7.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Widowed</td>
              <td align="center">50 (16.2)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Education (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No formal education</td>
              <td align="center">35 (11.3)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (12.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Elementary</td>
              <td align="center">183 (59)</td>
              <td align="center">198 (60.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High-school</td>
              <td align="center">56 (18.1)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (20.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">College</td>
              <td align="center">36 (11.6)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (7.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous history of coronary heart disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (20.5)</td>
              <td align="center">101 (31.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of coronary heart dis-ease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">71 (29.2)</td>
              <td align="center">102 (39.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity (%)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (13.4)</td>
              <td align="center">113 (34.8)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">182 (59.9)</td>
              <td align="center">300 (92)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (32.9)</td>
              <td align="center">131 (40.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">135 (48.7)</td>
              <td align="center">168 (56)</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current</td>
              <td align="center">102 (33.2)</td>
              <td align="center">89 (27.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Past</td>
              <td align="center">119 (38.8)</td>
              <td align="center">135 (41.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Never</td>
              <td align="center">86 (28)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (30.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary lifestyle (%)</td>
              <td align="center">201 (67.2)</td>
              <td align="center">240 (75.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Type of acute coronary syndrome (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angina</td>
              <td align="center">74 (23.9)</td>
              <td align="center">112 (34.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-ST myocardial infarction</td>
              <td align="center">127 (41.0)</td>
              <td align="center">148 (45.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ST myocardial infarction</td>
              <td align="center">109 (35.2)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (21.)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean ejection fraction (%) (&#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">55.8 (13.1)</td>
              <td align="center">56.2 (13.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>p-values were derived from Chi-Square for categorical variables or Student t-test for continuous variables. SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for high-risk group compared to low-risk group of OSA were calculated for all-cause mortality [HR,1.29; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.64-2.61]; CVD mortality (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 0.63-4.38), CHD mortality (HR, 2.85; 95% CI, 0.54-15.12) and the composite endpoint (HR, 4.26; 95% CI, 1.18-15.36) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval of all-cause, CVD and CHD mortality, and combined endpoint including fatal and nonfatal CHD in the ERICO study participants at low and high risk for obstructive sleep apnea</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Crude</th>
              <th align="center">Age- and sex- adjusted</th>
              <th align="center">Multivariate adjusted</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>All-cause mortality</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk for obstructive sleep apnea</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (Reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (Reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (Reference)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High risk for obstructive sleep apnea</td>
              <td align="center">1.17 (0.632.17)</td>
              <td align="center">1.31 (0.83-2.07)</td>
              <td align="center">1.29 (0.64-2.61)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>CVD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> mortality</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk for obstructive sleep apnea</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (Reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (Reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (Reference)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High risk for obstructive sleep apnea</td>
              <td align="center">1.21 (0.453.24)</td>
              <td align="center">1.23 (0.66-2.29)</td>
              <td align="center">1.65 (0.63-4.38)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>CHD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> mortality</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk for obstructive sleep apnea</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (Reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (Reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (Reference)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High risk for obstructive sleep apnea</td>
              <td align="center">1.21 (0.453.24)</td>
              <td align="center">1.24 (0.46-3.34)</td>
              <td align="center">2.85 (0.54-15.12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Combined endpoint (fatal and recurrent nonfatal CHD)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk for obstructive sleep apnea</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (Reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (Reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (Reference)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High risk for obstructive sleep apnea</td>
              <td align="center">2.31 (1.06-5.02)</td>
              <td align="center">2.34 (1.07-5.08)</td>
              <td align="center">4.26 (1.18-15.36)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>CVD: cardiovascular disease;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>CHD: coronary heart disease. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, previous CHD, family history of CHD, acute coronary syndrome subtype and ejection fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Using the Berlin questionnaire as a surrogate, our results showed a positive association of high-risk for OSA with the composite endpoint including recurrent non-fatal or fatal CHD in patients with a mean follow-up of 2.6 years. The HR of death due to CHD or reinfarction was four times higher among individuals at high-risk as compared to low-risk for OSA. High-risk for OSA measured by Berlin questionnaire was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality, CVD mortality and death due to CHD. A recent meta-analysis by Wang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> including 12 prospective cohort studies in which OSA was diagnosed by polysomnography, showed an association of severe OSA with significantly increased cardiovascular risk, stroke and all-cause mortality. Most of the studies that evaluate OSA as a prognostic factor for cardiovascular events studied specific subsamples of acute and chronic coronary syndrome,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> STEMI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> unstable angina or CABG,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and used polysomnography to measure OSA with positive results. However, other studies using simple questions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> or specific questionnaires to measure OSA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have also found positive associations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Although some studies in Brazil used the Berlin questionnaire to evaluate the relationship between OSA and other endpoints,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> only two evaluated the association of OSA defined by the Berlin questionnaire with cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In a prospective cohort study of 200 individuals with ACS, Jesus et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> evaluated the association of OSA with cardiovascular events using a composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, recurrent CHD events, acute pulmonary edema or stroke. In the multivariate logistic model, a positive association between high risk for OSA and the composite endpoint was reported (OR, 3.66; 95% CI, 1.22-11.0).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Our study has several similarities with that by Jesus et al. Both studies showed a positive association of OSA in a sample of ACS patients using composite endpoints of mortality and morbidity - though not exactly the same - and the same strategy for multivariate adjustment. However, one very important point is that in the study by Jesus et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> follow-up was restricted to the period of hospitalization in contrast to the 2.6-year mean follow-up of our analysis. In addition, there are differences in the structure of the two hospitals where the studies were conducted. The study performed by Jesus et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> was conducted in a reference hospital with a proper hemodynamic facility, while ours was conducted in a general hospital that provides healthcare for people living in the Butantan borough, using the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCor) as the reference center for cardiology. More recently, Correia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> tested the hypothesis that clinical suspicion of OSA is an independent predictor of worse in-hospital outcomes in patients with non-ST-elevation ACSs. Presence of a high risk for OSA was positively associated with risk for a cardiovascular event (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3-9.0), but the follow-up was also restricted to the period of hospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Our results have also found that OSA is associated with a poorer prognosis in ACS. However, we found that this association exists, including all types of ACS. We were probably underpowered to evaluate prognosis according to the ACS subtype, but as follow-up of the study continues, we may address this objective in a future analysis.</p>
      <p>The ERICO study has some diverse characteristics compared to other studies that evaluate ACS worldwide. The HU-USP is a general community-based hospital that cares for the community living in the Butantan borough. Even in that setting, we showed a positive association with the composite endpoint after a 2.6-year mean follow-up after the index event. However, we also have some important limitations that should be noted. The Berlin questionnaire performs more poorly than polysomnography in patients with CHD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> However, full polysomnography is a costly tool, and not readily available at all facilities. This important obstacle, together with the lack of an efficient and easy tool for OSA screening, may partially explain the under-diagnosis of OSA in the cardiology setting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In our study, the Berlin questionnaire was applied 30 days after the ACS. Therefore, there is probably a survival bias in this analysis, with patients with more severe ACS, and probably also with a higher frequency of OSA, dying before they could enter the study. Even in this circumstance, we found a positive association that suggests real causality between high-risk OSA and CHD combined endpoint. This study also reports some interesting new data, as there have been few studies that exclusively evaluate the relationship of severe OSA with cardiovascular events only for ACS patients with a long-term follow-up. Another important point is the strict criteria used to define ACS, and the statistical analysis that used Cox proportional hazards, which are positive points of this analysis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>This prospective cohort of CHD demonstrates that a high risk for OSA, measured by the Berlin questionnaire, was an independent predictor of reinfarction or CHD mortality among individuals with ACS after a 2.6-year follow-up.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We are grateful to the people, physicians and hospital administrators in the study area for their help in data collection. In addition, we thank the municipal (PRO-AIM) and the state's health (SEADE) offices for their collaboration in this study.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Wang X, Ouyang Y, Wang Z, Zhao G, Liu L, Bi Y. Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cardiol. 2013;169(3):207-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ouyang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>169</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>207</fpage>
          <lpage>214</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Drager LF, Bortolotto LA. Lorenzi MC, Figueiredo AC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi Filho G. Early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172(5):613-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Drager</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorenzi</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krieger</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorenzi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>172</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>613</fpage>
          <lpage>618</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Maki-Nunes C, Trombetta IC, Alves MJ, Fraga RF, et al. The incremental role of obstructive sleep apnoea on markers of atherosclerosis in patients with metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis. 2010;208(2):490-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Drager</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maki-Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trombetta</surname>
              <given-names>IC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fraga</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The incremental role of obstructive sleep apnoea on markers of atherosclerosis in patients with metabolic syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>208</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>490</fpage>
          <lpage>495</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Weinreich G, Wessendorf TE, Erdmann T, Moebus S, Dragano N, Lehmann N, et al; Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) study group. Association of obstructive sleep apnoea with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2013;231(2):191-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weinreich</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wessendorf</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erdmann</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moebus</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dragano</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) study group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of obstructive sleep apnoea with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>231</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>191</fpage>
          <lpage>197</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Loo G, Tan AY, Koo CY, Tai BY, Richards M, Lee CH. Prognostic implications of obstructive sleep apnea diagnosed by post-discharge sleep study in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome. Sleep Med. 2014;15(6):631-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Loo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>AY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koo</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tai</surname>
              <given-names>BY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richards</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic implications of obstructive sleep apnea diagnosed by post-discharge sleep study in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Sleep Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>631</fpage>
          <lpage>636</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Yumino D, Tsurumi Y, Takagi A, Suzuki K, Kasanuki H. Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on clinical and angiographic outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(1):26-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yumino</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsurumi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takagi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suzuki</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasanuki</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on clinical and angiographic outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Cassar A, Morgenthaler TI, Lennon RJ, Rihal CS, Lerman A. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea is associated with decreased cardiac death after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(14):1310-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cassar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morgenthaler</surname>
              <given-names>TI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lennon</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rihal</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lerman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea is associated with decreased cardiac death after percutaneous coronary intervention</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1310</fpage>
          <lpage>1314</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Lee CH, Khoo SM, Chan MY, Wong HB, Low AF, Phua QH, et al. Severe obstructive sleep apnea and outcomes following myocardial infarction. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7(6):616-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khoo</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Low</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phua</surname>
              <given-names>QH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Severe obstructive sleep apnea and outcomes following myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Sleep Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>616</fpage>
          <lpage>621</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Mehra R, Principe-Rodriguez K, Kirchner HL, Strohl KP. Sleep apnea in acute coronary syndrome: high prevalence but low impact on 6-month outcome. Sleep Med. 2006;7(6):521-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mehra</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Principe-Rodriguez</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirchner</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strohl</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sleep apnea in acute coronary syndrome: high prevalence but low impact on 6-month outcome</article-title>
          <source>Sleep Med</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>521</fpage>
          <lpage>528</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Levendowski D, Steward D, Woodson BT, Olmstead R, Popovic D, Westbrook P. The impact of obstructive sleep apnea variability measured in-lab versus in-home on sample size calculations. Int Arch Med. 2009;2(1):2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levendowski</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steward</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woodson</surname>
              <given-names>BT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olmstead</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popovic</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Westbrook</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The impact of obstructive sleep apnea variability measured in-lab versus in-home on sample size calculations</article-title>
          <source>Int Arch Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>2</fpage>
          <lpage>2</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Gus M, Gon&#231;alves SC, Martinez D, de Abreu Silva EO, Moreira LB, Fuchs SC, et al. Risk for obstructive sleep apnea by Berlin questionnaire, but not daytime sleepiness, is associated with resistant hypertension: a case-control study. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(7):832-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gus</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Abreu Silva</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuchs</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk for obstructive sleep apnea by Berlin questionnaire, but not daytime sleepiness, is associated with resistant hypertension: a case-control study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>832</fpage>
          <lpage>835</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Massierer D, Martinez D, Fuchs SC, Pellin PP, Garcia MS, Zacharias AL, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea detected by the Berlin questionnaire: an associated risk factor for coronary artery disease. Cad Saude Publica. 2012;28(8):1530-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Massierer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuchs</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellin</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zacharias</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnea detected by the Berlin questionnaire: an associated risk factor for coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Cad Saude Publica</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1530</fpage>
          <lpage>1538</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Martinez D, da Silva RP, Klein C, Fiori CZ, Massierer D, Cassol CM, et al. High risk for sleep apnea in the Berlin questionnaire and coronary artery disease. Sleep Breath. 2012;16(1):89-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fiori</surname>
              <given-names>CZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massierer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cassol</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High risk for sleep apnea in the Berlin questionnaire and coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Sleep Breath</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>89</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Jesus EV, Dias-Filho EB, Mota Bde M, Souza LD, Marques-Santos C, Rocha JB, et al. Suspicion of obstructive sleep apnea by Berlin questionnaire predicts events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(3):313-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jesus</surname>
              <given-names>EV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota Bde</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marques-Santos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Suspicion of obstructive sleep apnea by Berlin questionnaire predicts events in patients with acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>313</fpage>
          <lpage>320</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Correia LC, Souza AC, Garcia G, Sabino M, Brito M, Maraux M, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea affects hospital outcomes of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Sleep. 2012;35(9):1241-5A.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabino</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brito</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maraux</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnea affects hospital outcomes of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Sleep</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1241</fpage>
          <lpage>125A</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Margallo VS, Muxfeldt ES, Guimar&#227;es GM, Salles GF. Diagnostic accuracy of the Berlin questionnaire in detecting obstructive sleep apnea in patietns with resistant hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32(10):2030-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Margallo</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muxfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salles</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic accuracy of the Berlin questionnaire in detecting obstructive sleep apnea in patietns with resistant hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>2030</fpage>
          <lpage>2037</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Goulart AC, Santos IS, Sitnik D, Staniak HL, Fedeli LM, Pastore CA, et al. Design and baseline characteristics of a coronary heart disease prospective cohort: two-year experience from the strategy of registry of acute coronary syndrome study (ERICO study). Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012;68(3):431-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goulart</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sitnik</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Staniak</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fedeli</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pastore</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Design and baseline characteristics of a coronary heart disease prospective cohort: two-year experience from the strategy of registry of acute coronary syndrome study (ERICO study)</article-title>
          <source>Clinics</source>
          <publisher-loc>Sao Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>431</fpage>
          <lpage>434</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Santos IS, Goulart AC, Brand&#227;o RM, Santos RC, Bittencourt MS, Sitnik D, et al. One-year mortality after an acute coronary event and its clinical predictors: The ERICO study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;105(1):53-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goulart</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sitnik</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>One-year mortality after an acute coronary event and its clinical predictors: The ERICO study</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>53</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Netzer NC, Stoohs RA, Netzer CM, Clark K, Strohl KP. Using the Berlin Questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1999;31(7):485-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Netzer</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stoohs</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Netzer</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strohl</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Using the Berlin Questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>485</fpage>
          <lpage>491</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Luepker RV, Apple FS, Christenson RH, Crow RS, Fortmann SP, Goff D, et al; AHA Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; AHA Statistics Committee; World Heart Federation Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Epidemiology and Prevention; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Case definitions for acute coronary heart disease in epidemiology and clinical research studies: a statement from the AHA Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; AHA Statistics Committee; World Heart Federation Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Epidemiology and Prevention; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2003;108(20):2543-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luepker</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Apple</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christenson</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crow</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fortmann</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goff</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>AHA Council on Epidemiology and Prevention</collab>
            <collab>AHA Statistics Committee</collab>
            <collab>World Heart Federation Council on Epidemiology and Prevention</collab>
            <collab>European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Epidemiology and Prevention</collab>
            <collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
            <collab>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Case definitions for acute coronary heart disease in epidemiology and clinical research studies: a statement from the AHA Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; AHA Statistics Committee; World Heart Federation Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Epidemiology and Prevention; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2543</fpage>
          <lpage>2549</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD; Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(20):2525-38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thygesen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alpert</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Universal definition of myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2525</fpage>
          <lpage>2538</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 World Health Organization. (WHO). 2010. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 10th rev. Canada: Canadian Institute for Health Information; 2012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization. (WHO)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <year>2010</year>
          <source>International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems</source>
          <edition>10th rev</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Canada</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Canadian Institute for Health Information</publisher-name>
          <year>2012</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Danzi-Soares NJ, Genta PR, Nerbass FB, Pedrosa RP, Soares FS, C&#233;sar LA, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea is common among patients referred for coronary artery bypass grafting and can be diagnosed by portable monitoring. Coron Artery Dis. 2012;23(1):31-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Danzi-Soares</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Genta</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nerbass</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>C&#233;sar</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obstructive sleep apnea is common among patients referred for coronary artery bypass grafting and can be diagnosed by portable monitoring</article-title>
          <source>Coron Artery Dis</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>31</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Yeboah J, Redline S, Johnson C, Tracy R, Ouyang P, Blumenthal RS, et al. Association between sleep apnea, snoring, incident cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in an adult population: MESA. Atherosclerosis. 2011;219(2):963-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yeboah</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redline</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tracy</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ouyang</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blumenthal</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between sleep apnea, snoring, incident cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in an adult population: MESA</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>219</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>963</fpage>
          <lpage>968</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Nunes FS, Danzi-Soares NJ, Genta PR, Drager LF, Cesar LA, Lorenzi-Filho G. Critical evaluation of screening questionnaires for obstructive sleep apnea in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and abdominal surgery. Sleep Breath. 2014;19(1):115-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danzi-Soares</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Genta</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drager</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cesar</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorenzi-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Critical evaluation of screening questionnaires for obstructive sleep apnea in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and abdominal surgery</article-title>
          <source>Sleep Breath</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>115</fpage>
          <lpage>122</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Costa LE, Uch&#244;a CH, Harmon RR, Bortolotto LA, Lorenzi-Filho G, Drager LF. Potential underdiagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea in the cardiology outpatient setting. Heart. 2015;101(16):1288-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uch&#244;a</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harmon</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorenzi-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drager</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Potential underdiagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea in the cardiology outpatient setting</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1288</fpage>
          <lpage>1292</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Epidemiologia</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto do Alto Risco para Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono na Sobrevida ap&#243;s S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda: Achados do Registro ERICO</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia C</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staniak</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alessandra C. Goulart</bold>, Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica - Hospital Universit&#225;rio. Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2565, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Butant&#227;. CEP 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>agoulart@hu.usp.br</email>, <email>alecgoulart@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Maia FC, Goulart AC, Drager LF, Staniak HL, Santos IS, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Maia FC, Goulart AC, Staniak HL, Santos IS, Bensenor IM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Maia FC, Goulart AC, Drager LF, Santos IS, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Maia FC, Goulart AC, Bensenor IM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica muito frequente, que pode estar associada a alto risco de mortalidade, particularmente em doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Nem sempre o diagn&#243;stico de AOS acha-se dispon&#237;vel por polissonografia, o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar, usando o Question&#225;rio de Berlim como substituto, a influ&#234;ncia a longo prazo do alto risco para AOS nos desfechos fatal e n&#227;o fatal ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) na Estrat&#233;gia de Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana (estudo ERICO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O Question&#225;rio de Berlim, para triagem de AOS, foi aplicado a 639 casos de SCA 30 dias ap&#243;s o evento &#237;ndice. Usou-se o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox para calcular a raz&#227;o de risco (HR) para mortalidade por todas as causas, por doen&#231;a cardiovascular e por IAM (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio), assim como os desfecho combinado infarto do mioc&#225;rdio fatal e recorrente n&#227;o fatal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O grupo de alto risco para AOS apresentou maior frequ&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria pessoal/familiar de DAC e diabetes, assim como pior sobrevida livre de evento, quando comparado ao de baixo risco (p-log-rank = 0,03). A HR para IAM fatal e recorrente n&#227;o fatal foi 4,26 (intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%: 1,18-15,36) para os pacientes de alto risco para AOS em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles de baixo risco ap&#243;s seguimento m&#233;dio de 2,6 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Usando o Question&#225;rio de Berlim, conseguimos identificar alto risco para AOS como fator preditivo independente de reinfarto n&#227;o fatal ou mortalidade por IAM ap&#243;s SCA em seguimento em longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrevida</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Apneia do Sono Tipo Obstrutiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m dos tradicionais, novos fatores de risco associados com doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) t&#234;m sido detectados nos &#250;ltimos anos. Um candidato promissor &#233; a apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS), uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica comum caracterizada por obstru&#231;&#227;o parcial ou completa da via a&#233;rea superior durante o sono. Tais eventos obstrutivos determinam uma s&#233;rie de respostas mec&#226;nicas, hemodin&#226;micas, qu&#237;micas, neurais e inflamat&#243;rias, com consequ&#234;ncias adversas para o sistema cardiovascular. Uma recente meta-an&#225;lise de estudos de coorte prospectivos sugerem que a AOS grave aumente significativamente o risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e mortalidade por todas as causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Al&#233;m disso, aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica foi associada com AOS em muitos relatos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A AOS pode ainda afetar o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com DAC. Alguns estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o de AOS com um mau progn&#243;stico em longo prazo ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e infarto agudo do miocardio com supradesnivealmento do segmento ST (IAMCSST).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Isso n&#227;o foi confirmado em outro estudo avaliando s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) em um seguimento curto de 6 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A polissonografia &#233; o exame padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Entretanto, seu uso em grandes estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos acha-se limitado pelo seu alto custo. Como substituto para a polissonografia, v&#225;rios autores tentaram desenvolver question&#225;rios de triagem para identificar indiv&#237;duos com alto risco para AOS. Um deles, o Question&#225;rio de Berlim, foi usado para o diagn&#243;stico de AOS no Brasil e em outros pa&#237;ses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Entretanto, nenhum estudo pr&#233;vio utilizou o Question&#225;rio de Berlim para avaliar AOS em uma amostra de SCA com seguimento em longo prazo.</p>
        <p>Este estudo visou a avaliar o Question&#225;rio de Berlim, uma ferramenta de triagem para AOS, como fator preditivo de sobrevida em longo prazo medido na Estrat&#233;gia de Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana (estudo ERICO).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>O estudo ERICO &#233; um estudo prospectivo de coorte em andamento que arrolou todos os casos de SCA no hospital da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HU-USP), um hospital acad&#234;mico e de ensino situado no Butant&#227;, na regi&#227;o oeste da cidade. O desenho e os dados basais do estudo ERICO foram descritos em detalhe previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos com SCA s&#227;o tratados no setor de emerg&#234;ncia, em enfermarias de medicina interna ou em unidades de terapia intensiva geral. A maioria dos pacientes que necessita de procedimento intervencionista &#233; encaminhada ao Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Conselho de Revis&#227;o Institucional local que se ocupa da pesquisa em seres humanos. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e informado.</p>
          <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos com suspeita de SCA foram convidados a participar do estudo principal. A entrevista cl&#237;nica incluiu perguntas sobre n&#237;vel educacional (sem educa&#231;&#227;o formal, elementar, m&#233;dia e superior), estado civil (solteiro, casado, divorciado ou vi&#250;vo), ra&#231;a (branca, mulato, negra ou asi&#225;tica), principais fatores de risco cardiovascular, como autorrelato de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia, obesidade, tabagismo (nunca, passado ou atual), hist&#243;ria familiar e pessoal de DAC, e inatividade f&#237;sica. A defini&#231;&#227;o de SCA foi fornecida anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, foram obtidos dados sobre estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular, como angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea e/ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de urg&#234;ncia ou eletiva, achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e informa&#231;&#227;o sobre medicamentos usados. Tr&#234;s m&#233;dicos foram respons&#225;veis por revisar os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, colhendo dos participantes a informa&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria na admiss&#227;o hospitalar, e solicitando eletrocardiograma, exames laboratoriais (troponina I, creatina quinase MB, glicemia, colesterol total, HDL/LDL-colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos e hemograma completo), sendo ainda respons&#225;veis pelo tratamento m&#233;dico intra-hospitalar.</p>
          <p>Seis meses ap&#243;s o evento &#237;ndice e a cada ano, todos os participantes foram contatados por telefone para atualizar a informa&#231;&#227;o sobre seu estado geral de sa&#250;de, hist&#243;ria cardiovascular, uso de medicamentos, sintomas depressivos e atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de AOS</title>
          <p>Entrevistadores treinados aplicaram o Question&#225;rio de Berlim a todos os participantes 30 dias, 180 dias e um ano ap&#243;s a SCA. O Question&#225;rio de Berlim inclui 10 perguntas divididas em categorias I (5 perguntas), II (3 perguntas) e III (2 perguntas). Duas respostas positivas &#224;s perguntas 1 a 5 definem a categoria I como positiva, e 2 respostas positivas &#224;s perguntas 6 a 8 definem a categoria II como positiva. A categoria III &#233; atendida caso o respondente apresente hipertens&#227;o ou &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Haver&#225; alto risco para AOS se pelo menos duas categorias forem positivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A sensibilidade e a especificidade do Question&#225;rio de Berlim para DAC foram 70% e 48%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Alguns estudos no Brasil apresentam resultados similares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos</title>
          <p>Analisaram-se dados de mortalidade (desfechos fatais: mortalidade por todas as causas, por DCV e por IAM) e de desfecho composto (IAM fatal ou recorrente n&#227;o fatal). Cada evento identificado foi adjudicado usando crit&#233;rios internacionais predefinidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Os participantes foram definidos como tendo morte de causa cardiovascular (mortalidade por DCV) caso fosse identificada uma causa de morte classificada na 10&#170; vers&#227;o da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID-10) cap&#237;tulo IX "Doen&#231;as do sistema circulat&#243;rio" ou caso fosse identificada uma causa de morte classificada na CID-10 c&#243;digo R57.0 "Choque cardiog&#234;nico".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Investigou-se o estado geral de sa&#250;de periodicamente atrav&#233;s de estrat&#233;gia de busca ativa de casos durante o seguimento. A informa&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade foi confirmada por declara&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito oficial com a colabora&#231;&#227;o das secretarias de sa&#250;de municipal e estadual (Programa de Aprimoramento das Informa&#231;&#245;es de Mortalidade no Munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo, PRO-AIM, e Funda&#231;&#227;o Sistema Estadual de An&#225;lise de Dados-SEADE, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais foram analisadas de acordo com o risco para AOS (baixo e alto). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como propor&#231;&#245;es (%) e comparadas usando-se os testes de qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, quando indicado. Testou-se a probabilidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com o teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas param&#233;tricas foram todas expressas como m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o) e comparadas nos grupos de risco para AOS usando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. Realizamos an&#225;lises de sobrevida (seguimento m&#233;dio de 2,6 anos), considerando os seguintes desfechos: fatal (mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade DCV, mortalidade IAM, desfecho combinado (IAM fatal e recorrente n&#227;o fatal) usando-se a an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier com o teste <italic>log-rank</italic>. Modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox para desfechos fatais e n&#227;o fatais foram constru&#237;dos, sendo apresentados seus valores brutos, ajustados para idade-sexo e ap&#243;s ajuste multivariado para idade, sexo, hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de SCA, diabetes (sim ou n&#227;o), dislipidemia (sim ou n&#227;o), tabagismo (nunca, passado ou atual), sedentarismo (sim ou n&#227;o), tipo de SCA (angina, IAMCSST e IAMSSST.) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%) &#224; admiss&#227;o. N&#227;o houve ajuste para a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o e obesidade, porque o Question&#225;rio de Berlim inclui esses dois fatores de risco como parte de seus crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o. Todos os testes foram bicaudais, sendo p&lt;0,05 considerado significativo. Realizou-se a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica com o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 22.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A presente an&#225;lise incluiu 639 (95,9%) participantes com informa&#231;&#227;o completa do Question&#225;rio de Berlim 30 dias ap&#243;s o evento &#237;ndice. Os indiv&#237;duos identificados como tendo alto risco para AOS de acordo com o Question&#225;rio de Berlim eram homens em sua maioria (55,9%), p=0,02. Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos com alto risco apresentaram IMC mais elevado se comparados &#224;queles de baixo risco (28,0 versus 25,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, p&lt;0,001). Detectou-se maior frequ&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de DAC, obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e sedentarismo entre indiv&#237;duos de maior risco para AOS se comparados &#224;queles de baixo risco. As curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier n&#227;o diferiram estatisticamente quando se compararam indiv&#237;duos classificados como de alto e baixo risco para AOS com rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos mortalidade por todas as causas e por DCV ou DAC fatal. Entretanto, ao se analisar o desfecho combinado (IAM fatal e recorrente n&#227;o fatal), o grupo de alto risco para AOS apresentou menor sobrevida livre de evento do que o grupo de baixo risco ap&#243;s seguimento m&#233;dio de 2,6 anos (<italic>p-log rank</italic>=0,03) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). As an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o de Cox confirmaram esses achados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) como fator preditivo de sobrevida em longo prazo medido pelo Question&#225;rio de Berlim em participantes do estudo ERICO durante seguimento m&#233;dio de 2,6 anos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0031-60195-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos participantes do Estudo ERICO de acordo com a presen&#231;a de baixo e alto risco para apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) 30 dias ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Risco de AOS</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Baixo n = 310</th>
                <th align="center">Alto n = 329</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens (%)</td>
                <td align="center">201 (64,8)</td>
                <td align="center">184 (55,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade m&#233;dia (anos) (&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">62,1 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">63,1 (12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m2) (&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">25,9 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estado civil (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Solteiro</td>
                <td align="center">44 (14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Casado</td>
                <td align="center">189 (61,2)</td>
                <td align="center">210 (64)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Divorciado</td>
                <td align="center">26 (8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vi&#250;vo</td>
                <td align="center">50 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Educa&#231;&#227;o (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem educa&#231;&#227;o formal</td>
                <td align="center">35 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elementar</td>
                <td align="center">183 (59)</td>
                <td align="center">198 (60,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">56 (18,1)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (20,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Superior</td>
                <td align="center">36 (11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (20,5)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (31,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (%)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (29,2)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (39,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (13,4)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (34,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">182 (59,9)</td>
                <td align="center">300 (92)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (32,9)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (40,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (48,7)</td>
                <td align="center">168 (56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atual</td>
                <td align="center">102 (33,2)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (27,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Passado</td>
                <td align="center">119 (38,8)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (41,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nunca</td>
                <td align="center">86 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (30,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">201 (67,2)</td>
                <td align="center">240 (75,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina</td>
                <td align="center">74 (23,9)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (34,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto agudo do miocardio sem supra de ST</td>
                <td align="center">127 (41,0)</td>
                <td align="center">148 (45,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto agudo do miocardio com supra de ST</td>
                <td align="center">109 (35,2)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (21,)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia (%) (&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">55,8 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">56,2 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>p-valores derivados do teste qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas ou teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As raz&#245;es de risco (HR) da an&#225;lise multivariada com ajuste para o grupo de alto risco para AOS comparado ao de baixo risco foram calculadas para mortalidade por todas as causas [HR, 1,29; intervalo de confian&#231;a 95% (IC95%): 0,64-2,61]; mortalidade DCV (HR, 1,65; IC95%: 0,63-4,38), mortalidade DAC (HR, 2,85; IC95%: 0,54-15,12) e desfecho composto (HR, 4,26; IC95%: 1,18-15,36) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Raz&#227;o de risco e intervalo de confian&#231;a 95% de mortalidade por todas as causas, DCV e DAC, e de desfecho combinado incluindo DAC fatal e n&#227;o fatal em participantes do Estudo ERICO com baixo e alto risco para apneia obstrutiva do sono</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Crua</th>
                <th align="center">Ajustada para idade e sexo</th>
                <th align="center">Multivariada ajustada</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Mortalidade por todas as causas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo risco para apneia obstrutiva do sono</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto risco para apneia obstrutiva do sono</td>
                <td align="center">1,17 (0,632,17)</td>
                <td align="center">1,31 (0,83-2,07)</td>
                <td align="center">1,29 (0,64-2,61)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Mortalidade por DCV<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo risco para apneia obstrutiva do sono</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto risco para apneia obstrutiva do sono</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 (0,453,24)</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (0,66-2,29)</td>
                <td align="center">1,65 (0,63-4,38)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Mortalidade por DAC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo risco para apneia obstrutiva do sono</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto risco para apneia obstrutiva do sono</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 (0,453,24)</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 (0,46-3,34)</td>
                <td align="center">2,85 (0,54-15,12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">Desfecho combinado DAC (IAM fatal e recorrente n&#227;o fatal)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo risco para apneia obstrutiva do sono</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto risco para apneia obstrutiva do sono</td>
                <td align="center">2,31 (1,06-5,02)</td>
                <td align="center">2,34 (1,07-5,08)</td>
                <td align="center">4,26 (1,18-15,36)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. An&#225;lise multivariada ajustada para idade, sexo, diabetes, dislipidemia, tabagismo, sedentarismo, DAC pr&#233;via, hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, subtipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Usando-se o Question&#225;rio de Berlim como um substituto da polissonografia, nossos resultados mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva do alto risco para AOS como desfecho combinado (IAM fatal e recorrente n&#227;o fatal) em pacientes com seguimento m&#233;dio de 2,6 anos. A HR de morte devida a DAC ou reinfarto foi quatro vezes maior entre indiv&#237;duos com alto risco para AOS se comparados aos de baixo risco. O alto risco para AOS medido pelo Question&#225;rio de Berlim n&#227;o foi significativamente associado com mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade DCV e morte devida a DAC. A recente meta-an&#225;lise de Wang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> incluindo 12 estudos prospectivos de coorte nos quais AOS foi diagnosticada por polissonografia, mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o de AOS grave com risco cardiovascular significativamente aumentado, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e mortalidade por todas as causas. A maioria dos estudos que avaliam AOS como fator progn&#243;stico para eventos cardiovasculares analisou subamostras espec&#237;ficas de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e cr&#244;nica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> IAMCSST,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> angina inst&#225;vel ou CRM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> tendo usado polissonografia para medir AOS com resultados positivos. Entretanto, outros estudos usando perguntas simples<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> ou question&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos para medir AOS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> tamb&#233;m encontraram associa&#231;&#245;es positivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Embora alguns estudos no Brasil tenham usado o Question&#225;rio de Berlim para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AOS e outros desfechos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> apenas dois avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o de AOS definida pelo Question&#225;rio de Berlim com eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Em um estudo prospectivo de coorte com 200 indiv&#237;duos com SCA, Jesus et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o de AOS com eventos cardiovasculares usando um desfecho composto de morte cardiovascular, eventos de DAC recorrente, edema agudo de pulm&#227;o ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico. No modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, relatou-se associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre alto risco para AOS e o desfecho composto (OR, 3,66; IC95%: 1,22-11,0).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Nosso estudo tem v&#225;rias semelhan&#231;as com aquele de Jesus et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os dois estudos mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva de AOS em uma amostra de pacientes com SCA usando desfechos compostos de morbimortalidade - ainda que n&#227;o exatamente os mesmos - e a mesma estrat&#233;gia para ajuste multivariado. Entretanto, um aspecto muito importante &#233; que no estudo de Jesus et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> o seguimento foi restrito ao per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em contraste com o seguimento m&#233;dio de 2,6 anos do nosso estudo. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; diferen&#231;as na estrutura dos dois hospitais em que os estudos foram conduzidos. O estudo de Jesus et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> foi conduzido em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia com unidade de hemodin&#226;mica adequada, enquanto o nosso foi conduzido em um hospital geral que assiste a popula&#231;&#227;o do bairro do Butant&#227; e usa o Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) como centro de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia. Mais recentemente, Correia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> testaram a hip&#243;tese de que suspeita cl&#237;nica de AOS &#233; um fator preditivo independente de pior desfecho intra-hospitalar em pacientes com SCA sem supra de T. A presen&#231;a de alto risco para AOS foi positivamente associada com risco para evento cardiovascular (OR, 3,4; IC95%: 1,3-9,0), por&#233;m o seguimento tamb&#233;m foi restrito ao per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m mostraram que a AOS acha-se associada com pior progn&#243;stico na SCA. Descobrimos que tal associa&#231;&#227;o existe, inclusive para todos os tipos de SCA. N&#227;o pudemos avaliar adequadamente o progn&#243;stico de acordo com o subtipo de SCA, mas com a continua&#231;&#227;o do seguimento, poderemos abordar este objetivo em an&#225;lise futura.</p>
        <p>O estudo ERICO tem algumas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros estudos que avaliam a SCA no &#226;mbito mundial. O HU-USP &#233; um hospital comunit&#225;rio geral que presta assist&#234;ncia aos residentes do Butant&#227;. Nesse ambiente, mostramos uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com o desfecho composto ap&#243;s seguimento m&#233;dio de 2,6 anos ap&#243;s o evento &#237;ndice. Entretanto, apresenta algumas importantes limita&#231;&#245;es dignas de nota. O Question&#225;rio de Berlim apresenta pior desempenho do que a polissonografia em pacientes com DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Entretanto, a polissonografia &#233; uma ferramenta de alto custo, nem sempre dispon&#237;vel. Esse importante obst&#225;culo, associado &#224; falta de uma eficiente e f&#225;cil ferramenta para triagem de AOS, pode explicar em parte o sub-diagn&#243;stico da AOS no contexto da cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> No nosso estudo, o Question&#225;rio de Berlim foi aplicado 30 dias ap&#243;s a SCA. Logo, deve haver um vi&#233;s de sobrevida na an&#225;lise, onde pacientes com formas mais graves de SCA, e provavelmente com maior frequ&#234;ncia de AOS, morrem antes de poder entrar no estudo. Mesmo nessas circunst&#226;ncias, encontramos uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva que sugere real causalidade entre alto risco de AOS e o desfecho combinado, n&#227;o composto de DAC. Al&#233;m disso, este estudo relata alguns dados interessantes, como existem poucos estudos avaliando exclusivamente a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AOS grave e eventos cardiovasculares apenas para pacientes com SCA em um seguimento longo. Outro ponto importante s&#227;o os rigorosos crit&#233;rios usados para definir SCA, e a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica que utilizou o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox, que s&#227;o pontos positivos desta an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Esta coorte prospectiva de DAC demonstra que o alto risco para AOS, medido pelo Question&#225;rio de Berlim, foi um fator preditivo independente de reinfarto ou mortalidade por DAC entre indiv&#237;duos com SCA ap&#243;s seguimento de 2,6 anos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos a todos os envolvidos, m&#233;dicos e administradores do hospital por sua ajuda na coleta de dados. Al&#233;m disso, somos gratos &#224;s secretarias de sa&#250;de municipal (PRO-AIM) e estadual (SEADE) pela colabora&#231;&#227;o neste estudo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
