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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CMNmWKHNmGz3tF6k4pNPYrc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000100012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160194</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Nuclear Cardiology and PET</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparison between Radionuclide Ventriculography and Echocardiography for Quantification of Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Rats Exposed to Doxorubicin</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Fonseca Lemos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>O'Connell</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Elias Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pulici</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rica Carolina Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Benedito Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Cardiologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP) - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia (UFU), MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Marcus Vin&#237;cius Sim&#245;es</bold>, Cardiology Division - Internal Medicine Department, Medical School of Ribeir&#227;o Preto, University of S&#227;o Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue- Postal Code 14048-900 - Ribeir&#227;o Preto - SP - Brazil. Email: <email>msimoes@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: O'Connell JL, Pulici ECC, Romano MMD, Maciel BC, Sim&#245;es MV; Acquisition of data: Oliveira LFL, O'Connell JL, Carvalho EEV, Pulici ECC, Romano MMD; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira LFL, O'Connell JL, Carvalho EEV, Pulici ECC, Sim&#245;es MV; Statistical analysis: Oliveira LFL, Sim&#245;es MV; Obtaining financing: Sim&#245;es MV; Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira LFL, Carvalho EEV, Sim&#245;es MV; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira LFL, Romano MMD, Maciel BC, Sim&#245;es MV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>12</fpage>
      <lpage>20</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Radionuclide ventriculography (RV) is a validated method to evaluate the left ventricular systolic function (LVSF) in small rodents. However, no prior study has compared the results of RV with those obtained by other imaging methods in this context.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To compare the results of LVSF obtained by RV and echocardiography (ECHO) in an experimental model of cardiotoxicity due to doxorubicin (DXR) in rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Adult male Wistar rats serving as controls (n = 7) or receiving DXR (n = 22) in accumulated doses of 8, 12, and 16 mg/kg were evaluated with ECHO performed with a Sonos 5500 Philips equipment (12-MHz transducer) and RV obtained with an Orbiter-Siemens gamma camera using a pinhole collimator with a 4-mm aperture. Histopathological quantification of myocardial fibrosis was performed after euthanasia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The control animals showed comparable results in the LVSF analysis obtained with ECHO and RV (83.5 &#177; 5% and 82.8 &#177; 2.8%, respectively, p &gt; 0.05). The animals that received DXR presented lower LVSF values when compared with controls (p &lt; 0.05); however, the LVSF values obtained by RV (60.6 &#177; 12.5%) were lower than those obtained by ECHO (71.8 &#177; 10.1%, p = 0.0004) in this group. An analysis of the correlation between the LVSF and myocardial fibrosis showed a moderate correlation when the LVSF was assessed by ECHO (r = -0.69, p = 0.0002) and a stronger correlation when it was assessed by RV (r = -0.79, p &lt; 0.0001). On multiple regression analysis, only RV correlated independently with myocardial fibrosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>RV is an alternative method to assess the left ventricular function in small rodents in vivo. When compared with ECHO, RV showed a better correlation with the degree of myocardial injury in a model of DXR-induced cardiotoxicity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Radionuclide Ventriculography / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Comparative Study</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorubicin</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In recent decades, imaging methods assessing functional and structural cardiac parameters in small animals <italic>in vivo</italic> have been widely used to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of ventricular dysfunction in different models of cardiac disease, and to develop new therapies for heart failure (HF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> These methods allow a longitudinal study of the animals, increasing the power of observation at lower costs.</p>
      <p>Among measurable parameters, the left ventricular systolic function (LVSF) is a key variable to evaluate myocardial remodeling, degree of ventricular dysfunction, and prognosis of myocardial disease. Echocardiography (ECHO) has been widely used to assess the ventricular function in humans and models of cardiac disease, as it is a low-cost tool for rapid acquisition of images without requirement of radioactive isotopes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, the echocardiographic evaluation, especially in small rodents, depends largely on the observer and has restricted interobserver reproducibility, limiting the detection of subtle changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Radionuclide ventriculography (RV) is a technique often used in clinical practice with good accuracy and high reproducibility levels in serial evaluations for LVSF quantification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In addition, RV is considered by many as the gold-standard method to assess ventricular function, as it faithfully represents the volumes of the ventricular chambers at each moment of the cardiac cycle without assumptions of myocardial shape and/or geometry.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, few studies have demonstrated its application in models of cardiac diseases in small animals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although the use of RV in models of experimental cardiac disease in small rodents has been described for quite some time,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> there have been no studies comparing results obtained with RV with those obtained by other imaging methods <italic>in vivo</italic>. The objective of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the ability of ECHO and RV in evaluating the global systolic performance of the left ventricle and correlate these results with the severity of cardiac structural changes detected by histopathological analysis in a model of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental animals</title>
        <p>After approval by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation of our institution, the study was performed in 29 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 250 g, obtained from the institution's animal room. The animals were kept in an air-conditioned room, with free access to water and standard chow, subjected to a rhythm of 12 hours of light/dark and controlled temperature. During all procedures, maximum care was taken to avoid inflicting unnecessary suffering to the animals.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>General Study Design</title>
        <p>To achieve a broader observation of the accuracy of both imaging methods in variable ranges of LVSF impairment, we used different doses of intravenous infusion of doxorubicin (DXR). This approach also allowed us to obtain a wide dispersion of the investigated variables to correlate better the changes in cardiac function measured <italic>in vivo</italic> and the degree of <italic>in vitro</italic> histological lesions that served as the gold-standard method to assess myocardial injury.</p>
        <p>Based on that, the animals received three different cumulative doses of DXR over 8 weeks: D-8 mg: total infusion of DXR 8 mg/kg administered as four weekly injections of 2 mg/kg (n = 8); D-12 mg: 12 mg/kg accumulated over six weekly injections of 2 mg/kg (n = 7); D-16 mg: 16 mg/kg administered as eight weekly injections of 2 mg/kg (n = 7). Seven control animals received injections of saline solution over 8 weeks.</p>
        <p>All animals underwent noninvasive LVSF evaluation with <italic>in vivo</italic> imaging methods, ECHO, and RV at baseline and 2 weeks after the end of the period of infusion of the respective doses of DXR or saline.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medications administered</title>
        <p>Adriablastina<sup>&#174;</sup> RD (doxorubicin hydrochloride, Pharmacia, Milan, Italy) was dissolved in saline solution (10 mg/5 mL) and infused intravenously. A solution containing ketamine hydrochloride (Vetbrands, Jacare&#237;, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil; 20 mg/kg) and xylazine (Bayer, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil; 8 mg/kg) was administered by intramuscular injection for anesthetic induction before each intravenous injection of DXR and imaging evaluations. To euthanize the animals, we used an overdose of these anesthetics (40 and 16 mg/kg, respectively).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>After sedation and trichotomy of the anterior chest region, the animals, while breathing spontaneously, were placed in the left lateral decubitus position and evaluated with ECHO Doppler with a two-dimensional, high-resolution ECHO system (Sonos 5500 Philips, Andover, MA, USA) and a sectorial transducer with a frequency of 12 MHz. The ventricular function was estimated by the calculation of the left ventricular fractional shortening, measured from the short-axis view of the left ventricle. The area shortening was determined by the formula: Delta Areas = (AD - AS)/AD x 100,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> in which AD and AS are the areas in the diastole and systole, respectively. The fractional area shortening has been shown to be effective in detecting left ventricular systolic dysfunction in experimental models of myocardial infarction in rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and has the advantage of considering the two-dimensional image of the short axis of the left ventricle, compared with the ventricular shortening fraction (&#916;D%), which takes into account only a linear ventricular dimension in the diastole and systole.</p>
        <p>The images obtained were recorded and archived for later off-line analysis by an observer blinded to the group to which the animals were allocated. All measurements were obtained by the same investigator and revised by another; both were experienced in obtaining and analyzing ECHOs in small animals.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Radionuclide ventriculography</title>
        <p>After anesthesia, 75 <italic>&#956;</italic>g of stannous agent was injected into the tail vein. After an interval of 15 min, the animals received a new tail vein injection of 15 mCi of technetium pertechnetate-99m. Immediately after the administration of Tc-99m, the animals were taken to the gamma camera and positioned in a dorsal decubitus position under the detector. Three electrodes were implanted in the animals' hypodermis for electrocardiographic monitoring, positioned in the two anterior limbs and on the upper portion of the abdomen, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Positioning of the animal and the electrodes for radionuclide ventriculography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0012-60194-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>RV was performed with the gamma camera Orbiter-Siemens (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany), equipped with a pinhole collimator with a 4-mm aperture. Images were obtained in the left anterior oblique projection in a word format, 64 x 64 pixels matrices, synchronized with the electrocardiogram (ECG) with an acceptance window of 20% around the mean QRS duration value and with 32 frames per cardiac cycle. We acquired 200,000 counts per frame. The symmetric energy window of 20% focused on the Tc-99m energy photopeak was 140 keV.</p>
        <p>To process the images, we used a commercially available software (planar gated blood pool, SMV America) in a dedicated workstation (NXT-P, Sopha Medical Vision). After semiautomatic detection of the edges of the left ventricle and with the help of parametric images of phase and count amplitude variation, a time <italic>versus</italic> activity curve was generated. From this curve, we calculated the LVSF, expressed as percentage (%), defined as the difference between the values corrected for the background radiation of the end diastolic and systolic counts divided by the value of the end diastolic count (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Images of the cardiac blood compartment labeled with <sup>99m</sup>Tc in the left anterior oblique projection, in diastolic (A) and systolic (B) frames, allowing quantification of the LVSF after regions of interest were traced. LVSF = 76%.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0012-60194-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histology</title>
        <p>After the animals had been euthanized, we quantified the extent of the myocardial fibrosis by measuring the collagen area in the myocardium. The hearts were sliced transversely, embedded in paraffin, and stained with picrosirius red. To quantify the collagen, we used the Leica QWin Software V 3.2.0 (Leica Imaging Systems Ltd., Cambridge, England) along with an optical microscope Leica DMR (Leica Microsystems Wetzlar GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), a video camera (Leica DC300F, Leica Microsystems AG Heerbrugg, Switzerland), and an online computer. The values corresponding to the areas of fibrosis were obtained in relation to the total area of the left and right ventricles and septum, expressed as percentages. We evaluated 10 fields in the free left ventricular wall.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>To calculate the sample size, we established a (two-tailed) confidence interval of 95% and test power of 90%, assuming a standard deviation of 5 and 3 percentage units of LVSF for ECHO and RV, respectively; these values were obtained from a pilot study in control animals. As a result, a sample size of 22 animals was deemed appropriate to detect a difference of 5 ejective units between the methods. The sample size was calculated with a tool available online at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.openepi.com">http://www.openepi.com</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>The results are expressed as mean and standard deviation. The Gaussian distribution of the variables was assessed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. For comparison between mean LVSF values evaluated by the methods, we used paired Student's <italic>t</italic> test. To compare the mean values of the extension of the myocardial fibrosis between the control animals and the animals that received DXR, we used non-paired Student's <italic>t</italic> test. To analyze the correlation of the LVSF obtained by the imaging methods, we used the linear regression test and the least squares correlation. The Bland-Altman plot method was used for further analysis of the agreement between the LVSF measurements obtained by the two evaluated methods. Linear regression was also used to evaluate the correlation between the LVSF and the area of fibrosis.</p>
        <p>All analyses were performed using the software GraphPad InStat, version 3.05, with a significance level of 5% (p &lt; 0.05, two-tailed) for differences.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of the left ventricular systolic function</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> summarize the results obtained.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Summary of the mean and standard deviation results obtained from the evaluation of the left ventricular systolic function by echocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography in animals in the control group and animals that received doxorubicin</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">ECHO (%)</th>
                <th align="center">RV (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Fibrosis (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DXR (n=22)</td>
                <td align="center">71.8 &#177; 10.1</td>
                <td align="center">60.6 &#177; 12.5</td>
                <td align="center">8.7 &#177; 3.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Control (n=7)</td>
                <td align="center">83.5 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">82.8 &#177; 2.8</td>
                <td align="center">2.3 &#177; 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ECHO: echocardiography; RV: radionuclide ventriculography, DXR: doxorubicin.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Graph showing the left ventricular systolic function obtained by two-dimensional echocardiography (2D-ECHO) and radionuclide ventriculography (RV) in animals in the control group and animals exposed to DXR.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0012-60194-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The analysis of the LVSF in control animals showed values comparable to those obtained with RV and two-dimensional ECHO (82.8 &#177; 2.8% <italic>versus</italic> 83.5 &#177; 5%, p &gt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>A comparison between the control animals and the animals that received DXR indicated that both imaging methods showed lower LVSF values in the group receiving DXR (p &lt; 0.005). These animals also showed a greater area of fibrosis when compared with the control animals (8.7 &#177; 3.2% <italic>versus</italic> 2.3 &#177; 1%, respectively, p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>Additionally, the animals that received DXR exhibited significantly lower LVSF values assessed by RV (60.6 &#177; 12.5%) when compared with those obtained with ECHO (71.8 &#177; 10.1%, p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of correlation and agreement</title>
        <p>Considering the entire study sample (including controls and animals exposed to DXR), individual LVSF measurements obtained by RV showed a significant and moderate positive correlation with those obtained by ECHO (r = 0.72, p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Graph correlating the left ventricular systolic function (LVSF) assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography (2D-ECHO) and radionuclide ventriculography (RV) in animals receiving different doses of doxorubicin (r = 0.72, p &lt; 0.0001). (*Statistical test performed: linear regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0012-60194-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A Bland-Altman plot analysis of the agreement between measurements (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>) showed a mean difference (RV - ECHO) of -7.6 &#177; 10.3%, with limits of agreement of -28.1% to 12.9%. Analyzing the dispersion plot, we observed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.47, p = 0.01) between the mean values of the measurements obtained by RV and ECHO plotted against the difference of these same measurements, indicating that the methods do not have a good agreement for different ranges of LVSF values. This result suggests that RV estimates lower LVSF values than those estimated by ECHO in animals with a more compromised global systolic function.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bland-Altman plot indicating poor agreement between the imaging methods, showing lower values observed by radionuclide ventriculography (RV) in animals with decreased left ventricular systolic function.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0012-60194-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlation between the methods of in vivo functional evaluation and histological analysis</title>
        <p>After applying linear regression, we observed a moderate and significant negative correlation between the LVSF values measured by ECHO and the area of accumulated collagen on histology (r = -0.69, p = 0.0002). We found a stronger significant negative correlation between the LVSF assessed by RV and the area of accumulated collagen (r = -0.79, p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). Using multiple regression analysis, in which both imaging methods were included in the regression model, only the ventricular function measured by RV correlated independently with the percentage of accumulated collagen in the myocardium.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Graph correlating the mean left ventricular systolic function (LVSF) values evaluated by (A) two-dimensional echocardiography (2D-ECHO) and (B) radionuclide ventriculography (RV) and the percentage of accumulated collagen on histological analysis in animals receiving an infusion of 8, 12, and 16 mg/kg of doxorubicin.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0012-60194-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In many experimental models of cardiac disease in small animals, the serial assessment of the LVSF is the most widely used parameter to follow the changes in myocardial function due to disease progression or the impact of pharmacological intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study using <italic>in vivo</italic> imaging methods, we evaluated the LVSF in control animals and in animals subjected to an experimental model of cardiotoxicity induced by DXR. This allowed us to compare two-dimensional ECHO and RV in the quantification of the LVSF in animals with different degrees of LVSF impairment, as well as to correlate these data with the quantification of the area of collagen tissue on histopathological analysis, which is considered a gold-standard method to assess the degree of myocardial injury in this cardiotoxicity model.</p>
      <p>Our results showed that the LVSF values obtained by RV and ECHO were similar in control animals. However, in animals with severe ventricular dysfunction due to the cumulative infusion of DXR, the LVSF values obtained by RV were lower when compared with those obtained by ECHO.</p>
      <p>Additionally, we observed a significant moderate Correlation between the LVSF results obtained by RV and ECHO. However, this type of analysis does not necessarily demonstrate the agreement between both methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The Bland-Altman plot analysis indicated that despite showing a significant correlation in the regression analysis, the measurements were not in agreement in regards to different ranges of LVSF values. This analysis shows that, in addition to very wide agreement limits, ECHO evaluates relatively higher LVSF levels than does RV in animals with a more depressed systolic function.</p>
      <p>Overall, these results indicate a greater sensitivity of RV when compared with ECHO in detecting left ventricular systolic dysfunction in this experimental model.</p>
      <p>This interpretation of the data is reinforced by the results of the agreement analysis between the LVSF values obtained by each method and the extension of the collagen accumulation, which is an index of the degree of myocardial injury in this model. For this analysis, the RV results reached a stronger correlation than that obtained with ECHO, with the RV emerging as the only method displaying an independent correlation in the multiple regression model. This set of data reinforces the impression that RV provides a more accurate assessment of the LVSF.</p>
      <p>Although no experimental studies have compared both imaging methods, prior clinical studies are consistent with our results when they showed that although ECHO and RV have a good general Correlation for LVSF measurement, both methods only have a moderate degree of agreement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a study in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), Ray et al. (1995) demonstrated a mean difference of -8 &#177; 10% in the LVSF evaluation between RV and ECHO, with limits of agreement of -28% to +12%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> results that mirror to some degree those described in this study. Another study in patients after AMI has also shown that the LVSF was overestimated when evaluated by ECHO in comparison with RV, with wide limits of agreement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Bellenger et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> while studying patients with stable HF, have shown a significant difference in LVSF evaluated by both methods. They also showed a moderate correlation (r = 0.44), but with wide limits of agreement between them, from -45% to 13%.</p>
      <p>A low agreement between both methods of LVSF assessment has also been observed in patients with permanent pacemaker<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and after cardiac transplantation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> studies in which ECHO overestimated the LVSF when compared with RV and cardiac magnetic resonance.</p>
      <p>These differences between techniques, which have already been observed in the clinical setting, can be enhanced in the experimental scenario given the mechanical and geometrical differences of the myocardium in small animals. It should be noted that the contribution of the apical shortening in rodents can be different from that observed in humans, which would further compromise the geometric assumptions adopted in the ECHO for volume estimates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>ECHO is the imaging method most widely used in large clinical trials and experimental studies, but it is dependent on geometric myocardial assumptions to estimate the LVSF. This becomes disadvantageous in several situations, as in the case of progressive dilation and consequent geometric changes of the left ventricle in HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> In this sense, biplane methods are considered more accurate than the M-mode method; however, they still extrapolate ventricular volumes measurements through geometric assumptions of the left ventricular cavity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In experimental animal models, especially rodents, another limiting factor of two-dimensional ECHO in quantifying the ventricular function is the loss of image quality in apical windows, generating poor endocardium definition and impairing the measurement of the left ventricular cavity shortening.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is plausible to assume that this limitation in accurately estimating the LVSF in dilated ventricular cavities with a more spherical conformation, concomitant to a more severe systolic dysfunction, is the main explanation for the results obtained in the present study. It is worth mentioning that to estimate the left ventricular ejection fraction, the RV assessment is based on the variation of counts directly proportional to the volume of blood in the ventricular cavity, and is a method, therefore, that is not significantly influenced by changes in the left ventricular cavity shape and geometry. In contrast, values obtained with two-dimensional ECHO are based on planar measurements, which are highly dependent on the geometric shape of the left ventricular cavity. Due to that, their accuracy changes in situations with more severe ventricular dysfunction in which the left ventricle takes a more spherical shape, in addition to presenting other deformations in cavity shape. The advent of three-dimensional ECHO and its availability in new equipment dedicated to small animals will probably bring substantial accuracy improvement in estimating the LVSF by ECHO, as it allows a direct measurement of the volumes of the ventricular cavities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is important to remember that RV has several technical limitations, such as low spatial resolution, need for background correction, structure overlap, attenuation errors, and need for manipulation of ionizing radiation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> In small rodents, limited spatial resolution is the greatest limitation of acquiring scintigraphic images with a gamma camera dedicated for clinical use. In fact, as the structures to be imaged in small rodents are 10 times smaller than the human organs, the spatial resolution of a conventional scintigraphic study (around 1.0 cm) should be proportionately increased to 1 mm. In our study, the use of a pinhole collimator with a 4-mm aperture was sufficient to considerably increase the spatial resolution of the image, with due visualization of the separation between the right and left ventricles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) and maintenance of the 15-minute image acquisition, which is still suitable for an experimental study.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, it is essential to emphasize that despite the high performance of RV in measuring the LVSF, this imaging method is more expensive and lacks information on other parameters of left ventricular remodeling such as diameter, wall thickness, and changes in the valvar apparatus. Therefore, we believe that RV, combined with ECHO, may become an additional tool for a thorough evaluation of models of cardiac diseases in small animals.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Some limitations of this study should be highlighted. For example, we were unable to quantify the left ventricular ejection fraction by ECHO using the biplane Simpson's method due to a limitation in the resolution of the endocardium in the animals' apical images. It is possible that the use of a high-resolution ECHO equipment and a 30-MHz transducer dedicated to obtaining and analyzing images in small rodents could have yielded more reliable results. Similarly, a three-dimensional ECHO might have allowed the measurement of ventricular volumes and provided a far more accurate LVSF assessment. It is also noteworthy that our study did not include a gold-standard <italic>in vivo</italic> imaging method to measure the LVSF, such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>RV is an alternative method to evaluate the degree of left ventricular dysfunction <italic>in vivo</italic> in small rodents. When compared with ECHO, RV showed a better correlation with the degree of myocardial injury assessed by histopathology in a model of cardiotoxicity by DXR.</p>
      <p>Our results suggest that although ECHO is a more available option, easy to use, and of low cost, RV may have in comparison a better performance, especially in sequential LVSF measurements in models of cardiac disease with changes in the left ventricular geometry.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAEPA.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Jo&#227;o Lucas O'Connell, from Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cardiologia Nuclear e PET</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a Ventriculografia Radioisot&#243;pica e a Ecocardiografia na Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Sist&#243;lica Ventricular Esquerda em Ratos Expostos &#224; Doxorrubicina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Fonseca Lemos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>O'Connell</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Elias Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pulici</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rica Carolina Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Benedito Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Cardiologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP) - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia (UFU), MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcus Vin&#237;cius Sim&#245;es</bold>, Centro de Cardiologia - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Avenida Bandeirantes 3900 - CEP 14048-900 - Ribeir&#227;o Preto - SP - Brasil. Email: <email>msimoes@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: O'Connell JL, Pulici ECC, Romano MMD, Maciel BC, Sim&#245;es MV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira LFL, O'Connell JL, Carvalho EEV, Pulici ECC, Romano MMD; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira LFL, O'Connell JL, Carvalho EEV, Pulici ECC, Sim&#245;es MV; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira LFL, Sim&#245;es MV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Sim&#245;es MV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira LFL, Carvalho EEV, Sim&#245;es MV; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira LFL, Romano MMD, Maciel BC, Sim&#245;es MV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica (VRI) &#233; um m&#233;todo validado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FSVE) em pequenos roedores. Contudo, nenhum estudo pr&#233;vio comparou os resultados obtidos com VRI com os obtidos por outros m&#233;todos de imagem neste contexto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Comparar os resultados de FSVE obtidos por VRI e por ecocardiografia (ECO) em modelo experimental de cardiotoxicidade por doxorrubicina (DXR) em ratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos adultos controles (n = 7) e tratados com DXR (n = 22) em doses acumuladas de 8, 12 e 16 mg/kg, foram avaliados com ECO com equipamento Sonos 5500 Philips (transdutor de 12 MHz) e VRI adquirida em gama-c&#226;mara Orbiter-Siemens com colimador <italic>pinhole</italic> de 4 mm de abertura. Ap&#243;s eutan&#225;sia, foi realizada a quantifica&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os animais controles apresentaram valores compar&#225;veis na an&#225;lise da FSVE &#224; ECO e &#224; VRI (83,5 &#177; 5% e 82,8 &#177; 2,8%, respectivamente, p &gt; 0,05). Os animais que receberam DXR apresentaram valores menores de FSVE quando comparados aos dos controles (p &lt; 0,05); entretanto, observou-se neste grupo menores valores de FSVE obtidos por VRI (60,6 &#177; 12,5%) quando comparados aos obtidos pela ECO (71,8 &#177; 10,1%, p = 0,0004). A an&#225;lise da correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FSVE e a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada quando a FSVE foi estimada com a ECO (r = -0,69, p = 0,0002) e mais forte quando a FSVE foi obtida por VRI (r = -0,79, p &lt; 0,0001). Apenas a VRI apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o de forma independente com a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &#224; an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A VRI &#233; um m&#233;todo alternativo para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda <italic>in vivo</italic> em pequenos roedores, exibindo comparativamente &#224; ECO melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com o grau de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no modelo de cardiotoxicidade por DXR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ventriculografia com Radionucl&#237;deos /m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo Comparativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorrubicina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, m&#233;todos de imagem para avalia&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo</italic> de par&#226;metros funcionais e estruturais card&#237;acos em pequenos animais t&#234;m sido amplamente utilizados tanto no estudo de mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em v&#225;rios modelos de cardiopatia, quanto no desenvolvimento de novas terapias para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Esses m&#233;todos permitem um estudo longitudinal dos animais, aumentando o poder de observa&#231;&#227;o a custos mais reduzidos.</p>
        <p>Dentre os par&#226;metros mensur&#225;veis, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FSVE) &#233; uma vari&#225;vel-chave na avalia&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico, grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica. A ecocardiografia (ECO) tem sido amplamente utilizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em humanos e em modelos de cardiopatia por ser uma ferramenta de baixo custo e com r&#225;pida obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens sem necessidade de is&#243;topos radioativos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Entretanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, especialmente em pequeno roedores, depende amplamente do avaliador e tem reprodutibilidade interobservador limitada, o que restringe a detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es discretas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica (VRI) &#233; uma t&#233;cnica frequentemente utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e que demonstra boa acur&#225;cia e n&#237;veis elevados de reprodutibilidade em avalia&#231;&#245;es seriadas para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da FSVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a VRI &#233; considerada por muitos o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, pois representa fielmente os volumes das c&#226;maras ventriculares em cada momento do ciclo card&#237;aco sem assun&#231;&#245;es de forma e/ou geometria mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Entretanto, poucos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado sua aplica&#231;&#227;o em modelos de cardiopatia em pequenos animais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora o emprego da VRI em modelos de cardiopatia experimental em pequenos roedores tenha sido descrita h&#225; bastante tempo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> n&#227;o h&#225; estudos comparando resultados de VRI com os de outros m&#233;todos de imagem <italic>in vivo</italic>. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar comparativamente a capacidade da ECO e da VRI em avaliar o desempenho sist&#243;lico global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e correlacionar esses resultados com a gravidade das altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas detectadas pela an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica em modelo de cardiotoxicidade por antraciclinas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais experimentais</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o da Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, o estudo foi realizado com 29 ratos Wistar machos, com peso aproximado de 250 g, obtidos do Biot&#233;rio Central da institui&#231;&#227;o. Os animais foram mantidos em alojamento climatizado, com acesso livre a &#225;gua e ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o, submetidos a um ritmo de 12 horas de luz/sombra e temperatura controlada. Em todos os procedimentos, foi realizado esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo para evitar sofrimento desnecess&#225;rio dos animais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento geral do estudo</title>
          <p>Para alcan&#231;armos uma observa&#231;&#227;o mais ampla da acur&#225;cia dos dois m&#233;todos de imagem em faixas vari&#225;veis de comprometimento da FSVE, utilizamos diferentes doses de infus&#227;o intravenosa de doxorrubicina (DXR). Esta abordagem nos permitiu tamb&#233;m obter uma dispers&#227;o ampla das vari&#225;veis investigadas para melhor correla&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca medida <italic>in vivo</italic> e o grau de les&#227;o histol&#243;gica <italic>in vitro</italic> que serviu como padr&#227;o-ouro de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
          <p>Dessa forma, os animais receberam ao longo de 8 semanas tr&#234;s diferentes doses acumuladas de DXR: D-8 mg: infus&#227;o total de 8 mg/kg de DXR atrav&#233;s de quatro inje&#231;&#245;es semanais de 2 mg/kg (n = 8); D-12mg: 12 mg/kg acumulada ao longo de seis inje&#231;&#245;es semanais de 2 mg/kg (n = 7); D-16mg: 16 mg/kg atrav&#233;s de oito inje&#231;&#245;es semanais de 2 mg/kg (n = 7). Sete animais controles receberam inje&#231;&#245;es de solu&#231;&#227;o salina ao longo de 8 semanas.</p>
          <p>Todos os animais foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da FSVE mediante emprego de m&#233;todos de imagem <italic>in vivo</italic>, ECO e VRI na condi&#231;&#227;o basal e 2 semanas ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do per&#237;odo de infus&#227;o das respectivas doses de DXR ou salina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medica&#231;&#245;es administradas</title>
          <p>O f&#225;rmaco Adriablastina<sup>&#174;</sup> RD (cloridrato de doxorrubicina, Pharmacia, Mil&#227;o, It&#225;lia) foi dissolvido em salina (10 mg/5 mL) e infundido por via intravenosa. Uma solu&#231;&#227;o contendo cloridrato de ketamina (Vetbrands, Jacare&#237;, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil - 20 mg/kg) e xilazina (Bayer, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil - 8 mg/kg) foi administrada por via intramuscular para a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica antes de cada inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de DXR e da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames de imagem. Para a eutan&#225;sia dos animais, foi utilizada uma sobredose destes anest&#233;sicos (40 e 16 mg/kg, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s seda&#231;&#227;o e tricotomia da regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax, os animais, sob ventila&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea, foram posicionados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e avaliados com ecodopplercardiografia com um sistema de ECO bidimensional de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (Sonos 5500 Philips, Andover, MA, EUA), com transdutor setorial com 12 MHz de frequ&#234;ncia. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi avaliada pelo c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento da &#225;rea do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, medida a partir do eixo curto do ventr&#237;culo. O encurtamento da &#225;rea foi determinado pela f&#243;rmula: Delta &#193;reas = (AD - AS)/AD x 100,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> na qual AD e AS s&#227;o as &#225;reas na di&#225;stole e s&#237;stole, respectivamente. A fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento de &#225;reas tem se mostrado efetiva na detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em modelos experimentais de infarto do mioc&#225;rdico em ratos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e traz a vantagem de considerar a imagem bidimensional do ventr&#237;culo no eixo curto, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento ventricular (&#916;D%), que leva em considera&#231;&#227;o apenas uma dimens&#227;o linear ventricular na di&#225;stole e na s&#237;stole.</p>
          <p>As imagens obtidas foram gravadas e arquivadas para posterior an&#225;lise <italic>off-line</italic> por observador cego ao grupo de estudo ao qual o animal pertencia. Todas as medidas foram obtidas pelo mesmo investigador e revisadas por outro, ambos com experi&#234;ncia na obten&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de ECO em pequenos animais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a anestesia, foi administrada uma inje&#231;&#227;o com 75 <italic>&#956;</italic>g de agente estanhoso na veia da cauda. Ap&#243;s um intervalo de 15 min, os animais receberam nova inje&#231;&#227;o na veia da cauda de 15 mCi de pertecnetato de Tc-99m. Imediatamente ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do Tc-99m, os animais foram levados &#224; gama-c&#226;mara e posicionados em dec&#250;bito dorsal sob o detector. Foram implantados tr&#234;s eletrodos na hipoderme dos animais para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, posicionados nos dois membros anteriores e na por&#231;&#227;o superior do abd&#244;men, como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Posicionamento do animal e dos eletrodos para realiza&#231;&#227;o da ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0012-60194-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A VRI foi realizada com gama-c&#226;mara Orbiter-Siemens (Siemens, Erlangen, Alemanha), equipada com um colimador <italic>pinhole</italic> com orif&#237;cio de abertura de 4 mm. Foram obtidas imagens na proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda em formato <italic>word</italic>, matrizes de 64 por 64 pixels, sincronizadas com a eletrocardiografia (ECG) com janela de aceita&#231;&#227;o de 20% em torno do valor m&#233;dio da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e com 32 quadros por ciclo card&#237;aco. Foram adquiridas 200.000 contagens por quadro. A janela de energia sim&#233;trica de 20% centrada no fotopico de energia do Tc-99m foi de 140 keV.</p>
          <p>Para o processamento das imagens, foi utilizado um programa dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (planar gated blood pool, SMV America) em uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada (NXT-P, Sopha Medical Vision). Ap&#243;s detec&#231;&#227;o semiautom&#225;tica das bordas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com aux&#237;lio das imagens param&#233;tricas de fase e de amplitude de varia&#231;&#227;o de contagens, uma curva tempo <italic>versus</italic> atividade foi gerada. A partir da curva, foi calculada a FSVE, expressa em valores percentuais (%), definida como a diferen&#231;a entre os valores corrigidos para a radia&#231;&#227;o de fundo das contagens diast&#243;licas e sist&#243;licas finais dividida pelo valor das contagens diast&#243;licas finais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Imagens do compartimento sangu&#237;neo card&#237;aco marcado com <sup>99m</sup>TC, na proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda, nos quadros diast&#243;lico (A) e sist&#243;lico (B), permitindo quantificar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda (FSVE) mediante desenho de regi&#245;es de interesse. FSVE = 76%.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0012-60194-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histologia</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a eutan&#225;sia dos animais, foi realizada a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica atrav&#233;s da medida da &#225;rea de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico. Foram utilizados os cora&#231;&#245;es cortados transversalmente, inclu&#237;dos em parafina e corados com picros&#237;rius vermelho. Para quantifica&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno, foi utilizado o programa Leica QWin Software V 3.2.0 (Leica Imaging Systems Ltd., Cambridge, Inglaterra) em conjunto com um microsc&#243;pio &#243;ptico Leica DMR (Leica Microsystems Wetzlar GmbH, Wetzlar, Alemanha), videoc&#226;mera (Leica DC300F, Leica Microsystems AG, Heerbrugg, Su&#237;&#231;a) e um computador <italic>online</italic>. Os valores referentes &#224;s &#225;reas de fibrose foram obtidos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea total dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito e do septo, expressos em porcentagem. Foram avaliados 10 campos da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra, estabelecemos um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (bicaudal) e poder de teste de 90%, assumindo um desvio padr&#227;o de 5 e 3 unidades percentuais da FSVE para a ECO e a VRI, respectivamente, valores obtidos em um estudo piloto em animais controles. Desta forma, o tamanho amostral de 22 animais seria adequado para detectarmos uma diferen&#231;a de 5 unidades ejetivas entre os m&#233;todos. O tamanho da amostra foi calculado com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ferramenta dispon&#237;vel no site eletr&#244;nico <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.openepi.com">http://www.openepi.com</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>Os resultados est&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. A distribui&#231;&#227;o Gaussiana das vari&#225;veis foi verificada mediante emprego do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores m&#233;dios de FSVE avaliados pelos m&#233;todos, utilizamos o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores m&#233;dios da extens&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica entre os animais controles e os animais que receberam DXR, utilizamos o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado. Para an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o da FSVE obtida pelos m&#233;todos de imagem, utilizamos o teste de regress&#227;o linear e correla&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo dos m&#237;nimos quadrados. O m&#233;todo gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman foi utilizado para an&#225;lise adicional da concord&#226;ncia entre as medidas de FSVE obtidas pelos dois m&#233;todos empregados. O teste de regress&#227;o linear tamb&#233;m foi utilizado para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FSVE e a &#225;rea de fibrose.</p>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o programa GraphPad InStat, vers&#227;o 3.05, com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para as diferen&#231;as de 5% (p &lt; 0,05, bicaudal).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref> resumem os resultados obtidos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sum&#225;rio dos resultados em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o obtidos na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela ecocardiografia e pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica nos animais controles e nos que receberam doxorrubicina</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">ECO (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">VRI (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Fibrose (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DXR (n=22)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,8&#177;10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">60,6&#177;12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7&#177;3,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Controle (n=7)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,5&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">82,8&#177;2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3&#177;1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>ECO: ecocardiografia; VRI: ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica; DXR: doxorrubicina.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico evidenciando a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda obtida por ecocardiografia bidimensional (ECO-2D) e ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica (VRI) em animais do grupo controle e animais que receberam doxorrubicina.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0012-60194-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da FSVE nos animais controles revelou valores compar&#225;veis aos obtidos mediante o emprego da VRI e da ECO bidimensional (82,8 &#177; 2,8% <italic>versus</italic> 83,5 &#177; 5%, p &gt; 0,05).</p>
          <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os animais controles e animais que receberam DXR mostrou que ambos os m&#233;todos de imagem evidenciaram valores de FSVE mais reduzidos no grupo de animais que receberam DXR (p &lt; 0,005). Esses animais apresentaram tamb&#233;m uma &#225;rea maior de fibrose quando comparados aos animais controles (8,7 &#177; 3,2% <italic>versus</italic> 2,3 &#177; 1%, respectivamente, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
          <p>Adicionalmente, os animais que receberam DXR exibiram valores significativamente menores de FSVE avaliada pela VRI (60,6 &#177; 12,5%) quando comparados aos obtidos com a ECO (71,8 &#177; 10,1%, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o e de concord&#226;ncia</title>
          <p>Considerando toda a amostra estudada (incluindo controles e animais expostos &#224; DXR), medidas individuais da FSVE obtidas por VRI mostraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva moderada e significativa com as obtidas por ECO (r = 0,72, p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico de correla&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda (FSVE) avaliada por ecocardiografia bidimensional (ECO-2D) e ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica (VRI) nos animais que receberam doses diferentes de doxorrubicina (r = 0,72, p &lt; 0,0001). (*Teste estat&#237;stico realizado: an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0012-60194-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia entre as medidas com emprego do m&#233;todo gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>) mostrou uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia (VRI - ECO) de -7,6 &#177; 10,3%, com limites de concord&#226;ncia de -28,1% a 12,9%. Na an&#225;lise da nuvem de dispers&#227;o, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa (r = 0,47, p = 0,01) entre os valores da m&#233;dia das medidas obtidas pela VRI e ECO plotadas contra a diferen&#231;a entre as mesmas medidas, indicando que os m&#233;todos n&#227;o exibem boa concord&#226;ncia para diferentes faixas de valores de FSVE. Esse resultado sugere que a VRI estima valores de FSVE inferiores aos estimados pela ECO em animais com uma fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global mais comprometida.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman evidenciando fraca concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos de imagem apresentando menores valores observados pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica (VRI) em animais com a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo rebaixada.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0012-60194-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional in vivo e an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>Pela aplica&#231;&#227;o da regress&#227;o linear, foi observada uma moderada correla&#231;&#227;o negativa e significativa entre a FSVE medida pela ECO e a &#225;rea de col&#225;geno acumulado determinada na an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica (r = -0,69, p = 0,0002). Foi verificada uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa significativa e mais forte entre a FSVE avaliada pelo uso da VRI e a &#225;rea de col&#225;geno acumulado (r = -0,79, p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>). Mediante an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, na qual ambos os m&#233;todos de imagem foram inseridos no modelo de regress&#227;o, apenas a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular medida pela VRI correlacionou-se de forma independente com a porcentagem de col&#225;geno acumulado no mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores m&#233;dios da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda (FSVE) avaliada por (A) ecocardiografia bidimensional (ECO-2D) e (B) ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica (VRI) e a porcentagem de col&#225;geno acumulado &#224; an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica nos animais que receberam infus&#227;o de 8, 12 e 16 mg/kg de doxorrubicina.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0012-60194-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em muitos modelos experimentais de cardiopatia em pequenos animais, a avalia&#231;&#227;o seriada da FSVE &#233; o par&#226;metro mais amplamente empregado para acompanhar as mudan&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica decorrente da evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ou do impacto da interven&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, mediante o emprego de m&#233;todos de imagens <italic>in vivo</italic>, avaliamos a FSVE em animais controles e animais submetidos a um modelo experimental de cardiotoxicidade por DXR. Isso nos permitiu comparar a ECO bidimensional e a VRI na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da FSVE em animais com diferentes graus de comprometimento da FSVE, assim como correlacionar esses dados com a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de col&#225;geno tecidual na an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica, considerada padr&#227;o-ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica neste modelo de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados mostram que os valores de FSVE obtidos por VRI e ECO eram semelhantes nos animais controles. Entretanto, nos animais com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular consequente &#224; infus&#227;o cumulativa de DXR, os valores de FSVE obtidos por VRI foram menores quando comparados aos obtidos por ECO.</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, observamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada significativa entre os resultados da FSVE medidos pela VRI e pela ECO. Entretanto, essa forma de an&#225;lise n&#227;o demonstra necessariamente a concord&#226;ncia entre os dois m&#233;todos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> A an&#225;lise gr&#225;fica de Bland-Altman mostrou que apesar dos dados exibirem uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o, as medidas n&#227;o foram concordantes para diferentes faixas de valores da FSVE. Esta an&#225;lise mostra que al&#233;m de limites de concord&#226;ncia muito amplos, em animais com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica mais deprimida, o ECO avalia valores relativamente mais elevados de FSVE do que a VRI.</p>
        <p>No conjunto, esses resultados indicam uma maior sensibilidade da VRI, comparativamente &#224; ecocardiografia, para detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo neste modelo experimental.</p>
        <p>Essa interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados &#233; refor&#231;ada pelos resultados da an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de FSVE obtidos por cada m&#233;todo e a extens&#227;o de ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno, sendo este um &#237;ndice do grau de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica neste modelo. Por esta an&#225;lise, os resultados da VRI alcan&#231;aram correla&#231;&#227;o mais forte do que a obtida com a ECO, sendo a VRI a &#250;nica a exibir correla&#231;&#227;o independente num modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla. Esse conjunto de dados refor&#231;a a impress&#227;o de que a VRI fornece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais acurada da FSVE.</p>
        <p>Embora n&#227;o exista nenhum trabalho no cen&#225;rio experimental comparando ambos os m&#233;todos de imagem, estudos cl&#237;nicos pr&#233;vios s&#227;o concordantes com nossos resultados ao mostrarem que embora a ecocardiografia e a VRI apresentem uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o geral para mensura&#231;&#227;o da FSVE, ambos os m&#233;todos apresentam apenas um grau moderado de concord&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em um estudo em pacientes p&#243;s-IAM, Ray et al. (1995) demonstraram uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da FSVE entre a VRI e a ECO de -8 &#177; 10%, com limites de concord&#226;ncia de -28% a +12%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> resultados que espelham em certo grau os descritos neste trabalho. Outro estudo em pacientes p&#243;s-IAM tamb&#233;m demonstrou uma superestima&#231;&#227;o da FSVE quando avaliada pela ecocardiografia em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; VRI e com amplos limites de concord&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Bellenger et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> ao estudarem pacientes com IC est&#225;vel, demonstraram uma diferen&#231;a significativa da FSVE avaliada pelos dois m&#233;todos. Evidenciaram ainda uma moderada correla&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,44), mas com amplos limites de concord&#226;ncia entre eles, de -45% a 13%.</p>
        <p>A baixa concord&#226;ncia entre as duas t&#233;cnicas de avalia&#231;&#227;o da FSVE tamb&#233;m foi evidenciada em pacientes portadores de marca-passo permanente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> e em pacientes ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> estudos nos quais a ecocardiografia superestimou a FSVE em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; VRI e &#224; resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Essas diferen&#231;as entre as t&#233;cnicas, que j&#225; foram bem observadas no cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico, podem se acentuar no cen&#225;rio experimental dadas as diferen&#231;as mec&#226;nicas e geom&#233;tricas do mioc&#225;rdio de pequenos animais. Cabe ressaltar ainda que a contribui&#231;&#227;o do encurtamento apical em roedores possa ser diferente daquela observada em humanos, o que comprometeria ainda mais as assun&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas adotadas na ECO para estimativas de volumes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ECO &#233; o m&#233;todo de imagem mais amplamente utilizado em grandes estudos cl&#237;nicos e trabalhos experimentais, mas &#233; dependente de assun&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas mioc&#225;rdicas para estimativa da FSVE. Isso se torna desvantajoso em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es, como no caso da dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva e consequente altera&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Neste sentido, os m&#233;todos biplanares s&#227;o considerados mais precisos que o modo M; entretanto, continuam a extrapolar as quantifica&#231;&#245;es de volumes ventriculares atrav&#233;s de assun&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Em modelos animais experimentais, principalmente roedores, outro fator limitante da ECO bidimensional na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; a perda da qualidade de imagem em janelas apicais, gerando pobre defini&#231;&#227;o do endoc&#225;rdio e dificultando a medida do encurtamento da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; plaus&#237;vel supor que esta limita&#231;&#227;o na estimativa acurada da FSVE em cavidades ventriculares dilatadas e com conforma&#231;&#227;o mais esf&#233;rica, concomitante &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica mais grave, seja a principal explica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo. Vale ressaltar que para estimar a FEVE, a VRI se baseia na varia&#231;&#227;o de contagens diretamente proporcionais ao volume de sangue na cavidade ventricular, sendo, portanto, um m&#233;todo que n&#227;o sofre influ&#234;ncia significativa das modifica&#231;&#245;es de forma e geometria da cavidade ventricular esquerda. Em contrapartida, as avalia&#231;&#245;es obtidas com a ECO bidimensional se baseiam em medidas planares e s&#227;o altamente dependentes da conforma&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Sendo assim, sofrem altera&#231;&#245;es da sua acur&#225;cia em situa&#231;&#245;es com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular mais graves nas quais o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo assume conforma&#231;&#227;o mais esf&#233;rica al&#233;m de apresentar outras deforma&#231;&#245;es de formato em sua cavidade. O advento da ECO tridimensional e sua disponibilidade em novos equipamentos dedicados a pequenos animais provavelmente trar&#225; uma melhora substancial na acur&#225;cia da estimativa da FSVE pelo m&#233;todo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, ao permitir uma aferi&#231;&#227;o direta dos volumes das cavidades ventriculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; importante lembrar que a VRI sofre v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas, como baixa resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial, necessidade de corre&#231;&#245;es de fundo, sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de estruturas, erros de atenua&#231;&#227;o e necessidade de manipula&#231;&#227;o de radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> A maior limita&#231;&#227;o no emprego de uma gama-c&#226;mara de uso cl&#237;nico para aquisi&#231;&#245;es de imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas de pequenos roedores &#233; a resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial limitada. De fato, como as estruturas de pequenos roedores a serem avaliadas com imagem s&#227;o de ordem de grandeza 10 vezes menor que os &#243;rg&#227;os humanos, a resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial de um estudo cintilogr&#225;fico convencional (em torno de 1,0 cm) deveria ser aumentada proporcionalmente para 1 mm. No nosso estudo, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um colimador <italic>pinhole</italic> com abertura de 4 mm foi suficiente para aumentar consideravelmente a resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial da imagem, com a devida visualiza&#231;&#227;o da separa&#231;&#227;o entres os ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>) e manuten&#231;&#227;o do tempo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem de 15 min, ainda adequado para um estudo experimental.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, &#233; fundamental salientar que apesar do elevado desempenho da VRI na medi&#231;&#227;o da FSVE, este m&#233;todo de imagem &#233; mais dispendioso e n&#227;o fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre outros par&#226;metros de remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo como di&#226;metros, espessura de paredes e altera&#231;&#245;es do aparelho valvar. Portanto, acreditamos que a VRI possa vir a ser uma ferramenta adicional aliada &#224; ECO em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais completa dos modelos de cardiopatia em pequenos animais.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo devem ser apontadas. Por exemplo, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel quantificar a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela ECO atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo biplanar de Simpson, devido &#224; limita&#231;&#227;o na resolu&#231;&#227;o do endoc&#225;rdio nas imagens apicais dos animais. &#201; prov&#225;vel que o emprego de um equipamento de ECO de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o e um transdutor de 30 MHz, dedicado &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de imagens de pequenos roedores, poderia ter obtido resultados mais fidedignos. Da mesma forma, a eventual utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ECO tridimensional poderia ter permitido a medida de volumes ventriculares e proporcionado uma medida mais acurada da FSVE. Vale tamb&#233;m ressaltar que nosso estudo n&#227;o incluiu o uso de um m&#233;todo de imagem padr&#227;o-ouro <italic>in vivo</italic> para medir a FSVE, como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A VRI &#233; um m&#233;todo alternativo para avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em pequenos roedores <italic>in vivo</italic>, exibindo comparativamente &#224; ECO uma melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com o grau de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica avaliada pela histopatologia no modelo de cardiotoxicidade por DXR.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados sugerem que embora a ECO seja uma op&#231;&#227;o mais dispon&#237;vel, de f&#225;cil emprego e baixo custo, a VRI possa ter, em compara&#231;&#227;o, um melhor desempenho, especialmente em medidas sequenciais da FSVE em modelos de cardiopatia com modifica&#231;&#245;es da geometria ventricular esquerda.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAEPA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Jo&#227;o Lucas O'Connell pela Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
