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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NxsbCMnnx4LDF5dTJkFKhch</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017000100003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160197</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Atherosclerosis/Endothelium/Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Intima-Media Thickness in the Carotid and Femoral Arteries for Detection of Arteriosclerosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoi</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanuelle Ten&#243;rio Albuquerque Madruga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brandt</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoi</surname>
            <given-names>Jocelene Ten&#243;rio Albuquerque Madruga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Farias Araujo Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Gomes dos</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Kaliene Maria Estev&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoi</surname>
            <given-names>Juannicelle Ten&#243;rio Albuquerque Madruga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Ferraz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Emmanuelle Ten&#243;rio Albuquerque Madruga Godoi</bold>, Rua Marqu&#234;s de Tamandar&#233;, 162/1402. Postal Code 52061-170, Po&#231;o da Panela, Recife, PE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>godoiemmanuelle@hotmail.com</email>, <email>pauloberenguer@ig.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Godoi ETAM, Brandt CT, Lacerda HR, Godoi JTAM, Oliveira DC, Santos Junior GG, Godoi JTAM, Vasconcelos AF; Acquisition of data: Godoi ETAM, Costa GFAS, Santos Junior GG, Leite KME, Vasconcelos AF; Statistical analysis: Godoi ETAM, Brandt CT, Oliveira DC; Obtaining financing: Godoi ETAM, Santos Junior GG; Writing of the manuscript: Godoi ETAM, Godoi JTAM, Oliveira DC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Godoi ETAM, Brandt CT, Lacerda HR, Godoi JTAM, Oliveira DC, Godoi JTAM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>108</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>3</fpage>
      <lpage>11</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of atherosclerosis is higher in HIV-positive people, who also experience it earlier than the general population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess and compare the prevalence of atherosclerosis evaluated by the intima-media thickness of carotid and femoral arteries, and by the ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) in HIV patients treated or not treated with protease inhibitors (PIs) and controls.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Eighty HIV+ subjects (40 using PIs and 40 not using PIs) and 65 controls were included in the study. Atherosclerosis was diagnosed by (carotid and femoral) ITM measurement and ABPI. Classical risk factors for atherosclerosis and HIV were compared between the groups by statistical tests. A p &#8804; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>An IMT &gt; P<sub>75</sub> or the presence of plaque was higher in the HIV+ than in the control group (37.5% vs 19%, p = 0.04). Comparative analysis showed a significant difference (p=0.014) in carotid IMT between HIV+ with PIs (0.71 &#177; 0.28 mm), without PIs 0.63 &#177; 0.11 mm and, and controls (0.59 &#177; 0.11 mm). There was no significant difference in femoral IMT between the groups or in ABPI between HIV+ subjects and controls. However, a significant difference (p=0.015) was found between HIV+ patients not treated with PIs (1.17 [1.08 - 1.23]), and controls 1.08 [1.07 - 1.17]).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In HIV patients, atherosclerosis is more prevalent and seems to occur earlier with particular characteristics compared with HIV-negative subjects.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Carotid Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>Ankle Brachial Index</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>HIV-positive individuals (HIV+) experience different conditions in terms of morbidity and mortality of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular events, as compared with subjects free of infection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly atherosclerotic disease, is more prevalent and occurs earlier in HIV+ individuals than in those without the infection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The traditional risk factors for CVD are age, male sex, smoking, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). Studies have shown that these factors may be more prevalent in HIV+ people.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is associated with a variety of adverse effects, which have proatherogenic effects and are also associated with CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> While some authors have suggested that protease inhibitors (PIs) may be associated with early atherosclerosis and CVD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> others have shown that the lipid profile is less affected by newer medications, which hence mitigates the increase in cardiovascular risk by endothelial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In a study comparing HIV+ subjects with dyslipidemia treated with PIs with healthy controls, no difference was found in endothelial function between the groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Intima-media thickness (IMT) is a non-invasive, early marker of atherosclerosis; an increase in this measure may reflect an increase in cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> This is an independent predictor of CVD, and may be considered as a marker for the assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis, including in HIV+ individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In addition, common femoral and right subclavian arteries have been used for IMT measurements, and suggested as early markers of atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) is a simple, non-invasive method, with high predictive value of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and cardiac disease. Values lower than 0.9 are associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular risk, independent of other risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The detection of subclinical atherosclerosis allows a more adequate approach of HIV+ patients at risk for cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the primary objective was to assess the prevalence of atherosclerosis by IMT of the common carotid and femoral arteries, and by the ABPI. The secondary objective was to compare classical risk factors of atherosclerosis and HIV-specific risk factors between patients treated and not treated with PIs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and population</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional, prospective, analytical study on HIV+ patients in HAART including or not PIs during the period from June 2015 to February 2016. The sample was empirically determined by the authors based on the literature on the theme,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and included 40 HIV+ patients in HAART with PIs, 40 HIV+ patients in HAART without PIs, and 65 controls.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Phases of the study</title>
        <p>Patients were selected at the outpatient service of infectious and parasitic diseases of this institution according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. For reference of outcome measures, we included 65 healthy subjects, who were sex- and age-matched with HIV+ patients - 40 patients in use of PIs were matched with 40 controls, whereas 40 patients not using PIs were matched with 25 controls. The HIV+ patients were enrolled in the program of prevention, control and treatment of AIDS, and control group was composed of individuals accompanying patients.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criterion of HIV+ patients was time on HAART of five years or more, and the exclusion criteria were history of cardiovascular diseases - angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, PAD, hospitalization in the last two months, very low CD4 levels and/or very high viral load (VL). Exclusion criteria of healthy volunteers were history of cardiovascular diseases, smoking, DM and/or SAH.</p>
        <p>Clinical data and complementary tests were collected by questionnaires, and detailed data about the treatment were obtained from patients' medical records. Participants had a Framingham risk score lower than 10% (low risk).</p>
        <p>The atherosclerosis risk factors assessed were SAH, smoking, DM, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and history of any cardiovascular event - AMI, angina, stroke or PAD. Obesity was assessed by body mass index (BMI). A BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> was considered healthy weight, and a BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> was considered overweight. HIV-related factors assessed were current CD4, current VL, time of disease, time of treatment and type of HAART.</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee, and all participants signed the informed consent form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocol of intima-media thickness measurement</title>
        <p>Ultrasonographic assessment of common carotid IMT was performed by B-mode ultrasonography (LOGIQ<italic>e</italic>, DICOM with a 12-RS linear transducer, General Electric<sup>&#174;</sup>), by a blinded observer. The common carotid IMT measurement was used as reference. Common carotid was analyzed by cross sections and longitudinal sections from the proximal segment of the common carotid to the bifurcation of the internal and external carotid arteries. The IMT measurement was performed in the posterior wall of the common carotid, in an area free of plaque, defined as the distance between two echogenic lines represented by the lumen-intima interface and media-adventitia interface of the arterial wall. The mean value and the maximum value are commonly used as references for IMT measured in the common and internal carotid, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Carotid atherosclerotic plaque was defined as a focal structure that extends at least 0.5 mm into the arterial lumen and/or measures 50% or more of the adjacent IMT value and/or has an IMT value greater than 1.5 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The automated measurement of IMT was determined, using a software, in the right and left common carotid arteries in mean, medium and minimum value. When atheromatous plaques were identified, IMT was determined both automatically and manually. The mean automated measurement of the thickest common carotid artery was used as reference, be it the right or the left artery. As our study population was composed of patients aged less than 65 years, thickened intima-media was defined as an IMT equal to or higher than 0.8 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The 75 percentile of the study group was also calculated,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and the presence of atheromatous plaque was defined as an IMT higher than 1.5 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The IMT was also measured in the right common femoral artery (RCFA) and left common femoral artery (LCFA), using the same criteria for IMT and atheromatous plaque definition.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocol of measurement of the ankle-brachial pressure index</title>
        <p>ABPI was calculated after measurement of right and left ankle pressure, which was measured at the dorsalis pedis artery and the posterior tibial artery. Pressures in the upper and lower extremities were measured using a sphygmomanometer (Becton Dickinson<sup>&#174;</sup>) and a Doppler ultrasound device as above described. The ABPI was calculated by dividing the highest systolic ankle pressure by the highest systolic pressure of the arms. An ABPI of 0.9-1.3 was considered normal; ABPI values above 1.3 indicated incompressible arteries, and values below 0.9 were an indication of PAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of data. Normally distributed data were presented as mean and standard deviation, and data without a normal distribution were expressed as median and minimum and maximum values. A descriptive and analytical analysis of the data was performed. A p &#8804; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        <p>The prevalence and 95% confidence interval of atherosclerosis were calculated in the group of HIV+ patients and controls, and the compared by the Pearson's chi-square test.</p>
        <p>The odds ratios (ORs) were calculated taking the control group as reference, and the OR of each HIV+ group (with PIs and without PIs) was estimated.</p>
        <p>In between-groups comparison of classical risk factors for atherosclerosis, age and BMI were compared by ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-test. Median values were compared by the nonparametric Kruskal Wallis test, and categorical variables by Pearson's chi-square test.</p>
        <p>The chance of atherosclerosis according to HIV and use of PIs was assessed by multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted by skin color, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, DM and BMI. These variables were significantly different between the groups.</p>
        <p>For IMT validation analysis, the common carotid IMT was used as reference, and the ROC curve was applied to determine the femoral IMT cutoff. The analysis was performed by c-statistic (area under the ROC curve), measurement of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), using the using the Stata software, version 12.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Forty subjects with HIV/AIDS in HAART with PIs (26 men, mean age of 42.7 &#177; 8.8 years), 40 subjects with HIV/AIDS in HAART without PIs (21 men, mean age of 42.2 &#177; 9.1 years), and 65 controls (37 men, mean age of 39.7 &#177; 9.7 years) were recruited.</p>
      <p>The 75 percentile calculated for the total sample was 0.66. When the IMT was increased (&gt; 0.66 mm), comparative analysis of the IMT of carotid arteries between control, HIV+ with PIs and HIV+ without PIs groups revealed an IMT of 0.59 &#177; 0.11 mm <italic>vs</italic>. 0.63 &#177; 0.11 mm <italic>vs</italic>. 0.71 &#177; 0.28 mm, respectively (p=0.014) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The presence of IMT &gt; P75 or plaque was detected in 19.0% (9.1-29.0) in controls, and in 37.5% (21.8 - 53.2) of HIV+ without PIs patients (p = 0.041) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of atherosclerosis assessed by common carotid and femoral intima-media thickness (IMT) and ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) in HIV-negative subjects, and HIV-positive subjects in antiretroviral therapy treated or not treated with protease inhibitor (PI)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">Atherosclerosis</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">OR (95%CI)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref> p value (control <italic>x</italic> without PI)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">OR (95%CI)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref> valor de p (control <italic>x</italic> with PI)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">p value (3 groups)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">HIV-negative subjects % (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">HIV-positive subjects % (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">HIV carriers</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">OR control <italic>x</italic> HIV (95%CI)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref> P value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Without PI % (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">With PI % (95%CI)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Intima-media thickness</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Carotid</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IMT</td>
              <td align="center">0.59 &#177; 0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 &#177; 0.27</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">0.63 &#177; 0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.71 &#177; 0.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IMT &gt;75P or presence of plaque</td>
              <td align="center">19.0% (9.1 - 29.0)</td>
              <td align="center">35.0% (24.3 - 45.7)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">37.5% (21.8 - 53.2)</td>
              <td align="center">32.5% (17.3 47.7)</td>
              <td align="center">2.28 (1.05 - 4.98) p = 0.037</td>
              <td align="center">2.55 (1.04 - 6.25) p = 0.041</td>
              <td align="center">2.05 (0.82 -6.25) p = 0.124</td>
              <td align="center">0.095</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IMT &gt;0.8mm or presence of plaque</td>
              <td align="center">3.2% (0.0 - 7.6)</td>
              <td align="center">15.0% (7.0 - 23.0)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">15.0% (3.4 - 26.6)</td>
              <td align="center">15.0% (3.4 - 26.6)</td>
              <td align="center">5.38 (1.16 - 25.1) p = 0.032</td>
              <td align="center">5.38 (1.03 - 28.1) p = 0.046</td>
              <td align="center">5.38 (1.03 - 28.1) p = 0.046</td>
              <td align="center">0.061</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Femoral</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IMT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">d</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.74 &#177; 0.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 &#177; 0.33</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">0.75 &#177; 0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 &#177; 0.38</td>
              <td align="center">0.373</td>
              <td align="center">0.661</td>
              <td align="center">0.155</td>
              <td align="center">0.351</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IMT &gt;75P or presence of plaque</td>
              <td align="center">50.8% (38.1 -63.5)</td>
              <td align="center">65.0% (54.3 - 75.7)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">60.0% (44.1 - 75.9)</td>
              <td align="center">70.0% (55.1 - 84.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1.80 (0.92 - 3.53) p = 0.088</td>
              <td align="center">1.45 (0.65 -3.24) p = 0.361</td>
              <td align="center">2.26 (0.98 -5.22) p = 0.056</td>
              <td align="center">0.153</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IMT &gt;0.8mm or presence of plaque</td>
              <td align="center">11.1% (3.1 - 19.1)</td>
              <td align="center">20.0% (11.0 - 29.0)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">20.0% (7.0 32.9)</td>
              <td align="center">20.0% (7.0 - 32.9)</td>
              <td align="center">2.00 (0.77 - 5.21) p = 0.156</td>
              <td align="center">2.00 (0.66 - 6.03) p = 0.218</td>
              <td align="center">2.00 (0.66 - 6.03) p = 0.218</td>
              <td align="center">0.356</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Changes in ABPI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">e</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 (1.07; 1.17)</td>
              <td align="center">1.15 (1.08; 1.2)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">1.17 (1.08; 1.23)</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 (1.07; 1.17)</td>
              <td align="center">0.190</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
              <td align="center">0.797</td>
              <td align="center">0.019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal (0.9 &#8211; 1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">95.2% (92.0 - 100)</td>
              <td align="center">96.3% (92.0 - 100)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">90.0% (80.3 - 99.9)</td>
              <td align="center">100% (-)</td>
              <td align="center">Reference</td>
              <td align="center">Reference</td>
              <td align="center">Reference</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Incompressible (&gt; 1,3)</td>
              <td align="center">4.8% (0.0 - 10.2)</td>
              <td align="center">5.0% (0.1 - 9.9)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">10.0% (0.03 - 19.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0% (-)</td>
              <td align="center">1.05 (0.23 - 4.88) p = 0.948</td>
              <td align="center">2.22 (0.47 - 10.5) p = 0.314</td>
              <td align="center">Not calculated</td>
              <td align="center">0.116</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ABPI: ankle-brachial blood pressure index; OR: Odds Ratios; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>75 Percentile of IMT of 0.66 mm in the study population;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Reference group: HIV-negative subjects;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>IMT &lt; 0.9 was not detected in the study group;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>d</label>
            <p>Data with logarithmic transformation for normalization of distribution;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>e</label>
            <p>Median (P25; P75) - Kruskal-Wallis test for between-group comparisons.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The prevalence of IMT &gt; 0.8 mm or atherosclerotic plaque in carotid arteries was 3.2% (0.0-7.6) in the control group and 15% (7.0-23.0) in HIV+, p=0.032. Between-groups comparisons of some of the IMT in carotid and femoral arteries and ABPI data are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>No significant difference in ABPI was found between the control and HIV+ groups. The ABPI in the control group and HIV+ without PIs group was 1.08 (1.07 - 1.17) <italic>vs</italic> 1.17 (1.08 - 1.23), respectively (p = 0.015). The IMT in femoral artery was 0.74 mm &#177; 0.30 <italic>vs</italic>. 0.79 mm &#177; 0.33 in the control and HIV+ with PIs, respectively (p = 0.373) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The following risk factors for atherosclerosis were identified in the 80 HIV+ patients: smoking in 6 patients (7.5%), SAH in 7 (8.75%), hypercholesterolemia in 15 (18.75%), hypertriglyceridemia in 24 (30%) and DM in 6 (7.5%). Mean BMI was within the normal range in the HIV+ with PIs, at the lower limit for overweight in the group without PIs and classified as overweight in the control group. The BMI in the control, HIV+ without and with PIs was 26.2 &#177; 5.4 <italic>vs</italic>. 25 &#177; 3.6 <italic>vs</italic>. 24.7 &#177; 3.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively (p = 0.193) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>- Comparison of classical risk factors for atherosclerosis between HIV-negative subjects and HIV-positive subjects in antiretroviral therapy treated or not treated with protease inhibitor (PI)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">Atherosclerosis risk factors</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Groups</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">p value (control <italic>x</italic> without PI)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">p value (control <italic>x</italic> with PI)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">p value (3 groups)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">HIV-negative subjects (n = 63)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">HIV-positive subjects</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Without PI (n = 40)</th>
              <th align="center">With PI (n = 40)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years (mean &#177; SD)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">39.7 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">42.2 &#177; 9.1</td>
              <td align="center">42.7 &#177; 8.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.550</td>
              <td align="center">0.351</td>
              <td align="center">0.215</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex (%)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (58.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (52.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (65.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.998</td>
              <td align="center">0.276</td>
              <td align="center">0.525</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Years of school (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0 - 4 years</td>
              <td align="center">55 (87.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (82.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (82.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.501</td>
              <td align="center">0.501</td>
              <td align="center">0.732</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5 - 7 years</td>
              <td align="center">8 (12.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (17.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (17.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Skin color (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">27 (42.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (20.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (25.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.066</td>
              <td align="center">0.030<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Not white</td>
              <td align="center">36 (57.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (80.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (75.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (10.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (5.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">Not calculated</td>
              <td align="center">Not calculated</td>
              <td align="center">0.046<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (5.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (12.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">Not calculated</td>
              <td align="center">Not calculated</td>
              <td align="center">0.062</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypercholesterolemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (7.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (30.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.563</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertriglyceridemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (5.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (55.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.315</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (12.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">Not calculated</td>
              <td align="center">Not calculated</td>
              <td align="center">0.007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (mean &#177; SD)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">26.2 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">25.0 &#177; 3.6</td>
              <td align="center">24.7 &#177; 3.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.585</td>
              <td align="center">0.285</td>
              <td align="center">0.193</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight/obese (%)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (57.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (47.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (47.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.339</td>
              <td align="center">0.339</td>
              <td align="center">0.519</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Despite the significant difference between the groups, the analyses were not adjusted for hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and race conditions, due to the low frequency of the variables. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HAS: systemic arterial hypertension; BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The time of disease was significantly different between the HIV+ with PIs (13.6 &#177; 6.2 years) as compared with the HIV + without PIs group (7.3 &#177; 6.8 years) (p&lt;0.001). The time of HAART was 12.1 &#177; 6.7 years in the group with PIs <italic>vs</italic>. 6.6 &#177; 6.7 years in the group without PIs, p &lt; 0.001. Only 4 (5%) HIV+ patients had CD4 levels lower than 200, and only 7 (8.75%) of studied population had a detectable VL sample, with a maximum of 3,231 copies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of risk factors, laboratory parameters, and HIV-related data between HIV-positive subjects in antiretroviral therapy treated with protease inhibitor and not treated with protease inhibitor (PI)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Factors</th>
              <th align="center">Without PI</th>
              <th align="center">With PI</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Laboratory<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">a</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cholesterol (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">b</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">182.3 &#177; 32.9</td>
              <td align="center">188.0 &#177; 57.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.642</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">b</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">52.5 &#177; 13.6</td>
              <td align="center">45.4 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">b</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">103.2 &#177; 31.0</td>
              <td align="center">81.8 &#177; 25.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.044</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">c</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">95.7 (73.6; 143.5)</td>
              <td align="center">238.1 (140; 375.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Related to HIV</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time of HIV infection (in years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">b</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">7.27 &#177; 6.78</td>
              <td align="center">13.62 &#177; 6.20</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time of HAART (in years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">b</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">6.62 &#177; 6.65</td>
              <td align="center">12.1 &#177; 6.69</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CD4 count (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 200 cells/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">2 (5.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (5.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.599</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">200 - 500 cells/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">9 (22.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (32.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 500 cells/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">29 (72.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (62.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Thirty-six of 40 patients in the group without PI, and 20 of 40 patients without PI had available laboratory data;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Mean &#177; standard deviation; Student's t-test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>Median (P25; P75) - nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HDL: <italic>High Density Lipoprotein;</italic> LDL: <italic>Low Density Lipoprotein;</italic> HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There was a positive Pearson correlation between common carotid IMT and femoral carotid IMT ([&#961; = 0.354 (p&lt;0.001)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between intima-media thickness (IMT) in the common carotid and in the common femoral artery; Pearson correlation = 0.354 (p &lt; 0.001)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0003-60197-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the ROC curve of IMT in femoral artery, considering atherosclerosis as the carotid artery IMT &gt;0.66 mm. Using a cutoff of 0.7mm in the femoral artery, we observed a 72.5% sensitivity, 46.6% specificity, area under the ROC curve of 0.661 and kappa of 14.3% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curve of femoral artery intima-media thickness (IMT), considering 'atherosclerosis' as an IMT in the common carotid above 0.66 mm; *Area under the curve = 0.6614 (95%CI: 0.563 - 0.760)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0003-60197-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Accuracy of intima-media thickness (IMT) in the femoral and carotid arteries in the studied patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Carotid IMT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">a</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Statistics (95%CI)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">With atherosclerosis</th>
              <th align="center">Without atherosclerosis</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Femoral IMT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">b</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With atherosclerosis</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">Sensitivity: 72.5% (58.0 - 86.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Without atherosclerosis</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">Specificity: 46.6% (36.8 - 56.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">103</td>
              <td align="center">PPV: 34.5% (24.1 - 44.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">VPN: 18.6% (8.4 - 28.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Area under the curve: 0.661 (0.563 - 0.760)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Kappa: 14.3% (0.8 - 27.8)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Atherosclerosis by the 75 percentile of IMT in the study population equal to or greater than 0.66 mm;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Atherosclerosis by the femoral IMT cutoff equal to or greater than 0.7 mm ,estimated by the ROC curve. PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study demonstrated that the IMT of carotid arteries was greater in HIV+ patients as compared with controls, regardless of the use of PIs.</p>
      <p>Eira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> studied 118 patients divided into 4 groups (HIV patients in HAART, HIV patients without treatment - na&#239;ve group, noninsulin-dependent diabetes and control). Right carotid IMT was greater in the na&#239;ve group than in HAART and control groups (0.55 &#177; 0.02 mm <italic>vs</italic>. 0.52 &#177; 0.02 mm <italic>vs</italic> 0.52 &#177; 0.02 mm, respectively; p&lt;0.0011), whereas the IMT in the left carotid artery was greater in HAART group than in na&#239;ve and DM groups (0.64 &#177; 0.04 mm <italic>vs</italic>. 0.53 &#177; 0.04 mm <italic>vs</italic>. 0.52 &#177; 0.04 mm, respectively; p&lt;0.0001). Therefore, these results are in agreement with ours by showing greater IMT in HIV+ patients than in other groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Other authors have also reported higher prevalence of atherosclerosis in HIV+ patients treated with HAART.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our findings differ from those of Godoi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> on 70 HIV patients and 70 controls, showing no difference between these groups. However, the study involved younger subjects, and included smoking, hypertensive and DM controls, which may have contributed to greater IMT values.</p>
      <p>In our study, HIV+ patients had a mean IMT higher than the 75 percentile of the study group and the control group.</p>
      <p>The 75 percentile depends on the studied population, as it varies with sex, race and age. In the Elsa-Brasil study, this parameter was estimated in pardo, male subjects with similar age as our study group; the 75 percentile was 0.58 - 0.63 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In HIV+ patients, chronic immune activation and chronic inflammation are associated with increased risk for atherosclerosis. Ultrasonography was one of the first diagnostic methods to identify high incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected individuals as compared with healthy controls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It has been hypothesized that the HAART activates endothelial function and promotes atherosclerosis. Thus, HIV, immune reconstitution response and HAART may promote early endothelial activation, and hence represent proatherogenic factors and/or accelerators of atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In our study, there was no significant difference in IMT between the HIV+ patients treated with PIs and not treated with PIs. Despite the hypothesis of HAART-related endothelial dysfunction, many issues need further clarification.</p>
      <p>Nolani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> compared HIV-infected subjects with dyslipidemia treated with PIs and healthy controls and did not find any difference between the groups.</p>
      <p>Although our HIV+ patients using PIs had a significantly longer time of treatment compared with the HIV+ patients without IPs, apparently, the use of these medications did not affect the IMT in HIV+ patients.</p>
      <p>In some situations, the treatment of HIV+ patients may be started without PIs. In the present study, the possibility that patients treated with PIs had been previously treated without these drugs cannot be ruled out, which may explain the longer time of disease and treatment in this group.</p>
      <p>Newer PIs are relatively less related with metabolic disturbances, and hence, have a smaller effect on the increase in cardiovascular risk induced by endothelial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> This may explain the absence of a significant difference in IMT between the patients treated and not treated with PIs in the present study.</p>
      <p>The principles of the HAART are viral control and stabilization of the immune system, resulting in increased life expectancy and reduction of opportunistic infections.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> HIV patients have cardiovascular changes caused by exposure to classical CVD risk factors, virus infection and cardiotoxicity to antiretroviral drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The HIV infected patients in our study were immunologically stable. Most of them had CD4 levels above 200 cells/ mm<sup>3</sup>, and only seven patients had a detectable VL. There was no significant difference in CD4 and VL between patients with PIs and without PIs.</p>
      <p>Previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> have demonstrated that atherosclerosis is more prevalent and occurs earlier in patients with HIV infection as compared with non-infected individuals, which are in agreement with our findings.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia was higher in HIV+ patients using PIs than in other groups, suggesting that the use of PIs may affect these parameters.</p>
      <p>The high prevalence of ABPI &gt; 1.3 in HIV+ subjects may be influenced and mediated by vascular elasticity and atheroma plaque formation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In the present study, no significant difference in ABPI was detected between HIV groups and controls, which may be explained by impairment of vessel wall elasticity. The ABPI in HIV+ patients without PIs was within normal range.</p>
      <p>A metanalysis investigated the ABPI in HIV-infected patients. Variable selection criteria of the study groups were used in the studies, and there was no consensus on the risk factors for an abnormal ABPI. The prevalence of increased ABPI was higher in HIV+ patients than in the general population. In addition, it has not been established whether a high prevalence of altered ABPI is associated with high incidence of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The common carotid IMT is still the reference for other artery measures, and has been shown the best accuracy in studies correlating increased cardiovascular risk and HIV infection. The IMT of common femoral artery and right subclavian origin may also be considered and suggested by some authors as an early marker of atheromatosis. However, these parameters do not combine both high specificity and high sensitivity, which was corroborated by our study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>When the IMT in the common carotid artery and femoral arteries were compared, we found a positive but weak correlation between the groups. We believe that further studies involving a higher number of patients would improve the understanding of this correlation. Another study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> has demonstrated a correlation (Pearson correlation), also not strong, between common carotid artery and right subclavian artery.</p>
      <p>In this study, the ROC curve was used to compare two tests, the common carotid IMT (used as reference) and the femoral artery IMT. This analysis allows the comparison of two or more diagnostic tests, which is one of the greatest advantages of the method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>By using a cutoff &gt; 0.7mm for IMT, we tested the accuracy of IMT in the femoral and carotid arteries in HIV+ patients. Based on sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV, the IMT in the femoral artery could not be used as a surrogate for the measurement in the carotid artery.</p>
      <p>The main limitations of this study were the empirical definition of the population sample size, and the study design that does not allow the establishment of a cause-effect relationship. It is worth mentioning, however, that other studies on the theme, available in the literature, have been performed on smaller sample sizes. In addition, whether the fact that we did not evaluate pulse wave velocity or flow mediated dilation of the brachial artery, which are also non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of subclinical atherosclerosis, may represent a limitation of the study, is a matter of discussion. Nevertheless, there are reliable data on the role of IMT as a cardiovascular risk predictor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Higher values of IMT and higher prevalence of IMT above the 75 percentile and IMT &gt; 0.8 mm or presence of atherosclerotic plaque in HIV+ patients suggest an earlier occurrence of atherosclerosis in this population as compared with healthy controls. However, no difference was found in the occurrence of abnormal ABPI between the groups.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of smoking was higher in HIV+ patients without PIs, whereas cholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and DM were more prevalent in HIV group without PIs. Time of disease and time of HAART were higher in HIV+ patients using PIs.</p>
      <p>Common carotid IMT measurement is still the reference method for detection of atherosclerosis, since the femoral artery IMT showed a moderate sensitivity and low specificity to the former.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Habilitation (professorship) by Emmanuelle Ten&#243;rio Albuquerque Madruga Godoi, from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Margotto, PR. Curva ROC como fazer e interpretar nos SPSS. [Acesso em 2016 set 19]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.paulomargotto.com.br/documentos/Curva_ROC_SPSS.pdf">http://www.paulomargotto.com.br/documentos/Curva_ROC_SPSS.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Margotto</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Curva ROC como fazer e interpretar nos SPSS</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2016 set 19</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.paulomargotto.com.br/documentos/Curva_ROC_SPSS.pdf">http://www.paulomargotto.com.br/documentos/Curva_ROC_SPSS.pdf</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Aterosclerose / Endot&#233;lio / Vascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Espessamento Mediointimal nas Car&#243;tidas e Femorais para Detectar Aterosclerose em Pessoas que Vivem com o V&#237;rus da Imunodefici&#234;ncia Humana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoi</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanuelle Ten&#243;rio Albuquerque Madruga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brandt</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoi</surname>
            <given-names>Jocelene Ten&#243;rio Albuquerque Madruga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Farias Araujo Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Gomes dos</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Kaliene Maria Estev&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoi</surname>
            <given-names>Juannicelle Ten&#243;rio Albuquerque Madruga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Ferraz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Emmanuelle Ten&#243;rio Albuquerque Madruga Godoi</bold>, Rua Marqu&#234;s de Tamandar&#233;, 162/1402. CEP 52061-170, Po&#231;o da Panela, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>godoiemmanuelle@hotmail.com</email>, <email>pauloberenguer@ig.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Godoi ETAM, Brandt CT, Lacerda HR, Godoi JTAM, Oliveira DC, Santos Junior GG, Godoi JTAM, Vasconcelos AF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Godoi ETAM, Costa GFAS, Santos Junior GG, Leite KME, Vasconcelos AF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Godoi ETAM, Brandt CT, Oliveira DC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Godoi ETAM, Santos Junior GG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Godoi ETAM, Godoi JTAM, Oliveira DC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Godoi ETAM, Brandt CT, Lacerda HR, Godoi JTAM, Oliveira DC, Godoi JTAM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pessoas que vivem com o HIV (HIV +) t&#234;m maior preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose e a desenvolvem mais precocemente do que a popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Foi avaliar e comparar as preval&#234;ncias de aterosclerose avaliada pela medida da espessura mediointimal (EMI) das car&#243;tidas comuns e femorais, e do &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) nos grupos controle e HIV com e sem inibidores de protease (IPs).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;das 80 pessoas com HIV + [40 usavam IPs e 40 n&#227;o] e 65 controles. O diagn&#243;stico de aterosclerose foi determinado pela medi&#231;&#227;o da EMI (car&#243;tidas e femorais) e do ITB. Fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para aterosclerose e espec&#237;ficos para o HIV foram comparados entre os grupos, usando testes estat&#237;stcos. O valor de p &#8804; 0,05 foi cosiderado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A EMI &gt; P<sub>75</sub> ou presen&#231;a de placa foi mais elevada no grupo de HIV sem IP que no controle (37,5% <italic>vs</italic> 19%, p = 0,04). A an&#225;lise comparativa mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa (p=0,014) na EMI nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas entre HIV + com IPs (0,71 &#177; 0,28 mm), sem IPs (0,63 &#177; 0,11 mm) e controles (0,59 &#177; 0,11 mm), A EMI na femoral n&#227;o teve diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos controle e de HIV + quanto ao ITB. No entanto, observou-se uma diferen&#231;a significativa (p=0,015) no ITB entre os grupos HIV + sem IPs (1,17 [1,08 - 1,23]), e controles [1,08 (1,07 - 1,17)].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com HIV, a aterosclerose &#233; mais prevalente e parece ocorrer mais precocemente, com caracter&#237;sticas distintas, em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos HIV-negativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura &#205;ntima-M&#233;dia Carot&#237;dea</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice Tornozelo-Bra&#231;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos que vivem com HIV (HIV +) t&#234;m condi&#231;&#227;o de vida diferente da popula&#231;&#227;o livre de infec&#231;&#227;o no que diz respeito &#224; morbimortalidade por aterosclerose e eventos cardiovasculares a ela associados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), particularmente ateroscler&#243;tica, &#233; mais prevalente e precoce em HIV+, quando se compara &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o sem infec&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os fatores de risco tradicionais para DCV s&#227;o: idade, sexo masculino, tabagismo, diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS). Estudos demonstram que esses fatores podem ser mais prevalentes nas pessoas com HIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa (TARV) est&#225; associada a uma variedade de efeitos adversos, sendo esses pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nicos e tamb&#233;m associados &#224; DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Enquanto alguns autores sugeriram que os inibidores de proteases (IPs) podem estar associados &#224; aterosclerose precoce e DCV<sub>,</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e outros demonstraram que medica&#231;&#245;es mais modernas alteram menos o perfil lip&#237;dico e, assim, t&#234;m menor influ&#234;ncia sobre o aumento do risco cardiovascular por disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Ao comparar HIV +, dislipid&#234;micos, tratados com IP com o grupo controle saud&#225;vel, autores n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial entre os grupos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A medida da espessura mediointimal (EMI) &#233; um marcador n&#227;o-invasivo e precoce da aterosclerose, cujo aumento que pode refletir em um maior risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Essa medida &#233; um preditor independente de DCV e pode ser considerada como marcador para avalia&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, inclusive em HIV +.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A art&#233;ria femoral comum e a subcl&#225;via direita tamb&#233;m v&#234;m sendo estudadas como locais para a medida da EMI e sugeridas como marcadores mais precoces de aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) &#233; um m&#233;todo simples, n&#227;o-invasivo, de alto valor preditivo para doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. Valores inferiores a 0,9 est&#227;o associados a um significativo aumento do risco cardiovascular, independente de outros fatores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica possibilita um manejo mais adequado de HIV + com risco de desenvolver eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, o objetivo principal foi avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose por meio da medida da EMI das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comuns e femorais, e do ITB. O objetivo secund&#225;rio foi comparar fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos de aterosclerose e espec&#237;ficos do HIV entre os grupos que utilizavam ou n&#227;o IP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo transversal, prospectivo e anal&#237;tico que recrutou HIV + em uso de TARV com ou sem IPs no per&#237;odo de junho de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016. A amostra foi definida empiricamente pelos autores com base na literatura sobre o tema,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e incluiu 40 HIV + em uso de TARV com IP, 40 HIV + em uso de TARV sem IP e 65 controles.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Etapas do estudo</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram selecionados no ambulat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;as Infecciosas e Parasit&#225;rias da institui&#231;&#227;o de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o. Visando um par&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia para compara&#231;&#227;o das medidas nos indiv&#237;duos com HIV, foram inclu&#237;das 65 pessoas saud&#225;veis (controle), sendo essas pareadas com os pacientes por g&#234;nero e idade (40 pacientes com HIV em uso de IPs com 40 controles e 40 pacientes sem IPs com 25 controles). Os indiv&#237;duos com HIV s&#227;o inscritos no programa de preven&#231;&#227;o, controle e tratamento da AIDS, e os controles eram acompanhantes dessas pessoas.</p>
          <p>O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o das pessoas com HIV foi um m&#237;nimo de cinco anos de tratamento com TARV, e os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram antecedentes de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares - angina pectoris, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), ou DAP; interna&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos dois meses; dosagem de CD4 muito baixa e/ou carga viral (CV) muito alta. Os controles saud&#225;veis foram selecionados com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: antecedentes cardiovasculares, tabagismo, DM e/ou HAS.</p>
          <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e dos exames complementares foram coletados por aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rios. Os prontu&#225;rios dos participantes foram tamb&#233;m consultados para esclarecimentos referentes &#224; terap&#234;utica. Os participantes do estudo tinham escore de risco de Framingham inferior a 10% (baixo risco).</p>
          <p>Os fatores de risco para aterosclerose analisados foram: HAS, taba gismo, DM, hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia e hist&#243;ria familiar de evento cardiovascular - IAM, angina, AVC ou DAP. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de obesidade, realizou-se o c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), sendo considerado IMC de 18,5 a 24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> como peso saud&#225;vel e de 25,0 a 29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> sobrepeso. Fatores espec&#237;ficos relacionados ao HIV foram: CD4 atual, CV atual, tempo de doen&#231;a, tempo de trata mento e tipo de TARV.</p>
          <p>A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o. Para os pacientes e controles foi aplicado o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo da medida da espessura mediointimal</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica da medida da EMI das art&#233;rias ca r&#243;tidas comuns e femorais comuns foi realizada no modo B do ultrassom (USG) LOGIQ <italic>e</italic>, DICOM 3.0, AUTO IMT com transdutor linear 12L-RS da General Electric<sup>&#174;</sup> (GE) por pesquisador "cego". A EMI da car&#243;tida comum foi considerada como medida de refer&#234;ncia. As car&#243;tidas eram avaliadas em cortes transversal e longitudinal, desde o segmento proximal da car&#243;tida comum at&#233; a bifurca&#231;&#227;o das car&#243;tidas internas e externas. A medida da EMI foi realizada na parede posterior da car&#243;tida comum em &#225;rea livre de placa, e foi definida como a dist&#226;ncia entre duas linhas ecog&#234;nicas representadas pelas interfaces l&#250;men-&#237;ntima e m&#233;dia-advent&#237;cia da parede arterial. Mede-se mais frequentemente a EMI na car&#243;tida comum usando-se, como refer&#234;ncia, a medida m&#233;dia e, na car&#243;tida interna, a medida m&#225;xima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A placa carot&#237;dea ateromatosa pode ser definida como uma estrutura focal que se estende no m&#237;nimo 0,5 mm para a luz do vaso e/ou mede mais que 50% do valor da EMI adjacente e/ou apresenta uma medida da EMI maior que 1,5mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A medida autom&#225;tica da EMI foi realizada nas car&#243;tidas comuns direita e esquerda, com <italic>software</italic> que determina as medidas m&#233;dia, m&#225;xima e m&#237;nima. Quando identificadas placas ateromatosa, realizou-se a medida autom&#225;tica e manual da EMI. A m&#233;dia da medida autom&#225;tica da car&#243;tida comum mais espessada foi definida como refer&#234;ncia, seja ela direita (CCD) ou esquerda (CCE). Como a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada tinha at&#233; 65 anos, a EMI foi considerada espessada se &gt;0,8 mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e tamb&#233;m foi calculado o percentil 75 da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A presen&#231;a de placa foi definida quando demonstrada uma EMI &gt;1,5 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Tamb&#233;m foi realizada a medida da EMI em art&#233;ria femoral comum direita (AFCD) e esquerda (AFCE). Adotou-se a mesma refer&#234;ncia para espessamento da EMI da car&#243;tida comum e mesmo crit&#233;rio para placas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de aferi&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice tornozelo braquial</title>
          <p>O ITB foi calculado ap&#243;s aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o nos tor nozelos direito e esquerdo. A press&#227;o foi aferida sob vis&#227;o direta das art&#233;rias dorsal do p&#233; e tibial posterior. Para aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial nos membros superiores (MMSS) e inferiores (MMII) utilizou-se apa relho esfignoman&#244;metro Becton Dickinson<sup>&#174;</sup> e aparelho de USG Doppler acima descrito. O ITB foi calculado dividindo a maior press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do tornozelo pela maior press&#227;o sist&#243;lica braquial. O valor do ITB considerado normal foi de 0,9 a 1,3; sendo &gt; 1,3 art&#233;rias incompress&#237;veis e &lt; 0,9 DAP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi aplicado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avaliar a normalidade dos dados. Quando houve distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, as vari&#225;veis foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e quando n&#227;o, como mediana e valores m&#225;ximo e m&#237;nimo. Foi realizada an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva e anal&#237;tica. O valor de p foi considerado significativo quando &#8804; 0,05.</p>
          <p>Foram calculadas as preval&#234;ncias de aterosclerose e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a ao n&#237;vel de 95% nos grupos com e sem HIV e testadas as diferen&#231;as pelo teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson. As <italic>Odds Ratios</italic> (ORs) foram calculadas tomando como refer&#234;ncia o grupo controle e estimadas a OR para cada um dos grupos HIV com e sem uso de IPs.</p>
          <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de riscos cl&#225;ssicos para aterosclerose entre os grupos, nas vari&#225;veis idade e IMC foi utilizada a ANOVA para a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias, com p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni. Na compara&#231;&#227;o das medianas, foi utilizado o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskall-Wallis. Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson.</p>
          <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de chance de aterosclerose segundo a condi&#231;&#227;o HIV e uso de IP, foi aplicada an&#225;lise multivariada de modelo log&#237;stico, ajustada pelas vari&#225;veis: cor da pele, condi&#231;&#227;o de hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia, DM e IMC. Essas vari&#225;veis eram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos.</p>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise de valida&#231;&#227;o da EMI femoral, a EMI da car&#243;tida comum foi adotada como medida de refer&#234;ncia, e uma curva ROC foi aplicada para a determina&#231;&#227;o do <italic>cut-off</italic> da EMI femoral. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas pela estat&#237;stica C (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC), medidas de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN), calculados pelo <italic>software</italic> Stata vers&#227;o 12.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram recrutadas 40 pessoas com HIV/AIDS em uso de TARV com IPs (26 homens, idade m&#233;dia de 42,7 &#177; 8,8 anos), 40 pessoas com HIV/AIDS em uso de TARV sem IP (21 homens, idade m&#233;dia de 42,2 &#177; 9,1 anos) e 65 controles (37 homens, idade m&#233;dia de 39,7 &#177; 9,7 anos).</p>
        <p>O percentil 75 calculado para os 145 pacientes estudados foi de 0,66 mm. Quando a EMI foi considerada espessada (&gt; 0,66 mm), a an&#225;lise comparativa da EMI nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas entre controles, HIV + sem e com IPs revelou 0,59 &#177; 0,11 mm <italic>vs</italic> 0,63 &#177; 0,11 mm <italic>vs</italic> 0,71 &#177; 0,28 mm, respectivamente com p = 0,014 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>). Presen&#231;a de EMI &gt; P75 ou placa nos controles foi 19,0% (9,1 - 29,0), enquanto nas HIV + sem IP 37,5% (21,8 - 53,2), sendo p = 0,041 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose pela espessura mediointimal (EMI) das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comuns e femorais e pela altera&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) entre os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o portadores do HIV, pessoas que vivem com HIV em uso de terapia antirretroviral com e sem prescri&#231;&#227;o de inibidor de protease (IP)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Aterosclerose</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">OR (IC 95%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">b</xref> valor de p (controle <italic>x</italic> sem IP)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">OR (IC 95%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">b</xref> valor de p (controle <italic>x</italic> com IP)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">valor de p (3 grupos)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">N&#227;o portadores do HIV % (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Pessoas que vivem com HIV % (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Pessoas que vivem com HIV</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">OR controle <italic>x</italic>HIV (IC 95%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">b</xref> valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Sem IP % (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Com IP % (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Espessamento mediointimal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Car&#243;tida</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EMI</td>
                <td align="center">0,59 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,63 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 &#177; 0,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EMI &gt;P75 ou presen&#231;a de placa</td>
                <td align="center">19,0% (9,1 - 29,0)</td>
                <td align="center">35,0% (24,3 - 45,7)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">37,5% (21,8 - 53,2)</td>
                <td align="center">32,5% (17,3 47,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2,28 (1,05 - 4,98) p = 0,037</td>
                <td align="center">2,55 (1,04 - 6,25) p = 0,041</td>
                <td align="center">2,05 (0,82 -6,25) p = 0,124</td>
                <td align="center">0,095</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EMI &gt;0,8mm ou presen&#231;a de placa</td>
                <td align="center">3,2% (0,0 - 7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">15,0% (7,0 - 23,0)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">15,0% (3,4 - 26,6)</td>
                <td align="center">15,0% (3,4 - 26,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5,38 (1,16 - 25,1) p = 0,032</td>
                <td align="center">5,38 (1,03 - 28,1) p = 0,046</td>
                <td align="center">5,38 (1,03 - 28,1) p = 0,046</td>
                <td align="center">0,061</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Femoral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EMI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">d</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 &#177; 0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 &#177; 0,33</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,75 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 &#177; 0,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,373</td>
                <td align="center">0,661</td>
                <td align="center">0,155</td>
                <td align="center">0,351</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EMI &gt;P75 ou presen&#231;a de placa</td>
                <td align="center">50,8% (38,1 -63,5)</td>
                <td align="center">65,0% (54,3 - 75,7)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">60,0% (44,1 - 75,9)</td>
                <td align="center">70,0% (55,1 - 84,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,80 (0,92 - 3,53) p = 0,088</td>
                <td align="center">1,45 (0,65 -3,24) p = 0,361</td>
                <td align="center">2,26 (0,98 -5,22) p = 0,056</td>
                <td align="center">0,153</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EMI &gt;0,8mm ou presen&#231;a de placa</td>
                <td align="center">11,1% (3,1 - 19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">20,0% (11,0 - 29,0)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">20,0% (7,0 32,9)</td>
                <td align="center">20,0% (7,0 - 32,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 (0,77 - 5,21) p = 0,156</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 (0,66 - 6,03) p = 0,218</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 (0,66 - 6,03) p = 0,218</td>
                <td align="center">0,356</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Altera&#231;&#227;o do ITB<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">c</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ITB<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">e</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (1,07; 1,17)</td>
                <td align="center">1,15 (1,08; 1,2)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,17 (1,08; 1,23)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (1,07; 1,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,797</td>
                <td align="center">0,019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">a</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal (0,9 - 1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">95,2% (92,0 - 100)</td>
                <td align="center">96,3% (92,0 - 100)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">90,0% (80,3 - 99,9)</td>
                <td align="center">100% (-)</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Incompress&#237;vel (&gt; 1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4,8% (0,0 - 10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5,0% (0,1 - 9,9)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">10,0% (0,03 - 19,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0% (-)</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (0,23 - 4,88) p = 0,948</td>
                <td align="center">2,22 (0,47 - 10,5) p = 0,314</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o calculado</td>
                <td align="center">0,116</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>ITB: &#205;ndice tornozelo-bra&#231;o; OR: Odds Ratios; HIV: v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>a P<sub>75</sub> do EMI da popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo igual a 0,66mm;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Grupo de refer&#234;ncia: indiv&#237;duos HIV-negativos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>N&#227;o houve pesquisados com ITB abaixo de 0,9;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>d</label>
              <p>Medida com transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica para normaliza&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>e</label>
              <p>Mediana (P<sub>25</sub>; P<sub>75</sub>) - aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste de Kruskal-Wallis na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia da EMI &gt; 0,8 mm ou presen&#231;a de placa ateroscler&#243;tica nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas foi de 3,2% (0,0 - 7,6) nos controles e 15,0% (7,0 - 23,0) em HIV +, p = 0,032. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 1</xref>, s&#227;o demonstradas algumas compara&#231;&#245;es de medidas da EMI nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e femorais, e ITB entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no ITB entre os grupos controle e de HIV +. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre controles e HIV + sem IP revelou 1,08 (1,07 - 1,17) + <italic>vs</italic> 1,17 (1,08 - 1,23), p = 0,015. A EMI na art&#233;ria femoral entre os grupos controle e de HIV + foi 0,74 mm &#177; 0,30 <italic>vs</italic> 0,79 mm &#177; 0,33, p = 0,373 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco para aterosclerose, considerando as 80 HIV +, estavam presentes: tabagismo em 6 pacientes (7,5%), HAS em 7 (8,75%), hipercolesterolemia em 15 (18,75%), hipertrigliceridemia em 24 (30%) e DM em 6 (7,5%). O IMC m&#233;dio se mantinha dentro da normalidade nos HIV + com IPs, no limite inferior de sobrepeso no grupo sem IPs, e classificado como sobrepeso no grupo controle. O IMC nos grupos controle, HIV + sem e com IPs foi 26,2 &#177; 5,4 <italic>vs</italic> 25 &#177; 3,6 <italic>vs</italic> 24,7 &#177; 3,7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente, sendo p = 0,193 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para aterosclerose entre os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o portadores do HIV, pessoas que vivem com HIV em uso de terapia antirretroviral com e sem prescri&#231;&#227;o de inibidor de protease (IP)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Fatores de risco para arteriosclerose</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Grupos</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">valor de p (controle <italic>x</italic> sem IP)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">valor de p (controle <italic>x</italic> com IP)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">valor de p (3 grupos)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">N&#227;o portadores do HIV (n = 63)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Pessoas que vivem com HIV</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Sem IP (n = 40)</th>
                <th align="center">Com IP (n = 40)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; dp)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">39,7 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">42,2 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td align="center">42,7 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,550</td>
                <td align="center">0,351</td>
                <td align="center">0,215</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (58,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (52,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (65,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
                <td align="center">0,276</td>
                <td align="center">0,525</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anos de escolaridade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">De 0 a 4 anos</td>
                <td align="center">55 (87,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (82,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (82,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,501</td>
                <td align="center">0,501</td>
                <td align="center">0,732</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">De 5 a 7 anos</td>
                <td align="center">8 (12,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (17,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (17,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cor da pele (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">27 (42,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (20,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (25,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
                <td align="center">0,030<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o branca</td>
                <td align="center">36 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (80,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (75,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o calculado</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o calculado</td>
                <td align="center">0,046<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o calculado</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o calculado</td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipercolesterolemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (30,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,563</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertrigliceridemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (55,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,315</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o calculado</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o calculado</td>
                <td align="center">0,007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m2 (m&#233;dia &#177; dp)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">26,2 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">25,0 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">24,7 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,585</td>
                <td align="center">0,285</td>
                <td align="center">0,193</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sobrepeso/obeso (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (47,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (47,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,339</td>
                <td align="center">0,339</td>
                <td align="center">0,519</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Aplica&#231;&#227;o da ANOVA com p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Apesar da diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos, para as condi&#231;&#245;es hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia e ra&#231;a, as associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram ajustadas pela baixa frequ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis. HIV: v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana; HAS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; dp: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O tempo de doen&#231;a foi significativamente diferente entre HIV + com IPs (13,6 &#177; 6,2 anos) e sem IPs (7,3 &#177; 6,8 anos) (p &lt; 0,001). O tempo de TARV foi de 12,1 &#177; 6,7 anos no grupo com IPs <italic>vs</italic> 6,6 &#177; 6,7 anos no grupo sem IP, p &lt; 0,001. Apenas 4 (5%) HIV + tinham CD4 abaixo de 200 e apenas 7 (8,75%) pesquisados tinham CV detect&#225;vel, sendo a m&#225;xima de 3231 c&#243;pias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco, medidas laboratoriais e relacionadas &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV entre as pessoas que vivem com HIV em uso de terapia antirretroviral com e sem prescri&#231;&#227;o de inibidor de protease (IP)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Fatores</th>
                <th align="center">Sem IP</th>
                <th align="center">Com IP</th>
                <th align="center">valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Laboratoriais<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">a</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">182,3 &#177; 32,9</td>
                <td align="center">188,0 &#177; 57,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,642</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol HDL (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">52,5 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">45,4 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol LDL (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">103,2 &#177; 31,0</td>
                <td align="center">81,8 &#177; 25,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deo (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">c</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">95,7 (73,6; 143,5)</td>
                <td align="center">238,1 (140; 375,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Relacionados ao HIV</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo HIV (em anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">7,27 &#177; 6,78</td>
                <td align="center">13,62 &#177; 6,20</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo TARV (em anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6,62 &#177; 6,65</td>
                <td align="center">12,1 &#177; 6,69</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Contagem de CD4 (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 200 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,599</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">De 200 a 500 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">9 (22,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (32,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 500 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">29 (72,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (62,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>a 36/40 no grupo sem IP e 20/40 no grupo com IP tinham informa&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; teste t de Student;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>Mediana (P25; P75); teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. HIV: v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana; HDL: <italic>High Density Lipoprotein;</italic> LDL: <italic>Low Density Lipoprotein;</italic> TARV: terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Houve correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson positiva entre os EMI da car&#243;tida comum e da femoral [&#961; = 0,354 (p&lt;0,001)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas da espessura mediointimal (EMI) da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum e EMI da art&#233;ria femoral comum; *Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson = 0,354 (p &lt; 0,001)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0003-60197-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 2</xref>, observa-se a curva ROC das medidas da EMI pela art&#233;ria femoral considerando-se aterosclerose como a EMI na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida &gt; 0,66 mm. Usando ponte de corte na femoral de 0,7mm, observou-se sensibilidade de 72,5%, especificidade de 46,6%, &#225;rea da curva ROC de 0,661e kappa de 14,3% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva ROC das medidas da espessura mediointimal (EMI) da art&#233;ria femoral considerando arteriosclerose uma medida da EMI na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum acima de 0,66mm; *&#193;rea sob a curva = 0.6614 (IC95%: 0,563 - 0,760).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-108-01-0003-60197-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Acur&#225;cia da medida da espessura mediointimal (EMI) das art&#233;rias femorais e da EMI das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas nos pacientes estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">EMI car&#243;tida<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">a</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Estat&#237;sticas (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Com arteriosclerose</th>
                <th align="center">Sem arteriosclerose</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EMI femoral<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com arteriosclerose</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">Sensibilidade: 72,5% (58,0 - 86,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem arteriosclerose</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">Especificidade: 46,6% (36,8 - 56,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
                <td align="center">VPP: 34,5% (24,1 - 44,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">VPN: 18,6% (8,4 - 28,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#193;rea sob a curva: 0,661 (0,563 - 0,760)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Kappa: 14,3% (0,8 - 27,8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Aterosclerose pelo percentil 75 do EMI da popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo maior ou igual a 0,66mm;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Aterosclerose pelo cutoff da EMI da femoral maior ou igual a 0,7mm estimada pela curva ROC. VPP: Valor preditivo positivo; VPN: Valor preditivo negativo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo revelou que a EMI em art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas foi maior nas HIV + do que nos controles, independentemente do uso de IPs. .</p>
        <p>Eira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> estudou 118 pacientes, sendo esses divididos em 4 grupos (HIV em uso de TARV, HIV sem tratamento - grupo <italic>naive</italic>, diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o insulino-dependentes e controle). A EMI da car&#243;tida direita foi maior no grupo <italic>naive</italic>, comparado aos grupos TARV e controle (0,55 &#177; 0,02 mm <italic>vs</italic> 0,52 &#177; 0,02 mm <italic>vs</italic> 0,52 &#177; 0,02 mm, respectivamente; p&lt;0,001), enquanto a EMI da car&#243;tida esquerda foi maior no grupo TARV, comparado aos grupos <italic>naive</italic> e DM (0,64 &#177; 0,04 mm <italic>vs</italic> 0,53 &#177; 0,04 mm <italic>vs</italic> 0,52 &#177; 0,04 mm, respectivamente; p&lt;0,0001). Desta forma, em pacientes com HIV <italic>naive</italic> ou usando TARV as espessuras carot&#237;deas foram maiores, sendo concordantes com nossos resultados no sentido de maior espessura em pessoas com o v&#237;rus quando comparadas a outras pessoas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Outros autores tamb&#233;m demonstram maior preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose em pessoas com HIV tratadas com TARV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nossos achados s&#227;o diferentes do estudo de Godoi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> que incluiu 70 pessoas com HIV e 70 controles e revelou n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. Entretanto, a popula&#231;&#227;o era mais jovem do que no nesse estudo e havia pessoas tabagistas, hipertensas e com DM entre os controles, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do para maior medida da EMI.</p>
        <p>Pessoas com HIV no nosso estudo tinham valor m&#233;dio da EMI acima do percentil 75 calculado para popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e esta medida foi maior do que nos controles.</p>
        <p>O percentil 75 da EMI depende da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, pois est&#225; relacionado ao sexo, ra&#231;a e idade. No estudo Elsa-Brasil, quando foi avaliado este percentil em indiv&#237;duos na faixa et&#225;ria semelhante a do nosso estudo, de ra&#231;a parda e do sexo masculino, o percentil 75 foi entre 0,58 e 0,63 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em HIV +, a ativa&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica cr&#244;nica e a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica s&#227;o associadas ao aumento do risco de aterosclerose. A USG foi um dos primeiros m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos a revelar alta incid&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica em indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo HIV quando comparados aos controles n&#227;o infectados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Existe a hip&#243;tese de que a TARV induza a ativa&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no sentido de promo&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose. Desta forma, o HIV, a resposta de reconstitui&#231;&#227;o imune, e a TARV podem promover ativa&#231;&#227;o prematura do endot&#233;lio, sendo possivelmente fatores pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nicos e/ou aceleradores de aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A compara&#231;&#227;o da EMI entre os grupos HIV + com e sem IPs n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a significante no presente estudo. Apesar da hip&#243;tese da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial relacionada &#224; TARV, alguns aspectos necessitam de melhores esclarecimentos.</p>
        <p>Nolan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> compararam pessoas com HIV com dislipidemia tratadas com IPs e grupo controle saud&#225;vel e n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, apesar de os pacientes com HIV em uso de IP terem tempo de doen&#231;a e tempo de tratamento significativamente maior que o grupo sem IP, o uso de IPs aparentemente n&#227;o influenciou na EMI das HIV +.</p>
        <p>Em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es, o tratamento de HIV + pode ser iniciado sem IPs. Neste estudo, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o grupo de pacientes com IPs tenha realizado tratamento pr&#233;vio sem uso de IPs, o que pode justificar maior o tempo de doen&#231;a e de tratamento nesse grupo.</p>
        <p>A aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a significante na medida da EMI entre os grupos de HIV + com e sem IP pode ser justificado pelo fato de que os IPs mais modernos estarem menos relacionados aos dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e, assim, interferirem menos no aumento do risco cardiovascular por disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A TARV tem como princ&#237;pio o controle viral e estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da imunidade do indiv&#237;duo, resultando no aumento da expectativa de vida e na redu&#231;&#227;o das infec&#231;&#245;es oportunistas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Pessoas com HIV t&#234;m altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares decorrentes da exposi&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos da DCV, infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus e cardiotoxicidade das drogas antirretrovirais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A popula&#231;&#227;o com HIV do presente estudo estava est&#225;vel do ponto de vista imunol&#243;gico. A maioria tinha CD4 acima de 200 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup> e apenas sete pessoas tinham CV detect&#225;vel. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos com e sem IP quanto aos valores de CD4 e CV.</p>
        <p>Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que a aterosclerose em HIV + &#233; mais prevalente e precoce que na popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o infectada, e nosso estudo &#233; concordante com esses achados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia foi maior no grupo HIV + que usa IPs, o que pode estar relacionado, de alguma forma, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse f&#225;rmaco.</p>
        <p>A alta preval&#234;ncia do ITB &gt; 1,3 em HIV + pode ser mediada pelo envolvimento da elasticidade vascular assim como pela forma&#231;&#227;o de placas de ateroma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No presente estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante do ITB entre os grupos de HIV + e controle, mas houve diferen&#231;a quando comparado o grupo de HIV + sem IP e controle, o que pode ser explicado pelo comprometimento da elasticidade da parede do vaso. O ITB do grupo sem IP ainda estava dentro da faixa de normalidade.</p>
        <p>Uma metan&#225;lise estudou o ITB em pacientes com HIV. As popula&#231;&#245;es foram selecionadas com crit&#233;rios variados e n&#227;o houve consenso em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco respons&#225;veis pelo ITB anormal. A preval&#234;ncia de ITB aumentado foi mais alta do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Na popula&#231;&#227;o com HIV, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se a alta preval&#234;ncia de ITB alterado est&#225; associada com maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A medida da EMI em car&#243;tida comum continua a ser a refer&#234;ncia quando comparada a outros locais, sobretudo porque estudos que correlacionam aumento do risco cardiovascular e infec&#231;&#227;o por HIV adotam a medida carot&#237;dea, a qual apresenta melhor acur&#225;cia. A medida da EMI em femoral comum e origem da subcl&#225;via direita tamb&#233;m pode ser considerada e sugerida por alguns autores como marcador mais precoce de ateromatose, mas n&#227;o concilia alta especificidade e sensibilidade, o que foi corroborado por nosso estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quando comparada a medida da EMI da car&#243;tida comum com a da femoral, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva de Pearson, sugerindo uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o direta entre as duas medidas. Acreditamos que estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes sejam necess&#225;rios para melhor esclarecimento dessa correla&#231;&#227;o. Um estudo demonstrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o (Pearson) entre art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum e art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita, mas essa tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi forte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesse estudo, foi utilizada a curva ROC para compara&#231;&#227;o de dois testes, sendo um a medida da EMI na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum (usada como refer&#234;ncia) e o outro a medida na art&#233;ria femoral. A curva ROC permite comparar dois ou mais exames diagn&#243;sticos e isso &#233; uma das suas maiores virtudes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estabelecendo o ponto de corte da EMI &#8805; 0,7 mm, foi testada a acur&#225;cia da EMI em femoral e car&#243;tidas em pessoas com HIV. Com base na sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP e VPN, o EMI na art&#233;ria femoral n&#227;o poderia substituir a medida na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e ser usada como refer&#234;ncia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es desse estudo foram: defini&#231;&#227;o emp&#237;rica do tamanho amostral e o desenho do estudo que n&#227;o permite estabelecimento de rela&#231;&#227;o causa-efeito. Entretanto, deve ficar registrado que h&#225; estudos na literatura sobre o tema que apresentam popula&#231;&#227;o menor que a nossa. Poder&#237;amos ainda debater se a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de onda de pulso e a dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo mediada da art&#233;ria braquial (DILA), que tamb&#233;m s&#227;o m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos de diagn&#243;stico de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, seria ou n&#227;o uma limita&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, existem dados mais consistentes sobre a EMI como preditor de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A maior EMI e maiores preval&#234;ncias de EMI acima do percentil 75, EMI acima de 0,8 mm ou presen&#231;a de placa ateroscler&#243;tica em HIV + sugerem ocorr&#234;ncia mais precoce da aterosclerose nessa popula&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o a controles saud&#225;veis. Entretanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de ITB anormal.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo foi maior em HIV + sem IPs, enquanto hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia e DM no grupo com IP. O tempo de doen&#231;a e o tempo de tratamento com TARV foi maior em HIV + com IPs.</p>
        <p>A medida da EMI nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comuns continua a ser a medida de refer&#234;ncia na detec&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose, pois na correla&#231;&#227;o com art&#233;ria femoral a sensibilidade foi moderada e especificidade baixa.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de livre-doc&#234;ncia de Emmanuelle Ten&#243;rio Albuquerque Madruga Godoi pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
