<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.5" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KVdb6XvFGPJLqHfXKDbNQCG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004800079</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160164</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Diretrizes</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>7<sup>th</sup> Brazilian Guideline of Arterial Hypertension: Chapter 14 - Hypertensive Crisis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>MVB</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>ECD</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martim</surname>
            <given-names>JFV</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosito</surname>
            <given-names>GBA</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Toledo</surname>
            <given-names>JY</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passarelli</surname>
            <given-names>O</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>3 Suppl 3</issue>
      <fpage>79</fpage>
      <lpage>83</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Definition</title>
      <p>The terms HU and HE were proposed as an operational classification of HC in 1993 by the V <italic>Joint National Committee on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The HUs are symptomatic clinical situations in which there is significant BP elevation (arbitrarily defined as DBP &#8805; 120 mm Hg) without acute and progressive TOD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The HEs are symptomatic clinical situations in which there is significant BP elevation (arbitrarily defined as DBP &#8805; 120 mm Hg) with acute and progressive TOD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Patients complaining from headache, atypical chest pain, dyspnea, acute psychological stress, and panic syndrome associated with high BP levels characterize neither HU nor HE, but rather a pseudo hypertensive crisis. Treatment comprises the optimization of antihypertensive drugs and raising awareness about treatment adherence.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Classification</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Chart 1</xref> shows the classification of HE, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Chart 2</xref> differentiates HU from HE regarding diagnosis, prognosis and management.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of hypertensive emergencies</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCIES</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Cerebrovascular <break/>- Hypertensive encephalopathy <break/>- Intracerebral hemorrhage <break/>- Subarachnoid hemorrhage <break/>- Ischemic stroke <break/>Cardiocirculatory <break/>- Acute aortic dissection <break/>- APE with left ventricular failure <break/>- AMI <break/>- Unstable anginaRenal <break/>- Rapidly progressive AKI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Severe adrenergic crises <break/>Crisis of PHEO <break/>Excessive dose of illicit drugs (cocaine, crack, LSD)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pregnancy hypertension <break/>Eclampsia <break/>Severe preeclampsia <break/>&#8220;HELLP&#8221; syndrome <break/>Severe hypertension at the end of pregnancy</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>APE: acute pulmonary edema; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; AKI: acute kidney injury; PHEO: pheochromocytoma.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Chart 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Differences in the diagnosis, prognosis and management of hypertensive urgency and emergency</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Urgency</th>
                <th align="left">Emergency</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Markedly high BP levelDBP &gt; 120 mm Hg</td>
                <td align="left">Markedly high BP levelDBP &gt; 120 mm Hg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Without acute and progressive TOD</td>
                <td align="left">With acute and progressive TOD</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Oral drug combination</td>
                <td align="left">Parenteral medication</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No risk of imminent death</td>
                <td align="left">Risk of imminent death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Early ambulatory follow-up care (7 days)</td>
                <td align="left">ICU admission</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>ICU: intensive care unit.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Major epidemiological, pathophysiological and prognostic aspects</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Epidemiology</title>
        <p>Hypertensive crisis accounts for 0.45-0.59% of all hospital emergency treatments, while HE accounts for 25% of all cases of HC, ischemic stroke and APE, which are the most frequent HEs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pathophysiology</title>
        <p>Increased intravascular volume and PVR, or reduced production of endogenous vasodilators seem to precipitate greater vascular reactivity, resulting in HC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Self-regulation is compromised, particularly in the cerebral and renal vascular beds, resulting in local ischemia, which triggers a vicious circle of vasoconstriction, myointimal proliferation and target-organ ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prognosis</title>
        <p>Survival up to 5 years is significantly higher in individuals with HU than with HE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Absence of nocturnal dipping associates with higher risk for TOD and consequent endothelial dysfunction, a situation involved in acute BP elevation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Complementary clinical and laboratory investigation</title>
      <p>Clinical and laboratory investigation should properly assess BP and TOD. Initially, BP should be measured in both arms, preferably in a calm environment, and repeatedly until stabilization (minimum of 3 measurements). Data on the patient's usual BP should be rapidly collected, as well as information on situations that can raise it (anxiety, pain, salt), comorbidities, use of antihypertensive drugs (dosage and adherence) or drugs that can increase BP (anti-inflammatory drugs, corticoids, sympathomimetic drugs, alcohol). A systematic approach helps to check for the presence of acute and progressive TOD:</p>
      <p><bold>Cardiovascular system:</bold> chest, abdominal or back pain or discomfort; dyspnea, fatigue and cough. Assessment of HR, heart rhythm, pulse changes, gallop rhythm, cardiac and vascular murmurs, jugular venous distension, and pulmonary, abdominal and peripheral congestion. Exams requested based on clinical findings and availability: ECG, electrocardiographic monitoring, O2 saturation, chest X ray, echocardiogram, myocardial necrosis markers, blood cell count with platelets, LDH-C, CT angiography and MRI.</p>
      <p><bold>Nervous system:</bold> dizziness, headache, impaired vision, hearing or speech, consciousness or coma level, agitation, delirium or confusion, focal deficits, neck stiffness, convulsion. Exams: tomography, MRI and lumbar puncture.</p>
      <p><bold>Renal and genitourinary system:</bold> changes in urine volume, micturition frequency or urine aspect, hematuria, edema, dehydration, abdominal masses and murmurs. Exams: urinalysis, serum creatinine, serum urea, Na+, K+, Cl-, blood gas analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>Retinal exam:</bold> papilledema, hemorrhages, exudates, vascular changes, such as spasms, pathological arteriovenous crossings, arterial wall thickening and silver- or copper-wire aspect.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>General treatment of hypertensive crisis</title>
      <p>The treatment of HU should begin after a period of clinical observation in a calm environment, which helps to rule out the cases of pseudocrisis (treated with only rest or use of painkillers or tranquilizers). Captopril, clonidine and BBs are oral antihypertensives used to gradually reduce BP in 24-48 hours. The use of drops of rapid-release nifedipine capsules to treat HU should be banned, because it is neither safe nor effective, and causes rapid and marked BP reductions, which can result in tissue ischemia. The use of nifedipine for preeclampsia is currently debatable.</p>
      <p>The treatment of patients with HE is aimed at rapid BP reduction to prevent the progression of TODs. Patients should be admitted to the ICU, on IV antihypertensives and be carefully monitored to prevent hypotension. The general recommendations for BP reduction for HE are:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <list list-type="simple">
        <list-item>
          <p> - ? BP &#8804; 25% in the 1<sup>st</sup> hour;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p> - ? BP 160/100-110 mm Hg in 2-6 hours;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p> - BP 135/85 mm Hg in 24-48 hours.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>However, HEs should be approached considering the impaired system or target organ. Thus, each type of HE (CV, cerebral, renal or other) should be previously characterized before beginning specific antihypertensive therapy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Hypertensive emergency in special situations</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Chart 3</xref> shows the medications used for HE.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Chart 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Medications used via parenteral route to treat hypertensive emergencies</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Medications</th>
              <th align="center">Administration route and dosage</th>
              <th align="center">Beginning</th>
              <th align="center">Duration</th>
              <th align="center">Indications</th>
              <th align="center">Adverse events and precautions</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SNP (arterial and venous vasodilator, stimulates cGMP formation)</td>
              <td align="center">Continuous IV infusion0.25-10 mg/kg/min</td>
              <td align="center">Immediate</td>
              <td align="center">1-2 min</td>
              <td align="center">Most hypertensive emergencies</td>
              <td align="center">Cyanide poisoning, severe hypotension, nausea, vomiting. Careful in kidney and liver failure and high intracranial pressure. Protect from light</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nitroglycerin (arterial and venous vasodilator, nitric oxide donor)</td>
              <td align="center">Continuous IV infusion 5-15 mg/h</td>
              <td align="center">2-5 min</td>
              <td align="center">3-5 min</td>
              <td align="center">Coronary insufficiency, left ventricular failure with APE</td>
              <td align="center">Headache, reflex tachycardia, tachyphylaxis, flushing, metahemoglobinemia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Metoprolol (selective BB)</td>
              <td align="center">5 mg IV (repeat 10/10 min, if necessary up to 20 mg)</td>
              <td align="center">5-10 min</td>
              <td align="center">3-4 h</td>
              <td align="center">Coronary insufficiency, acute aortic dissection (in combination with SNP)</td>
              <td align="center">Bradycardia, advanced atrioventricular block, HF, bronchospasm</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Esmolol (ultra-rapid selective BB)</td>
              <td align="center">Attack: 500 &#181;g/kgintermittent infusion 25-50 &#181;g/kg/min&#8593; 25 &#181;g/kg/min every 10-20 min. Maximum 300 &#181;g/kg/min</td>
              <td align="center">1-2 min</td>
              <td align="center">1-20 min</td>
              <td align="center">Acute aortic dissection (in combination with SNP),severe postoperative hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">Nausea, vomiting, 1st-degree atrioventricular block, bronchospasm, hypotension</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> Phentolamine (alpha-adrenergic blocker)</td>
              <td align="center">Continuous infusion: 1-5 mg Maximum 15 mg</td>
              <td align="center">1-2 min</td>
              <td align="center">3-5 min</td>
              <td align="center">Excess of catecholamines</td>
              <td align="center">Reflex tachycardia, flushing, dizziness, nausea, vomiting</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> Trimethaphan (SNS and PSNS ganglionic blocker)</td>
              <td align="center">Continuous infusion:0.5-1.0 mg/min. &#8593; 0.5 mg/ min up to maximum of <break/> 15 mg/min</td>
              <td align="center">1-5 min</td>
              <td align="center">10 min</td>
              <td align="center">Excess of catecholamines Acute aortic dissection</td>
              <td align="center">Tachyphylaxis</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hydralazine (direct vasodilator)</td>
              <td align="center">10-20 mg IV or10-40 mg IM 6/6 h</td>
              <td align="center">10-30 min</td>
              <td align="center">3-12 h</td>
              <td align="center">Eclampsia</td>
              <td align="center">Tachycardia, headache, vomiting. Worsening of angina and infarction. Careful in high intracranial pressure</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> Diazoxide (vasodilator of arteriolar smooth muscle)</td>
              <td align="center">Infusion 10-15min1-3 mg/kg Maximum 150 mg</td>
              <td align="center">1-10 min</td>
              <td align="center">3-18 h</td>
              <td align="center">Hypertensive encephalopathy</td>
              <td align="center">Retention of sodium, water, hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> Fenoldopam (dopaminergic agonist)</td>
              <td align="center">Continuous infusion0.1-1.6 &#181;g/kg/min</td>
              <td align="center">5-10 min</td>
              <td align="center">10-15 min</td>
              <td align="center">AKI</td>
              <td align="center">Headache, nausea, flushing</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> Nicardipine (CCB)</td>
              <td align="center">Continuous infusion5-15 mg/h</td>
              <td align="center">5-10 min</td>
              <td align="center">1-4 h</td>
              <td align="center">Stroke,hypertensive encephalopathy,left ventricular failure with APE</td>
              <td align="center">Reflex tachycardia, phlebitis, avoid in patients with HF or myocardial ischemia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> Labetalol (alpha/beta-adrenergic blocker)</td>
              <td align="center">Attack: 20-80 mg <break/> 10-10 min Continuous infusion 2 mg/min <break/> (maximum 300 mg/24h)</td>
              <td align="center">5-10 min</td>
              <td align="center">2-6 h</td>
              <td align="center">Stroke,acute aortic dissection (in combination with SNP)</td>
              <td align="center">Nausea, vomiting, atrioventricular block, bronchospasm, orthostatic hypotension</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> Enalapril (ACEI)</td>
              <td align="center">Intermittent infusion1.25-5.0 mg 6/6h</td>
              <td align="center">15 min</td>
              <td align="center">4-6 h</td>
              <td align="center">Left ventricular failure with APE</td>
              <td align="center">Hypotension, kidney failure</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Furosemide (loop DIU)</td>
              <td align="center">20-60 mg (repeat after 30 min)</td>
              <td align="center">2-5 min</td>
              <td align="center">30-90 min</td>
              <td align="center">Left ventricular failure with APE, hypervolemia</td>
              <td align="center">Hypopotassemia</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Not available in Brazil. SNP: sodium nitroprusside; cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate; SNS: sympathetic nervous system; PSNS: parasympathetic nervous system; APE: acute pulmonary edema; AKI: acute kidney injury; HF: heart failure; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; DIU: diuretic.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Stroke</title>
        <p>Arterial hypertension is the major risk factor for stroke, especially hemorrhagic stroke. The diagnosis is based on complete neurological exam. To assess the severity of the condition, the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) should be used. Brain CT and MRI allow defining the type of stroke and territory involved, and, usually, 85% of the strokes are ischemic, and 15%, hemorrhagic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> For incipient infarctions, MRI is more sensitive than CT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hemorrhagic stroke12</title>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>For patients with SBP between 150 and 220 mm Hg and with no treatment contraindication, acute SBP reduction to 140 mm Hg is safe and can be effective to improve the functional outcome. (GR: IIa; LE: B) (in 1 hour with IV infusion of antihypertensives and BP monitoring 5/5 min) (GR: I; LE: A).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>For patients with SBP &gt; 220 mm Hg, consider aggressive BP reduction with continuous IV infusion and frequent BP monitoring. (GR: IIb; LE: C).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ischemic stroke13</title>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>For patients with no indication for thrombolytic therapy and initial BP &gt; 220/120 mm Hg, BP should not be reduced more than 15-20%, maintaining DBP as 100-110 mm Hg in the first 24 hours.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The ideal BP level to be attained is not known, but there is consensus that no antihypertensive treatment should be instituted during the initial care, except if SBP is &gt; 220 mm Hg or DBP is &gt; 120 mm Hg. (GR: I; LE: C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Consider the possibility of using thrombolytics after BP control. For patients with indication for thrombolytic therapy and initial BP &gt; 185/110 mm Hg, BP should be reduced to &lt; 185/105 mm Hg for, at least, the first 24 hours after the thrombolytic agent. (GR: I; LE: B).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acute coronary syndromes</title>
        <p>Coronary syndromes can be accompanied by BP elevation, because of a reflex of the ischemic myocardium. The increased PVR increases myocardial oxygen demand because of the increased left ventricular wall tension.</p>
        <p>The IV nitrates reduce PVR, improve coronary perfusion and have an important systemic vasodilator effect, reducing preload and myocardial oxygen consumption. SNP is not indicated because of the coronary flow steal mechanism caused by generalized coronary vasodilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Unstable angina / non-ST elevation MI / ST elevation MI14,15</title>
        <p>To treat AH, persistent ischemia and HF, IV nitroglycerin is indicated in the first 48 hours. Its use should not exclude other interventions that have proven to reduce mortality, such as BBs or ACEIs. Nitroglycerin is, however, contraindicated in the presence of recent use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors (previous 24 to 48 hours). (GR: I; LE: B).</p>
        <p>The IV use of BBs is indicated for individuals with AH who have no signs of HF, clinical evidence of low cardiac output, increased risk for cardiogenic shock or other contraindications relating to beta blockade. (GR: IIa; LE: B).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acute pulmonary edema</title>
        <p>Approximately one third of the patients admitted with APE and HE have preserved left ventricular function. Myocardial ischemia can also be involved in the pathophysiology of the APE associated with HE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The HE with APE findings should be controlled in an ICU setting, with parenteral medication, monitoring and gradual BP decrease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Acute aortic dissection</title>
          <p>Acute aortic dissection should always be considered in patients with precordial pain and BP elevation. Progression of the dissection is related to the BP level and ventricular ejection velocity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Target SBP (120 mm Hg) should be achieved in 20 minutes. The isolated use of SNP is not ideal, because it increases HR and the aortic ejection velocity, and can worsen the dissection. Thus, SNP should be associated with a BB. In case of intolerance to SNP or contraindication to BBs, trimethaphan should be used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Use of illicit substances</title>
          <p>Illicit substances that raise BP, such as cocaine, crack, amphetamines and ecstasy, have sympathomimetic action.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Crack and cocaine increase the risk for stroke and acute coronary insufficiency.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In addition to increasing HR and BP, ecstasy have other effects, mainly serotoninergic syndrome, and can cause rhabdomyolysis and AKI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A complicator of those intoxications is the concomitant ingestion of high doses of caffeine, present in energetic beverages, nicotine and alcohol. Those intoxications have in common the high level of plasma noradrenaline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The treatment includes the use of BBs, alpha-blockers and CCBs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rapidly progressive acute kidney injury</title>
          <p>Acute and progressive renal function impairment is observed in patients admitted to hospital emergency units.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Individuals with greater renal function impairment have important cardiac dysfunction and greater loss of renal function during episodes of marked BP elevation, which is accompanied by high in-hospital mortality rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Rapidly progressive AKI is defined as a sudden renal function worsening in 48 hours, with specific classification criteria: RIFLE (<italic>Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Kidney Disease</italic>) and AKIN (<italic>The Acute Kidney Injury Network</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Treatment includes hydralazine, loop DIUs and BBs. In case of no result, SNP can be considered until dialysis is performed.</p>
          <p>The management for preeclampsia and eclampsia is reported in Chapter 9.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 The fifth report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC V). Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(2):154-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>The fifth report of the Joint National Committee on Detection</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC V)</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>153</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>154</fpage>
          <lpage>183</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Praxedes JN, Santello JL, Amodeo C, Giorgi DM, Machado CA, Jabur P. Encontro multic&#234;ntrico sobre crises hipertensivas: relat&#243;rio e recomenda&#231;&#245;es. Hipertens&#227;o. 2001;4(1):23-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Praxedes</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santello</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amodeo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giorgi</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jabur</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Encontro multic&#234;ntrico sobre crises hipertensivas: relat&#243;rio e recomenda&#231;&#245;es</article-title>
          <source>Hipertens&#227;o</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>23</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o; Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. [VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(1 Suppl):1-51. Erratum in: Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(4):553.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</collab>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o</collab>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension</article-title>
          <comment>nullErratum in Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(4):553</comment>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>1 Suppl</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Martin JF, Higashiama E, Garcia E, Luizon MR, Cipullo JP. Hypertensive crisis profile: prevalence and clinical presentation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;83(2):131-6; 125-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Higashiama</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luizon</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cipullo</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypertensive crisis profile: prevalence and clinical presentation</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>131</fpage>
          <lpage>136</lpage>
          <fpage>125</fpage>
          <lpage>130</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Pinna G, Pascale C, Fornengo P, Arras S, Piras C, Panzarasa P, et al. Hospital admissions for hypertensive crisis in the emergency departments: a large multicenter Italian study. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93542.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pinna</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pascale</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fornengo</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arras</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piras</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Panzarasa</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hospital admissions for hypertensive crisis in the emergency departments: a large multicenter Italian study</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e93542</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Vilela-Martin JF, Vaz-de-Melo RO, Kuniyoshi CH, Abdo AN, Yugar-Toledo JC. Hypertensive crisis: clinical-epidemiological profile. Hypertens Res. 2011;34(3):367-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vilela-Martin</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaz-de-Melo</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuniyoshi</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abdo</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yugar-Toledo</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypertensive crisis: clinical-epidemiological profile</article-title>
          <source>Hypertens Res</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>367</fpage>
          <lpage>371</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356(9227):411-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vaughan</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delanty</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypertensive emergencies</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>356</volume>
          <issue>9227</issue>
          <fpage>411</fpage>
          <lpage>417</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Blumenfeld JD, Laragh JH. Management of hypertensive crises: the scientific basis for treatment decisions. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14(11 Pt 1):1154-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blumenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laragh</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of hypertensive crises: the scientific basis for treatment decisions</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>1154</fpage>
          <lpage>1167</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Martin JF, Kuniyoshi CH, Andrade LG, Yugar-Toledo JC, Loureiro AC, Cipullo JP. Fatores preditores de mortalidade em pacientes com crise hipertensiva. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;89(supl 1):201.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuniyoshi</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yugar-Toledo</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loureiro</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cipullo</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fatores preditores de mortalidade em pacientes com crise hipertensiva</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>Suppl 1</issue>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>201</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Saguner AM, D&#252;r S, Perrig M, Schiemann U, Stuck AE, B&#252;rgi U, et al. Risk factors promoting hypertensive crises: evidence from a longitudinal study. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(7):775-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saguner</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#252;r</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perrig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schiemann</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stuck</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#252;rgi</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk factors promoting hypertensive crises: evidence from a longitudinal study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>775</fpage>
          <lpage>780</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Truelsen T, Heuschmann PU, Bonita R, Arjundas G, Dalal P, Damasceno A, et al. Standard method for developing stroke registers in low-income and middle-income countries: experiences from a feasibility study of a stepwise approach to stroke surveillance (STEPS Stroke). Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(2):134-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Truelsen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heuschmann</surname>
              <given-names>PU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonita</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arjundas</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dalal</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damasceno</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Standard method for developing stroke registers in low-income and middle-income countries: experiences from a feasibility study of a stepwise approach to stroke surveillance (STEPS Stroke)</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Neurol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>134</fpage>
          <lpage>139</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Hemphill JC 3rd, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, Becker K, Bendok BR, Cushman M, et al; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: a Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015;46(7):2032-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hemphill</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bendok</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Heart Association Stroke CouncilCouncil on Cardiovascular and Stroke NursingCouncil on Clinical Cardiology</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: a Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>2032</fpage>
          <lpage>2060</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, Bruno A, Connors JJ, Demaerschalk BM, et al; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44(3):870-947.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jauch</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saver</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruno</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connors</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demaerschalk</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Heart Association Stroke CouncilCouncil on Cardiovascular NursingCouncil on Peripheral Vascular DiseaseCouncil on Clinical Cardiology</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>870</fpage>
          <lpage>947</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE Jr, Chung MK, de Lemos JA, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;127(4):e362-425. Erratum in: Circulation. 2013;128(25):e481.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Gara</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kushner</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ascheim</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casey</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Lemos</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <comment>nullErratum in Circulation. 2013;128(25):e481</comment>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>e362</fpage>
          <lpage>e425</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey DE Jr, Ganiats TG, Holmes DR Jr, et al; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Thoracic Surgeons; American Association for Clinical Chemistry. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(24):e139-228. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(24):2713-4</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amsterdam</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wenger</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brindis</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casey</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ganiats</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American College of CardiologyAmerican Heart Association Task Force on Practice GuidelinesSociety for Cardiovascular Angiography and InterventionsSociety of Thoracic SurgeonsAmerican Association for Clinical Chemistry</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <comment>nullErratum in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(24):2713-4</comment>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>e139</fpage>
          <lpage>e228</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Gandhi SK, Powers JC, Nomeir AM, Fowle K, Kitzman DW, Rankin KM, et al. The pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema associated with hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(1):17-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gandhi</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powers</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nomeir</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fowle</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitzman</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rankin</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema associated with hypertension</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>344</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Kumar R, Gandhi SK, Little WC. Acute heart failure with preserved systolic function. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(1 Suppl):pS52-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gandhi</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Little</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute heart failure with preserved systolic function</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>1 Suppl</issue>
          <fpage>pS52</fpage>
          <lpage>pS56</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Peacock WF, Braunwald E, Abraham W, Albert N, Burnett J, Christenson R, et al. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute working group on emergency department management of acute heart failure: research challenges and opportunities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(5):343-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Peacock</surname>
              <given-names>WF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albert</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burnett</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christenson</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute working group on emergency department management of acute heart failure: research challenges and opportunities</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>343</fpage>
          <lpage>351</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Khan IA, Nair CK. Clinical, diagnostic, and management perspectives of aortic dissection. Chest. 2002;122(1):311-28.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>IA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nair</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical, diagnostic, and management perspectives of aortic dissection</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>311</fpage>
          <lpage>328</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Naidoo S, Smit D. Methamphetamine abuse: a review of the literature and case report in a young male. SADJ. 2011;66(3):124-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Naidoo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smit</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Methamphetamine abuse: a review of the literature and case report in a young male</article-title>
          <source>SADJ</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>124</fpage>
          <lpage>127</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Sordo L, Indave BI, Barrio G, Degenhardt L, de la Fuente L, Bravo MJ. Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;142:1-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sordo</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Indave</surname>
              <given-names>BI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barrio</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Degenhardt</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de la Fuente</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bravo</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Drug Alcohol Depend</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>142</volume>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Gahlinger PM. Club drugs: MDMA, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Rohypnol, and ketamine. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69(11):2619-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gahlinger</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Club drugs: MDMA, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Rohypnol, and ketamine</article-title>
          <source>Am Fam Physician</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2619</fpage>
          <lpage>2626</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Fitzgerald PJ. Elevated norepinephrine may be a unifying etiological factor in the abuse of a broad range of substances: alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and caffeine. Subst Abuse. 2013;7:171-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fitzgerald</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Elevated norepinephrine may be a unifying etiological factor in the abuse of a broad range of substances: alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and caffeine</article-title>
          <source>Subst Abuse</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <fpage>171</fpage>
          <lpage>183</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Connors NJ, Hoffman RS. Experimental treatments for cocaine toxicity: a difficult transition to the bedside. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013;347(2):251-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Connors</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Experimental treatments for cocaine toxicity: a difficult transition to the bedside</article-title>
          <source>J Pharmacol Exp Ther</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>347</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>251</fpage>
          <lpage>257</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Challiner R, Ritchie JP, Fullwood C, Loughnan P, Hutchison AJ. Incidence and consequence of acute kidney injury in unselected emergency admissions to a large acute UK hospital trust. BMC Nephrol. 2014;15:84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Challiner</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritchie</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fullwood</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loughnan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutchison</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence and consequence of acute kidney injury in unselected emergency admissions to a large acute UK hospital trust</article-title>
          <source>BMC Nephrol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <fpage>84</fpage>
          <lpage>84</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 James MT, Grams ME, Woodward M, Elley CR, Green JA, Wheeler DC, et al; CKD Prognosis Consortium A meta-analysis of the association of estimated GFR, albuminuria, Diabetes mellitus, and hypertension with acute kidney injury. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(4):602-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grams</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woodward</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elley</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wheeler</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>CKD Prognosis Consortium A meta-analysis of the association of estimated GFR, albuminuria, Diabetes mellitus, and hypertension with acute kidney injury</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>602</fpage>
          <lpage>612</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Hawkins R. New biomarkers of acute kidney injury and the cardio-renal syndrome. Korean J Lab Med. 2011;31(2):72-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hawkins</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>New biomarkers of acute kidney injury and the cardio-renal syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Korean J Lab Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>72</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>7&#170; Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial: Cap&#237;tulo 14 &#8211; Crise Hipertensiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>MVB</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>ECD</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martim</surname>
            <given-names>JFV</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosito</surname>
            <given-names>GBA</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Toledo</surname>
            <given-names>JY</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passarelli</surname>
            <given-names>O</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os termos UH e EH surgiram como proposta para uma classifica&#231;&#227;o operacional de CH em 1993 pelo V <italic>Joint National Committee on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As UH s&#227;o situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas sintom&#225;ticas em que h&#225; eleva&#231;&#227;o acentuada da PA (definida arbitrariamente como PAD &#8805; 120 mmHg) sem LOA aguda e progressiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> As EH s&#227;o situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas sintom&#225;ticas em que h&#225; eleva&#231;&#227;o acentuada da PA (definida arbitrariamente com PAD &#8805; 120 mmHg) com LOA aguda e progressiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Pacientes com queixas de cefaleia, dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica, dispneia, estresse psicol&#243;gico agudo e s&#237;ndrome de p&#226;nico associados &#224; PA elevada n&#227;o caracterizam UH ou EH, mas, na realidade, uma pseudocrise hipertensiva. O tratamento deve ser otimiza&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva e conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o ao tratamento.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Quadro 1</xref> mostra a classifica&#231;&#227;o das EH. O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Quadro 2</xref> diferencia a UH da EH em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico, progn&#243;stico e conduta.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Quadro 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o das emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">EMERG&#202;NCIAS HIPERTENSIVAS</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cerebrovasculares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Encefalopatia hipertensiva</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Hemorragia intracerebral</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Hemorragia subaracn&#243;ide</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- AVE isqu&#234;mico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cardiocirculat&#243;rias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- EAP com insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- IAM</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Renais</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">- LRA rapidamente progressiva</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Crises adren&#233;rgicas graves</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Crise do FEO</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">Dose excessiva de drogas il&#237;citas (coca&#237;na, crack, LSD)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ecl&#226;mpsia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia grave</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome &#8220;HELLP&#8221;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o grave em final de gesta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>EAP: edema agudo de pulm&#227;o; LRA: les&#227;o renal aguda; FEO: feocromocitoma.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Quadro 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diferen&#231;as no diagn&#243;stico, progn&#243;stico e conduta nas UH e EH</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Urg&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th align="left">Emerg&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#237;vel press&#243;rico elevado acentuado PAD &gt; 120 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#237;vel press&#243;rico elevado acentuado PAD &gt; 120 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sem LOA aguda e progressiva</td>
                  <td align="left">Com LOA aguda e progressiva</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Combina&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa oral</td>
                  <td align="left">Medicamento parenteral</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sem risco iminente de morte</td>
                  <td align="left">Com risco iminente de morte</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acompanhamento ambulatorial precoce (7 dias)</td>
                  <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Principais aspectos epidemiol&#243;gicos, fisiopatol&#243;gicos e progn&#243;sticos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Epidemiologia</title>
          <p>A CH responde por 0,45-0,59% de todos os atendimentos de emerg&#234;ncia hospitalar e a EH responde por 25% de todos os casos de CH, AVE isqu&#234;mico e EAP, constituindo as mais frequentes EH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fisiopatogenia</title>
          <p>Aumento do volume intravascular, da RVP ou produ&#231;&#227;o reduzida de vasodilatadores end&#243;genos parece precipitar maior vasorreatividade e resultar em CH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A capacidade autorregulat&#243;ria est&#225; comprometida, particularmente no leito vascular cerebral e renal, resultando em isquemia local, o que desencadeia um c&#237;rculo vicioso de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, prolifera&#231;&#227;o miointimal e isquemia em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Progn&#243;stico</title>
          <p>A sobrevida de at&#233; 5 anos &#233; significantemente maior em indiv&#237;duos com UH do que com EH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Aus&#234;ncia de descenso noturno associa-se a maior risco de LOA e consequente disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, situa&#231;&#227;o envolvida na eleva&#231;&#227;o aguda da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-laboratorial complementar</title>
        <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e a solicita&#231;&#227;o de exames devem ser voltadas para a adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA e de LOA. No in&#237;cio, a PA deve ser medida nos dois bra&#231;os, de prefer&#234;ncia em um ambiente calmo, e repetidas vezes at&#233; a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o (no m&#237;nimo, 3 medidas). Deve-se rapidamente coletar informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a PA usual do paciente e situa&#231;&#245;es que possam desencadear o seu aumento (ansiedade, dor, sal), comorbidades, uso de f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos (dosagem e ades&#227;o) ou que possam aumentar a PA (anti-inflamat&#243;rios, corticoides, simpaticomim&#233;ticos, &#225;lcool). Uma abordagem sistematizada auxilia na verifica&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de LOA aguda ou progressiva:</p>
        <p><bold>Sistema cardiovascular</bold>: dor ou desconforto no t&#243;rax, abdome ou dorso; dispneia, fadiga e tosse. Verifica&#231;&#227;o da FC, ritmo, altera&#231;&#227;o de pulso, galope, sopros card&#237;acos, vasculares e estase jugular, al&#233;m de congest&#227;o pulmonar, abdominal e perif&#233;rica. Exames, de acordo com o quadro cl&#237;nico e a disponibilidade: ECG, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, satura&#231;&#227;o de O2, radiografia de t&#243;rax, ecocardiograma, marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, hemograma com plaquetas, LDH, angiotomografia e RNM.</p>
        <p><bold>Sistema nervoso</bold>: tontura, cefaleia, altera&#231;&#227;o de vis&#227;o, audi&#231;&#227;o ou fala, n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia ou coma, agita&#231;&#227;o, del&#237;rio ou confus&#227;o, d&#233;ficits focais, rigidez de nuca, convuls&#227;o. Exames: tomografia, RNM e pun&#231;&#227;o lombar.</p>
        <p><bold>Sistema renal e geniturin&#225;rio</bold>: altera&#231;&#245;es no volume ou na frequ&#234;ncia miccional ou no aspecto da urina, hemat&#250;ria, edema, desidrata&#231;&#227;o, massas e sopros abdominais. Exames: Urina I, creatininemia, ureia s&#233;rica, Na+, K+, Cl-, gasometria.</p>
        <p><bold>Fundoscopia</bold>: papiledema, hemorragias, exsudatos, altera&#231;&#245;es nos vasos como espasmos, cruzamentos arteriovenosos patol&#243;gicos, espessamento na parede arterial e aspecto em fio de prata ou cobre.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tratamento geral da crise hipertensiva</title>
        <p>O tratamento da UH deve ser iniciado ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em ambiente calmo, condi&#231;&#227;o que ajuda a afastar casos de pseudocrise (tratados somente com repouso ou uso de analg&#233;sicos ou tranquilizantes). Captopril, clonidina e BB s&#227;o os anti-hipertensivos orais usados para reduzir gradualmente a PA em 24 a 48 horas. O uso de gotas de c&#225;psulas de nifedipino de libera&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida na UH deve ser proscrito no tratamento das UH, por n&#227;o ser seguro nem eficaz, al&#233;m de provocar redu&#231;&#245;es r&#225;pidas e acentuadas da PA, o que pode resultar em isquemia tecidual. O uso de nifedipino tem, atualmente, uma discut&#237;vel aplica&#231;&#227;o em pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia.</p>
        <p>O tratamento dos pacientes com EH visa redu&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida da PA, com a finalidade de impedir a progress&#227;o das LOA. Pacientes devem ser admitidos em UTI, usarem anti-hipertensivos IV e ser monitorados cuidadosamente durante a terapia para evitar hipotens&#227;o. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es gerais de redu&#231;&#227;o da PA para EH devem ser:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>- ? PA &#8804; 25% na 1&#170; hora;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- ? PA 160/100 -110 mmHg em 2-6 h</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- PA 135/85 mmHg 24-48 h</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Entretanto, EH devem ser abordadas considerando o sistema ou &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo acometido. Assim, cada tipo de EH (CV, cerebral, renal ou outras) deve ser caracterizada previamente antes de se iniciar a terapia anti-hipertensiva espec&#237;fica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva em situa&#231;&#245;es especiais</title>
        <p>O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Quadro 3</xref> mostra os medicamentos usados nos casos de EH.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Quadro 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medicamentos usados por via parenteral para o tratamento das emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Medicamentos</th>
                <th align="center">Modo de administra&#231;&#227;o e dosagem</th>
                <th align="center">In&#237;cio</th>
                <th align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Indica&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th align="center">Eventos adversos e precau&#231;&#245;es</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NPS (vasodilatador arterial e venoso, estimula a forma&#231;&#227;o de GMPc)</td>
                <td align="center">Infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua IV 0,25-10 mg/kg/min</td>
                <td align="center">Imediato</td>
                <td align="center">1-2 min</td>
                <td align="center">Maioria das emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas</td>
                <td align="center">Intoxica&#231;&#227;o por cianeto, hipotens&#227;o grave, n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos. Cuidado na insufici&#234;ncia renal e hep&#225;tica e press&#227;o intracraniana alta. Proteger da luz</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nitroglicerina (vasodilatador arterial e venoso, doador de &#243;xido n&#237;trico)</td>
                <td align="center">Infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua IV 5-15 mg/h</td>
                <td align="center">2-5 min</td>
                <td align="center">3-5 min</td>
                <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda com EAP</td>
                <td align="center">Cefaleia, taquicardia reflexa, taquifilaxia, flushing, metahemoglobinemia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Metoprolol (BB seletivo)</td>
                <td align="center">5 mg IV (repetir 10/10 min, se necessa&#236;rio ate&#236; 20 mg)</td>
                <td align="center">5-10 min</td>
                <td align="center">3-4 h</td>
                <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia coronariana, dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta (em combina&#231;&#227;o com NPS)</td>
                <td align="center">Bradicardia, bloqueio atrioventricular avan&#231;ado, IC, broncoespasmo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Esmolol (BB seletivo de a&#231;&#227;o ultra-r&#225;pida)</td>
                <td align="center">Ataque: 500 &#181;g/kg Infus&#227;o intermitente 25-50 &#181;g/kg/min &#8593; 25 &#181;g/kg/min cada 10-20 min. M&#225;ximo 300 &#181;g/kg/min</td>
                <td align="center">1-2 min</td>
                <td align="center">1-20 min</td>
                <td align="center">Dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta (em combina&#231;&#227;o com NPS), hipertens&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria grave</td>
                <td align="center">N&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos, bloqueio atrioventricular de 1&#186; grau, broncoespasmo, hipotens&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> Fentolamina (bloqueador &#945;-adren&#233;rgico)</td>
                <td align="center">Infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua: 1-5 mg M&#225;ximo 15 mg</td>
                <td align="center">1-2 min</td>
                <td align="center">3-5 min</td>
                <td align="center">Excesso de catecolaminas</td>
                <td align="center">Taquicardia reflexa, flushing, tontura, n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> Trimetafan (bloqueador ganglionar do SNS e SNPS)</td>
                <td align="center">Infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua: 0,5-1,0 mg/min. &#8593; 0,5 mg/ min at&#233; o m&#225;ximo de 15 mg/min</td>
                <td align="center">1-5 min</td>
                <td align="center">10 min</td>
                <td align="center">Excesso de catecolaminas Dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta</td>
                <td align="center">Taquifilaxia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hidralazina (vasodilatador de a&#231;a&#222;o direta)</td>
                <td align="center">10-20 mg IV ou 10-40 mg IM 6/6 h</td>
                <td align="center">10-30 min</td>
                <td align="center">3-12 h</td>
                <td align="center">Ecl&#226;mpsia</td>
                <td align="center">Taquicardia, cefaleia, v&#244;mitos. Piora da angina e do infarto. Cuidado com pressa&#222;o intracraniana elevada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> Diaz&#243;xido (vasodilatador da musculatura lisa arteriolar)</td>
                <td align="center">Infus&#227;o 10-15min 1-3 mg/kg M&#225;ximo 150 mg</td>
                <td align="center">1-10 min</td>
                <td align="center">3-18 h</td>
                <td align="center">Encefalopatia hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">Reten&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio, &#225;gua, hiperglicemia e hiperuricemia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> Fenoldopam (agonista dopamin&#233;rgico)</td>
                <td align="center">Infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua 0,1-1,6 &#181;g/kg/min</td>
                <td align="center">5-10 min</td>
                <td align="center">10-15 min</td>
                <td align="center">LRA</td>
                <td align="center">Cefaleia, n&#225;useas, rubor</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> Nicardipina (BCC)</td>
                <td align="center">Infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua 5-15 mg/h</td>
                <td align="center">5-10 min</td>
                <td align="center">1-4 h</td>
                <td align="center">AVE, encefalopatia hipertensiva, insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda com EAP</td>
                <td align="center">Taquicardia reflexa, flebite, evitar em pacientes com IC ou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> Labetalol (bloqueador &#945;/&#946;- adren&#233;rgico)</td>
                <td align="center">Ataque: 20-80 mg 10-10 min Infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua 2 mg/min (m&#225;ximo 300 mg/24h)</td>
                <td align="center">5-10 min</td>
                <td align="center">2-6 h</td>
                <td align="center">AVE, dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta (em combina&#231;&#227;o com NPS)</td>
                <td align="center">N&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos, BAV, broncoespasmo, hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> Enalaprilato (IECA)</td>
                <td align="center">Infus&#227;o intermitente 1,25-5,0 mg 6/6h</td>
                <td align="center">15 min</td>
                <td align="center">4-6 h</td>
                <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda com EAP</td>
                <td align="center">Hipotens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Furosemida (DIU de al&#231;a)</td>
                <td align="center">20-60 mg (repetir ap&#243;s 30 min)</td>
                <td align="center">2-5 min</td>
                <td align="center">30-90 min</td>
                <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda com EAP, situa&#231;&#245;es de hipervolemia</td>
                <td align="center">Hipopotassemia</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>N&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no Brasil. NPS: nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio; SNS: sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico; SNPS: sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; EAP: edema agudo de pulm&#227;o; LRA: les&#227;o renal aguda; DIU: diur&#233;tico</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</title>
          <p>A HA &#233; o principal fator de risco para AVE, principalmente o hemorr&#225;gico. O diagn&#243;stico &#233; baseado em exame neurol&#243;gico completo. Para avaliar a gravidade do quadro, deve-se utilizar a escala do NIHSS (<italic>National Institute of Health Stroke Scale</italic> ). A TC do cr&#226;nio e a RNM permitem definir o tipo do AVE e o territ&#243;rio envolvido, do qual, em geral, 85% &#233; isqu&#234;mico e 15%, hemorr&#225;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A RNM &#233; mais sens&#237;vel do que a TC para os infartos incipientes.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico hemorr&#225;gico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						</title>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Para pacientes com PAS entre 150 e 220 mmHg e sem contraindica&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento, a redu&#231;&#227;o aguda da PAS para 140 mmHg &#233; segura e pode ser eficaz para melhorar o desfecho funcional. (GR: IIa, NE: B) (em 1 hora com infus&#227;o IV de anti-hipertensivos e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da PA 5/5 min) (GR: I, NE: A).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Para pacientes com PAS &gt; 220 mmHg, considerar a redu&#231;&#227;o agressiva da PA com infus&#227;o IV cont&#237;nua e monitoramento frequente da PA. (GR: IIb, NE: C).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						</title>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Para pacientes sem indica&#231;&#227;o de terapia trombol&#237;tica e PA inicial &gt; 220/120 mmHg, n&#227;o se deve reduzir PA em mais de 15-20%, mantendo-se a PAD em 100 -110 mmHg nas primeiras 24 horas.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>O n&#237;vel ideal de PA a ser obtido n&#227;o &#233; conhecido, mas existe consenso de que n&#227;o se deve instituir tratamento anti-hipertensivo durante o atendimento inicial, a menos que a PAS seja &gt; 220 mmHg ou PAD &gt; 120 mmHg. (GR: I; NE: C).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Considerar a possibilidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de trombol&#237;tico ap&#243;s controle da PA. Para pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de terapia trombol&#237;tica e PA inicial &gt; 185/110 mmHg, reduzir a PA para &lt; 185/105 mmHg por, no m&#237;nimo, as primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s trombol&#237;tico. (GR: I; NE: B).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>S&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas</title>
          <p>As s&#237;ndromes coronarianas podem estar acompanhadas de eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA, devido a um reflexo do mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico. O aumento da RVP eleva a demanda de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico, pelo aumento da tens&#227;o parietal do VE.</p>
          <p>Os nitratos IV reduzem a RVP, melhoram a perfus&#227;o coronariana e possuem importante efeito venodilatador sist&#234;mico, reduzindo a pr&#233;-carga e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico. O NPS n&#227;o est&#225; indicado devido a um mecanismo de roubo de fluxo causado pela vasodilata&#231;&#227;o generalizada dos vasos coronarianos de resist&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
					</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Angina inst&#225;vel / IAM sem supra de ST / IAM com supra de ST <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						</title>
            <p>A nitroglicerina IV &#233; indicada nas primeiras 48 horas para o tratamento da HA, isquemia persistente e IC. Seu uso n&#227;o deve excluir a terap&#234;utica com outras interven&#231;&#245;es comprovadas de redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade, tais como BB ou IECA, estando, contudo, contraindicada se houver uso recente de inibidores da fosfodiesterase (24 a 48 horas pr&#233;vias). (GR: I; NE: B).</p>
            <p>Os BB IV est&#227;o indicados em indiv&#237;duos com HA que n&#227;o apresentem sinais de IC, evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, aumento do risco para choque cardiog&#234;nico ou outras contraindica&#231;&#245;es relativas ao bloqueio beta. (GR: IIa; NE: B).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Edema agudo de pulm&#227;o</title>
          <p>Cerca de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes admitidos com EAP e EH tem fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada. A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica tamb&#233;m pode estar envolvida na fisiopatogenia do EAP associado &#224; EH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A EH com quadro de EAP deve ser controlada em UTI, com medica&#231;&#227;o via parenteral, monitoramento e diminui&#231;&#227;o gradativa da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta</title>
          <p>Sempre considerar dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta em pacientes com dor precordial e eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA. A progress&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o est&#225; relacionada ao valor de PA e &#224; velocidade de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A PAS alvo (120 mmHg) deve ser alcan&#231;ada em 20 minutos. O uso isolado de NPS n&#227;o &#233; ideal, pois promove aumento da FC e da velocidade de eje&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, podendo piorar a dissec&#231;&#227;o. Assim, NPS deve ser associado ao BB. Trimetafan deve ser usado, se houver intoler&#226;ncia ao NPS ou contraindica&#231;&#227;o ao BB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Uso de subst&#226;ncias il&#237;citas</title>
          <p>As subst&#226;ncias il&#237;citas que elevam a PA, como coca&#237;na, crack, anfetaminas e <italic>ecstasy</italic> , t&#234;m a&#231;&#227;o simpaticomim&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O crack e a coca&#237;na aumentam o risco de AVE e insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> O ecstasy tem outros efeitos al&#233;m do aumento da FC e da PA, principalmente a s&#237;ndrome serotonin&#233;rgica, podendo causar rabdomi&#243;lise e LRA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Um complicador dessas intoxica&#231;&#245;es &#233; a ingest&#227;o concomitante de altas doses de cafe&#237;na, presente em energ&#233;ticos, nicotina ou &#225;lcool. Um tra&#231;o comum entre essas intoxica&#231;&#245;es &#233; o elevado n&#237;vel de noradrenalina plasm&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O tratamento inclui o uso de BB, alfabloqueadores e BCC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Les&#227;o renal aguda rapidamente progressiva</title>
          <p>Comprometimento agudo e progressivo da fun&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; observado em pacientes admitidos em unidades de emerg&#234;ncia hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Indiv&#237;duos com maior comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal apresentam importante disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e t&#234;m maior preju&#237;zo da fun&#231;&#227;o renal durante epis&#243;dios de eleva&#231;&#227;o acentuada da PA, que cursa com altas taxas de mortalidade hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A LRA rapidamente progressiva &#233; definida como agravamento s&#250;bito da fun&#231;&#227;o renal em um per&#237;odo de 48 horas e t&#234;m crit&#233;rios espec&#237;ficos de classifica&#231;&#227;o - RIFLE (<italic>Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Kidney Disease</italic> ) e AKIN (<italic>The Acute Kidney Injury Network</italic> ).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> O tratamento inclui hidralazina, DIU de al&#231;a e BB. Quando n&#227;o houver resultado, pode-se considerar NPS at&#233; realiza&#231;&#227;o de di&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>A conduta na pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e eclampsia foram relatadas no Cap&#237;tulo 9 desta Diretriz.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
