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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rsLYrK4L9yWHyxdL7zKfwDy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004800007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160152</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Diretrizes</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>7<sup>th</sup> Brazilian Guideline of Arterial Hypertension: Chapter 2 - Diagnosis and Classification</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>MVB</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>MAM</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>F</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alessi</surname>
            <given-names>A</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>AD</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>EB</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>3 Suppl 3</issue>
      <fpage>07</fpage>
      <lpage>13</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The initial assessment of a patient with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) comprises diagnostic confirmation, suspicion and identification of the secondary cause, and assessment of CV risks. In addition, target-organ damage (TOD) and associated diseases should be investigated. Such assessment comprises BP measurement in the office and/or outside the office, by use of proper technique and validated equipment, medical history (personal and family), physical examination and clinical and laboratory investigation. </p>
      <p>General assessments directed to all, and, in some cases, complementary assessments only for specific groups are proposed.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of BP</title>
        <sec>
          <title>In the office</title>
          <p>Blood pressure should be measured in all assessments performed by physicians of any specialty and other health care professionals properly trained. </p>
          <p>Blood pressure should be measured at least every two years for adults with BP levels &#8804; 120/80 mm Hg, and annually for those with BP levels &gt; 120/80 mm Hg and &lt; 140/90 mm Hg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Manual, semi-automated or automated sphygmomanometers can be used. They should be validated, and calibrated annually following the INMETRO recommendations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Chart 1</xref>). The BP should be taken in the arm, with a cuff size adequate to arm circumference (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Chart 2</xref>). When AH secondary to coarctation of the aorta is suspected, BP should be measured in the lower limbs with proper cuffs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Chart 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>INMETRO ordinances n. 24, of February 22, 1996, for mechanical aneroid sphygmomanometers, and n. 96, of March 20, 2008, for digital electronic sphygmomanometers for non-invasive measurement.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">By means of these ordinances, the manufacturers or importers of sphygmomanometers should submit their products to metrological control, defined in Technical <break/>Regulation, comprising the following steps:</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Technical appreciation of the model &#8211; every manufacturer or importer of sphygmomanometers should submit each model manufactured or imported to INMETRO <break/>approval, and no change in the sphygmomanometer model approved can be performed without INMETRO&#8217;s authorization;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Initial verification &#8211; should be performed in all sphygmomanometers inside the manufacturer&#8217;s facilities or any other place at INMETRO&#8217;s discretion before their <break/>release to use;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Periodical verification &#8211; should be performed once a year, preferably inside the RBMLQ agency (IPEM) or any other place at INMETRO&#8217;s discretion; and</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Occasional verification &#8211; should be performed at the owner&#8217;s request, after device repair and/or maintenance, or when INMETRO deems it necessary.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RBMLQ: Brazilian Legal Metrology and Quality Network; IPEM: State Department of Weights and Measures</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Chart 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correction factors of BP measurement with standard adult cuff ( width, 13 cm, and length, 30 cm), according to patient&#8217;s arm circumference</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="34%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Circumference (cm)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Correction factor (mm Hg)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">SBP</th>
                  <th align="center">DBP</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">26</td>
                  <td align="center">+5</td>
                  <td align="center">+3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">28</td>
                  <td align="center">+3</td>
                  <td align="center">+2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">30</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">32</td>
                  <td align="center">-2</td>
                  <td align="center">-1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">34</td>
                  <td align="center">-4</td>
                  <td align="center">-3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">36</td>
                  <td align="center">-6</td>
                  <td align="center">-4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">38</td>
                  <td align="center">-8</td>
                  <td align="center">-6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">40</td>
                  <td align="center">-10</td>
                  <td align="center">-7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">42</td>
                  <td align="center">-12</td>
                  <td align="center">-9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">44</td>
                  <td align="center">-14</td>
                  <td align="center">-10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">46</td>
                  <td align="center">-16</td>
                  <td align="center">-11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">48</td>
                  <td align="center">-18</td>
                  <td align="center">-13</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Orthostatic hypotension should be suspected in elderly, diabetic and dysautonomic patients, as well as in those on any antihypertensive medication. Thus, particularly in such conditions, BP should be read with the patient standing for 3 minutes, and orthostatic hypotension being defined as a reduction in SBP &gt; 20 mm Hg or in DBP &gt; 10 mm Hg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Several measurements should be taken, with the patient sitting in a calm and comfortable environment to improve reproducibility and to obtain office BP levels closer to those provided by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) during wakefulness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Procedures recommended for BP measurement:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient's preparation:</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Explain the procedure to the patient, who should be left to rest for 3-5 minutes in a calm environment and instructed not to talk during the measurement. Possible doubts should be clarified before or after the procedure.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Make sure the patient:</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p>- does not have a full urinary bladder;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>- did not practice physical exercise in the past 60 minutes;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>- did not consume alcohol, coffee or any food; </p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>- did not smoke in the past 30 minutes.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Position:</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p>- The patient should be sitting relaxed in a chair, with back supported, legs uncrossed and feet on the floor; </p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>- The patient's arm should be supported at heart level, not compressed by clothes, with hand palm turned upward.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>After 3 minutes, BP should be read in the upstanding position in diabetic and elderly patients, or in any other situation at risk for orthostatic hypotension. </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Steps of BP measurement</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Determine arm circumference in the middle point between the acromion and olecranon;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Select proper cuff size (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Chart 3</xref>);</p>
              <p>
                <table-wrap id="t10">
                  <label>Chart 3</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>Cuff dimensions (bladder width and length) according to arm circumference</title>
                  </caption>
                  <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                    <colgroup>
                      <col width="25%"/>
                      <col width="25%"/>
                      <col width="25%"/>
                      <col width="25%"/>
                    </colgroup>
                    <thead>
                      <tr>
                        <th align="left">Arm circumference (cm)</th>
                        <th align="center">Cuff denomination</th>
                        <th align="center">Bladder width (cm)</th>
                        <th align="center">Bladder length (cm)</th>
                      </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">&#8804; 6</td>
                        <td align="center">Newborn</td>
                        <td align="center">3</td>
                        <td align="center">6</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">6-15</td>
                        <td align="center">Infant</td>
                        <td align="center">5</td>
                        <td align="center">15</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">16-21</td>
                        <td align="center">Child</td>
                        <td align="center">8</td>
                        <td align="center">21</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">22-26</td>
                        <td align="center">Small adult</td>
                        <td align="center">10</td>
                        <td align="center">24</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">27-34</td>
                        <td align="center">Adult</td>
                        <td align="center">13</td>
                        <td align="center">30</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">35-44</td>
                        <td align="center">Large adult</td>
                        <td align="center">16</td>
                        <td align="center">38</td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td align="left">45-52</td>
                        <td align="center">Thigh</td>
                        <td align="center">20</td>
                        <td align="center">42</td>
                      </tr>
                    </tbody>
                  </table>
                </table-wrap>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Place the cuff snugly, 2-3 cm above the cubital fossa;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Centralize the compressive part of the cuff on the brachial artery;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Estimate BP level based on palpation of the radial pulse*;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Palpate the brachial artery on the cubital fossa and place the stethoscope's diaphragm without excessive compression*;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Inflate cuff rapidly until the estimated SBP level obtained on palpation is exceeded by 20-30 mm Hg*;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Proceed to deflation slowly (velocity of 2 mm Hg/second)*;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Determine SBP by auscultation of the first sound (Korotkoff phase I), and then, slightly increase the deflation velocity*;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Determine DBP when the sounds disappear (Korotkoff phase V)*;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Auscultate until 20-30 mm Hg below the last sound to confirm its disappearance, and then proceed to rapid and complete deflation*;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>If heart beats persist until level zero, determine DBP on the muffling of sounds (Korotkoff phase IV) and write down the values of SBP/DBP/zero*;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Take at least two measurements at 1-minute intervals. If the first two are very different, additional readings should be taken. When appropriate, consider the mean value;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Measure BP in both arms on the first medical visit and take the higher value as reference;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Inform the patient of the BP reading; and</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Write down the exact BP values, with no rounding, and the arm used for the measurement.</p>
              <p>* Items performed exclusively in the auscultatory technique.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The use of validated and periodically calibrated equipment is paramount.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outside-the-office BP measurement</title>
          <p>Outside the office, BP can be measured by use of home BP monitoring (HBPM), following a specific protocol, or by use of 24-hour ABPM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Outside-the-office BP measurements should be stimulated, and can be performed by using a patient's semi-automated device or one belonging to a health care provider. The major advantages of outside-the-office BP measurements are as follows:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Higher number of BP readings;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Assessment of the individuals' usual activities;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Abolition or significant reduction of the 'white-coat effect' (WCE);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients' higher adhesion to diagnosis and follow-up.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The methods usually used to measure BP outside the office are ABPM and HBPM. Both provide similar BP information, but only ABPM assesses BP during sleep. However, both estimate CV risk, and should be considered to assess BP outside the office, provided their indications and limitations are respected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Chart 4</xref> lists the reference values for SAH definition by using office measurements, ABPM and HBPM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Because they are different assessment methods, certain values will be considered for the definition of abnormality. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Chart 5</xref> lists the indications for outside-the-office BP measurement by using ABPM and HBPM.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Chart 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Reference values for the definition of AH based on office, ABPM and HBPM measurements</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Category</th>
                  <th align="center">SBP (mm Hg)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">DBP (mm Hg)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Office</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 140</td>
                  <td align="center">and/or</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ABPM</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Wakefulness</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 135</td>
                  <td align="center">and/or</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sleep</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 120</td>
                  <td align="center">and/or</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">24 hours</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 130</td>
                  <td align="center">and/or</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HBPM</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 135</td>
                  <td align="center">and/or</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 85</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Chart 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical indications for outside-the-office BP measurement aimed at diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Clinical indications for ABPM or HBPM</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Suspected WCH</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- office stage 1 AH</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- office high BP in asymptomatic individuals with no TOD and low total CV risk</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Suspected MH</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- office BP between 130/85 and 139/89 mm Hg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- office BP &lt; 140/90 mm Hg in asymptomatic individuals with TOD or high total CV risk</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Identification of WCE in hypertensive individuals</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Wide variation of office BP in the same medical visit or in different visits</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Postural, postprandial, siesta or drug-induced hypotension</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">High office BP or suspected preeclampsia in pregnant women</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Confirmation of resistant hypertension</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Specific indications for ABPM</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Significant disagreement between office and outside-the-office BP</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Assessment of BP descent during sleep</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Suspected AH or usual lack of BP descent during sleep in individuals with sleep apnea, CKD or diabetes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Assessment of BP variability</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>AH: arterial hypertension; MH: masked hypertension; TOD: target-organ damage; WCE: white coat effect; CKD: chronic kidney disease.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of BP in children, elderly, obese and pregnant individuals</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Children</title>
          <p>Measuring BP in children is recommended at all clinical assessments after the age of 3 years, at least once a year, as part of primary pediatric care, and should abide by the standards established for adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The interpretation of the BP levels for children and adolescents should consider age, sex and height. The assessment of BP levels according to those variables should be based on specific tables (Chapter 10 of this guideline) or smartphone applications, BP Kids and Ped(z).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Elderly</title>
          <p>Special aspects of BP measurement in the elderly are due to changes resulting from aging, such as higher frequency of auscultatory gap, which is the absence of sounds during cuff deflation, resulting in falsely low SBP or falsely high DBP readings. The wide BP variability in the elderly throughout 24 hours makes ABPM a useful tool. Pseudohypertension, associated with the atherosclerotic process, can be detected by use of Osler's maneuver, that is, the radial artery remains palpable after cuff inflation at least 30 mm Hg above the reading of radial pulse disappearance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The higher occurrence of WCE and orthostatic and postprandial hypotension, and the presence of arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, can hinder BP measurement. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Obese individuals</title>
          <p>The BP measurement of obese patients requires longer and wider cuffs to prevent BP overestimation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> When the arm circumference exceeds 50 cm, and a proper cuff is not available, BP can be taken in the forearm, and the radial pulse should be auscultated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, restrictions apply to that practice. Cone-shaped, wide, short arms, where large cuffs do not fit, represent a special difficulty. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pregnant women</title>
          <p>The BP should be measured following the same methodology recommended for adults, emphasizing that it can also be taken on the left arm in the left lateral decubitus position at rest, and should not differ from that obtained in the sitting position. Consider Korotkoff's fifth sound as DBP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> White-coat hypertension (WCH) and masked hypertension (MH) are common during pregnancy, and, thus, ABPM and HBPM can be useful for clinical decision making. Chapter 9 provides further information on AH during pregnancy.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recommendations for diagnosis and follow-up</title>
        <p>To establish the diagnosis and to identify WCH and MH, HBPM and ABPM are recommended (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Another recommendation is suspected AH originating from auto-measurement, when ABPM or HBPM should be used to confirm or rule out the suspected diagnosis of WCH or MH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart for the diagnosis of arterial hypertension (modified from Canadian Hypertension Education Program). Laboratory assessment recommended in Chapter 3. ** Cardiovascular risk stratification recommended in Chapter 3.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-3suppl3-0007-60152-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Home BP measurement</title>
        <p>Home BP measurement is performed with a specific protocol, and consists in taking three BP readings in the morning, prior to breakfast and medication intake, and three in the evening, before dinner, for five days. Another option is to take two BP measurements in each of those sessions, for seven days.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Blood pressure levels &#8805; 135/85 mm Hg are considered abnormal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ambulatory BP monitoring</title>
        <p>Ambulatory BP monitoring allows indirect and intermittent BP recording during 24 hours or longer, while the patient performs their usual chores during wakefulness and sleep. One of its most specific characteristics is the likelihood to identify BP circadian changes, especially during sleep, which has considerable prognostic implications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Currently, the following BP means are considered abnormal: 24-hour &#8805; 130/80 mm Hg, wakefulness &#8805; 135/85 mm Hg, and sleep &#8805; 120/70 mm Hg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Classification</title>
      <p>The BP limits considered normal are arbitrary. However, the values to classify BP in adults by using casual or office measurements are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Chart 6</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t13">
        <label>Chart 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classification of BP according to casual or office measurement from 18 years of age onwards</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="80%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Classification</th>
              <th align="center">SBP (mm Hg)</th>
              <th align="center">DBP (mm Hg)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 120</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prehypertension</td>
              <td align="center">121-139</td>
              <td align="center">81-89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stage 1 hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">140 &#8211; 159</td>
              <td align="center">90 &#8211; 99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stage 2 hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">160 &#8211; 179</td>
              <td align="center">100 - 109</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stage 3 hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 180</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 110</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">When SBP and DBP are in different categories, the highest should be used to classify BP.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>Isolated systolic hypertension: SBP &#8805; 140 mm Hg and DBP &lt; 90 mm Hg, and is should be classified into stages 1, 2 and 3.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Hypertension</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Chart 4</xref> shows the values that define SAH. The BP readings obtained by using different methods have different abnormality levels, therefore, the abnormality levels defined for each method should be considered when establishing the diagnosis of SAH. When using office measurements, the diagnosis should always be validated with repeated readings, under ideal conditions, on at least two occasions, and confirmed by use of outside-the-office measurements (ABPM or HBPM), except for patients with detected TOD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Non-controlled SAH is defined as maintenance of elevated BP, both in and outside the office, by use of either ABPM or HBPM, even under anti-hypertensive treatment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Normal blood pressure</title>
        <p>Blood pressure is considered normal when office BP levels are &#8804; 120/80 mm Hg, and outside-the-office measurements (ABPM or HBPM) confirm those normal readings (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Controlled AH is defined as maintenance of controlled BP levels, both in the office and outside it, under anti-hypertensive treatment.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagnostic possibilities based on casual BP measurement, ABPM or HBPM. *Consider the diagnosis of prehypertension for casual SBP levels between 121 and 139 and/or DBP between 81 and 89 mm Hg.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-3suppl3-0007-60152-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prehypertension</title>
        <p>Prehypertension is characterized by SBP levels between 121 and 139 and/or DBP levels between 81 and 89 mm Hg. Prehypertensive individuals are more likely to become hypertensive and at higher risk for CV complications than those with normal BP levels, &#8804; 120/80 mm Hg, requiring, thus, periodical assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>White-coat effect</title>
      <p>The WCE is the BP difference between measurements taken in the office and outside it, if that difference equals at least 20 mm Hg in SBP and/or 10 mm Hg in DBP. It does not change the diagnosis: if normotensive, the individual will remain normotensive; if hypertensive, the individual will remain hypertensive. However, the BP stage can change and/or there might be a false impression of need for change in the therapeutic regimen. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>White-coat hypertension</title>
      <p>It is the clinical situation characterized by abnormal office BP levels, but normal BP readings on ABPM or HBPM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). Based on four population-based studies, the overall WCH prevalence is 13% (range, 9-16%), and WCH can affect 32% (range, 25-46%) of hypertensive individuals, being more common (55%) in stage 1 hypertensives and affecting 10% of stage 3 hypertensives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> However, in terms of prognosis, whether WCH is comparable to normal BP is still controversial, because some studies have shown that its long-term CV risk is intermediate between that of AH and of normotension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Masked hypertension</title>
      <p>It is characterized by normal office BP, but elevated BP on ABPM or HBPM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). The MH prevalence is 13% (range, 10-17%) in population-based studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Several factors can elevate outside-the-office BP as compared to office BP, such as young age, male sex, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, exercise-induced hypertension, anxiety, stress, obesity, DM, CKD and family history of SAH. The MH prevalence is higher when office BP is borderline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Meta-analyses of prospective studies report that the incidence of CV events is twice higher in MH than in normal BP, and comparable to that in SAH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In diabetic individuals, MH is associated with an increased risk of nephropathy, especially when BP elevation occurs during sleep.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref> shows the different possibilities of BP classification according to its diagnosis, based on the new definition forms.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Isolated systolic hypertension</title>
      <p>Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is defined as increased SBP with normal DBP, and, along with pulse pressure (PP), is an important cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) in middle-aged and elderly patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The recommendations are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Chart 7</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t14">
        <label>Chart 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Summary of the recommendations</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="60%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Recommendations</th>
              <th align="center">Grade of recommendation</th>
              <th align="center">Level of evidence</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Screening and diagnosis of AH with office BP measurement.</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diagnosis of SAH based on at least two BP readings per visit, in at least two visits.</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Measuring BP outside the office should be considered to confirm the diagnosis of <break/>SAH, identify the type of SAH, detect episodes of hypotension, and maximize the prediction of CV risk.</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Outside-the-office BP, ABPM or HBPM can be considered, depending on indication, availability, easiness, <break/>cost of use, and, when applicable, patient&#8217;s preference.</td>
              <td align="center">IIb</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
  </body>
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            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical trials in isolated systolic hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Hipertens</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>7&#170; Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial: Cap&#237;tulo 2 - Diagn&#243;stico e Classifica&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>MVB</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>MAM</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>F</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alessi</surname>
            <given-names>A</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>AD</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>EB</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de um paciente com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) inclui a confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico, a suspei&#231;&#227;o e a identifica&#231;&#227;o de causa secund&#225;ria, al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco CV. As les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo (LOA) e doen&#231;as associadas tamb&#233;m devem ser investigadas. Fazem parte dessa avalia&#231;&#227;o a medi&#231;&#227;o da PA no consult&#243;rio e/ou fora dele, utilizando-se t&#233;cnica adequada e equipamentos validados, hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica (pessoal e familiar), exame f&#237;sico e investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial.</p>
        <p>Prop&#245;em-se avalia&#231;&#245;es gerais dirigidas a todos e, em alguns casos, avalia&#231;&#245;es complementares apenas para grupos espec&#237;ficos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o da PA</title>
          <sec>
            <title>No consult&#243;rio</title>
            <p>A PA deve ser medida em toda avalia&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;dicos de qualquer especialidade e demais profissionais da sa&#250;de devidamente capacitados.</p>
            <p>Recomenda-se, pelo menos, a medi&#231;&#227;o da PA a cada dois anos para os adultos com PA &#8804; 120/80 mmHg, e anualmente para aqueles com PA &gt; 120/80 mmHg e &lt; 140/90 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A medi&#231;&#227;o da PA pode ser feita com esfigmoman&#244;metros manuais, semi-autom&#225;ticos ou autom&#225;ticos. Esses equipamentos devem ser validados e sua calibra&#231;&#227;o deve ser verificada anualmente, de acordo com as orienta&#231;&#245;es do INMETRO (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Quadro 1</xref>). A PA deve ser medida no bra&#231;o, devendo-se utilizar manguito adequado &#224; sua circunfer&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Quadro 2</xref>). Na suspeita de HA secund&#225;ria &#224; coarta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, a medi&#231;&#227;o dever&#225; ser realizada nos membros inferiores, utilizando-se manguitos apropriados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
						</p>
            <table-wrap id="t1">
              <label>Quadro 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Portaria INMETRO n&#186;. 24, de 22 de fevereiro de 1996, para os esfigmoman&#244;metros mec&#226;nicos do tipo aner&#243;ide, e n&#186;. 096, de 20 de mar&#231;o de 2008, para os esfigmoman&#244;metros eletr&#244;nicos digitais de medi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="100%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Por meio dessas portarias, os fabricantes ou importadores de esfigmoman&#244;metros devem submeter seus produtos ao controle metrol&#243;gico, definido no Regulamento T&#233;cnico, abrangendo as seguintes etapas:</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Aprecia&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica de modelo &#8211; cada fabricante ou importador de esfigmoman&#244;metro deve submeter &#224; aprova&#231;&#227;o do INMETRO cada modelo fabricado ou importado, sendo que nenhuma modifica&#231;&#227;o pode ser feita sem autoriza&#231;&#227;o do INMETRO no esfigmoman&#244;metro cujo modelo tenha sido aprovado;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Verifica&#231;&#227;o inicial &#8211; deve ser feita em todos os esfigmoman&#244;metros fabricados, nas depend&#234;ncias dos fabricantes ou outro local a crit&#233;rio do INMETRO, antes de sua coloca&#231;&#227;o em uso;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Verifica&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica &#8211; deve ser realizada uma vez por ano, de prefer&#234;ncia nas depend&#234;ncias dos &#243;rg&#227;os da RBMLQ (IPEMs) ou em local designado pelo INMETRO; e</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Verifica&#231;&#227;o eventual &#8211; deve ser realizada por solicita&#231;&#227;o do detentor do instrumento, ap&#243;s o conserto e/ou manuten&#231;&#227;o do mesmo, ou quando o INMETRO julgar necess&#225;rio.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">RBMLQ: Rede Brasileira de Metrologia Legal e Qualidade; IPEMs: Institutos de Pesos e Medidas Estaduais</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t2">
              <label>Quadro 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fatores de corre&#231;&#227;o da PA medida com manguito de adulto padr&#227;o (13 cm de largura e 30 cm de comprimento), de acordo com a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o do paciente</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Circunfer&#234;ncia (cm)</th>
                    <th align="center" colspan="2">Fator de corre&#231;&#227;o (mmHg)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="center">PAS</th>
                    <th align="center">PAD</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">26</td>
                    <td align="center">+5</td>
                    <td align="center">+3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">28</td>
                    <td align="center">+3</td>
                    <td align="center">+2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">30</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">32</td>
                    <td align="center">-2</td>
                    <td align="center">-1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">34</td>
                    <td align="center">-4</td>
                    <td align="center">-3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">36</td>
                    <td align="center">-6</td>
                    <td align="center">-4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">38</td>
                    <td align="center">-8</td>
                    <td align="center">-6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">40</td>
                    <td align="center">-10</td>
                    <td align="center">-7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">42</td>
                    <td align="center">-12</td>
                    <td align="center">-9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">44</td>
                    <td align="center">-14</td>
                    <td align="center">-10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">46</td>
                    <td align="center">-16</td>
                    <td align="center">-11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">48</td>
                    <td align="center">-18</td>
                    <td align="center">-13</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica deve ser suspeitada em pacientes idosos, diab&#233;ticos, disauton&#244;micos e naqueles em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. Assim, particularmente nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, deve-se medir a PA com o paciente de p&#233;, ap&#243;s 3 minutos, sendo a hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica definida como a redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS &gt; 20 mmHg ou da PAD &gt; 10 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Recomenda-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias medi&#231;&#245;es, com o paciente sentado em ambiente calmo e confort&#225;vel para melhorar a reprodutibilidade e aproximar os valores da PA obtidos no consult&#243;rio &#224;queles fornecidos pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) na vig&#237;lia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">45</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Procedimentos recomendados para a medi&#231;&#227;o da PA:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Preparo do paciente:</title>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Explicar o procedimento ao paciente e deix&#225;-lo em repouso de 3 a 5 minutos em ambiente calmo. Deve ser instru&#237;do a n&#227;o conversar durante a medi&#231;&#227;o. Poss&#237;veis d&#250;vidas devem ser esclarecidas antes ou depois do procedimento.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Certificar-se de que o paciente N&#195;O:</p>
                <p>- Est&#225; com a bexiga cheia;</p>
                <p>- Praticou exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos h&#225; pelo menos 60 minutos;</p>
                <p>- Ingeriu bebidas alco&#243;licas, caf&#233; ou alimentos;</p>
                <p>- Fumou nos 30 minutos anteriores.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Posicionamento:</p>
                <p>- O paciente deve estar sentado, com pernas descruzadas, p&#233;s apoiados no ch&#227;o, dorso recostado na cadeira e relaxado;</p>
                <p>- O bra&#231;o deve estar na altura do cora&#231;&#227;o, apoiado, com a palma da m&#227;o voltada para cima e as roupas n&#227;o devem garrotear o membro.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Medir a PA na posi&#231;&#227;o de p&#233;, ap&#243;s 3 minutos, nos diab&#233;ticos, idosos e em outras situa&#231;&#245;es em que a hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica possa ser frequente ou suspeitada.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Etapas para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da medi&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Determinar a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o no ponto m&#233;dio entre acr&#244;mio e ol&#233;crano;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Selecionar o manguito de tamanho adequado ao bra&#231;o (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Quadro 3</xref>); <table-wrap id="t3"><label>Quadro 3</label><caption><title>Dimens&#245;es do manguito de acordo com a circunfer&#234;ncia do membro</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup><col width="25%"/><col width="25%"/><col width="25%"/><col width="25%"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o (cm)</th><th align="center">Denomina&#231;&#227;o do manguito</th><th align="center">Largura do manguito (cm)</th><th align="center">Comprimento da bolsa (cm)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">&#8804; 6</td><td align="center">Rec&#233;m-nascido</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">6</td></tr><tr><td align="left">6-15</td><td align="center">Crian&#231;a</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">15</td></tr><tr><td align="left">16-21</td><td align="center">Infantil</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">21</td></tr><tr><td align="left">22-26</td><td align="center">Adulto pequeno</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">24</td></tr><tr><td align="left">27-34</td><td align="center">Adulto</td><td align="center">13</td><td align="center">30</td></tr><tr><td align="left">35-44</td><td align="center">Adulto grande</td><td align="center">16</td><td align="center">38</td></tr><tr><td align="left">45-52</td><td align="center">Coxa</td><td align="center">20</td><td align="center">42</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Colocar o manguito, sem deixar folgas, 2 a 3 cm acima da fossa cubital;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Centralizar o meio da parte compressiva do manguito sobre a art&#233;ria braquial;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Estimar o n&#237;vel da PAS pela palpa&#231;&#227;o do pulso radial*;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Palpar a art&#233;ria braquial na fossa cubital e colocar a camp&#226;nula ou o diafragma do estetosc&#243;pio sem compress&#227;o excessiva*;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Inflar rapidamente at&#233; ultrapassar 20 a 30 mmHg o n&#237;vel estimado da PAS obtido pela palpa&#231;&#227;o*;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Proceder &#224; defla&#231;&#227;o lentamente (velocidade de 2 mmHg por segundo)*;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Determinar a PAS pela ausculta do primeiro som (fase I de Korotkoff) e, ap&#243;s, aumentar ligeiramente a velocidade de defla&#231;&#227;o*;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Determinar a PAD no desaparecimento dos sons (fase V de Korotkoff)*;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Auscultar cerca de 20 a 30 mmHg abaixo do &#250;ltimo som para confirmar seu desaparecimento e depois proceder &#224; defla&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e completa*;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Se os batimentos persistirem at&#233; o n&#237;vel zero, determinar a PAD no abafamento dos sons (fase IV deKorotkoff) e anotar valores da PAS/PAD/zero*;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Realizar pelo menos duas medi&#231;&#245;es, com intervalo em torno de um minuto. Medi&#231;&#245;es adicionais dever&#227;o ser realizadas se as duas primeiras forem muito diferentes. Caso julgue adequado, considere a m&#233;dia das medidas;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Medir a press&#227;o em ambos os bra&#231;os na primeira consulta e usar o valor do bra&#231;o onde foi obtida a maior press&#227;o como refer&#234;ncia;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Informar o valor de PA obtido para o paciente; e</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Anotar os valores exatos sem "arredondamentos" e o bra&#231;o em que a PA foi medida.</p>
                <p>* Itens realizados exclusivamente na t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>Refor&#231;a-se a necessidade do uso de equipamento validado e periodicamente calibrado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o da PA fora do consult&#243;rio</title>
            <p>A PA fora do consult&#243;rio pode ser obtida atrav&#233;s da medi&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA), com protocolo espec&#237;fico, ou da MAPA de 24 horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						</p>
            <p>As medi&#231;&#245;es da PA fora do consult&#243;rio devem ser estimuladas, podendo ser realizadas por equipamento semi-autom&#225;tico do pr&#243;prio paciente ou dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. As principais vantagens da medi&#231;&#227;o da PA fora do consult&#243;rio s&#227;o:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Maior n&#250;mero de medidas obtidas.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Refletem as atividades usuais dos examinandos.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Aboli&#231;&#227;o ou sens&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o do efeito de avental branco (EAB).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Maior engajamento dos pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico e o seguimento.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>A MAPA e a MRPA s&#227;o os m&#233;todos habitualmente utilizados para realizar as medi&#231;&#245;es fora do consult&#243;rio. Ambas fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es semelhantes da PA, por&#233;m s&#243; a MAPA avalia a PA durante o sono. Ambas, entretanto, estimam o risco CV, devendo ser consideradas aplic&#225;veis para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA fora do consult&#243;rio, respeitando-se as suas indica&#231;&#245;es e limita&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Valores de refer&#234;ncia para a defini&#231;&#227;o de HAS utilizando-se as medidas de consult&#243;rio, MAPA e MRPA, s&#227;o apresentados no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 4</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Por serem m&#233;todos diferentes de avalia&#231;&#227;o, valores particularizados ser&#227;o considerados para a defini&#231;&#227;o de anormalidade. As indica&#231;&#245;es para medidas fora do consult&#243;rio, utilizando-se MAPA e MRPA, est&#227;o sumarizadas no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Quadro 5</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t4">
              <label>Quadro 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Valores de refer&#234;ncia para a defini&#231;&#227;o de HA pelas medidas de consult&#243;rio, MAPA e MRPA</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Categoria</th>
                    <th align="center">PAS (mmHg)</th>
                    <th align="center">
										</th>
                    <th align="center">PAD (mmHg)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Consult&#243;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 140</td>
                    <td align="center">e/ou</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 90</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">MAPA</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Vig&#237;lia</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 135</td>
                    <td align="center">e/ou</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 85</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Sono</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 120</td>
                    <td align="center">e/ou</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 70</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">24 horas</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 130</td>
                    <td align="center">e/ou</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 80</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">MRPA</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 135</td>
                    <td align="center">e/ou</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 85</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1">
                  <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t5">
              <label>Quadro 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Indica&#231;&#245; es cl&#237;nicas para a medi&#231;&#227; o da PA fora do consult&#243;rio para fins de diagn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="100%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>Indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para MAPA ou MRPA</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Suspeita de HAB</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">- HA est&#225;gio 1 no consult&#243;rio</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">- PA alta no consult&#243;rio em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos sem LOA e com baixo risco CV total</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Suspeita de HM</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">- PA entre 130/85 e 139/89 mmHg no consult&#243;rio</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">- PA &lt; 140/90 mmHg no consult&#243;rio em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com LOA ou com alto risco CV total</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Identifica&#231;&#227;o do EAB em hipertensos</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Grande varia&#231;&#227;o da PA no consult&#243;rio na mesma consulta ou em consultas diferentes</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Hipotens&#227;o postural, p&#243;s-prandial, na sesta ou induzida por f&#225;rmacos</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">PA elevada de consult&#243;rio ou suspeita de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia em mulheres gr&#225;vidas</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Confirma&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o resistente</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>Indica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para MAPA</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Discord&#226;ncia importante entre a PA no consult&#243;rio e em casa</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o do descenso durante e sono</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Suspeita de HA ou falta de queda da PA durante o sono habitual em pessoas com apneia de sono, DRC ou diabetes</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da PA</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2">
                  <p>HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; HM: hipertens&#227;o mascarada; LOA: les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo; EAB: efeito do avental branco; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o da PA em crian&#231;as, idosos, obesos e gestantes</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Crian&#231;as</title>
            <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o da PA em crian&#231;as &#233; recomendada em toda avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s os tr&#234;s anos de idade, pelo menos anualmente, como parte do atendimento pedi&#225;trico prim&#225;rio, devendo respeitar as padroniza&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas para os adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos valores de PA obtidos em crian&#231;as e adolescentes deve considerar idade, sexo e altura. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos valores de PA de acordo com essas vari&#225;veis, devem-se consultar tabelas espec&#237;ficas (ver Cap&#237;tulo 10 desta diretriz) ou aplicativos para s <italic>martphones</italic> , PA Kids e Ped(z).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Idosos</title>
            <p>Aspectos especiais na medi&#231;&#227;o da PA na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa decorrem de altera&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;prias do envelhecimento, como a maior frequ&#234;ncia do hiato auscultat&#243;rio, que consiste no desaparecimento dos sons durante a defla&#231;&#227;o do manguito, resultando em valores falsamente baixos para a PAS ou falsamente altos para a PAD. A grande varia&#231;&#227;o da PA nos idosos ao longo das 24 horas torna a MAPA uma ferramenta muitas vezes &#250;til. A pseudo-hipertens&#227;o, que est&#225; associada ao processo ateroscler&#243;tico, pode ser detectada pela manobra de Osler, ou seja, a art&#233;ria radial permanece ainda palp&#225;vel ap&#243;s a insufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito pelo menos 30 mmHg acima do desaparecimento do pulso radial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Maior ocorr&#234;ncia de EAB, hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica e p&#243;s-prandial e, finalmente, a presen&#231;a de arritmias, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, podem dificultar a medi&#231;&#227;o da PA.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Obesos</title>
            <p>Manguitos mais longos e largos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios em pacientes obesos para n&#227;o haver superestima&#231;&#227;o da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Em bra&#231;os com circunfer&#234;ncia superior a 50 cm, onde n&#227;o h&#225; manguito dispon&#237;vel, pode-se fazer a medi&#231;&#227;o no antebra&#231;o, devendo o pulso auscultado ser o radial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> H&#225;, entretanto, restri&#231;&#245;es quanto a essa pr&#225;tica. Especial dificuldade ocorre em bra&#231;os largos e curtos, em forma de cone, onde manguitos de grandes dimens&#245;es n&#227;o se adaptam.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Gestantes</title>
            <p>A PA deve ser obtida com a mesma metodologia recomendada para adultos, refor&#231;ando-se que ela tamb&#233;m pode ser medida no bra&#231;o esquerdo na posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo em repouso, n&#227;o devendo diferir da obtida na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. Considerar o quinto ru&#237;do de Korotkoff para a PAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A hipertens&#227;o do avental branco (HAB) e a hipertens&#227;o mascarada (HM) s&#227;o comuns na gravizez e, por isso, a MAPA e a MRPA podem constituir m&#233;todos &#250;teis na decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Para mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre HA em gestantes, consulte o Cap&#237;tulo 9 desta diretriz.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para diagn&#243;stico e seguimento</title>
          <p>Recomenda-se MRPA ou MAPA para estabelecimento do diagn&#243;stico, identifica&#231;&#227;o da HAB e da HM, seguindo-se o fluxograma na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Outra recomenda&#231;&#227;o vem da suspeita sugerida pela automedi&#231;&#227;o, devendo-se realizar MAPA ou MRPA para confirmar ou excluir o diagn&#243;stico frente &#224; suspeita de HAB ou HM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f1">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma para diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial (modificado do Canadian Hypertension Education Program). *Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial recomendada no Cap&#237;tulo 3. **Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco CV recomendada no Cap&#237;tulo 3.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-3suppl3-0007-60152-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o residencial da PA</title>
          <p>A MRPA &#233; uma modalidade de medi&#231;&#227;o realizada com protocolo espec&#237;fico, consistindo na obten&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es pela manh&#227;, antes do desjejum e da tomada da medica&#231;&#227;o, e tr&#234;s &#224; noite, antes do jantar, durante cinco dias. Outra op&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizar duas medi&#231;&#245;es em cada uma dessas duas sess&#245;es, durante sete dias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>S&#227;o considerados anormais valores de PA &#8805; 135/85 mmHg.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA</title>
          <p>A MAPA &#233; o m&#233;todo que permite o registro indireto e intermitente da PA durante 24 horas ou mais, enquanto o paciente realiza suas atividades habituais durante os per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono. Uma de suas caracter&#237;sticas mais espec&#237;ficas &#233; a possibilidade de identificar as altera&#231;&#245;es circadianas da PA, sobretudo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medi&#231;&#245;es durante o sono, que t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas consider&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>S&#227;o atualmente consideradas anormais as m&#233;dias de PA de 24 horas &#8805; 130/80 mmHg, vig&#237;lia &#8805; 135/85 mmHg e sono &#8805; 120/70 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os limites de PA considerados normais s&#227;o arbitr&#225;rios. Entretanto, valores que classificam o comportamento da PA em adultos por meio de medidas casuais ou de consult&#243;rio est&#227;o expressos no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Quadro 6</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Quadro 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227; o da PA de acordo com a medi&#231;&#227;o casual ou no consult&#243;rio a partir de 18 anos de idade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Classifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">PAS (mm Hg)</th>
                <th align="center">PAD (mm Hg)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 120</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">121-139</td>
                <td align="center">81-89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1</td>
                <td align="center">140 &#8211; 159</td>
                <td align="center">90 &#8211; 99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2</td>
                <td align="center">160 &#8211; 179</td>
                <td align="center">100 - 109</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 3</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 180</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">Quando a PAS e a PAD situam-se em categorias diferentes, a maior deve ser utilizada para classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Considera-se hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada se PAS &#8805; 140 mm Hg e PAD &lt; 90 mm Hg, devendo a mesma ser classificada em est&#225;gios 1, 2 e 3.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Hipertens&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os valores que definem HAS est&#227;o expressos no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 4</xref>. Considerando-se que os valores de PA obtidos por m&#233;todos distintos t&#234;m n&#237;veis de anormalidade diferentes, h&#225; que se considerar os valores de anormalidade definidos para cada um deles para o estabelecimento do diagn&#243;stico. Quando utilizadas as medidas de consult&#243;rio, o diagn&#243;stico dever&#225; ser sempre validado por medi&#231;&#245;es repetidas, em condi&#231;&#245;es ideais, em duas ou mais ocasi&#245;es, e confirmado por medi&#231;&#245;es fora do consult&#243;rio (MAPA ou MRPA), excetuando-se aqueles pacientes que j&#225; apresentem LOA detectada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A HAS n&#227;o controlada &#233; definida quando, mesmo sob tratamento anti-hipertensivo, o paciente permanece com a PA elevada tanto no consult&#243;rio como fora dele por algum dos dois m&#233;todos (MAPA ou MRPA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Normotens&#227;o</title>
          <p>Considera-se normotens&#227;o quando as medidas de consult&#243;rio s&#227;o &#8804; 120/80 mmHg e as medidas fora dele (MAPA ou MRPA) confirmam os valores considerados normais referidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Define-se HA controlada quando, sob tratamento anti-hipertensivo, o paciente permanece com a PA controlada tanto no consult&#243;rio como fora dele.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Possibilidades de diagn&#243;stico de acordo com a medida casual de PA, MAPA ou medidas domiciliares. *Considerar o diagn&#243;stico de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o para valores casuais de PAS entre 121 e 139 e/ou PAD entre 81 e 89 mmHg.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-3suppl3-0007-60152-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o</title>
          <p>A PH caracteriza-se pela presen&#231;a de PAS entre 121 e 139 e/ou PAD entre 81 e 89 mmHg. Os pr&#233;-hipertensos t&#234;m maior probabilidade de se tornarem hipertensos e maiores riscos de desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es CV quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos com PA normal, &#8804; 120/80 mmHg, necessitando de acompahamento peri&#243;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeito do avental branco</title>
        <p>O EAB &#233; a diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o entre as medidas obtidas no consult&#243;rio e fora dele, desde que essa diferen&#231;a seja igual ou superior a 20 mmHg na PAS e/ou 10 mmHg na PAD. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o muda o diagn&#243;stico, ou seja, se o indiv&#237;duo &#233; normotenso, permanecer&#225; normotenso, e se &#233; hipertenso, continuar&#225; sendo hipertenso; pode, contudo, alterar o est&#225;gio e/ou dar a falsa impress&#227;o de necessidade de adequa&#231;&#245;es no esquema terap&#234;utico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hipertens&#227;o do avental branco</title>
        <p>&#233; a situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica caracterizada por valores anormais da PA no consult&#243;rio, por&#233;m com valores considerados normais pela MAPA ou MRPA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Com base em quatro estudos populacionais, a preval&#234;ncia global da HAB &#233; de 13% (intervalo de 9-16%) e atinge cerca de 32% (intervalo de 25-46%) dos hipertensos, sendo mais comum (55%) nos pacientes em est&#225;gio 1 e 10% no est&#225;gio 3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Se, em termos progn&#243;sticos, a HAB pode ser comparada &#224; normotens&#227;o &#233; uma quest&#227;o ainda em debate, porque alguns estudos revelam que o risco CV em longo prazo desta condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; intermedi&#225;rio entre o da HA e o da normotens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hipertens&#227;o mascarada</title>
        <p>&#201; caracterizada por valores normais da PA no consult&#243;rio, por&#233;m com PA elevada pela MAPA ou medidas residenciais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). A preval&#234;ncia da HM &#233; de 13% (intervalo de 10-17%) em estudos de base populacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> V&#225;rios fatores podem elevar a PA fora do consult&#243;rio em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PA nele obtida, como idade jovem, sexo masculino, tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool, atividade f&#237;sica, hipertens&#227;o induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio, ansiedade, estresse, obesidade, DM, DRC e hist&#243;ria familiar de HAS. A preval&#234;ncia &#233; maior quando a PA do consult&#243;rio est&#225; no n&#237;vel lim&#237;trofe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Meta-an&#225;lises de estudos prospectivos indicam que a incid&#234;ncia de eventos CV &#233; cerca de duas vezes maior na HM do que na normotens&#227;o, sendo comparada &#224; da HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Em diab&#233;ticos, a HM est&#225; associada a um risco aumentado de nefropatia, especialmente quando a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA ocorre durante o sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> mostra as diferentes possibilidades de classifica&#231;&#227;o do comportamento da PA quanto ao diagn&#243;stico, segundo as novas formas de defini&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada</title>
        <p>&#201; definida como PAS aumentada com PAD normal. A hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada (HSI) e a press&#227;o de pulso (PP) s&#227;o importantes fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) em pacientes de meia-idade e idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O resumo das recomenda&#231;&#245;es est&#225; sumarizado no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Quadro 7</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Quadro 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resumo das recomenda&#231;&#245;es</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th align="center">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triagem e diagn&#243;stico de HA com PA medida no consult&#243;rio.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diagn&#243;stico da HAS baseado em pelo menos duas medi&#231;&#245;es de PA por visita, em pelo menos duas visitas.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA fora do consult&#243;rio deve ser considerada para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico de HAS, identificar o tipo de HAS, detectar epis&#243;dios de hipotens&#227;o e maximizar a previs&#227;o do risco CV.</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA fora do consult&#243;rio, MAPA ou medidas residenciais podem ser consideradas, dependendo da indica&#231;&#227;o, disponibilidade, facilidade, custo de utiliza&#231;&#227;o e, se for o caso, prefer&#234;ncia do paciente.</td>
                <td align="center">IIb</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
