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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3pnRcf9cJD7vxMhckzT97WL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004500590</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160189</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 6 / 2016 - Heart Failure in a 23-Year-Old Male with a History of Illicit Drug Use</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribas</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Faglioni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor)</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>590</fpage>
      <lpage>599</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Street Drugs</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Users</kwd>
        <kwd>Young Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Male patient, 23 years-old, sought medical treatment for malaise, nausea, vomiting, and retrosternal burning pain for three days (09/25/2013). Two weeks before seeking medical attention, the patient was diagnosed with a heart disease after an evaluation done one month before his complaint of malaise, for a research of dyspnea during physical effort with progressive worsening. He stated to have been a cocaine user in the past, but had been clean for seven years.</p>
    <p>Transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiogram (09/11/2013) showed: left atrium diameter 58 mm; left ventricle diameters (diast./syst.) 81 mm/ 72 mm, LVEF= 24%; accentuated diffuse ventricular hypokinesis; restrictive filling pattern; moderate to severe mitral insufficiency. The patient was prescribed: enalapril 1 omg, furosemide 40 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, and carvedilol 6.25 mg daily.</p>
    <p>Lab exams (09/19/2013) revealed: urea 48 mg/dL, creatinine 1.82 mg/dL, sodium 140 mEq/L, potassium 4.8 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>During the physical exam (09/25/2013), the patient presented regular overall condition, acyanotic, afebrile, and hydrated; heart rate was 92 bpm; blood pressure was 80x60 mmHg, arterial saturation 98%; pulmonary auscultation was normal; heart auscultation showed the presence of third sound and regurgitant systolic murmur +++/6+ in mitral area; abdominal exam was normal, and there was no edema in the lower limbs.</p>
    <p>Electrocardiogram showed overload of the left chamber.</p>
    <p>Lab exams (09/25/2013) revealed: CKMB 1.61 ng/mL, troponin I 0.447 ng/mL, urea 60 mg/dL, creatinine 2 mg/dL, C-reactive protein 2.65 mg/L, sodium 139 mEq/L, potassium 4.3 mEq/L, PT (INR) 1.3, PTT (rel) 0.87, hemoglobin 16.8 g/dL, hematocrit 49%, leukocytes 9100/mm<sup>3</sup> (61% neutrophils, 1% eosinophils, 1% basophils, 30% lymphocytes, and 7% monocytes), platelets 286000/mm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Toxicology screen (results obtained on October 10<sup>th</sup>) was positive for benzodiazepine and ecstasy, negative for amphetamines, methamphetamines, cocaine, opioids, barbiturates, and marijuana.</p>
    <p>Chest X-Ray (09/29/2013) showed pronounced cardiomegaly with lung fields without condensation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Fig. 1</xref>)</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X-Ray. Severe cardiomegaly, free lung fields.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A new echocardiographic evaluation (09/27/2013) showed aortic diameter of 27 mm, left atrium diameter of 57 mm, mean right ventricle diameter of 31 mm, left ventricle diameters (diast./syst.) 80/73, ejection fraction 20%, and septum and posterior wall thickness of 9 mm. The left ventricle was diffusely hypokinetic, more pronounced in the inferior wall; there was accentuated mitral insufficiency by failure of coaptation of cusps, as well as indirect sings of pulmonary hypertension by the movement analysis of the sigmoid of the pulmonary valve; pericardium was normal. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref>)</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiogram. A) Longitudinal parasternal view. Enlargement of left ventricle and atrium; B) Apical four chamber view. Enlargement of the ventricle with auto contrast in apical position.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiogram. A) Longitudinal parasternal view with Doppler. Severe mitral insufficiency. B) Apical four chamber view and one-dimensional echocardiogram of the left ventricle demonstrating paradoxical movement of the interventricular septum.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f04">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiogram. Restrictive ventricular filling.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>MRI (09/27/2013) showed: right atrium with normal dimensions, right ventricle with pronounced dilatation (indexed end diastolic volume = 131 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, indexed end systolic volume = 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) with depressed systolic function (EF=25%), and accentuated enlargement of the left atrium and left ventricle, diameters (diast./syst. 96/83 mm and indexed end diastolic volume = 282 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, indexed end systolic volume = 218 mL/m<sup>2</sup>), ejection fraction 23%, basal, mean and apical septal hypokinesis, inferior akinesia and akinesia in mid-basal and inferolateral segments. There was late mesocardial enhancement in all the mid-basal and apical septal walls and in the subepicardial of the mid-basal and inferolateral segments. The findings were considered of a pattern non-secondary to ischemic event. Septum thickness was 9 mm and lateral wall thickness was 4 mm. There was also pericardial effusion with no filling restrictions. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>)</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f05">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) Cardiac MRI. Dilated left ventricle and atrium, presence of pericardial effusion, with no diastolic restriction. B) Cardiac MRI. Presence of late mesocardial enhancement in the septum and transmural in the inferior wall.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Abdominal ultrasound (10/02/2016) showed hepatomegaly of the right lobe, ectasia of the vena cava and hepatic veins, gallbladder with sludge, normal pancreas, spleen with increased volume, topical kidneys, preserved dimensions (right kidney 10.5 cm and left kidney 11.5 cm, preserved thickness and bilateral hyperechogenicity.</p>
    <p>Initially, the patient responded well to treatment, but with a lot of agitation and anxiety. However, he later progressed with a worsening of the dyspnea and hypotension attributed to a probable infection of pulmonary focus, requiring the use of vasopressor amines at maximum doses, orotracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation and passage of the intra-aortic balloon. He was initially treated with piperacillin and tazobactam, with therapeutic amplification to vancomycin and meropenem and colistin and fluconazole on October 15<sup>th</sup>. He progressed to dysfunction of multiple organs, including kidney failure requiring continuous hemodialysis.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Table 1. Laboratory evolution</title>
      <p>On October 15<sup>th</sup>, there was a need for a progressive increase of vasopressors. Dialysis was recommended for kidney insufficiency and hyperkalemia, but the patient did not tolerate it, and, after two hours, dialysis was stopped on the night of October 17<sup>th</sup> 2013, and he received an association of vasopressors as well as a correction of metabolic disorders. Despite high doses of vasoactive drugs, with noradrenaline 3.0 mcg/kg/min, vasopressin 0.04 UI/min, dobutamine 20 mcg/kg/min, intra-aortic balloon 1:1, the patient went into cardiorespiratory arrest in pulseless electrical activity, and died at 00:45 on October 18<sup>th</sup>, 2013.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>This is the case of a young male patient with dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology. Didactically, we can investigate heart failure seeking anatomical and functional alterations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> From the anatomical perspective, the syndrome can stem from alterations in the myocardium, endomyocardium, or pericardium. From the functional perspective, it can be caused by conduction disorders (tachyarrhythmia and bradyarrhythmia) or load disturbances (volume overload, systemic hypertension, valve and structural diseases). Myocardial injuries are the most the common causes. In this stratum lies the ischemic etiology. Although there are no classic risk factors for stable coronary disease in this case, ischemic etiology must be considered due to the history of illicit drug use. In young individuals, in the context of acute coronary syndromes, there are mechanisms other than classic coronary plaques, such as vasospasm, intracoronary thrombosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> or spontaneous dissection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Other myocardial injuries are not infrequent as a cause for ventricular dilatation, by myocarditis (infectious or not), direct toxicity (use of recreational drugs), or genetic dysfunctions (sporadic or familial). Guidelines for cardiac failure also contemplate infiltrative diseases (by malignancy or not) or hormonal and nutritional metabolic alterations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>From the epidemiological perspective, because this was a young patient with no history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, or smoking, the possibility of chronic coronary disease is slim. We must keep in mind that the clinical history is of a subacute disease, with classic symptoms of heart failure that started only one month before, with a quick decline of ventricular function and patient stability. Any case of new cardiac failure with major dysfunctions must include myocarditis among its differential diagnoses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The patient's history of illicit drug stands out, and brings hypotheses of direct damage to the myocardium due to the drugs, which provoked coronary dysfunctions, especially microcirculation. There is no history of previous viral conditions or family history of heart disease.</p>
      <p>The physical exam is not sufficiently detailed to converge the etiological diagnostic hypotheses, but it proves that there is heart failure due to the presence of B3, one of the major criteria of Framingham.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In the lab exams, the normality of plasma level of sodium, even without adequate treatment time, can corroborate the subacute character of the disease.</p>
      <p>In the complementary investigation, electrocardiogram shows an overload of the left chambers, not a typical pattern of any etiology. It is important to remember that in infiltrative diseases such as amyloidosis, for example, there is a reduction in QRS voltage,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> which does not occur in this case. There are also no alterations related to previously described ischemia, such as inactive areas. Even though the report does not mention serology for Chagas disease, it is known that Chagas patients who progress with a worse diagnosis, usually present alterations in the ECG with right bundle branch block and blockage of the anterior superior division of the left branch.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Echocardiogram confirms the diagnostic hypothesis of heart failure, showing an extremely dilated left ventricle, with segmental dysfunction in the inferior wall and important systolic ventricular dysfunction. There are no alterations described in the endomyocardium, which rules out restriction by endomyocardial fibrosis, common in tropical countries. There are also no alterations described in the pericardium, or data that suggest constriction. We also ruled out primary valve alterations. Thin wall thickness does not match infiltrative and restrictive diseases, and there were no restrictive diastolic patterns. Moreover, these diseases rarely come with systolic dysfunction, and diastolic dysfunction is usually predominant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Thus, extreme dilatation with segmental dysfunction suggests myocardial damage, be it by ischemia, inflammation, or even primary dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).</p>
      <p>MRI findings confirm myocardial disease, with no anatomic alterations of the pericardium or endomyocardium, and show late mesocardial enhancement in practically the entire septal wall and late subepicardial enhancement in the inferolateral wall, in the mid and basal segments. The inferior wall, akinetic and with late enhancement, is extremely thin, hindering characterization regarding a transmural pattern versus mesocardial pattern. Late enhancement in the MRI represents a persistency in the impregnation by contrast, and suggest the presence of areas of myocardial fibroses. When this scar is transmural, that is, covers the whole myocardial wall thickness, we describe it as an ischemic pattern of enhancement. Transmural enhancement can also occur by myocarditis, but we cannot rule out ischemia with this pattern. On the other hand, non-transmural enhancement (mesocardial or subepicardial) does suggest another etiology, such as myocarditis or non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, considering ischemic processes occur from the endocardial to the epicardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> With inflammatory diseases such as myocarditis, Lake Louise criteria have been recently published, which have increased the accuracy of the diagnostic exam. Together with late enhancement, we have another two criteria: T2 weighting and early enhancement, both of which evidenced acute inflammation and muscle wall edema.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Late enhancement in isolation, as in this case, reduces exam specificity to 46% in myocarditis, accepting an ample differential diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Another condition that often presents late mesocardial enhancement in wide areas is primary DCM itself, representing a poor prognosis for this disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Regarding the doubt faced by the team in relation to the inferior wall, it was not possible to establish a precise diagnosis with this exam. Due to the use of drugs, the patient may have presents inferior wall ischemia, and progressed with DCM by direct toxicity of other myocardial regions. The patient may also have had DCM from a previous viral myocarditis or idiopathic DCM and presents the inferior alteration due to the extreme thinning of this regions.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Lab exams</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Exam</th>
              <th align="center">30 set</th>
              <th align="center">01 out 2013</th>
              <th align="center">15 out</th>
              <th align="center">17 out</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">10.3</td>
              <td align="center">8.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hematocrit (%)</td>
              <td align="center">38%</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Leukocytes (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">6880</td>
              <td align="center">8590</td>
              <td align="center">17770</td>
              <td align="center">31440</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Segmented (%)</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">68</td>
              <td align="center">57%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Metamyelocytes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rod cells (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Eosinophils (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Linocuts (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Monocytes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Platelets/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">286000</td>
              <td align="center">168000</td>
              <td align="center">291000</td>
              <td align="center">228000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">136</td>
              <td align="center">132</td>
              <td align="center">146</td>
              <td align="center">144</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">3.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">6.6</td>
              <td align="center">4.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CK MB (ng/L)</td>
              <td align="center">0.83</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Troponin I (ng/L)</td>
              <td align="center">0.406</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
              <td align="center">122</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1.85</td>
              <td align="center">1.91</td>
              <td align="center">3.62</td>
              <td align="center">2.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PCR (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">28.8</td>
              <td align="center">136.25</td>
              <td align="center">119.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial Lactate (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial gasometry</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pH</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">7.19</td>
              <td align="center">7.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pCO2 (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">45.7</td>
              <td align="center">39.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pO2 (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
              <td align="center">124</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sat. O2 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">98.4</td>
              <td align="center">98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HCO3 (mE/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">16.8</td>
              <td align="center">13.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Excess Base (mEqL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">- 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">- 14.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">366</td>
              <td align="center">1074</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">960</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gamma GT (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">118</td>
              <td align="center">104</td>
              <td align="center">206</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FA (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">84</td>
              <td align="center">76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total bilirubin (m/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.51</td>
              <td align="center">3.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Direct bilirubin (MG/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.26</td>
              <td align="center">2.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PT (INR)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PTT (rel)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Density</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.032</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Proteins (g/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">3.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Epithelial cells /mL</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">3000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Leukocytes/mL</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">8000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Erythrocytes/mL</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">23000</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>PCR: P reactive protein; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; Gama GT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; FA: Alkaline Phosphatase; PT: Prothrombin time; PTT: Partial thromboplastin time.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After MRI results, the assisting team obtained tox screen results: positive for ecstasy and benzodiazepines. Regarding the patient's statement of being recently clean of illicit drugs, a false positive is unlikely at this point because the blood was collected before the ingestion of most medications that may have generated crossed reactions in the results. Moreover, there are reports of considerable agitation and anxiety from the patient throughout his stay, which can represent a state of withdrawal from the previously used substances.</p>
      <p>By conflating the several collected data, clinical history, and complementary tests, we can suppose that our differentials were restricted to ischemic/toxicologic cardiomyopathy caused by cocaine and ecstasy, leading to the differential diagnosis of viral/inflammatory myocarditis and chronic phase of primary DCM.</p>
      <p>In a case such as this one, of subacute heart failure refractory to clinical treatment, it is recommended to perform a endomyocardial biopsy as a grade 1 recommendation and evidence level B in the Statement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> of the American and European Societies published in 2007.</p>
      <p>The incredibly fast evolution of the condition made it impossible to perform an endomyocardial biopsy at that moment.</p>
      <p>Cardiomyopathy associated to cocaine use is not yet fully understood. The incidence is under 1% of DCMs, according to a study from the John Hopkins University.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In comparison to ecstasy, the cardiovascular pathophysiology related to cocaine is better described in the literature. Its most notable effect is the nora-adrenergic stimulatory action, which inhibits the reuptake of noradrenaline in the synaptic clefts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> That promotes a sympathetic discharge with vasoconstriction (alpha effect), and an increase in cardiac frequency and contractility (beta effect).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Coronary risks become higher because there is more oxygen consumption with a reduction of supply. Moreover, it was demonstrated, in this context, an increase in thrombotic diathesis from platelet activation, release of fibrinogen and Von Willebrand factor, as well as an increase of tissue plasminogen activator inhibitors activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> This combination of factors increases the chance of intracoronary thrombosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Additionally, Wilbert-Lampen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have demonstrated an increased release of endothelin in cocaine users, a powerful vasoconstrictor that contributes to endothelial dysfunction in these patients. A study published in 1996 proved endothelial dysfunction in these patients as well as a worse flow response, even without the context of acute intoxication, showing that endothelial alterations in chronic users are persistent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> We can thus conclude that, even without atherosclerotic plaque, microcirculation dysfunction, the potential of vasospasm and intracoronary thrombosis, and the imbalance between oxygen supply and consumption provoked by the drug allow the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction and, consequently, the appearance of ischemic cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>Although classically described and very important, alterations in coronaries and microcirculation in cocaine users do not sufficiently explain cases of drug-related DCM. Some hypotheses of direct toxic damage to the myocardium include lymphocytic infiltrate, as well as an increase in intracellular levels of calcium due to the beta-adrenergic stimulus, generating necrosis of the cardiomyocyte. Recently, an Italian group demonstrated indications of the theory of oxidative stress generated by the drug, propagating the myocardial lesion, as an activity of oxidative enzymes and direct cellular damage markers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, known as 'ecstasy', acts in the same way as methamphetamines, except it is also linked to serotonin receptors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Most amphetamine related DCM patients are male, and the few reported cases were presented early with severe dysfunction. In one of the few studies on this theme, Yeo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> observed an increased prevalence of methamphetamine users in a young population (&lt;45 years old) with idiopathic DCM, generating a hypotheses that the drug may be a causal factor or an accelerator of the disease. A recent review discussed the etiology of cardiomyopathy in methamphetamine use.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The variables that potentially cause dysfunctions are countless. Tachycardia, the state of hyper stress, and catecholaminergic release are included. The same pathophysiology of cocaine generates ischemia. There are also hypotheses described regarding oxidative stress, pathway activation resulting in apoptosis, an increase of calcium and intracellular free fatty acids.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. Fernando Faglioni Ribas)</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Final comments and diagnostic hypothesis:</bold> Assuming this was a case of DCM by a direct drug cardiotoxicity and related ischemic alterations, regardless of the substance that caused them, the prognosis with such dilatation and fibroses is limited.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Unfortunately, the patient did not have a satisfactory outcome with the instituted therapeutic measures, perhaps due to precipitating infectious factors, but that probably would not result in the same way were it not for the established cardiac dysfunction. An alarming increase in the number of illicit substance users<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> makes it pivotal that doctors have deep knowledge of the pathophysiology of these diseases, their prevention and treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. Fernando Fagliono Ribas)</bold>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Necropsy</title>
      <p>During the necropsy, the heart showed accentuated dilatation with hypertrophy and wall thickness close to normal (1.5 cm - normal up to 1.2 cm), that is, the so called "eccentric" hypertrophy that accompanies dilatation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>), in which there is a addition of sarcomeres in series. The heart weighed 1038 g (normal between 350 and 400 g). There was myocardial fibroses more located in the diaphragmatic wall (posterior, inferior) of the left ventricle, accompanied by other areas of fibroses in all the chamber's walls - especially in the medomural region - or by ischemic-pattern necrosis in organization, with characteristics suggestive of an approximately two-week evolution, especially in the subendocardial region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref>). Coronary arteries did not show significant obstruction or thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 8</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cross section of the heart showing acute dilatation and areas of myocardial fibroses with whitish coloration; the arrow shows the largest one, in the diaphragmatic wall (posterior, inferior) of the left ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histologic sections of the heart. A) area of fibrosis, stained in blue (Masson&#8217;s trichrome staining method, objective magnification=1x; B) microinfarction area in organization (staining by hematoxylin and eosin, objective magnification=10X).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histologic section of the coronary artery showing that the light does not present a significant level of obstruction (Movat pentachromic staining method, objectioev magnification=1X).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Considering the main cause of large cardiac dilatations is aortic valve insufficiency,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> it is important to highlight that, in this patient, there was no such dysfunction. On the other hand, there was insufficiency of both atrioventricular valves, possibly as a result of dilatations and valve rings. In the other organs, there were signs of severe congestive heart failure, with chronic passive congestion of the lungs and liver and acute lung edema, which led to cardiogenic shock, with prerenal acute renal failure (because there was no acute tubular necrosis) and hepatocyte necrosis in the centrilobular region. Shock was the final factor that lead to the patient's death.</p>
      <p>The patient had a history of bronchopneumonia, which must have been adequately treated, because, during the necropsy, there were only focal areas with compatible aspects with suspected resolved bronchopneumonia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Comment</title>
      <p>The main question brought by this case is the difficulty, even with the necropsy, of establishing a differential diagnosis between ischemic heart disease and idiopathic DCM. The dilatation is enormous, with a weight over 1,000 grams.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> There is no aortic insufficiency. Morphological pattern of the myocardium is, to a certain extent, indicative of ischemia, with fibrosis and areas of necrosis in organization, with a tendency to be transmural in the diaphragmatic wall, as shown by the MRI and the necropsy. The aspect is compatible to a healed myocardial infarction. The other areas of ischemia may be secondary to the heart failure caused by such infarction. On the other hand, coronary arteries do not have any obstructive lesion; thus, the case can also fit as a case of DCM, with the necrosis, in this case, also being secondary to the increase in the myocardial mass. Considering the absence of coronary obstruction and the fibroses pattern that is not completely transmural, this last possibility may seem the most adequate. To explain it, even without excluding the possibility that it might be idiopathic, corresponding to a myocarditis that did not evolve or to spontaneous vasospasm, we must consider the hypothesis of the drug use. The patient reported to have been a cocaine user, even if in the past, and methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('ecstasy') was found in his blood. There are reports that both drugs can cause infarction by vasospasm or even fixed obstructive lesions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and have also been associated to DCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Main disease:</bold> DCM (though we cannot completely rule out the possibility of an ischemic disease), possibly related to drug use.</p>
      <p><bold>Cause of death:</bold> cardiogenic shock.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 6 / 2016 - Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Jovem de 23 Anos com Antecedente de Uso de Drogas Il&#237;citas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribas</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Faglioni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Drogas Il&#237;citas</kwd>
        <kwd>Usu&#225;rios de Drogas</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto Jovem</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Paciente masculino, 23 anos, procurou atendimento m&#233;dico por mal estar geral, n&#225;usea, v&#244;mitos e dor retroesternal em queima&#231;&#227;o j&#225; h&#225; 3 dias (25 set 2013).</p>
      <p>Foi diagnosticado com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca duas semanas antes desse atendimento, ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o, feita um m&#234;s antes de sentir esse mal estar, para pesquisa de dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os com piora progressiva. Referiu ter sido usu&#225;rio de coca&#237;na no passado, contudo estava em absten&#231;&#227;o havia 7 anos.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma bidimensional transtor&#225;cico (11 set 13) revelou: di&#226;metro de &#225;trio esquerdo 58 mm; di&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (diast/sist) 81 mm/ 72 mm, FEVE= 24%; hipocinesia ventricular difusa acentuada; padr&#227;o de enchimento do tipo restritivo, insufici&#234;ncia mitral de moderada a acentuada. Foram prescritos: enalapril 1omg, furosemida 40 mg, espironolactona 25 mg e carvedilol 6,25 mg di&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (19 set 2013) revelaram: ureia 48 mg/dL, creatinina 1,82 mg/dL, s&#243;dio 140 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,8 mEq/L.</p>
      <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico (25 set 2013), o paciente estava em regular estado geral, acian&#243;tico, afebril e hidratado; a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era 92 bpm; a press&#227;o arterial 80x60 mmHg; a satura&#231;&#227;o arterial 98%; a ausculta pulmonar foi normal; a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou presen&#231;a de 3&#170; bulha e sopro sist&#243;lico regurgitativo +++/6+ em &#225;rea mitral; o exame do abdome foi normal e n&#227;o havia edema de membros inferiores.</p>
      <p>O Eletrocardiograma mostrou sobrecarga de c&#226;mara esquerda.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (25 set 2013) revelaram: CKMB 1,61 ng/mL, troponina I 0,447 ng/mL, ureia 60 mg/dL, creatinina 2 mg/dL, prote&#237;na C Reativa 2,65 mg/L, s&#243;dio 139 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,3 mEq/L, TAP (INR) 1,3, TTPA (rel) 0,87, hemoglobina 16,8 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 49%, leuc&#243;citos 9100/mm<sup>3</sup> (61% neutr&#243;filos, 1% eosin&#243;filos, 1% bas&#243;filos, 30% linf&#243;citos e 7% mon&#243;citos), plaquetas 286000/mm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>O exame toxicol&#243;gico (resultado obtido em 10 de outubro) veio positivo para benzodiazep&#237;nico e ecstasy, negativo para anfetaminas, metanfetaminas, coca&#237;na, opi&#243;ides, barbit&#250;ricos e maconha.</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (28 set 2016) revelou cardiomegalia acentuada com campos pulmonares sem condensa&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f09">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax. Cardiomegalia acentuada, campos pulmonares livres.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Nova avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica (27 set 2013) mostrou di&#226;metro de aorta 27 mm, de &#225;trio esquerdo 57 mm, de ventr&#237;culo direito m&#233;dio 31 mm, de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (diast/sist) 80/73 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 20% e espessura de septo e parede posterior de 9 mm; o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era difusamente hipocin&#233;tico, mais acentuadamente em parede inferior; havia insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada por falha de coapta&#231;&#227;o de c&#250;spides, al&#233;m de sinais indiretos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pela an&#225;lise da movimenta&#231;&#227;o das sigmoideas da valva pulmonar; o peric&#225;rdio era de aspecto normal. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figuras 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">4</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ecocardiograma. A) Incid&#234;ncia para-esternal longitudinal. Aumento de ventr&#237;culo e &#225;trio esquerdos; B) Incid&#234;ncia apical quatro c&#226;maras. Aumento de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com autocontraste em posi&#231;&#227;o apical.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ecocardiograma. A) Incid&#234;ncia para-esternal longitudinal com Doppler. Insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada. B) Incid&#234;ncia apical 4 c&#226;maras e tra&#231;ado de ecocardiograma unidimensional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo demonstrando movimento paradoxal do septo interventricular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ecocardiograma. Enchimento ventricular com padr&#227;o restritvo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>&#192; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (27 set 2013) foram observados: &#225;trio direito com dimens&#245;es normais, ventr&#237;culo direito com dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada (volume diast&#243;lico final indexado =131 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, volume sist&#243;lico final indexado = 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica deprimida (FE=25%), al&#233;m de aumento acentuado do &#225;trio esquerdo e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, di&#226;metros (diast/sist 96/83 mm e volume indexado diast&#243;lico final = 282 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, volume indexado sist&#243;lico final =218 mL/ M<sup>2</sup>), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 23%, hipocinesia septal basal, m&#233;dia e apical, acinesia inferior e em segmentos m&#233;dio-basal e &#237;nfero-lateral. Havia realce tardio mesoc&#225;rdico em toda a parede septal basal m&#233;dia e apical e no subepic&#225;rdico dos segmentos m&#233;dio-basal e &#237;nfero-lateral. Os achados foram considerados de padr&#227;o n&#227;o secund&#225;rio a evento isqu&#234;mico. A espessura do septo foi de 9 mm e da parede lateral 4 mm. Havia tamb&#233;m derrame peric&#225;rdico sem restri&#231;&#227;o ao enchimento. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 5</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f13">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o. Ventr&#237;culo e &#225;trio esquerdos dilatados, presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico, sem restri&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. B) Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o. Presen&#231;a de realce tardio mesoc&#225;rdico em septo e transmural em parede inferior.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>&#192; ultrassonografia de abdome (02 out 2016) detectaram-se hepatomegalia, &#224;s custas de lobo direito, ectasia de veia cava inferior e veias hep&#225;ticas; ves&#237;cula biliar com "lama" biliar; p&#226;ncreas normal; ba&#231;o com aumento de volume; rins t&#243;picos, dimens&#245;es preservadas (rim direito 10,5 cm e rim esquerdo 11,5 cm, espessura preservada e hiper-ecogenicidade bilateral).</p>
      <p>Inicialmente, respondeu bem &#224; terap&#234;utica, contudo com muita agita&#231;&#227;o e ansiedade, mas posteriormente evoluiu com piora da dispneia e hipotens&#227;o atribu&#237;das a prov&#225;vel infec&#231;&#227;o de foco pulmonar, necessitando de uso de aminas vasopressoras at&#233; doses m&#225;ximas, intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e passagem de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. Tratado inicialmente com piperacilina e tazobactam, com amplia&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para vancomicina e meropenem e acr&#233;scimo de colistina e fluconazol em 15 de outubro. Evoluiu com disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, incluindo fal&#234;ncia renal com necessidade de hemodi&#225;lise cont&#237;nua.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Tabela 1. Evolu&#231;&#227;o laboratorial.</title>
        <p>Em 15/10 houve necessidade de aumento progressivo de vasopressores. Foi indicada di&#225;lise por insufici&#234;ncia renal e hipercalemia, contudo o paciente n&#227;o a tolerou, e ap&#243;s duas horas foi desligada na noite de 17 outubro 2013 e ele recebeu associa&#231;&#227;o de vasopressores al&#233;m de corre&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos. Apesar de altas doses de drogas vasoativas, com noradrenalina 3,0 mcg/kg/min, vasopressina 0,04 UI/min, dobutamina 20 mcg/kg/min, bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico 1:1, evoluiu para parada c&#225;rdio-respirat&#243;ria em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso e &#243;bito &#224;s 00h45min de 18 out 2013.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>O caso descrito trata de um paciente jovem, do sexo masculino, com cardiomiopatia dilatada de etiologia desconhecida. Didaticamente, podemos investigar uma insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca buscando altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e funcionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Do ponto de vista anat&#244;mico, a s&#237;ndrome pode advir de altera&#231;&#245;es em mioc&#225;rdio, endomioc&#225;rdio ou peric&#225;rdio. Do ponto de vista funcional, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o (taquiarritmias e bradiarritmias) ou dist&#250;rbios de carga (sobrecarga de volume, hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica, doen&#231;as valvares e estruturais) podem caus&#225;-la. As agress&#245;es ao mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o as mais comuns. Neste estrato reside a etiologia isqu&#234;mica. Embora n&#227;o haja fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel no caso em quest&#227;o, a etiologia isqu&#234;mica deve ser lembrada devido ao antecedente de uso de drogas il&#237;citas. Em jovens, no contexto de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, h&#225; mecanismos que n&#227;o o de placa coronariana cl&#225;ssica, e sim vasoespasmo, trombose intracoron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> ou dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> N&#227;o s&#227;o infrequentes como causa de dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular outras agress&#245;es ao mioc&#225;rdio, sejam elas por miocardite (infecciosa ou n&#227;o), toxicidade direta (uso de drogas recreacionais) ou disfun&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas (espor&#225;dicas ou familiais). As diretrizes de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca contemplam ainda doen&#231;as infiltrativas (por malignidade ou n&#227;o) ou altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas hormonais e nutricionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Do ponto de vista epidemiol&#243;gico, por se tratar de homem jovem e sem antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, diabetes ou tabagismo, enfraquece-se a possibilidade de doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica. Devemos lembrar que a hist&#243;ria clinica &#233; de doen&#231;a subaguda, com sintomas cl&#225;ssicos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca iniciados apenas um m&#234;s antes, com decl&#237;nio r&#225;pido da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e da estabilidade do paciente. Qualquer quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nova com grandes disfun&#231;&#245;es deve incluir a miocardite entre seus diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o o antecedente de uso de drogas il&#237;citas, trazendo junto consigo hip&#243;teses de dano direto ao mioc&#225;rdio por droga, e a disfun&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria provocada por ela, em especial de microcircula&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o h&#225; antecedente de quadros virais pr&#233;vios, nem mesmo acometimento familiar de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>O exame f&#237;sico n&#227;o &#233; suficientemente detalhado para afunilar as hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas etiol&#243;gicas, mas deixa claro que h&#225; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pela presen&#231;a de B3, um dos crit&#233;rios maiores de Framingham.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Nos exames laboratoriais, a normalidade dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de s&#243;dio mesmo sem tempo h&#225;bil de tratamento adequado pode corroborar o car&#225;ter subagudo da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Na investiga&#231;&#227;o complementar, o eletrocardiograma demonstra sobrecarga de c&#226;maras esquerdas, n&#227;o apontando nenhum padr&#227;o t&#237;pico de qualquer etiologia. Lembramos que em doen&#231;as infiltrativas como a amiloidose, por exemplo, h&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o na voltagem do QRS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> o que n&#227;o ocorre no caso em quest&#227;o. N&#227;o h&#225; tampouco altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a isquemias previamente descritas, como &#225;reas inativas. Apesar do relato n&#227;o citar a sorologia para doen&#231;a de Chagas, sabe-se que os pacientes chag&#225;sicos que evoluem com pior progn&#243;stico costumeiramente apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG com bloqueio de ramo direito e bloqueio da divis&#227;o &#226;ntero-superior do ramo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O ecocardiograma confirma a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mostrando um ventr&#237;culo esquerdo extremamente dilatado, com disfun&#231;&#227;o segmentar em parede inferior e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica importante. N&#227;o h&#225; altera&#231;&#245;es descritas em endomioc&#225;rdio, o que afasta, por exemplo, restri&#231;&#227;o por endomiocardiofibrose, comum em pa&#237;ses tropicais. Tampouco h&#225; altera&#231;&#245;es descritas em peric&#225;rdio, ou dados que sugiram constri&#231;&#227;o. Afastamos tamb&#233;m altera&#231;&#245;es valvares prim&#225;rias. A espessura fina das paredes n&#227;o condiz com doen&#231;as infiltrativas e restritivas, e n&#227;o havia padr&#245;es diast&#243;licos de restri&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, essas doen&#231;as raramente cursam com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, predominando justamente a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Sendo assim, a dilata&#231;&#227;o extrema com disfun&#231;&#227;o segmentar sugere dano ao mioc&#225;rdio, seja ele por isquemia, seja por inflama&#231;&#227;o, ou at&#233; por cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD) prim&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Os achados da resson&#226;ncia confirmam se tratar de doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica, n&#227;o havendo altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas em peric&#225;rdio ou endomioc&#225;rdio. Seus achados revelam realce tardio mesoc&#225;rdico em praticamente toda a parede septal, e subepic&#225;rdico em parede inferolateral, segmentos m&#233;dio e basal. A parede inferior, acin&#233;tica e com realce tardio, apresenta-se extremamente afilada, tornando dif&#237;cil a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o quanto ao padr&#227;o transmural versus mesoc&#225;rdico. O realce tardio na resson&#226;ncia representa uma persist&#234;ncia da impregna&#231;&#227;o pelo contraste, e sugere a presen&#231;a de &#225;reas de fibrose no mioc&#225;rdio. Quando essa cicatriz apresenta-se transmural, ou seja, cobrindo toda a espessura da parede mioc&#225;rdica, dizemos se tratar de padr&#227;o isqu&#234;mico de realce. O realce transmural tamb&#233;m pode ocorrer por miocardites, mas n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel excluir isquemia com esse padr&#227;o. Por outro lado, o realce n&#227;o transmural (mesoc&#225;rdico ou subepic&#225;rdico), este sim, sugere outra etiologia como miocardites ou cardiomiopatias n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas, uma vez que processos isqu&#234;micos ocorrem do endoc&#225;rdico para o epic&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Nas doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias como miocardites, foram recentemente publicados crit&#233;rios de Lake Louise, que aumentam a acur&#225;cia do exame para diagn&#243;stico. Juntamente com o realce tardio, somaram-se dois crit&#233;rios: pondera&#231;&#227;o em T2 e realce precoce, ambos que evidenciariam inflama&#231;&#227;o aguda e edema na parede muscular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O realce tardio isoladamente, como o caso em quest&#227;o, reduz a especificidade do exame para 46% em miocardites admitindo amplo diagn&#243;stico diferencial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Outra condi&#231;&#227;o que comumente apresenta realce tardio mesoc&#225;rdico em amplas &#225;reas &#233; a pr&#243;pria CMD prim&#225;ria, representando um progn&#243;stico ruim para esta doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Diante da d&#250;vida que a equipe apresentou em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; parede inferior, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer um diagn&#243;stico preciso com esse exame. O paciente pode ter apresentado previamente, por uso de drogas, isquemia de parede inferior, e evolu&#237;do com CMD tamb&#233;m por toxicidade direta de outras regi&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas. Bem como o paciente pode ter CMD por miocardite viral pr&#233;via ou CMD idiop&#225;tica e apresenta a altera&#231;&#227;o inferior devido ao extremo afilamento dessa regi&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Exames de laborat&#243;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Exame</th>
                <th align="center">30 set</th>
                <th align="center">01 out 2013</th>
                <th align="center">15 out</th>
                <th align="center">17 out</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38%</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leuc&#243;citos (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">6880</td>
                <td align="center">8590</td>
                <td align="center">17770</td>
                <td align="center">31440</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Segmentados (%)</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">57%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Metamiel&#243;citos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bastonetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eosin&#243;filos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Linf&#243;citos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mon&#243;citos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Plaquetas/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">286000</td>
                <td align="center">168000</td>
                <td align="center">291000</td>
                <td align="center">228000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">136</td>
                <td align="center">132</td>
                <td align="center">146</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CK MB (ng/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina I (ng/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0,406</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ur&#233;ia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">122</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,85</td>
                <td align="center">1,91</td>
                <td align="center">3,62</td>
                <td align="center">2,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">28,8</td>
                <td align="center">136,25</td>
                <td align="center">119,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lactato arterial (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gasimetria arterial</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pH</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">7,19</td>
                <td align="center">7,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pCO<sub>2</sub> (mm Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">45,7</td>
                <td align="center">39,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pO<sub>2</sub> (mm Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sat, O<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">98,4</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HCO<sub>3</sub> (mE/L)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">16,8</td>
                <td align="center">13,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Excesso Base (mEqL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">- 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">- 14,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">366</td>
                <td align="center">1074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">960</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gama GT (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">118</td>
                <td align="center">104</td>
                <td align="center">206</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FA (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bilirrubinas totais (m/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,51</td>
                <td align="center">3,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bilirrubina direta (MG/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,26</td>
                <td align="center">2,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAP (INR)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">1.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TTPA (rel)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Densidade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;nas (g/L)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C&#233;lulas epiteliais/mL</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leuc&#243;citos/mL</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">8000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eritr&#243;citos/mL</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">23000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; Gama GT: gama glutamil transferase; FA: fosfatase alcalina; TAP: tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o de prtrombina; TTPA: tempo tromboplastina parcial ativada.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Posteriormente ao resultado da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, a equipe assistente obteve os resultados do exame toxicol&#243;gico: positivo para "ecstasy" e benzodiazep&#237;nicos. A despeito da negativa do paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de drogas il&#237;citas recentemente, &#233; improv&#225;vel um falso positivo neste momento, pois a coleta foi realizada antes da ingest&#227;o da maioria dos medicamentos que poderia gerar rea&#231;&#245;es cruzadas no resultado. Ademais, est&#225; descrita consider&#225;vel agita&#231;&#227;o e ansiedade do paciente ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o, podendo representar estado de abstin&#234;ncia &#224;s subst&#226;ncias previamente utilizadas.</p>
        <p>Entrela&#231;ando os diversos dados coletados com hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e exames complementares, sup&#245;e-se que nossos diferenciais restringiram-se &#224; cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica/toxicol&#243;gica causada pela coca&#237;na e "ecstasy", entrando no diagn&#243;stico diferencial miocardites virais/inflamat&#243;rias e fase cr&#244;nica de CMD prim&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Um cen&#225;rio como esse de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca subaguda refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento cl&#237;nico est&#225; contemplado como indica&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica como recomenda&#231;&#227;o grau 1, e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B no <italic>Statement</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> das sociedades americana e europeia publicado em 2007. A evolu&#231;&#227;o fulminante do quadro inviabilizou a bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica naquele momento.</p>
        <p>A cardiopatia associada ao uso de coca&#237;na n&#227;o &#233; completamente entendida. A incid&#234;ncia fica em menos de 1% das CMDs conforme estudo da John Hopkins University.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao "ecstasy", a fisiopatologia cardiovascular relacionada &#224; coca&#237;na est&#225; mais bem descrita na literatura. Seu efeito mais conhecido &#233; a a&#231;&#227;o estimuladora nora-adren&#233;rgica, inibindo a recapta&#231;&#227;o de noradrenalina nas fendas sin&#225;pticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Isso promove descarga simp&#225;tica com vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o (efeito alfa), e aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e contratilidade (efeito beta).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Os riscos coronarianos elevam-se, pois h&#225; maior consumo de oxig&#234;nio com redu&#231;&#227;o de oferta. Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado, nesse contexto, aumento da di&#225;tese tromb&#243;tica por ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, libera&#231;&#227;o de fibrinog&#234;nio e fator de von-Willebrand, bem como aumento da atividade de inibidores dos ativadores teciduais de plasminog&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Esse conjunto de fatores aumenta a chance de trombose intra-coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Adicionalmente, Wilbert-Lampen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> demonstraram libera&#231;&#227;o aumentada de endotelina em usu&#225;rios de coca&#237;na, um poderoso vasoconstritor, que colabora para a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial desses pacientes. Estudo publicado em 1996 comprovou, nesses pacientes, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e pior resposta de fluxo mesmo sem o contexto de intoxica&#231;&#227;o aguda, mostrando que s&#227;o persistentes as altera&#231;&#245;es endoteliais em usu&#225;rios cr&#244;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Conclui-se, portanto, que, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de placa ateroscler&#243;tica, a disfun&#231;&#227;o de microcircula&#231;&#227;o, o potencial de vasoespasmo, de trombose intracoron&#225;ria e o desequil&#237;brio entre consumo e oferta de oxig&#234;nio provocado pela droga permitem a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e, consequentemente, o aparecimento de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
        <p>Embora classicamente descritas e muito importantes, as altera&#231;&#245;es em coron&#225;rias e microcircula&#231;&#227;o em usu&#225;rios da coca&#237;na n&#227;o suficientemente explicam casos de CMD relacionadas &#224; droga. Algumas hip&#243;teses de dano t&#243;xico direto ao mioc&#225;rdio incluem infiltrado linfoc&#237;tico, bem como aumento dos n&#237;veis intracelulares de c&#225;lcio devido ao est&#237;mulo beta-adren&#233;rgico, gerando necrose do cardiomi&#243;cito. Recentemente, foram demonstrados, por um grupo italiano, ind&#237;cios da teoria de estresse oxidativo, gerado pela droga, propagando a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, como atividade de enzimas oxidativas e marcadores de dano celular direto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A metilenodioximetanfetamina, conhecida como "ecstasy", atua como as metanfetaminas, mas com a diferen&#231;a de tamb&#233;m se ligar a receptores de serotonina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A maioria dos pacientes com CMD relacionada a anfetaminas s&#227;o homens, e os poucos casos relatados apresentavam-se precocemente com disfun&#231;&#227;o grave. Em um dos poucos estudos sobre o tema, Yeo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> observaram preval&#234;ncia aumentada de usu&#225;rios de metanfetaminas em uma popula&#231;&#227;o jovem (&lt;45 anos) portadora de CMD idiop&#225;tica, gerando hip&#243;teses de que a droga possa ser fator causal ou acelerador da doen&#231;a. Uma revis&#227;o recente discute a etiologia da cardiomiopatia no uso de metanfetaminas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> As vari&#225;veis que potencialmente causam disfun&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o incont&#225;veis. A taquicardia, o estado de hiper-estresse e a libera&#231;&#227;o catecolamin&#233;rgica fazem parte. A mesma fisiopatologia da coca&#237;na gera isquemia. H&#225; tamb&#233;m hip&#243;teses descritas quanto ao estresse oxidativo, ativa&#231;&#227;o de vias resultando em apoptose, aumento do c&#225;lcio e de &#225;cidos graxos livres intracelulares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><bold>(Dr. Fernando Faglioni Ribas)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Coment&#225;rios finais e hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica:</bold> Partindo-se do pressuposto de que se tratava de uma CMD por cardiotoxicidade direta de drogas e altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas relacionadas, independentemente de qual subst&#226;ncia as tenha causado, o progn&#243;stico com tamanha dilata&#231;&#227;o e fibrose certamente &#233; reservado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Infelizmente, o paciente n&#227;o obteve resultado satisfat&#243;rio com as medidas terap&#234;uticas institu&#237;das, talvez por fatores infecciosos precipitadores, mas que provavelmente n&#227;o trariam o desfecho obtido n&#227;o fosse a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca estabelecida. Progress&#245;es alarmantes no n&#250;mero de usu&#225;rios de subst&#226;ncias il&#237;citas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> exige que m&#233;dicos estejam capacitados quanto &#224; fisiopatologia dessas doen&#231;as, sua preven&#231;&#227;o e seu tratamento.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>(Dr. Fernando Faglioni Ribas)</bold>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>&#192; necr&#243;psia, o cora&#231;&#227;o mostrava dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada, acompanhada de hipertrofia com parede de espessura pr&#243;xima ao normal (1,5 cm, normal at&#233; 1,2 cm), ou seja, a chamada hipertrofia "exc&#234;ntrica" que acompanha a dilata&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 6</xref>), na qual h&#225; aumento "em s&#233;rie" de sarc&#244;meros. O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 1038 g (normal em torno de 350 a 400g). Havia fibrose mioc&#225;rdica mais localizada na parede diafragm&#225;tica (posterior, inferior) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, acompanhada, em todas as paredes dessa c&#226;mara, de outras &#225;reas de fibrose, especialmente em regi&#227;o mediomural, ou de necrose de padr&#227;o isqu&#234;mico em organiza&#231;&#227;o, essas com caracter&#237;sticas sugestivas de evolu&#231;&#227;o com cerca de duas semanas, especialmente na regi&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 7</xref>). As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o tinham qualquer obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa ou trombo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 8</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte transversal do cora&#231;&#227;o mostrando acentuada dilata&#231;&#227;o e &#225;reas de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica com colora&#231;&#227;o esbranqui&#231;ada; a seta aponta a maior delas, na parede diafragm&#225;tica (posterior, inferior) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cortes histol&#243;gicos do cora&#231;&#227;o. A) &#225;rea de fibrose, corada em azul (colora&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo tricr&#244;mico de Masson, aumento da objetiva: 1x); B) &#225;rea de microinfarto em organiza&#231;&#227;o (colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina e eosina, aumento da objetiva: 10x).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f16">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte histol&#243;gico de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria mostrando que a luz n&#227;o apresenta grau significativo de obstru&#231;&#227;o (colora&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo pentacr&#244;mico de Movat, aumento da objetiva: 1x).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0590-60189-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Considerando-se que a principal causa das grandes dilata&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas &#233; a insufici&#234;ncia valvar a&#243;rtica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> &#233; importante ressaltar que, nesse paciente, n&#227;o havia tal disfun&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, havia insufici&#234;ncia de ambas as valvas atrioventriculares, possivelmente como decorr&#234;ncia das dilata&#231;&#245;es de seus an&#233;is valvares.</p>
        <p>Nos demais &#243;rg&#227;os havia sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva grave, com congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica de pulm&#245;es e f&#237;gado e edema agudo de pulm&#245;es, a qual evoluiu para choque cardiog&#234;nico, com insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda pr&#233;-renal (pois n&#227;o havia necrose tubular aguda) e necrose de hepat&#243;citos na regi&#227;o centrolobular. O choque foi o fator final desencadeante do &#243;bito.</p>
        <p>Houve, em vida, diagn&#243;stico de broncopneumonia; essa deve ter sido adequadamente tratada, pois &#224; necr&#243;psia havia apenas &#225;reas focais com aspecto compat&#237;vel com duvidosa broncopneumonia em resolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Coment&#225;rio</title>
        <p>A grande quest&#227;o que este caso traz &#233; a da dificuldade, mesmo com a necr&#243;psia, de se estabelecer diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o e CMD idiop&#225;tica. A dilata&#231;&#227;o &#233; enorme, com peso superior a 1.000 gramas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> N&#227;o h&#225; insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica. O padr&#227;o morfol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; at&#233; certo ponto indicativo de isquemia, com fibrose e &#225;reas de necrose em organiza&#231;&#227;o, tendendo a ser transmural na parede diafragm&#225;tica, conforme mostrado tanto pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica quanto pela necr&#243;psia. O aspecto &#233; compat&#237;vel com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio cicatrizado. As demais &#225;reas de isquemia poderiam ser secund&#225;rias &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca causada por tal infarto. Por outro lado, as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o t&#234;m qualquer les&#227;o obstrutiva; assim, o caso pode tamb&#233;m ser enquadrado como CMD, sendo a necrose tamb&#233;m, nesse caso, secund&#225;ria ao aumento da massa mioc&#225;rdica. Considerando-se a aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria e o padr&#227;o n&#227;o totalmente transmural da fibrose, essa &#250;ltima possibilidade parece ser a mais adequada. Para explic&#225;-la, ainda que n&#227;o se exclua a possibilidade de que seja idiop&#225;tica, correspondente &#224; miocardite que tenha regredido ou &#224; vasoespasmo espont&#226;neo, dever&#225; ser considerada a hip&#243;tese de uso de drogas. O paciente relatava consumo de coca&#237;na, ainda que no passado, e a metilenodioximetanfetamina ("ecstasy") foi detectada no sangue. H&#225; relatos de que ambas as drogas podem causar infarto por vasoespasmo ou mesmo les&#245;es obstrutivas fixas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e foram tamb&#233;m associadas &#224; CMD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Doen&#231;a principal:</bold> CMD (n&#227;o se podendo descartar por completo a possibilidade de tratar-se de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica), possivelmente relacionada ao uso de drogas</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Causa mortis</italic>:</bold> choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
