<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Z3r5C6HY4TwtmS77gMTR7rQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004500576</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005022103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160116</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Focus on Latin America</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Massaro</surname>
            <given-names>Ayrton R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lip</surname>
            <given-names>Gregory Y. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">PUCRS</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do C&#233;rebro do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Neurologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Neurologia - Instituto do C&#233;rebro do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Birmingham</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">City Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Birmingham</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences - City Hospital - Birmingham, United Kingdom</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">University of Birmingham</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Aalborg University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Health</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Clinical Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aalborg</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DK">Denmark</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit - Department of Clinical Medicine - Faculty of Health - Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Aalborg University</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ayrton R. Massaro</bold>, Hospital Sirio Liban&#234;s. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 115. Postal Code 01308-050, Bela Vista, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ayrton.massaro@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Massaro AR, Lip GYH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>AM has acted as a member of the international advisory board for Daiichi Sankyo. GYHL has acted as a consultant for Bayer/Janssen, Astellas, Merck, Sanofi, BMS/Pfizer, Biotronik, Medtronic, Portola, Boehringer Ingelheim, Microlife and Daiichi-Sankyo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>576</fpage>
      <lpage>589</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, with an estimated prevalence of 1-2% in North America and Europe. The increased prevalence of AF in Latin America is associated with an ageing general population, along with poor control of key risk factors, including hypertension. As a result, stroke prevalence and associated mortality have increased dramatically in the region. Therefore, the need for effective anticoagulation strategies in Latin America is clear. The aim of this review is to provide a contemporary overview of anticoagulants for stroke prevention.</p>
        <p>The use of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs, eg, warfarin) and aspirin in the prevention of stroke in patients with AF in Latin America remains common, although around one fifth of all AF patients receive no anticoagulation. Warfarin use is complicated by a lack of access to effective monitoring services coupled with an unpredictable pharmacokinetic profile. The overuse of aspirin is associated with significant bleeding risks and reduced efficacy for stroke prevention in this patient group. The non-VKA oral anticoagulants (NOACbs) represent a potential means of overcoming many limitations associated with VKA and aspirin use, including a reduction in the need for monitoring and a reduced risk of hemorrhagic events.</p>
        <p>The ultimate decision of which anticoagulant drug to utilize in AF patients depends on a multitude of factors. More research is needed to appreciate the impact of these factors in the Latin American population and thereby reduce the burden of AF-associated stroke in this region.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Latin America</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia with an estimated prevalence of 1-2% in North American and European countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> However, the prevalence of AF in Latin America is largely unknown due to a paucity of research in this region.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> As a result of the emergence of cardiovascular disease and risk factors in this region, it is thought that AF is a major problem with an estimated 1.5 million patients affected in Brazil and 230,000 patients affected in Venezuela, a figure estimated to rise to 1 million by the year 2050.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Therefore, it would appear as though AF is a common clinical phenomenon, with a rising prevalence in many nations in Latin America.</p>
      <p>The incidence of stroke is significantly increased in patients diagnosed with AF, with some data suggesting up to a fivefold increase in stroke risk with AF directly responsible for an increasing percentage of ischemic strokes with increasing age in the elderly population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated that 1.9 million people survived a stroke in Latin America in 2004, with almost one quarter of those experiencing a first time stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> It is estimated that deaths due to stroke are set to at least double by the year 2024 in Latin America.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Recent epidemiological data suggests that over 700,000 incident strokes were recorded in Brazil alone in 2010, with over 141,000 deaths attributed to stroke in 2010 alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> These figures represent an approximate twofold increase on statistics published in 1990, a trend seen in many Latin American nations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Strokes related to AF are considered more severe than non-AF strokes due to the large infarction size associated with occlusion of the proximal middle cerebral artery and are accompanied by a greater risk of in-hospital death, and increased risk of recurrent stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Therefore, AF-related stroke appears to be an important problem in Latin America, particularly as risk factors for AF are often poorly controlled in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In combination with the association of AF with other co-morbidities and all-cause mortality, AF is a significant public health burden in the region that will have deep implications for public health practice in the future.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The use of oral anticoagulants as a prophylactic treatment for those at increased risk of thromboembolism is key for the prevention of stroke in patients with AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), including warfarin, remain one of the most widely used approaches for stroke prevention in non-valvular AF and have an established high level of efficacy; adjusted dose warfarin therapy reduces the risk of ischemic stroke by 64% and all-cause mortality by 26%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However warfarin use requires optimal anticoagulation control, defined as a mean individual time in therapeutic range (TTR) &gt; 70%, which is associated with best efficacy and safety outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The common use of aspirin is also observed in many patients, despite evidence that it is substantially less effective than warfarin at stroke prevention and is associated with a similar level of major bleeding risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The introduction of non-VKA oral anticoagulants (NOACs), including direct thrombin inhibitors and factor Xa inhibitors, has provided physicians with an alternative method of preventing stroke in patients with AF, which may overcome many of the limitations of VKAs and aspirin use.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The NOACs have a predictable pharmacokinetic profile and do not require regular anticoagulant monitoring.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Furthermore, these agents have been shown to be non-inferior to warfarin in clinical stroke prevention studies, prompting their inclusion in North American and European guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the evidence in support of NOAC use in routine stroke prevention for patients with AF, the influence of individual patient factors on the choice of anticoagulant needs to be considered.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The clinical decision-making process remains sensitive to local health care needs and resources, including the prevalence of co-morbidities and availability of medications or monitoring facilities. Therefore, the selection of appropriate therapeutic agents for stroke prevention in patients with AF in Latin America is a multi-factorial issue.</p>
      <p>The aim of this review is to provide an update to physicians on current best practice in stroke prevention in AF. This will include an overview of contemporary evidence for the use of NOACs, while specifically addressing the challenges inherent in delivering optimal care in the context of Latin America.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A comprehensive review of the literature was performed in order to achieve the objective for this review. Database searches were conducted using online resources, including the following key words in combination: NOAC, warfarin, aspiring, stroke, and atrial fibrillation. Data from papers published from January 2005 to April 2015 were included in order to maintain a contemporary perspective on the clinical issue. Papers focusing on the context of stroke prevention associated with AF in Latin America were specifically sought, while a wider discussion of the health needs of this population is also considered to provide context to health decision-making processes in the region.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Overview of stroke epidemiology in Latin America</title>
        <p>Latin American nations are experiencing a period of rapid economic growth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> This phase of growth has been characterized by uneven socioeconomic changes, leading to significant effects on lifestyle and demographic indicators of health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Lifestyle-related diseases account for a significant health burden in the region, including cardiovascular disease, which is now the leading cause of death and disability among adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The average population age is also rising, leading to an elevated chronic disease burden and a heightened demand on national health systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Thus, the focus of health care resource allocation has shifted from communicable disease towards non-communicable, lifestyle-related disease in recent decades and the chronic management of these conditions.</p>
        <p>The consequence of the emergence of cardiovascular disease and risk factors, coupled with an ageing population, is that the development of AF is more likely and the prognosis of AF substantially worse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Estimates suggest that over 50% of patients with AF in Latin America have arterial hypertension, while up to 40% of patients have concurrent heart failure or diabetes at the time of diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> For many, hypertension is poorly controlled, particularly in older, less educated and obese patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Furthermore, the metabolic syndrome has become common in Latin America and is strongly associated with the development of AF and the risk of future stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> These risk factors not only impact the prognosis of AF, but also predispose to future cardiovascular events, including ischemic stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> As a result, a rising number of stroke deaths have been recorded in the region, which is estimated to increase over the next few decades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Latin American data on the characteristics of stroke patients are limited, but some data demonstrate that there is a relatively higher rate of hemorrhagic stroke compared to high-income nations (26% vs. 9%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The primary etiology of stroke is less frequently identified compared to Western nations, highlighting the challenges to patient investigation in the region.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> This is evidenced by a low rate of vascular imaging for stroke investigation compared to Western nations (20% versus 77%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Stroke risk has been associated with smoking and self-reported hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> both of which are common in Latin American populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Challenges to AF management in Latin America</title>
        <p>Thromboprophylaxis in AF has traditionally been facilitated through the use of either VKAs (eg, warfarin) or aspirin in Latin America.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A recent analysis of anticoagulant use in seven Latin American nations found that 66-75.8% of patients with AF receive VKA or VKA plus aspirin, while the remainder receive either no treatment (18.3-24.6%) or triple therapy with VKA, aspirin and an additional antiplatelet agent (3.8-9.6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Even more concerning are recent figures from a Brazilian primary care database in which only 1.5% of patients were found to be on VKA therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> These figures reflect the reliance on warfarin and aspirin in the region, but also highlight the missed opportunities in stroke prevention for the AF patients who do not receive any anticoagulants.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Outpatient management of atrial fibrillation in seven Latin America nations. Adapted from (19)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="23%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Argentina</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Brazil</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Chile</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Colombia</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mexico</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Peru</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Venezuela</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>No treatment</td>
                <td align="center">24.6%</td>
                <td align="center">18.3%</td>
                <td align="center">21.2%</td>
                <td align="center">22.4%</td>
                <td align="center">22.5%</td>
                <td align="center">21.4%</td>
                <td align="center">20.3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VKA</td>
                <td align="center">53.4%</td>
                <td align="center">58.2%</td>
                <td align="center">52.3%</td>
                <td align="center">45.2%</td>
                <td align="center">56.2%</td>
                <td align="center">56.2%</td>
                <td align="center">57.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VKA+Aspirin</td>
                <td align="center">12.6%</td>
                <td align="center">17.6%</td>
                <td align="center">20.3%</td>
                <td align="center">28.6%</td>
                <td align="center">16.6%</td>
                <td align="center">15.7%</td>
                <td align="center">12.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VKA + Aspirin + antiplatelet</td>
                <td align="center">9.4%</td>
                <td align="center">5.9%</td>
                <td align="center">6.2%</td>
                <td align="center">3.8%</td>
                <td align="center">4.7%</td>
                <td align="center">6.7%</td>
                <td align="center">9.6%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>VKA: vitamin K antagonist.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>There have been notable challenges with the use of both warfarin and aspirin in practice, contributing to the rising stroke prevalence in the region. Warfarin use demands careful anticoagulant monitoring, which may not be possible in many parts of Latin America, or may not be practicable due to patient access to health services or service cost.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Data from the ROCKET-AF study found that the median TTR achieved in patients with AF managed with warfarin in Latin American countries is generally lower than that seen in Western Europe and the US, with a median TTR of 59%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> This is lower than the recommended 70% as set out in existing Western guidelines, such as the American College of Chest Physicians guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> One study has shown that 21.4% of patients consider periodic blood tests to be significant barriers to oral anticoagulant adherence in Brazil, while adherence to VKA to achieve optimal TTR only occurred in 54% of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Similar data has been obtained in a separate study, where analysis of 127 outpatients demonstrated VKA (phenprocoumon) use only achieved optimal TTR in 60.7% of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Therefore, achievement of optimal TTR with warfarin may be lacking in Latin America, leading to poorer outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>AF in elderly patients</title>
        <p>It is also recognized that physicians in Latin America often feel that the risk of bleeding is elevated in older patients with AF, which may lead to physicians choosing to withhold oral anticoagulant therapy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> despite the general consensus in Western literature that the benefits of anticoagulation generally outweigh falls risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> However, one study from Argentina found that of 840 patients with AF and a high risk of stroke, only 48.5% were managed with oral anticoagulants (predominantly warfarin), while only 17.1% of patients had any clear contraindications to warfarin therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Similarly, a chart review of 301 patients in a Brazilian hospital found that only 46.5% of patients with AF received anticoagulation therapy in-hospital and 57.8% during one year following initial therapy or in the outpatient population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Therefore, warfarin may be underused in the Latin American context, leading to suboptimal thromboprophylaxis, particularly in elderly patients.</p>
        <p>The combined use of warfarin and aspirin in the Latin American population forms a significant proportion of patients receiving thromboprophylaxis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Current guidelines suggest that monotherapy with a VKA should be preferred in the majority of patients with AF, due to the increased risk of bleeding associated with combined use of VKA and aspirin, although combined regimens may be useful in the AF patient presenting with an acute coronary syndrome and/or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention or stenting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Data from Latin America are scarce with regards to the decision-making processes underlying the relatively low use of monotherapy in this population, but it is apparent that the use of aspirin is more common than in Western nations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> This is a concern, as aspirin elevates the risk of bleeding, especially when used in combination with oral anticoagulants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> The net clinical benefit (NCB) for aspirin considering stroke and mortality reduction against serious bleeding is neutral or negative (depending on NCB definition), even with patients with a single stroke risk factor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valvular disease and Chagas in Latin America</title>
        <p>Latin America has a significant burden of valvular heart disease associated with AF, particularly in the elderly population. It has been shown that up to 60% of valve disease is associated with rheumatic fever and that around half of patients with valvular disease present with AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Hence, this is an important subgroup in Latin America, which may pose specific challenges to physicians. Systemic anticoagulation is generally favoured in all patients without contraindications with mitral valve disease and AF due to the high risk of stroke and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Chagas disease is also a significant public health issue in Latin America, with recent data from Brazil highlighting the burden of cardiac disease associated with the condition. Self-reported Chagas disease was associated with electrocardiographic abnormalities in over two-thirds of patients in one analysis, with 5.4% of patients demonstrating AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> A recent review of Brazilian primary care patients suggested that Chagas disease was present in 2.9% of patients with AF, with ECG abnormalities strongly predicting the development of AF and adverse outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Therefore, these patients are considered a high-risk group for the development of AF.</p>
        <p>The contemporary picture in Latin America is that thromboprophylaxis is suboptimal in patients with AF. Many ambulatory patients with significant risk factors for future stroke do not receive anticoagulant therapy and may be receiving inappropriate therapy with combined regimens or aspirin alone. The potential for the NOAC class of drugs to fill this therapeutic void will be explored in the following section.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>NOACs for thromboprophylaxis in patients with non-valvular AF</title>
        <p>The NOACs have revolutionized the potential to prevent stroke in patients with non-valvular AF and have been endorsed as a major treatment option by international bodies, including the European Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Two classes of NOACs are currently available, with four drugs licensed for use as anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular AF: direct thrombin inhibitors (dabigatran) and direct factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban). Each drug has a distinct dosing profile and set of contraindications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant dosing recommendations</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Dabigatran</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Rivaroxaban</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Apixaban</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Edoxaban</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Licensed dose for stroke prevention in AF</td>
                <td align="center">150 mg twice daily</td>
                <td align="center">20 mg once daily</td>
                <td align="center">5 mg twice daily</td>
                <td align="center">60 mg once daily</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Renal dose modification</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CrCl &gt; 50 ml/min</td>
                <td align="center">No dose modification</td>
                <td align="center">No dose modification</td>
                <td align="center">No dose modification</td>
                <td align="center">No dose modification<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">a</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CrCl 30&#8211;49 ml/min</td>
                <td align="center">Consider 110 mg twice daily</td>
                <td align="center">15 mg once daily</td>
                <td align="center">No dose modification</td>
                <td align="center">30 mg once daily</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CrCl 15&#8211;29 ml/min</td>
                <td align="center">Not recommended</td>
                <td align="center">15 mg once daily</td>
                <td align="center">2.5 mg twice daily</td>
                <td align="center">30 mg once daily</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CrCl &lt; 15 ml/min</td>
                <td align="center">Not recommended</td>
                <td align="center">Not recommended</td>
                <td align="center">Not recommended</td>
                <td align="center">Not recommended</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cautions</td>
                <td align="center">Age &gt; 80 years Weight &lt; 60kg<break/> Macrolide antibiotics<break/> Amiodarone</td>
                <td align="center">Age &gt; 80 years Weight &lt; 60kg <break/> Macrolide antibiotics<break/> Carbamazepine<break/> Phenytoin</td>
                <td align="center">Age &gt; 80 years Weight &lt; 60kg<break/> Diltiazem</td>
                <td align="center">Concomitant use of P-glycoprotein inhibitors or Weight &lt; 60kg = adjust dose to 30 mg once daily</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medications contraindicated in conjunction with NOAC</td>
                <td align="center">Ketoconazole<break/> Itraconazole <break/> Carbamazepine <break/> Phenytoin <break/> Dronedarone</td>
                <td align="center">Ketoconazole<break/> Itraconazole</td>
                <td align="center">Ketoconazole<break/> Itraconazole <break/> Carbamazepine <break/> Phenytoin</td>
                <td align="center">Rifampin</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; NOAC: non-VKA oral anticoagulant.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Edoxaban is not recommended to be used in patients with creatinine clearance &gt; 95 mL/min due to the increased risk of ischemic stroke compared with warfarin. </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Dabigatran</title>
          <p>Dabigatran is a direct thrombin inhibitor licensed for use by both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> Phase III trial data is based on the international, multicenter, randomized RE-LY (Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy) trial, which analyzed 18,113 AF patients with a mean CHADS<sub>2</sub> score of 2.1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Patients were randomized to two different doses of dabigatran (110 mg or 150 mg twice daily) or received warfarin dose-adjusted to achieve an International Normalized Ratio (INR) of 2-3, with a mean TTR of 64%. At two-years follow-up, dabigatran 150 mg twice daily was found to be superior to warfarin in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism [Relative risk (RR) 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53-0.82, p &lt; 0.001], while the lower dose of dabigatran was non-inferior to warfarin. It was also found that the risk of hemorrhagic stroke was significantly lower with both doses compared to warfarin (110 mg: RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.17-0.56, p &lt; 0.001; 150 mg: RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.14-0.49, p &lt; 0.001). With respect to mortality, vascular and non-hemorrhagic major events, the advantages of dabigatran 150 mg twice daily were greater at study sites where the TTR was lowest in the warfarin arm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Geographical sub-group analysis of the Latin American cohort of the RE-LY study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> found that this cohort experienced similar results as the main group. This highlights the importance of TTR when comparing warfarin and NOACs.</p>
          <p>The safety profile of dabigatran was dose-dependent, with a lower prevalence of major bleeding with 110 mg twice-daily dabigatran (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.93, p = 0.003) but not with patients on 150mg twice daily when compared to warfarin (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.81-1.07, p = 0.31). The risk of intracranial bleeding and life-threatening bleeding was lower with dabigatran versus warfarin, although there was an increased likelihood of gastrointestinal bleeding with dabigatran 150mg twice daily.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rivaroxaban</title>
          <p>Rivaroxaban is a direct factor Xa inhibitor that has been approved by both the FDA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> and the EMA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> The ROCKET-AF (Rivaroxaban Versus Warfarin in Nonvalvular AF) multicenter, randomized controlled trial analyzed 14,264 AF patients with CHADS<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 2 (mean = 3.47; high stroke risk).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Patients were randomized to either rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily (15 mg if Creatinine clearance was 30-49 mL/min) or warfarin with a target INR of 2-3 (median TTR 58%). The median follow-up period was 1.9 years at which rivaroxaban was shown to be non-inferior to warfarin for stroke and systemic embolism prevention [Hazard ratio (HR) 0.88, 95% CI 0.74-1.03]. There was a lower rate of intracranial hemorrhage and fatal hemorrhage with rivaroxaban compared to warfarin. However, deaths due to ischemic stroke were comparable between treatment arms, and gastrointestinal bleeding was more likely with rivaroxaban compared to warfarin (3.2% vs. 2.2%, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
          <p>Supplementary data from the ROCKET-AF study suggests that there are no major differences in stroke occurrence, safety or major bleeding between warfarin and rivaroxaban use in the Latin American cohort of the study, although there is a trend towards less major bleeding with rivaroxaban.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> The proposed XANTUS-EL (Xarelto for Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation, Eastern Europe, Middle East, Africa and Latin America) study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> a prospective, observational post-authorization, non-interventional study is designed to analyze the safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban in routine clinical use in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. The results of this study should provide clarification of the role of rivaroxaban as stroke prophylaxis in patients with AF in Latin America.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Apixaban</title>
          <p>Apixaban is a direct factor Xa inhibitor approved for use in AF thromboprophylaxis by the FDA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> and EMA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> Efficacy and safety data for apixaban versus warfarin were analyzed in the ARISTOLE multicenter, international, randomized trial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> Patients (n = 18,201) with non-valvular AF and CHADS<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 1 (mean = 2.1) were randomized to either apixaban 5 mg twice daily or warfarin with a target INR 2-3 (median TTR 66%) and followed up for a median of 1.8 years. It was demonstrated that apixaban was superior to warfarin for stroke and systemic embolism prevention (1.27% vs. 1.60%, HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66-0.95, p = 0.01). Apixaban was also associated with a reduction in hemorrhagic stroke (0.24% vs. 0.47%, HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.35-0.75, p &lt; 0.001) and all-cause mortality (3.52% vs. 3.94%, HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.99, p = 0.047), compared to warfarin. The safety profile of apixaban was favorable compared to warfarin, with a lower rate of major hemorrhage (2.13% vs. 3.09%, HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.60-0.80, p &lt; 0.001) and comparable occurrences of gastrointestinal bleeding (0.76% vs. 0.86%, HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.70-1.15). Bleeding in the Latin American cohort of this study (n = 3,460) was also lower with apixaban than warfarin (2.1% vs. 3.5%), which may be associated with either poor TTR control in the Latin American cohort or may be a genuine effect of apixaban. Further subgroup analysis of the Latin American cohort suggests that results in terms of safety and efficacy are consistent with those seen in total study population, with minimal geographic variability within the region.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Apixaban was also compared to aspirin for use in AF thromboprophylaxis in the AVERROES (Apixaban Versus Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) to Prevent Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Who Have Failed or are Unsuitable for Vitamin K Antagonist Treatment) trial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> Patients who failed or were not suitable for VKA therapy (n = 5,599) were included in the study and were randomized to either apixaban 5 mg twice daily or aspirin 81-324 mg daily. The study was terminated prematurely due to the overwhelming superiority of apixaban, with a 55% reduction in stroke or systemic embolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> Major bleeding or intracranial bleeding was not significantly different between apixaban and aspirin.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Edoxaban</title>
          <p>Edoxaban is the most recent NOAC to gain approval by the FDA in the US and is approved for use by the Japanese Ministry of Health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> A large, international, randomized controlled trial, ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 (Effective Anticoagulation with Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation - Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction study 48), was conducted to explore the outcomes in 21,105 AF patients with CHADS<sub>2</sub> score &#8805; 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> The study was based on an initial phase 2 trial which identified two doses of edoxaban that had comparable levels of bleeding risk to warfarin (30 mg or 60 mg once daily).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref> Patients were randomized to either high dose (60 mg or 30 mg dose-reduced) or low dose (30 mg or 15 mg dose-reduced) regimens, or warfarin dose-adjusted to achieve an INR of 2-3, with a median TTR of 68%. The median follow-up was 2.8 years, during which time 25.3% of patients randomized to edoxaban underwent dose reduction based on specific risk factors known to increase drug exposure (Creatinine clearance 30-50mL/min, concurrent use of verapamil or quinidine, or weight &#8804; 60 kg).</p>
          <p>Modified intention-to-treat analyses were performed, demonstrating that both doses of edoxaban were non-inferior to warfarin in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism: higher dose 1.18% vs. 1.50%, hazard ratio (HR) 0.79, 97.5% CI 0.63-0.99, p &lt; 0.001; lower dose 1.61% vs. 1.50%, HR 1.07, 97.5% CI 0.87-1.31, p = 0.005. In the intention-to-treat population there was a trend towards superiority for the high-dose edoxaban, although this was not statistically significant (HR 0.87, 97.5% CI 0.73-1.04, p = 0.08). There was a significant reduction in the occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke when comparing the high-dose edoxaban regimen to warfarin, as seen with other NOACs (0.26% vs. 0.47%, HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.38-0.77, p &lt; 0.001). Overall, there were significant benefits seen with higher-dose edoxaban versus warfarin regarding the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism and a composite endpoint of stroke, systemic embolism or cardiovascular death (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78-0.96, p = 0.005).</p>
          <p>The safety profile of edoxaban versus warfarin was also considered to be favorable, with a reduction in major hemorrhage (high-dose 2.75% vs. 3.43%, HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.71-0.91, p &lt; 0.001; low-dose 1.61% vs. 3.43%, HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.41-0.55, p &lt; 0.001), extra-cranial bleeding and non-major bleeding. It should be noted however, that gastrointestinal bleeding was observed more frequently in the high-dose edoxaban regimen, compared to low-dose edoxaban and warfarin (1.51%, 0.82% and 1.23%, respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> Therefore, edoxaban has proven efficacy in stroke and systemic embolism prevention in comparison with warfarin, while bleeding events may be dose-dependent.</p>
          <p>In an analysis of the Latin American cohort of this study (n = 2,661),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> the primary efficacy of prevention of stroke or systemic embolism was consistent with the overall population for both lower and higher dose edoxaban compared to warfarin (30 mg dose 2.15% vs. 2.50%; 60 mg dose 1.61% vs. 2.50%, p = 0.32). The trend towards edoxaban being a superior agent was stronger than as seen in Western European patients, though this did not approach statistical significance. Additionally, the safety profile demonstrated a trend toward favoring edoxaban vs. warfarin in this cohort, with both lower dose edoxaban (1.66% vs. 3.74%, p = 0.50) and higher dose edoxaban (2.65% vs. 3.74%, p = 0.35) versus warfarin therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> The analyses were comparable to the results seen in the general population for both safety and efficacy in the Latin American cohort.</p>
          <p>Recent modeling analyses have also been published, providing an estimate of the NCB of edoxaban versus no treatment, aspirin, aspirin and clopidogrel, or warfarin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref> It was shown that edoxaban 60 mg has a NCB of 8.9 events saved per 1000 patients compared to warfarin therapy or no treatment, an estimated prevention of 30,300 thromboembolic events, major bleeds and deaths annually in European AF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref> Indeed, both edoxaban 30 mg and 60 mg were found to have a favourable NCB compared to warfarin, with the level of benefit relating directly to CHADS<sub>2</sub>, CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc and HAS-BLED scores; patients with CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc &#8805; 2 benefitted from both doses of edoxaban versus warfarin, although the 60 mg dose was associated with the greater NCB overall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref> Hence, these modelling studies highlight the potential NCB of edoxaban compared with existing anticoagulation approaches in practice, although demonstration of these effects in the Latin American population remains to be seen.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Meta-analyses of NOACs</title>
          <p>On an individual trial basis the NOACs have been shown to be non-inferior to warfarin for the prevention of strokes in patients with AF. Large meta-analyses have been conducted of these trials, demonstrating the efficacy of NOACs compared to warfarin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref> The NOACs have been associated with a reduced risk of systemic embolism and stroke compared to warfarin (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.73-0.91, p &lt; 0.0001), a reduced risk of intracranial hemorrhage (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.39-0.59, p &lt; 0.0001) and a reduction in all-cause mortality (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.85-0.95, p = 0.0003).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref> However, these agents have been associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.01-1.55, p = 0.04). It is worth noting that the most significant benefits of NOACs were observed in centers where the time in therapeutic range (TTR), defined as maintenance of the INR between 2.0-3.0, was less than 66%, indicating that NOACs have benefits where control of anticoagulation is suboptimal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Data for the use of direct thrombin inhibitors, including the NOAC dabigatran, are available in several meta-analyses. A Cochrane review found that direct thrombin inhibitors were generally comparable to warfarin for many outcomes, although dabigatran 150 mg twice daily was associated with significantly fewer vascular deaths and ischemic events compared to warfarin [Odds ratio (OR) 0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.99).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref> Direct thrombin inhibitors were also associated with significantly fewer major hemorrhagic events, including hemorrhagic strokes, compared to warfarin. Similarly, a Cochrane meta-analysis of direct factor Xa inhibitors found that these agents were associated with a significant reduction in ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.69-0.89) and a reduction in major bleeding episodes (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.98) compared to warfarin therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref> A recent meta-analysis has confirmed the low bleeding risk associated with apixaban both for all-cause bleeding (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.40-0.88) and intracranial bleeding (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81- 0.99) compared to warfarin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Although data provide a strong basis for the use of NOACs in stroke prevention in patients with AF, there is currently no data to suggest that one particular NOAC may be superior to the others. Indirect comparisons have limited value in decision-making, due to the differences in trial design and characteristics,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref> and therefore evaluation of the caveats of individual agents is needed when selecting a drug for a specific patient profile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> The following section will consider how patient profiles can be used to inform clinical decision-making in this context and how these may relate to the Latin American AF population.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Guidelines in Latin America</title>
        <p>A number of guidelines specific to Latin America have been devised for the management of patients with AF and the use of anticoagulation therapy therein. The Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias and the Brazilian Cardiogeriatrics Society guidelines are two of the most commonly used resources for physicians in the region.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref> These guidelines emphasize the importance of rhythm and rate control in AF patients and focus on the role of warfarin as the main oral anticoagulant in patients who have undergone a thorough bleeding risk assessment and stroke risk assessment. The specific role of NOACs in the published guidelines is not described, in contrast with European and other national guidelines, although the guidelines are similar in terms of patient risk stratification and the general stages involved in AF management and stroke prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> However, one key difference is use of the CHADS<sub>2</sub> score in Brazilian guidelines, compared to the use of the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score in guidelines from Europe and North America.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The use of VKA therapy is prioritized in Brazilian guidelines, while aspirin use is a major feature in patients with lower risk of stroke (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). No specific TTR recommendations are set out in these guidelines, although optimization of TTR &gt; 70% maximizes the effects of VKA therapy and is recommended in guidelines outside of Latin America.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> The potential for the use of NOACs in systems where warfarin monitoring may be problematic has been highlighted in an updated analysis of contemporary guidelines in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Brazilian guidelines for the use of anticoagulants in the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Adapted from (64)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="75%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Stroke risk stratification</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Therapy</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>High risk</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prior thromboembolism<break/> Rheumatic mitral stenosis<break/> &gt;1 of: aged &gt;75 years, hypertension, heart failure, impaired left ventricular systolic function, type 2 diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">Oral VKA (INR 2&#8211;3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Moderate risk</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 of: aged &gt;75 years, hypertension, heart failure, impaired left ventricular systolic function, type 2 diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">Oral VKA (INR 2&#8211;3) Or Aspirin 81&#8211;325 md daily</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Low risk</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No other risk factors</td>
                <td align="center">Aspirin 81&#8211;325 mg daily</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>INR: International Normalized Ratio; VKA: vitamin K antagonist.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Despite the existence of guidelines, there is evidence that available recommendations are not adhered to in practice, potentially limiting the ability to optimize patient care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref> Physicians with over 25 years of experience tend to have less awareness of guidelines, or are more likely to disagree with existing guidelines, with only 71.8% favoring VKA as an initial anticoagulant in AF, as recommended in guidelines, compared to over 90% of more junior cardiologists.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref> Furthermore, this survey found that 10% of long practicing cardiologists in Brazil do not adhere to any AF guidelines, while a significant number do not routinely apply risk scores before initiating anticoagulation therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref> A review of prescribing habits in a Brazilian cardiology department found that anticoagulant use according to the Brazilian guidelines was 55%, which was consistent with international guidelines, while 86% of patients with a high risk of embolism were prescribed oral anticoagulants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref> These statistics suggest that guidelines may not be adhered to strictly in practice, with a significant proportion of Latin American patients not receiving adequate anticoagulation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Stroke risk stratification and treatment selection</title>
        <p>The determination of stroke risk for an individual patient is a multifactorial process, dependent on a number of distinct risk factors. The CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc (Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age &#8805; 75, Age between 65 and 74, Diabetes mellitus, prior Stroke, TIA or thromboembolism, VAscular disease, Sex female) score is commonly used to predict stroke risk and potential utility of anticoagulation therapy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> A score of 0 (males) or 1 (females) suggests low-risk of stroke and in these patients the risks of anticoagulation are likely to outweigh the benefits, while higher scores should prompt an assessment of bleeding risk and initiation of anticoagulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> The CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score was initially derived in predominantly White European populations, but it has subsequently been validated in other ethnic populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref> Specific validation in Latin America has not been conducted to date. However, the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score has been shown to be superior to the CHADS<sub>2</sub> score in defining low and intermediate risk populations that are unlikely to benefit from anticoagulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref> This suggests that patients in Latin America may benefit from the use of the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score rather than CHADS<sub>2</sub>, as seen in contemporary guidelines in the region.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref> The development of a Latin America-specific scoring system has been proposed by one group, based on factors including age, National Institute of Health Stroke Scores and the presence of left atrial enlargement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> However, this will need further validation in future studies before it can be applied to the Latin American population.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>CHA2DS2-VASc risk assessment scoring for stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation. Adapted from (68)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="%25"/>
              <col width="%10"/>
              <col width="%65"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Definition</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Score</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Notes</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Congestive Heart Failure</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate-to-severe systolic left ventricular dysfunction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Patient on antihypertensives or two concurrent readings &gt;140 mmHg systolic and/or &gt; 90 mmHg diastolic</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age &gt;75 years</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">On antihyperglycaemic drugs of fasting blood glucose &gt;7 mmol/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stroke/TIA/thromboembolism</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vascular disease (Prior MI, PAD, aortic plaque)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Eg, prior MI, angina, intermittent claudication, thrombosis, previous surgery on abdominal aorta.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age 65-74 years</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Female sex</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>TIA: transient ischemic attack; MI: myocardial infarction; PAD: peripheral artery disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The assessment of bleeding risk can be performed using a number of different scores, including the ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation), HEMORR<sub>2</sub>HAGES [Hepatic or renal disease, Ethanol abuse, Malignancy, Older (age &gt; 75 years), Reduced platelet count or function, Hypertension (uncontrolled), Anemia, Genetic factors, Excessive fall risk, and Stroke], and HAS-BLED [Hypertension, Abnormal renal or liver function, Stroke, Bleeding, Labile INRs, Elderly (age &gt; 65 years) and Drugs (alcohol)] scores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref> The HAS-BLED score has been shown to have the best predictive value for bleeding risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> Under-use of anticoagulation, based on a perceived risk of hemorrhage remains common.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> However, a high HAS-BLED score is not an excuse to withhold anticoagulation, as the net clinical benefit balancing ischemic stroke reduction against serious bleeding is even greater in such patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref> A high HAS-BLED score is an indicator to 'flag up' the patient for more careful review and follow-up, and to address the potentially correctable bleeding risk factors, such as uncontrolled hypertension, labile INRs, concomitant use of aspirin and NSAIDs with anticoagulation.</p>
        <p>The decision to use warfarin or NOACs in the management of patients with a high risk of stroke requires an appreciation of time in therapeutic range (TTR) for the individual patient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref> Patients who fall outside of TTR more frequently are less likely to benefit from warfarin therapy and may be at an increased risk of stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> Although the reasons for poor control of anticoagulation levels may be varied, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends that patients with TTR &lt; 65% should be re-assessed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Where patient compliance is not a factor and TTR cannot be adequately maintained, the use of NOACs is likely to provide more significant clinical benefits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> The SAMe-TT<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> score has been devised and validated in Europe as a means of predicting poor control of warfarin therapy in patients with AF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref> The SAMe-TT<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> aids decision making whereby a patient with a SAMe-TT<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> score of 0-2 is likely to do well on a VKA with a high TTR, whilst those with a SAMe-TT<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> score of &gt; 2 are less likely to achieve a optimal TTR, and a NOAC would be a better option.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref> Thus, a 'trial of warfarin' can be avoided, given that some patients would be exposed to a high risk of ischemic stroke during the inception phase of warfarin therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref> The SAMe-TT<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> score has been related to labile INRs, and consequently, more bleeding, thromboembolism and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref> The high incidence of comorbidities and smoking in the Latin American AF patient population would suggest that a high score would be achieved, predicting poor warfarin control and favoring the use of NOACs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref> A suggested algorithm for the use of scoring systems in the determination of stroke risk, bleeding risk and the likelihood of VKA effectiveness is demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>SAMe-TT2R2 score. Adapted from (75)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="65%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Acronym</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Definitions</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Score</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>S</td>
                <td>Sex (female)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A</td>
                <td>Age (&lt; 60 years)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Me</td>
                <td>Medical history: 2 or more of hypertension, diabetes, CAD/MI, PAD, CHF, previous stroke, pulmonary disease, and hepatic or renal disease.</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>T</td>
                <td>Treatment (interacting drugs eg, amiodarone)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>T</td>
                <td>Tobacco use (within 2 years)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>R</td>
                <td>Race (non-White)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; CHF: congestive heart failure; MI: myocardial infarction; PAD: peripheral artery disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Algorithm for anticoagulation in Latin American patients with atrial fibrillation. The decision to initiate anticoagulant therapy is based on the use the CHA <italic><sub>2</sub></italic> DS <italic><sub>2</sub></italic> VASc, HAS-BLED and SAMeTT2R2 scores through determination of stroke risk, bleeding risk and likelihood of warfarin success, respectively. INR: international normalised ratio; NOAC: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; TTR: time in therapeutic range; VKA: vitamin K antagonist. Adapted from (81).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0576-60116-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient profiling and NOAC selection</title>
        <p>A number of patient profiles have been identified in the context of stroke prevention in AF, which may influence the choice of NOAC based on the potential for complications versus the potential for efficacy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). These profiles have been reviewed in detail elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref> However, the identification of these patient profiles in Latin American AF patients has yet to be performed. Patient profiling based on pharmacogenetic techniques has been reported within the context of anticoagulant selection in Brazilian patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref> highlighting the importance of considering European/African ancestry among the Latin American population. However, prospective studies of dosing algorithms based on these factors are lacking at present. Therefore, it is worth considering the clinical implications of patient profiles that are likely to be most common in Latin America in determining the selection of NOACs in this region, including elderly patients, patient with renal impairment and those at-risk of bleeding events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Patient profiling in NOAC selection. The patient groups highlighted are likely to be of greatest importance to the Latin American context. Individual non-VKA oral anticoagulant (NOAC) use is based on non-inferiority to warfarin for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation and individual drug characteristics. Adapted from (81). VKA: vitamin K antagonist; GI: gastrointestinal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0576-60116-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Elderly patients form the majority of patients with AF in Latin America, with over 70% of AF patients aged 60 years or older.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> These patients are at an increased risk of stroke compared to younger patients due to an increased risk of bleeding with age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> However, it should also be considered that many patients are at an increased risk of falls and subsequent hemorrhage, potentially limiting the use of anticoagulation in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref> Consequently, it is considered prudent to select NOACs that are less likely to be associated with hemorrhage in the elderly, including apixaban and edoxaban.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref> However, elderly patients form a heterogeneous group and therefore additional risk factors and profiles may have a greater impact on the selection of NOAC.</p>
        <p>In addition to elderly patients, patients with comorbid renal impairment may be at a higher risk of hemorrhagic complications during anticoagulant therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref> The contemporary prevalence of renal impairment in Latin America is largely unknown, although data suggests that increasing rates of type 2 diabetes have been associated with a rise in end-stage renal failure, indicative of rising rates of renal impairment in the population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref> Renal impairment is associated with poor control of INR and a worse outcome and therefore adversely affects the use of VKA therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref> Therefore, patients with renal impairment, defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate &#8804; 80 mL/min, may benefit from the use of apixaban, which has been shown to be more effective than warfarin in stroke prevention, regardless of renal function, and is not associated with hemorrhagic complications, as reported with dabigatran.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref> Edoxaban has also demonstrated some promising results in patients with renal impairment, with low bleeding and adverse event rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Other important patient characteristics to consider when choosing a NOAC include a previous history of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, a high bleeding risk (HAS-BLED &#8805;3) and those with recurrent stroke, despite optimal warfarin management.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref> For all of these high risk patients a NOAC with a low risk of hemorrhage would potentially be beneficial (eg, apixaban or dabigatran), with dabigatran 150 mg having been shown to reduce the risk of both intracranial bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref> It should be noted that edoxaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban have been associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when higher dose regimens are used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Patient values and preference should also be considered when prescribing anticoagulant therapy, as the dosing schedule and side effect profile of a drug may determine adherence and efficacy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>. Poor adherence is more likely to be associated with suboptimal clinical benefits with NOAC therapy, due to the relatively short half-life of these agents compared to warfarin. Once-daily dosing is available with rivaroxaban and edoxaban, which may be preferable to twice daily dosing in some patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Decision-making in Latin America</title>
        <p>The use of patient profiles can be helpful in selecting the most appropriate course of anticoagulant therapy, where we can fit the drug to the patient and vice versa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). However, due to the lack of data available in the Latin American context, additional considerations may need to be made when prescribing these agents. One of the main challenges to stroke prevention in the region is the large socioeconomic disparity in health outcomes and access to health care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Patients with low income, low education, and those living in rural communities have reduced access to health care services, leading to poorer outcomes for many chronic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref> Hence, the challenge of maintaining anticoagulation in this group may relate not only to the ability for patients to accurately adhere to their medication schedule, but also their ability to attend for monitoring and follow-up appointments.</p>
        <p>One of the main advantages of the NOACs compared to warfarin is that they do not require routine anticoagulant monitoring. This is an appealing prospect in many regions of Latin America, where inadequate levels of warfarin monitoring may limit the use of this drug in practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref> Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of NOAC use is largely unclear in the region and may be a significant factor limiting the use of these agents in practice. One analysis from Costa Rica utilized a decision-tree model to compare the cost-effectiveness of apixaban, rivaroxaban, dabigatran and warfarin for the prevention of stroke and bleeding, and found that apixaban was the most cost-effective option.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref> This was largely due to the perceived efficacy of the NOAC class of agents and the low associated risk of hemorrhage, in additional to the associated resource costs of warfarin monitoring. Further analyses from Argentina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref> and Venezuela<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref> suggest that apixaban is a cost-effective alternative to warfarin therapy due to the reduction in stroke and bleeding events. However, recent data suggest that many cardiovascular disease medications remain unaffordable for many nations in Latin America, particularly among poorer communities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref> Therefore, the potential for NOACs to be a cost-effective option in Latin America exists, although further studies will be needed to confirm this finding.</p>
        <p>Another factor that has been associated with poor use of anticoagulation in patients with AF at risk of stroke is the status of the prescribing physician. It has been shown that patients who have attended tertiary centers and have access to cardiologists are more likely to be prescribed appropriate anticoagulation compared to physicians of other specialties.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> This may be due to the difficulty of returning to the same treatment center for monitoring and treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> However, educating non-specialist physicians regarding the benefits of anticoagulation may be another factor that could improve the use of anticoagulation.</p>
        <p>The use of NOACs, which do not require monitoring, may overcome many of the difficulties seen with anticoagulation in Latin America. However, the lack of these drugs within the public health system of many nations is a significant obstacle to their widespread use.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> There has been a study showing the potential benefits of apixaban in Latin America, suggesting the use of NOACs in this region may be favorable due to perceived benefits in practice compared to VKA therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref> The more urgent issue that needs to be addressed in the region is the recognition of the value of anticoagulation with VKAs or NOACs in the prevention of stroke, as many physicians do not prescribe these agents appropriately. Therefore, increasing awareness of the need for anticoagulation in patients with AF should be a public health priority in Latin America, facilitating the development of more robust anticoagulation services.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The NOACs represent a significant advancement in the potential to prevent stroke in patients with non-valvular AF. Evidence from large, randomized studies and subsequent meta-analyses demonstrates the non-inferiority of NOACs compared to warfarin in Western populations, although more data is needed on Latin American cohorts. Additional benefits compared to warfarin are likely to include the lack of need for routine anticoagulant monitoring, reduced drug and food interactions and the predictability of the pharmacokinetic activity of the drug. However, the decision to use NOACs instead of warfarin, and the selection of which NOAC to use, remains a complex process based on individual patient characteristics. Identifying how these characteristics interact with wider health processes and systems in Latin America will be a future challenge for physicians in the region.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Daiichi Sankyo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>Editorial assistance was provided by Gregory Philp and funded by Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Lip GYH, Lane DA. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. JAMA. 2015;314(8):837-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GYH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lane</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>314</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>837</fpage>
          <lpage>847</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Soriano MA, Leyva-Bravo V, Gonz&#225;lez-Rojas GL, Medina-Farina M, Duarte MA. Treatment costs of ischemic stroke prevention and management in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Venezuela. Value Health. 2013;16(7):A705.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Soriano</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leyva-Bravo</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonz&#225;lez-Rojas</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medina-Farina</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duarte</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Treatment costs of ischemic stroke prevention and management in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Venezuela</article-title>
          <source>Value Health</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>A705</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Zimerman LI, Fenelon G, Martinelli Filho M, Grupi CJ, Ati&#233; J, Lorga Filho A, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia [Brazilian guideline on atrial fibrillation]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;92(6 Suppl 1):1-39.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zimerman</surname>
              <given-names>LI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fenelon</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinelli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grupi</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ati&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorga</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian guideline on atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1991;22(8):983-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wolf</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abbott</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>983</fpage>
          <lpage>988</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, et al; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2010 update. A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121(7):e46-e215. Erratum in: Circulation. 2010;121(12):e260; Circulation. 2011;124(16):e425.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carnethon</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dai</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Simone</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart disease and stroke statistics-2010 update. A report from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>e46</fpage>
          <lpage>e215</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Circulation. 2010;121(12):e260; Circulation. 2011;124(16):e425.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 World Health Organization. (WHO). The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Disease and injury country estimates. Death and DALY estimates for 2004 by cause for WHO Member States. 2009. [Cited in 2016 May 10]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/2004_report_uptodate/en/">http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/2004_report_uptodate/en/</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Disease and injury country estimates. Death and DALY estimates for 2004 by cause for WHO Member States.</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2016 May 10</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/2004_report_uptodate/en/">http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/2004_report_uptodate/en/</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensash GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, et al. Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2014;383(9913):245-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Feigin</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forouzanfar</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krishnamurthi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mensash</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connor</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bennett</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>383</volume>
          <issue>9913</issue>
          <fpage>245</fpage>
          <lpage>255</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Lip GY, Brechin CM, Lane DA. The global burden of atrial fibrillation and stroke: a systematic review of the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in regions outside North America and Europe. Chest. 2012;142(6):1489-98.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brechin</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lane</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The global burden of atrial fibrillation and stroke: a systematic review of the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in regions outside North America and Europe</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>142</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1489</fpage>
          <lpage>1498</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Aguilar MI, Hart R, Pearce LA. Oral anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(3):CD006186.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aguilar</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hart</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pearce</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oral anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>CD006186</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(12):857-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hart</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pearce</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguilar</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>857</fpage>
          <lpage>867</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Sj&#246;gren V, Grzymala-Lubanski B, Renlund H, Friberg L, Lip GYH, Svensson PJ, Sj&#228;lander A. Safety and efficacy of well managed warfarin. Thromb Haemost. 2015;113(6):1370-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sj&#246;gren</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grzymala-Lubanski</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Renlund</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friberg</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GYH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svensson</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sj&#228;lander</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Safety and efficacy of well managed warfarin</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1370</fpage>
          <lpage>1377</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med.1994;154(13):1449-57. Erratum in: Arch Intern Med. 1994;154(19):2254.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>154</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1449</fpage>
          <lpage>1457</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Arch Intern Med. 1994;154(19):2254</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Ogilvie IM, Welner SA, Cowell W, Lip GY. Ischaemic stroke and bleeding rates in 'real-world' atrial fibrillation patients. Thromb Haemost. 2011;106(1):34-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ogilvie</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welner</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cowell</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ischaemic stroke and bleeding rates in 'real-world' atrial fibrillation patients</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>34</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Husted S, de Caterina R, Andreotti F, Arnesen H, Bachmann F, Huber K, et al. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs): no longer new or novel. Thromb Haemost. 2014;111(5):781-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Husted</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Caterina</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreotti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnesen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bachmann</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huber</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs): no longer new or novel</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>781</fpage>
          <lpage>782</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 You JJ, Singer DE, Howard PA, Lane DA, Eckman MH, Fang MC, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(Suppl 2):e531S-75S.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>You</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singer</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howard</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lane</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eckman</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fang</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>e531S</fpage>
          <lpage>e575S</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Schotten U, Savelieva I, Ernst S, et al; European Heart Rhythm Association; European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Europace. 2010;12(10):1360-420. Erratum in: Europace. 2011;13(7):1058.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirchhof</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schotten</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Savelieva</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ernst</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>European Heart Rhythm Association</collab>
            <collab>European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery</collab>
            <collab>ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1360</fpage>
          <lpage>1420</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Europace. 2011;13(7):1058</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Lip GY, Kamath S, Jafri M, Mohammed A, Bareford D. Ethnic differences in patient perceptions of atrial fibrillation and anticoagulation therapy: the West Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Project. Stroke. 2002;33(1):238-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamath</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jafri</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohammed</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bareford</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ethnic differences in patient perceptions of atrial fibrillation and anticoagulation therapy: the West Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Project</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>238</fpage>
          <lpage>242</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Goss PE, Lee BL, Badovinac-Crnjevic T, Strasser-Weippl K, Chavarri-Guerra Y, St Louis J, et al. Planning cancer control in Latin America and the Caribbean. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(5):391-436.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goss</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badovinac-Crnjevic</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strasser-Weippl</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chavarri-Guerra</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>St Louis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Planning cancer control in Latin America and the Caribbean</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Oncol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>391</fpage>
          <lpage>436</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Cubillos L, Haddad A, Kuznik A, Mould-Quevedo J. Burden of disease from atrial fibrillation in adults from seven countries in Latin America. Int J Gen Med. 2014;7:441-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cubillos</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haddad</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuznik</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mould-Quevedo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Burden of disease from atrial fibrillation in adults from seven countries in Latin America</article-title>
          <source>Int J Gen Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>448</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Lotufo PA, Pereira AC, Vasconcellos PS, Santos IS, Mill JG, Bensenor IM. Resistant hypertension: risk factors, subclinical atherosclerosis, and comorbidities among adults: the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). J Clin Hypertens. 2015;17(1):74-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasconcellos</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mill</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bensenor</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resistant hypertensionrisk factors, subclinical atherosclerosis, and comorbidities among adults: the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Hypertens</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>74</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Hajhosseiny R, Matthews GK, Lip GY. Metabolic syndrome, atrial fibrillation, and stroke: Tackling an emerging epidemic. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12(11):2332-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hajhosseiny</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matthews</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Metabolic syndrome, atrial fibrillation, and stroke: Tackling an emerging epidemic</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2332</fpage>
          <lpage>2343</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Pujol Lereis VA, Ameriso S, Povedano GP, Ameriso SF. Ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving oral anticoagulation. J Neurol Sci. 2013; 334(1-2):139-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pujol Lereis</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ameriso</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Povedano</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ameriso</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving oral anticoagulation</article-title>
          <source>J Neurol Sci</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>334</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>142</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 De Caterina R, Husted S, Wallentin L, Andreotti F, Amesen H, Bachmann F, et al. General mechanisms of coagulation and targets of anticoagulants (Section I). Position Paper of the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis-Task Force on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease. Thromb Haemost. 2013;109(4):569-79.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Caterina</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Husted</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallentin</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreotti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amesen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bachmann</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>General mechanisms of coagulation and targets of anticoagulants (Section I). Position Paper of the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis-Task Force on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>569</fpage>
          <lpage>579</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Gamra H, Murin J, Chiang CE, Naditch-Brule L, Brette S, Steg PG; RealiseAF investigators. Use of antithrombotics in atrial fibrillation in Africa, Europe, Asia and South America: insights from the International RealiseAF Survey. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;107(2):77-87.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gamra</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiang</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naditch-Brule</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brette</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steg</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>RealiseAF investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of antithrombotics in atrial fibrillation in Africa, Europe, Asia and South America: insights from the International RealiseAF Survey</article-title>
          <source>Arch Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>77</fpage>
          <lpage>87</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 O'Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, et al. Risk factors for ischemic and intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study. Lancet. 2010;376(9735):112-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Donnell</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xavier</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chin</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rao-Melacini</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk factors for ischemic and intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>376</volume>
          <issue>9735</issue>
          <fpage>112</fpage>
          <lpage>123</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Lavados PM, Sacks C, Prina L, Escobar A, Tossi C, Araya F, et al. Incidence, case-fatality rate, and prognosis of ischemic stroke subtypes in a predominantly Hispanic-Mestizo population in Iquique, Chile (PISCIS project): a community-based incidence study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(2):140-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lavados</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sacks</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prina</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Escobar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tossi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Araya</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence, case-fatality rate, and prognosis of ischemic stroke subtypes in a predominantly Hispanic-Mestizo population in Iquique, Chile (PISCIS project): a community-based incidence study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Neurol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>140</fpage>
          <lpage>148</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Avila CW, Aliti GB, Feij&#243; MK, Rabelo ER. Pharmacological adherence to oral anticoagulant and factors that influence the international normalized ratio stability. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2011;19(1):18-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avila</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aliti</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feij&#243;</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rabelo</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pharmacological adherence to oral anticoagulant and factors that influence the international normalized ratio stability</article-title>
          <source>Rev Lat Am Enfermagem</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>18</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Marcolino MS, Palhares DM, Ferreira LR, Ribeiro AL. Electrocardiogram and Chagas disease: a large population database of primary care patients. Glob Heart. 2015;10(3):167-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marcolino</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palhares</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrocardiogram and Chagas disease: a large population database of primary care patients</article-title>
          <source>Glob Heart</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>172</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Singer DE, Hellkamp AS, Piccini JP, Mahaffey KW, Lokhnygina Y, Pan G, et al. Impact of global geographic region on time in therapeutic range on warfarin anticoagulant therapy: data from the ROCKET AF clinical trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(1):e000067.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Singer</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hellkamp</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccini</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahaffey</surname>
              <given-names>KW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lokhnygina</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of global geographic region on time in therapeutic range on warfarin anticoagulant therapy: data from the ROCKET AF clinical trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e000067</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Esmerio FG, Souza EN, Leiria TL, Lunelli R, Moraes MA. Constant use of oral anticoagulants: implications in the control of their adequate levels. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(5):549-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Esmerio</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>EN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leiria</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lunelli</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Constant use of oral anticoagulants: implications in the control of their adequate levels</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>549</fpage>
          <lpage>554</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Leiria TL, Pellanda L, Miglioranza MH, Sant'anna RT, Becker LS, Magalh&#227;es E, et al. Warfarin and phenprocoumon: experience of an outpatient anticoagulation clinic. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(1):41-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leiria</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellanda</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miglioranza</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sant'anna</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Warfarin and phenprocoumon: experience of an outpatient anticoagulation clinic</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>41</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Labadet C, Liniado G, Ferreir&#243;s ER, Molina Viamonte V, Di Toro D, Cragnolino R. Resultados del Primer Estudio Nacional, Multic&#233;ntrico y Prospectivo de Fibrilaci&#243;n Auricular Cr&#243;nica en la Republica Argentina. Rev Argent Cardiol. 2001;69:49-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Labadet</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liniado</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreir&#243;s</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molina Viamonte</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Toro</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cragnolino</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resultados del Primer Estudio Nacional, Multic&#233;ntrico y Prospectivo de Fibrilaci&#243;n Auricular Cr&#243;nica en la Republica Argentina</article-title>
          <source>Rev Argent Cardiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Fornari LS, Calderaro D, Nassar IB, Lauretti C, Nakamura L, Bagnatori R, et al. Misuse of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation patients: frequent, pervasive and persistent. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2007;23(1):65-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fornari</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calderaro</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nassar</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauretti</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakamura</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bagnatori</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Misuse of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation patients: frequent, pervasive and persistent</article-title>
          <source>J Thromb Thrombolysis</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Camm JA, Lip GYH, De Caterina R, Savelieva I, Atar D, Hohnloser SH, et al; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(21):2719-47. Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2013;34(10):790; Eur Heart J. 2013;34(36):2850-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GYH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Caterina</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Savelieva</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atar</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hohnloser</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillationan update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2719</fpage>
          <lpage>2747</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2013;34(10):790; Eur Heart J. 2013;34(36):2850-1</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Atrial fibrillation: the management of atrial fibrillation. London: NICE 2014. [Cited in 2015 Aug 10]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nice.org.uk">http://www.nice.org.uk</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Atrial fibrillation: the management of atrial fibrillation</source>
          <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>NICE 2014</publisher-name>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2015 Aug 10</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nice.org.uk">http://www.nice.org.uk</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Lip GY, Windecker S, Huber K, Kirchhof P, Marin F, Ten Berg JM, et al. Management of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and/or undergoing percutaneous coronary or valve interventions: a joint consensus document of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis, European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) and European Association of Acute Cardiac Care (ACCA) endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS). Eur Heart J. 2014;35(45):3155-79.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Windecker</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huber</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirchhof</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ten Berg</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and/or undergoing percutaneous coronary or valve interventions: a joint consensus document of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis, European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) and European Association of Acute Cardiac Care (ACCA) endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>45</issue>
          <fpage>3155</fpage>
          <lpage>3179</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 Lip GY, Andreotti F, Fauchier L, Huber K, Hylek E, Knight E, et al. Bleeding risk assessment and management in atrial fibrillation patients. Thromb Haemost. 2011;106(6):997-1011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreotti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fauchier</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huber</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hylek</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knight</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Bleeding risk assessment and management in atrial fibrillation patients</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>997</fpage>
          <lpage>1011</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38 Lip GY, Skj&#248;th F, Nielsen PB, Larsen TB. Non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients with none or one additional risk factor of the CHA2DS2-VASc score. Thromb Haemost. 2015;114(4):826-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skj&#248;th</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nielsen</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larsen</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients with none or one additional risk factor of the CHA2DS2-VASc score</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>826</fpage>
          <lpage>834</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Moraes RC, Katz M, Tarasoutchi F. Clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with valvular heart disease admitted to the emergency department. Einstein. 2014;12(2):154-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with valvular heart disease admitted to the emergency department</article-title>
          <source>Einstein</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>154</fpage>
          <lpage>158</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40 Porcello Marrone LC, Farina Brunelli JP, Lutzky Saute R, Henrique Tomasi G, Cecchele Madeira B, Alves Martins W, et al. Thromboembolic sources in stroke patients in South of Brazil. Thrombosis. 2014;2014:753780.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Porcello Marrone</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farina Brunelli</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lutzky Saute</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henrique Tomasi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cecchele Madeira</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves Martins</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thromboembolic sources in stroke patients in South of Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Thrombosis</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>2014</volume>
          <fpage>753780</fpage>
          <lpage>753780</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41 Marcolino MS, Palhares DM, Benjamin EJ, Ribeiro AL. Atrial fibrillation: prevalence in a large database of primary care patients in Brazil. Europace. 2015;17(12):1787-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marcolino</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palhares</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial fibrillation: prevalence in a large database of primary care patients in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1787</fpage>
          <lpage>1790</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>42 Beasley BN, Unger EF, Temple R. Anticoagulant options-why the FDA approved a higher but not a lower dose of dabigatran. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(19):1788-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beasley</surname>
              <given-names>BN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Unger</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Temple</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anticoagulant options-why the FDA approved a higher but not a lower dose of dabigatran</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>364</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1788</fpage>
          <lpage>1790</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation>43 Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekl A, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Eng J Med. 2009;361(12):1139-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Connolly</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezekowitz</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eikelboom</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oldgren</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parekl</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Eng J Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>361</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1139</fpage>
          <lpage>1151</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <label>44</label>
        <mixed-citation>44 Wallentin L, Yusuf L, Ezekowitz MD, Alings M, Flather M, Franzosi MG, et al; RE-LY investigators. Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalized ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the RE-LY trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9745):975-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wallentin</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezekowitz</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alings</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flather</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franzosi</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>RE-LY investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalized ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the RE-LY trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>376</volume>
          <issue>9745</issue>
          <fpage>975</fpage>
          <lpage>983</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <label>45</label>
        <mixed-citation>45 Fleming TR, Emerson SS. Evaluating rivaroxaban for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation-regulatory considerations. N Eng J Med. 2011;365(17):1557-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fleming</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emerson</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluating rivaroxaban for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation-regulatory considerations</article-title>
          <source>N Eng J Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>365</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1557</fpage>
          <lpage>1559</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <label>46</label>
        <mixed-citation>46 European Medicines Agency SMH. Xarelto. [Cited in 2015 Dec 12]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?cur=pages/medicines/human_med_001155">http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?cur=pages/medicines/human_med_001155</ext-link></mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>European Medicines Agency SMH</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Xarelto</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2015 Dec 12</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?cur=pages/medicines/human_med_001155">http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?cur=pages/medicines/human_med_001155</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <label>47</label>
        <mixed-citation>47 Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Eng J Med. 2011;365(10):883-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahaffey</surname>
              <given-names>KW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singer</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hacke</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Eng J Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>365</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>883</fpage>
          <lpage>891</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <label>48</label>
        <mixed-citation>48 Camm AJ, Amarenco P, Haas S, Hess S, Kirchhof P, van Eickels M, et al. XANTUS: rationale and design of a noninterventional study of rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2014;10:425-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amarenco</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haas</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hess</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirchhof</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Eickels</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>XANTUS: rationale and design of a noninterventional study of rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Vasc Health Risk Manag</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <fpage>425</fpage>
          <lpage>434</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B49">
        <label>49</label>
        <mixed-citation>49 Touma L, Filion KB, Atallah R, Eberg M, Eisenberg MJ. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the risk of bleeding with apixaban versus vitamin K antagonists. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(4):533-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Touma</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filion</surname>
              <given-names>KB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atallah</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eisenberg</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the risk of bleeding with apixaban versus vitamin K antagonists</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>533</fpage>
          <lpage>541</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <label>50</label>
        <mixed-citation>50 European Medicines Agency SMH. Eliquis, apixaban. [Cited in 2015 May 10]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?pages/medicines/human_med">http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?pages/medicines/human_med</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>European Medicines Agency SMH</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Eliquis, apixaban</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2015 May 10</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?pages/medicines/human_med">http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?pages/medicines/human_med</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B51">
        <label>51</label>
        <mixed-citation>51 Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Eng J Med. 2011;365(11):981-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Granger</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hylek</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanna</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Eng J Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>365</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>981</fpage>
          <lpage>992</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B52">
        <label>52</label>
        <mixed-citation>52 Avezum A, Bahit MC, Hermosillo JA, Zanetti FL, Perafan P, Juarez-Garcia A, et al. Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation: patient characteristics of the Latin America cohort from a multinational clinical trial. Value Health. 2015;18(7):A809.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avezum</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bahit</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hermosillo</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zanetti</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perafan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Juarez-Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation: patient characteristics of the Latin America cohort from a multinational clinical trial</article-title>
          <source>Value Health</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>A809</fpage>
          <lpage>A809</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B53">
        <label>53</label>
        <mixed-citation>53 Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Joyner C, Diener HC, Hart R, Golytsin S, et al. Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Eng J Med. 2011;364(9):806-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Connolly</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eikelboom</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joyner</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diener</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hart</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Golytsin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Eng J Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>364</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>806</fpage>
          <lpage>817</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B54">
        <label>54</label>
        <mixed-citation>54 Dzeshka MS, Lip GY. Edoxaban for reducing the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015;16(17):2661-78.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dzeshka</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Edoxaban for reducing the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Expert Opin Pharmacother</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2661</fpage>
          <lpage>2678</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B55">
        <label>55</label>
        <mixed-citation>55 Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, Wiviott SD, Halperin JL, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(22):2093-104.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giugliano</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruff</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiviott</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halperin</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>369</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2093</fpage>
          <lpage>2104</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B56">
        <label>56</label>
        <mixed-citation>56 Weitz JI, Connolly SJ, Patel I, Salazar D, Rohatagi S, Mendell J, et al. Randomized, parallel-group, multicentre, multinational phase 2 study comparing edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, with warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost. 2010;104(3):633-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weitz</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connolly</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salazar</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohatagi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendell</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Randomized, parallel-group, multicentre, multinational phase 2 study comparing edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, with warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>633</fpage>
          <lpage>641</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B57">
        <label>57</label>
        <mixed-citation>57 Blann AD, Pisters R, Lip GY. Net clinical benefit of edoxaban for stroke, mortality and bleeding risk: modeling projectsion for a European population. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2016;2(1):47-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blann</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pisters</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Net clinical benefit of edoxaban for stroke, mortality and bleeding risk: modeling projectsion for a European population</article-title>
          <source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B58">
        <label>58</label>
        <mixed-citation>58 Blann AD, Banerjee A, Lane DA, Torp-Pedersen C, Lip GY. Net clinical benefit of edoxaban versus no treatment in a 'real world' atrial fibrillation population: a modeling analysis based on a nationwide cohort study. Int J Cardiol. 2015;201:693-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blann</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banerjee</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lane</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torp-Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Net clinical benefit of edoxaban versus no treatment in a 'real world' atrial fibrillation population: a modeling analysis based on a nationwide cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>201</volume>
          <fpage>693</fpage>
          <lpage>698</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B59">
        <label>59</label>
        <mixed-citation>59 Blann AD, Skj&#248;th F, Rasmussen LH, Larsen TB, Lip GY. Edoxaban versus placebo, aspirin, or aspirin plus clopidogrel for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an indirect comparison analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2015;114(2):403-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blann</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skj&#248;th</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rasmussen</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larsen</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Edoxaban versus placebo, aspirin, or aspirin plus clopidogrel for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an indirect comparison analysis</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>403</fpage>
          <lpage>409</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B60">
        <label>60</label>
        <mixed-citation>60 Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, Hoffman EB, Deenadayalu N, Ezkowitz MD, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Lancet. 2014;383(9921):955-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ruff</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giugliano</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deenadayalu</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezkowitz</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized trials</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>383</volume>
          <issue>9921</issue>
          <fpage>955</fpage>
          <lpage>962</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B61">
        <label>61</label>
        <mixed-citation>61 Salazar CA, del Aguila D, Cordova EG. Direct thrombin inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in people with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(3):CD009893.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salazar</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>del Aguila</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cordova</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Direct thrombin inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in people with non-valvular atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>CD009893</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B62">
        <label>62</label>
        <mixed-citation>62 Bruins Slot KM, Berge E. Factor Xa inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(8):CD008980.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bruins Slot</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berge</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Factor Xa inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>CD008980</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B63">
        <label>63</label>
        <mixed-citation>63 Skj&#248;th F, Larsen TB, Rasmussen LH, Lip GY. Efficacy and safety of edoxaban in comparison with dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. An indirect comparison analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2014;111(5):981-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Skj&#248;th</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larsen</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rasmussen</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and safety of edoxaban in comparison with dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. An indirect comparison analysis</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>981</fpage>
          <lpage>988</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B64">
        <label>64</label>
        <mixed-citation>64 Gravina CF, Franken R, Wenger N, Freitas EV, Batlouni M, Rich M, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. [II Guidelines of Brazilian Society of Cardiology in geriatric cardiology]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(3 Suppl 2):e16-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gravina</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franken</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wenger</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>EV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Batlouni</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rich</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>II Guidelines of Brazilian Society of Cardiology in geriatric cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>e16</fpage>
          <lpage>e76</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B65">
        <label>65</label>
        <mixed-citation>65 van der Sand CR, Leiria TL, Kalil RA. Assessment of the adherence of cardiologists to guidelines for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;101(2):127-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van der Sand</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leiria</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalil</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of the adherence of cardiologists to guidelines for the treatment of atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>127</fpage>
          <lpage>133</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B66">
        <label>66</label>
        <mixed-citation>66 Macedo PG, Ferreira Neto E, Silva BT, Barreto Filho JR, Maia H, Novakoski C, et al. [Oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation: from guidelines to bedside]. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2010;56(1):56-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Macedo</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>BT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maia</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Novakoski</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation: from guidelines to bedside</article-title>
          <source>Rev Assoc Med Bras</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>56</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B67">
        <label>67</label>
        <mixed-citation>67 Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, Crijns HJ. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2010;137(2):263-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieuwlaat</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pisters</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lane</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crijns</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>137</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>263</fpage>
          <lpage>272</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B68">
        <label>68</label>
        <mixed-citation>68 Li SY, Zhao XQ, Wang CX, Liu LP, Liu GF, Wang YL, et al. One-year clinical prediction in Chinese ischemic stroke patients using the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores: the China National Stroke Registry. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012;18(12):988-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>SY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>XQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>CX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>One-year clinical prediction in Chinese ischemic stroke patients using the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores: the China National Stroke Registry</article-title>
          <source>CNS Neurosci Ther</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>988</fpage>
          <lpage>993</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B69">
        <label>69</label>
        <mixed-citation>69 Figueiredo MM, Rodrigues AC, Alves MB, Neto MC, Silva GS. Score for atrial fibrillation detection in acute stroke and transient ischemic attack patients in Brazilian population: the acute stroke atrial fibrillation scoring system. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2014;69(4):241-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neto</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Score for atrial fibrillation detection in acute stroke and transient ischemic attack patients in Brazilian population: the acute stroke atrial fibrillation scoring system</article-title>
          <source>Clinics (Sao Paulo)</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>241</fpage>
          <lpage>246</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B70">
        <label>70</label>
        <mixed-citation>70 Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, Borowsky LH, Pomernacki NK, Udaltsova N, et al. A new risk scheme to predict warfarin-associated hemorrhage: The ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(4):395-401.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fang</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Go</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borowsky</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pomernacki</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Udaltsova</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A new risk scheme to predict warfarin-associated hemorrhage: The ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>395</fpage>
          <lpage>401</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B71">
        <label>71</label>
        <mixed-citation>71 Gage BF, Yan Y, Milligan PE, Waterman AD, Culverhouse R, Rich MW, et al. Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (NRAF). Am Heart J. 2006;151(3):713-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gage</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yan</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milligan</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waterman</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Culverhouse</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rich</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (NRAF)</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>151</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>713</fpage>
          <lpage>719</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B72">
        <label>72</label>
        <mixed-citation>72 Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R, de Vos CB, Crijns HJ, Lip GY. A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey. Chest. 2010;138(5):1093-100.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pisters</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lane</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieuwlaat</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Vos</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crijns</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1093</fpage>
          <lpage>1100</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B73">
        <label>73</label>
        <mixed-citation>73 Roldan V, Marin F, Fernandez H, Manzano-Fernandez S, Gallego P, Vald&#233;s M, et al. Predictive value of the HAS-BLED and ATRIA bleeding scores for the risk of serious bleeding in a "real-world" population with atrial fibrillation receiving anticoagulant therapy. Chest. 2013;143(1):179-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roldan</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manzano-Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallego</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vald&#233;s</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictive value of the HAS-BLED and ATRIA bleeding scores for the risk of serious bleeding in a "real-world" population with atrial fibrillation receiving anticoagulant therapy</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>143</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>179</fpage>
          <lpage>184</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B74">
        <label>74</label>
        <mixed-citation>74 Ogilvie IM, Newton N, Welner SA, Cowell W, Lip GY. Underuse of oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2010;123(7):638-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ogilvie</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newton</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welner</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cowell</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Underuse of oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>638</fpage>
          <lpage>645</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B75">
        <label>75</label>
        <mixed-citation>75 Gallego P, Roldan V, Marin F, G&#225;lvez J, Vald&#233;s M, Vicente V, et al. SAMe-TTR2R2 score, time in therapeutic range, and outcomes in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Med. 2014;127(11):1083-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gallego</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roldan</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#225;lvez</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vald&#233;s</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vicente</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>SAMe-TTR2R2 score, time in therapeutic range, and outcomes in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1083</fpage>
          <lpage>1088</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B76">
        <label>76</label>
        <mixed-citation>76 Morgan CL, McEwan P, Tukiendorf A, Robinson PA, Clemens A, Plumb JM. Warfarin treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation: observing outcomes associated with varying levels of INR control. Thromb Res. 2009;124(1):37-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morgan</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McEwan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tukiendorf</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clemens</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plumb</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Warfarin treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation: observing outcomes associated with varying levels of INR control</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Res</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B77">
        <label>77</label>
        <mixed-citation>77 Apostolakis S, Sullivan RM, Olshansky B, Lip GY. Factors affecting quality of anticoagulation control among patients with atrial fibrillation on warfarin: the SAMe-TT2R2 score. Chest. 2013;144(5):1555-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Apostolakis</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olshansky</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Factors affecting quality of anticoagulation control among patients with atrial fibrillation on warfarin: the SAMe-TT2R2 score</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>144</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1555</fpage>
          <lpage>1563</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B78">
        <label>78</label>
        <mixed-citation>78 Ruiz-Ortiz M, Bertomeu V, Cequier A, Marin F, Anguita M. Validation of the SAMe-TT2R2 score in a nationwide population of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients on vitamin K antagonists. Thromb Haemost. 2015;114(4):695-701.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ruiz-Ortiz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertomeu</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cequier</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anguita</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validation of the SAMe-TT2R2 score in a nationwide population of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients on vitamin K antagonists</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>695</fpage>
          <lpage>701</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B79">
        <label>79</label>
        <mixed-citation>79 Azoulay L, Dell'Aniello S, Simon TA, Renoux C, Suissa S. Initiation of warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: early effects on ischaemic strokes. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(28):1881-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Azoulay</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dell'Aniello</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simon</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Renoux</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suissa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Initiation of warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: early effects on ischaemic strokes</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>28</issue>
          <fpage>1881</fpage>
          <lpage>1887</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B80">
        <label>80</label>
        <mixed-citation>80 Lip GY, Nielsen PB, Skj&#248;th F, Lane DA, Rasmussen LH, Larsen TB. The value of the European Society of Cardiology guidelines for refining stroke risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation categorized as low risk using the anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation stroke score: a nationwide cohort study. Chest. 2014;146(5):1337-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nielsen</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skj&#248;th</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lane</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rasmussen</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larsen</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The value of the European Society of Cardiology guidelines for refining stroke risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation categorized as low risk using the anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation stroke score: a nationwide cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1337</fpage>
          <lpage>1346</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B81">
        <label>81</label>
        <mixed-citation>81 Shields AM, Lip GY. Choosing the right drug to fit the patient when selecting oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. J Intern Med. 2015;278(1):1-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shields</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Choosing the right drug to fit the patient when selecting oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>J Intern Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>278</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B82">
        <label>82</label>
        <mixed-citation>82 Suarez-Kurtz G, Botton MR. Pharmacogenetics of coumarin anticoagulants in Brazilians. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2015;11(1):67-79.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Suarez-Kurtz</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Botton</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pharmacogenetics of coumarin anticoagulants in Brazilians</article-title>
          <source>Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>67</fpage>
          <lpage>79</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B83">
        <label>83</label>
        <mixed-citation>83 Santos AC, Nobre MR, Nussbacher A, Rodrigues GH, Gebara OC, Azul JB, et al. Predictors of the risk of falls among elderly with chronic atrial fibrillation. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012;67(4):305-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nobre</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nussbacher</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gebara</surname>
              <given-names>OC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azul</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictors of the risk of falls among elderly with chronic atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Clinics (Sao Paulo)</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>305</fpage>
          <lpage>311</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B84">
        <label>84</label>
        <mixed-citation>84 Cusumano AM, Gonzalez Bedat MC. Chronic kidney disease in Latin America: time to improve screening and detection. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(2):594-600.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cusumano</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzalez Bedat</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic kidney disease in Latin America: time to improve screening and detection</article-title>
          <source>Clin J Am Soc Nephrol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>594</fpage>
          <lpage>600</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B85">
        <label>85</label>
        <mixed-citation>85 Singer DE, Chang Y, Fang MC, Borowsky LH, Pomernacki NK, Udaltsova N, et al. The net clinical benefit of warfarin anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(5):297-305.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Singer</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fang</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borowsky</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pomernacki</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Udaltsova</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The net clinical benefit of warfarin anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>151</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>297</fpage>
          <lpage>305</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B86">
        <label>86</label>
        <mixed-citation>86 Hohnloser SH, Hijazi Z, Thomas L, Alexander JH, Amerena J, Hanna M, et al. Efficacy of apixaban when compared with warfarin in relation to renal function in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(22):2821-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hohnloser</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hijazi</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amerena</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanna</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy of apixaban when compared with warfarin in relation to renal function in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2821</fpage>
          <lpage>2830</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B87">
        <label>87</label>
        <mixed-citation>87 Koretsune Y, Yamashita T, Yasaka M. Evaluation of edoxaban in patients with atrial fibrillation and severe renal impairment. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(Suppl 1):P520.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koretsune</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamashita</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yasaka</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of edoxaban in patients with atrial fibrillation and severe renal impairment</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>P520</fpage>
          <lpage>P520</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B88">
        <label>88</label>
        <mixed-citation>88 Oldgren J, Alings M, Darius H, Diener HC, Eikelboom J, Ezekowitz MD, et al; RE-LY Investigators. Risks for stroke, bleeding, and death in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving dabigatran or warfarin in relation to the CHADS2 score: a subgroup analysis of the RE-LY trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(10):660-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oldgren</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alings</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Darius</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diener</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eikelboom</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezekowitz</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>RE-LY Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risks for stroke, bleeding, and death in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving dabigatran or warfarin in relation to the CHADS2 score: a subgroup analysis of the RE-LY trial</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>155</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>660</fpage>
          <lpage>667</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B89">
        <label>89</label>
        <mixed-citation>89 Lane DA, Lip GY. Patient's values and preferences for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: balancing stroke and bleeding risk with oral anticoagulation. Thromb Haemost. 2014;111(3):381-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lane</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patient's values and preferences for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: balancing stroke and bleeding risk with oral anticoagulation</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>381</fpage>
          <lpage>383</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B90">
        <label>90</label>
        <mixed-citation>90 Lahaye S, Regpala S, Lacombe S, Sharma M, Gibbens S, Ball D, et al. Evaluation of patients' attitudes towards stroke prevention and bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost. 2014;111(3):465-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lahaye</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Regpala</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lacombe</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbens</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ball</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of patients' attitudes towards stroke prevention and bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>465</fpage>
          <lpage>473</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B91">
        <label>91</label>
        <mixed-citation>91 Avezum &#193;, Costa-Filho FF, Pieri A, Martins SO, Marin-Neto JA. Stroke in Latin America: burden of disease and opportunities for prevention. Glob Heart. 2015;10(4):323-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avezum</surname>
              <given-names>&#193;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>FF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pieri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>SO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stroke in Latin America: burden of disease and opportunities for prevention</article-title>
          <source>Glob Heart</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>323</fpage>
          <lpage>331</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B92">
        <label>92</label>
        <mixed-citation>92 Lavados PM, Hennis AJ, Fernandes JG, Medina MT, Legetic B, Hoppe A, et al. Stroke epidemiology, prevention, and management strategies at a regional level: Latin America and the Caribbean. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(4):362-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lavados</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hennis</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medina</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Legetic</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoppe</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stroke epidemiology, prevention, and management strategies at a regional level: Latin America and the Caribbean</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Neurol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>362</fpage>
          <lpage>372</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B93">
        <label>93</label>
        <mixed-citation>93 Rosado-Buzzo A, Garcia-Mollinedo L, Luna-Casas G, Lutz MA, Bogantes JP, Sobrino JM, et al. Economic evaluation of apixaban for atrial fibrillation in Costa Rica. Value in Health. 2013;16(3):A286.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosado-Buzzo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Mollinedo</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luna-Casas</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lutz</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bogantes</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sobrino</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Economic evaluation of apixaban for atrial fibrillation in Costa Rica</article-title>
          <source>Value in Health</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>A286</fpage>
          <lpage>A286</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B94">
        <label>94</label>
        <mixed-citation>94 Giorgi MA, Caroli C, Giglio ND, Micone P, Aiello E, Vulcano C, et al. Estimation of the cost-effectiveness of apixaban versus vitamin K antagonists in the management of atrial fibrillation in Argentina. Health Econ Rev. 2015;5(1):52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giorgi</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caroli</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giglio</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Micone</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vulcano</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estimation of the cost-effectiveness of apixaban versus vitamin K antagonists in the management of atrial fibrillation in Argentina</article-title>
          <source>Health Econ Rev</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>52</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B95">
        <label>95</label>
        <mixed-citation>95 Fernandez Avila Y, Garcia KC, Garrido Lecca S, Donato BM, Juarez-Garcia A. Cost-effectiveness of apixaban versus other new oral anticoagulants and warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation in Venezuela. Value Health. 2015;18(7):A829.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandez Avila</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garrido Lecca</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donato</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Juarez-Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cost-effectiveness of apixaban versus other new oral anticoagulants and warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation in Venezuela</article-title>
          <source>Value Health</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>A829</fpage>
          <lpage>A829</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B96">
        <label>96</label>
        <mixed-citation>96 Khatib R, McKee M, Shannon H, Chow C, Rangarajan S, Teo K, et al; PURE study investigators. Availability and affordability of cardiovascular disease medicines and their effect on use in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: an analysis of the PURE study data. Lancet. 2016;387(10013):61-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khatib</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKee</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shannon</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chow</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rangarajan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teo</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>PURE study investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Availability and affordability of cardiovascular disease medicines and their effect on use in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: an analysis of the PURE study data</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>387</volume>
          <issue>10013</issue>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>69</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B97">
        <label>97</label>
        <mixed-citation>97 Bartholomay E, Polli I, Borges AP, Kalil C, Arroque A, Kohler I, et al. Prevalence of oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Clinics. 2014;69(9):615-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bartholomay</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polli</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borges</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalil</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arroque</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kohler</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Clinics</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>615</fpage>
          <lpage>620</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B98">
        <label>98</label>
        <mixed-citation>98 Giorgi MA, Caroli C, Moore P, Micone P, Giglio ND, Aiello E, et al. Estimation of the effectiveness of apixaban in non valvular atrial fibrillation in anticoagulant suitable population in Agrentina. <italic>Eur Heart J</italic> 2013; 34(1): P3351</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giorgi</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caroli</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moore</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Micone</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giglio</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estimation of the effectiveness of apixaban in non valvular atrial fibrillation in anticoagulant suitable population in Agrentina</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>P3351</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preven&#231;&#227;o do Acidente Vascular Cerebral na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Foco na Am&#233;rica Latina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Massaro</surname>
            <given-names>Ayrton R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lip</surname>
            <given-names>Gregory Y. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Neurologia - Instituto do C&#233;rebro do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences - City Hospital - Birmingham, United Kingdom</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit - Department of Clinical Medicine - Faculty of Health - Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ayrton R. Massaro</bold>, Hospital Sirio Liban&#234;s. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 115. CEP 01308-050, Bela Vista, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>ayrton.massaro@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Massaro AR, Lip GYH</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Ayrton R. Massaro atuou como membro do conselho consultivo internacional para Daiichi Sankyo. Dr. Gregory Y. H. Lip atuou como consultor para a Bayer / Janssen, Astellas, Merck, Sanofi, BMS / Pfizer, Biotronik, Medtronic, Portola, Boehringer Ingelheim, Microlife e Daiichi Sankyo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada mais comum, com uma preval&#234;ncia estimada de 1-2% na Am&#233;rica do Norte e Europa. O aumento da preval&#234;ncia da FA na Am&#233;rica Latina est&#225; associado com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, juntamente com um mal controle dos principais fatores de risco, incluindo a hipertens&#227;o arterial. Como resultado, a preval&#234;ncia do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e a mortalidade associada a ele aumentou dramaticamente na regi&#227;o. H&#225;, portanto, uma clara necessidade de estrat&#233;gias efetivas de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na Am&#233;rica Latina. O objetivo desta revis&#227;o &#233; oferecer uma vis&#227;o atual da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC.</p>
        <p>O uso de antagonistas da vitamina K (AVKs, ex.: varfarina) e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em pacientes com FA na Am&#233;rica Latina permanece frequente, apesar de cerca de um quinto de todos os pacientes com FA n&#227;o receberem anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. O uso da varfarina &#233; complicado pela falta de acesso a servi&#231;os de monitoramento eficazes, juntamente com um perfil farmacocin&#233;tico imprevis&#237;vel. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o excessiva do AAS est&#225; associada com riscos significativos de sangramento e efic&#225;cia reduzida na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC neste grupo de pacientes. Os novos anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o AVK (NOACs) representam um meio potencial de superar muitas limita&#231;&#245;es associadas ao uso dos AVKs e do AAS, incluindo uma redu&#231;&#227;o na necessidade de monitoramento e risco reduzido de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos.</p>
        <p>A decis&#227;o final sobre qual anticoagulante utilizar em pacientes com FA depende de diversos fatores. Pesquisas adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para avaliar o impacto desses fatores na popula&#231;&#227;o latino-americana e, assim, reduzir o &#244;nus do AVC associado &#224; FA nesta regi&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Am&#233;rica Latina</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada mais comum, com uma preval&#234;ncia estimada de 1-2% em pa&#237;ses norte-americanos e europeus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No entanto, a preval&#234;ncia da FA na Am&#233;rica Latina &#233;, em grande parte, desconhecida devido &#224; escassez de pesquisas nesta regi&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Como resultado da emerg&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a cardiovascular e de fatores de risco nesta regi&#227;o, estima-se que a FA seja um problema importante, afetando um n&#250;mero estimado de 1,5 milh&#245;es de pacientes no Brasil e 230.000 na Venezuela, onde a tend&#234;ncia &#233; aumentar para 1 milh&#227;o ao redor do ano de 2050.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Portanto, a FA parece ser um fen&#244;meno cl&#237;nico comum, com um aumento na preval&#234;ncia em muitas na&#231;&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) &#233; significativamente mais alta em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de FA, com alguns dados sugerindo um aumento de at&#233; cinco vezes no risco de AVC e a FA sendo diretamente respons&#225;vel por uma porcentagem crescente de AVC isqu&#234;mico com o aumento da idade na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) estima que 1,9 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos sobreviveram a um epis&#243;dio de AVC na Am&#233;rica Latina em 2004, sendo que em quase um quarto destes indiv&#237;duos o AVC havia ocorrido pela primeira vez.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Estima-se que as mortes por AVC devam pelo menos dobrar at&#233; o ano de 2024 na Am&#233;rica Latina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos recentes sugerem que mais de 700.000 epis&#243;dios de AVC foram registrados somente no Brasil em 2010, com mais de 141.000 mortes atribu&#237;das ao AVC somente naquele ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Estes n&#250;meros representam um aumento aproximado de duas vezes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s estat&#237;sticas publicadas em 1990, uma tend&#234;ncia observada em muitas na&#231;&#245;es latino-americanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Epis&#243;dios de AVC relacionados &#224; FA s&#227;o considerados mais graves do que epis&#243;dios n&#227;o relacionados &#224; FA. Isto ocorre devido &#224; grande extens&#227;o do infarto associado com a oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia proximal e a um maior risco de morte hospitalar e recorr&#234;ncia do AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Portanto, o AVC relacionado &#224; FA parece ser um problema importante na Am&#233;rica Latina, principalmente devido ao controle inadequado dos fatores de risco para a FA nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Em combina&#231;&#227;o com a associa&#231;&#227;o da FA com outras comorbidades e mortalidade por todas as causas, a FA representa um &#244;nus significativo para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na regi&#227;o e ter&#225; profundas implica&#231;&#245;es para a pr&#225;tica de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no futuro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O uso de anticoagulantes orais como tratamento profil&#225;tico para indiv&#237;duos com risco aumentado de tromboembolismo &#233; fundamental para a preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em pacientes com FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os antagonistas da vitamina K (AVKs), incluindo a varfarina, continuam a ser uma das abordagens mais utilizadas para preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC na FA n&#227;o valvar e possuem um n&#237;vel estabelecido de alta efic&#225;cia; a terapia com dose ajustada de varfarina reduz o risco de AVC isqu&#234;mico em at&#233; 64% e de mortalidade por todas as causas em 26%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No entanto, a varfarina requer um controle adequado da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, definido como um tempo na faixa terap&#234;utica (TTR) m&#233;dio individual &gt; 70%, o que est&#225; associado com melhores resultados de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Observa-se tamb&#233;m em muitos pacientes o uso frequente de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS), apesar de evid&#234;ncias de que seu uso &#233; substancialmente menos eficaz do que o da varfarina na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC e que ambos est&#227;o associados a um risco semelhante de sangramento maior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A introdu&#231;&#227;o de novos anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o AVK (NOACs), incluindo os inibidores diretos da trombina e inibidores do fator Xa, passou a oferecer aos m&#233;dicos uma alternativa para a preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em pacientes com FA que pode superar muitas das limita&#231;&#245;es do uso de AVKs e AAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os NOACs t&#234;m um perfil farmacocin&#233;tico previs&#237;vel e n&#227;o requerem monitoramento regular de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Al&#233;m disso, estes agentes mostraram ser n&#227;o inferiores &#224; varfarina em estudos cl&#237;nicos de preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC, prontificando a sua inclus&#227;o em diretrizes norte-americanas e europeias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar das evid&#234;ncias que apoiam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineira dos NOACs na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em pacientes com FA, a influ&#234;ncia de fatores individuais do paciente sobre a escolha do anticoagulante deve ser considerada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> O processo de tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica continua a ser sens&#237;vel &#224;s necessidades dos servi&#231;os e recursos locais de sa&#250;de, incluindo a preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades e disponibilidade de medicamentos ou instala&#231;&#245;es de monitoramento. Portanto, a sele&#231;&#227;o de agentes terap&#234;uticos apropriados para preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em pacientes com FA na Am&#233;rica Latina &#233; um problema multifatorial.</p>
        <p>O objetivo desta revis&#227;o &#233; oferecer aos m&#233;dicos uma atualiza&#231;&#227;o sobre a melhor pr&#225;tica atual de preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC na FA. A revis&#227;o ir&#225; incluir uma vis&#227;o atual das evid&#234;ncias para o uso de NOACs, enquanto aborda especificamente os desafios inerentes ao fornecimento do melhor atendimento no contexto da Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi realizada uma ampla revis&#227;o da literatura a fim de alcan&#231;ar o objetivo desta revis&#227;o. Buscas em banco de dados foram conduzidas com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos <italic>online</italic>, com as seguintes palavras-chave em combina&#231;&#227;o: <italic>"NOAC", "warfarin"</italic> (varfarina), "<italic>aspirin</italic>" (AAS), "<italic>stroke</italic>" (AVC) e "<italic>atrial fibrilation</italic>" (FA). Dados obtidos a partir de artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2005 e abril de 2015 foram inclu&#237;dos para manter uma perspectiva contempor&#226;nea sobre o problema cl&#237;nico. Artigos com foco no contexto da preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC associado &#224; FA na Am&#233;rica Latina foram especificamente procurados, enquanto uma discuss&#227;o mais ampla das necessidades de sa&#250;de desta popula&#231;&#227;o foi tamb&#233;m considerada para oferecer um contexto para os processos de tomada de decis&#227;o em sa&#250;de na regi&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Vis&#227;o geral da epidemiologia do AVC na Am&#233;rica Latina</title>
          <p>As na&#231;&#245;es latino-americanas atravessam um per&#237;odo de r&#225;pido crescimento econ&#244;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Essa fase de crescimento tem sido caracterizada por mudan&#231;as socioecon&#244;micas desiguais, provocando efeitos significativos sobre o estilo de vida e indicadores demogr&#225;ficos de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Doen&#231;as relacionadas com o estilo de vida representam um encargo significativo para a sa&#250;de na regi&#227;o, incluindo a doen&#231;a cardiovascular que &#233; agora a principal causa de morte e incapacidade em adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A m&#233;dia da idade da popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; igualmente crescente, levando a um &#244;nus aumentado de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica e uma maior demanda sobre os sistemas nacionais de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Portanto, o foco da aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos no atendimento &#224; sa&#250;de passou nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas de doen&#231;as transmiss&#237;veis para outras n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, relacionadas com o estilo de vida, e para o manejo cr&#244;nico destas condi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>Como consequ&#234;ncia da emerg&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a cardiovascular e de fatores de risco, juntamente com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, o desenvolvimento da FA tornou-se mais prov&#225;vel e o seu progn&#243;stico substancialmente pior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Estimativas sugerem que mais de 50% dos pacientes com FA na Am&#233;rica Latina t&#234;m hipertens&#227;o arterial, enquanto at&#233; 40% dos pacientes t&#234;m insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou diabetes associados no momento do diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Muitos apresentam hipertens&#227;o arterial mal controlada, particularmente os indiv&#237;duos idosos, com menos educa&#231;&#227;o e obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica tornou-se comum na Am&#233;rica Latina e est&#225; fortemente associada com o desenvolvimento de FA e risco futuro de AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Estes fatores de risco n&#227;o s&#243; impactam o progn&#243;stico da FA, mas tamb&#233;m predisp&#245;em a eventos cardiovasculares futuros, incluindo AVC isqu&#234;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Como resultado, um n&#250;mero crescente de mortes por AVC tem sido registrado na regi&#227;o, com estimativa de aumento nas pr&#243;ximas d&#233;cadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Dados de pa&#237;ses latino-americanos sobre as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com AVC s&#227;o limitados, mas alguns mostram que estes pa&#237;ses apresentam uma taxa relativamente maior de AVC hemorr&#225;gico em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s na&#231;&#245;es de alta renda (26% <italic>versus</italic> 9%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A etiologia prim&#225;ria do AVC &#233; identificada com menos frequ&#234;ncia em compara&#231;&#227;o com na&#231;&#245;es ocidentais, destacando os desafios na investiga&#231;&#227;o do paciente na regi&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Isto se reflete na baixa taxa de realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de imagem vascular para investiga&#231;&#227;o de AVC em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s na&#231;&#245;es ocidentais (20% <italic>versus</italic> 77%, respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> O risco de AVC tem sido associado com o tabagismo e autorrelato de hipertens&#227;o arterial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> ambos comuns em popula&#231;&#245;es latino-americanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desafios ao manejo da FA na Am&#233;rica Latina</title>
          <p>A tromboprofilaxia na FA tem sido tradicionalmente facilitada na Am&#233;rica Latina atrav&#233;s da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de AVKs (ex., varfarina) ou AAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Uma an&#225;lise recente do uso de anticoagulantes em sete na&#231;&#245;es latino-americanas verificou que 66-75,8% dos pacientes com FA recebem AVK ou AVK em associa&#231;&#227;o com AAS, enquanto que o restante n&#227;o recebe tratamento (18,3-24,6%) ou recebe terapia tripla com AVKs, AAS e um antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio adicional (3,8-9,6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Ainda mais preocupantes s&#227;o os n&#250;meros recentes de um banco de dados brasileiro de atendimento prim&#225;rio no qual se observou que apenas 1,5% dos pacientes recebiam terapia com AVK.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Estes n&#250;meros refletem uma depend&#234;ncia de varfarina e AAS na regi&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m destacam oportunidades perdidas de preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em pacientes com FA que n&#227;o recebem qualquer anticoagulante. </p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Manejo ambulatorial da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em sete pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina. Adaptado de (19)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="23%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Argentina</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Brasil</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Chile</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Col&#244;mbia</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>M&#233;xico</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Peru</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Venezuela</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nenhum tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">24,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">18,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">21,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">22,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">22,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">21,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">20,3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVK</td>
                  <td align="center">53,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">58,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">52,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">45,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">56,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">56,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">57,5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVK + AAS</td>
                  <td align="center">12,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">17,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">20,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">16,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">15,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">12,6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVK + AAS + antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">9,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">3,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">9,6%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; AVK: antagonista da vitamina K.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Not&#225;veis desafios t&#234;m sido observados com o uso da varfarina e do AAS na pr&#225;tica, contribuindo para o aumento da preval&#234;ncia de AVC na regi&#227;o. A varfarina exige um monitoramento cuidadoso da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, que pode n&#227;o ser poss&#237;vel em muitas partes da Am&#233;rica Latina, ou pode n&#227;o ser pr&#225;tico devido ao acesso do paciente a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de ou ao custo do atendimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Resultados do estudo ROCKET-AF mostraram que o TTR mediano de pacientes com FA tratados com varfarina em pa&#237;ses latino-americanos &#233; geralmente menor (59%) do que o observado na Europa Ocidental e nos Estados Unidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Este valor &#233; inferior ao de 70% recomendado em diretrizes ocidentais existentes, tais como as diretrizes do <italic>American College of Chest Physicians</italic> e da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Um estudo demonstrou que 21,4% dos pacientes consideram a realiza&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica de exames de sangue uma barreira significativa para a ades&#227;o &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral no Brasil, enquanto a ades&#227;o aos AVK para obter melhor TTR foi observada em somente 54% dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Dados semelhantes foram obtidos em um outro estudo que analisou 127 pacientes ambulatoriais e demonstrou que o uso de AVK (femprocumona) alcan&#231;ou um TTR ideal em apenas 60,7% dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Portanto, a obten&#231;&#227;o de um TTR adequado com a varfarina pode estar ausente na Am&#233;rica Latina, levando a piores resultados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>FA em pacientes idosos</title>
          <p>Sabe-se que os m&#233;dicos na Am&#233;rica Latina sentem frequentemente que o risco de sangramento &#233; elevado em pacientes mais idosos com FA, o que pode levar esses m&#233;dicos a n&#227;o prescreverem terapia anticoagulante oral a esses pacientes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> apesar do consenso geral na literatura ocidental de que os benef&#237;cios da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o geralmente superam os riscos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> No entanto, um estudo argentino verificou que de 840 pacientes com FA e risco elevado de AVC, apenas 48,5% eram tratados com anticoagulantes orais (predominantemente a varfarina), enquanto apenas 17,1% dos pacientes tinham qualquer contraindica&#231;&#227;o clara para a terapia com varfarina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Da mesma forma, uma revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios de 301 pacientes em um hospital brasileiro verificou que apenas 46,5% dos pacientes com FA receberam terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral durante o internamento hospitalar e que 57,8% receberam a terapia durante 1 ano ap&#243;s o tratamento inicial ou durante acompanhamento ambulatorial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Portanto, a varfarina pode estar sendo subutilizada no contexto latino-americano, levando a uma tromboprofilaxia inferior &#224; ideal, particularmente em pacientes idosos.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes em tratamento com uso combinado de varfarina e AAS comp&#245;em uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa da popula&#231;&#227;o recebendo tromboprofilaxia na Am&#233;rica Latina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> As diretrizes atuais sugerem que a monoterapia com um AVK deve ser preferida na maioria dos pacientes com FA, devido ao risco maior de sangramento associado com o uso combinado de AVK e AAS, embora esquemas combinados possam ser &#250;teis em pacientes com FA que apresentam s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e/ou que s&#227;o submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea ou implante de <italic>stent</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Dados da Am&#233;rica Latina s&#227;o escassos no que diz respeito aos processos de tomada de decis&#227;o referentes ao uso relativamente baixo de monoterapia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, mas o uso de AAS parece ser mais comum do que em na&#231;&#245;es ocidentais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Este &#233; um motivo de preocupa&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que o AAS aumenta o risco de sangramento, principalmente quando utilizado em combina&#231;&#227;o com anticoagulantes orais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> O benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico l&#237;quido (<italic>net clinical benefit</italic>, NCB) para o AAS considerando uma redu&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios de AVC e da mortalidade <italic>versus</italic> sangramento grave &#233; neutro ou negativo (dependendo da defini&#231;&#227;o do NCB), mesmo em pacientes com fator de risco &#250;nico para AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Doen&#231;a valvar e doen&#231;a de Chagas na Am&#233;rica Latina</title>
          <p>O &#244;nus da doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca associada &#224; FA na Am&#233;rica Latina &#233; significativo, especialmente na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa. At&#233; 60% dos casos de doen&#231;a valvar t&#234;m sido associados &#224; febre reum&#225;tica e cerca da metade dos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar apresentam FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Portanto, pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar comp&#245;em um subgrupo importante na Am&#233;rica Latina, que pode apresentar desafios espec&#237;ficos para os m&#233;dicos. A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica &#233; geralmente preferida em todos os pacientes sem contraindica&#231;&#245;es e com doen&#231;a da valva mitral e FA e devido ao risco elevado de AVC e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas tamb&#233;m &#233; um problema importante de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na Am&#233;rica Latina, com dados brasileiros recentes destacando o &#244;nus da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca associado a esta condi&#231;&#227;o. Um estudo mostrou que o autorrelato de doen&#231;a de Chagas esteve associado a altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas em mais de dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes, com 5,4% deles apresentando FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Uma revis&#227;o recente de brasileiros recebendo atendimento prim&#225;rio sugeriu que a doen&#231;a de Chagas esteve presente em 2,9% dos pacientes com FA e que as anormalidades no ECG predisseram fortemente o desenvolvimento de FA e desfechos adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Portanto, esses pacientes s&#227;o considerados um grupo de alto risco para o desenvolvimento de FA.</p>
          <p>No quadro atual na Am&#233;rica Latina, a tromboprofilaxia de pacientes com FA se encontra abaixo da ideal. Muitos pacientes ambulatoriais com fatores de risco importantes para AVC futuro n&#227;o recebem terapia anticoagulante e podem estar recebendo terapia inapropriada com esquemas combinados ou apenas AAS. O potencial para que a classe de medicamentos NOACs preencha este vazio terap&#234;utico ser&#225; explorado na se&#231;&#227;o a seguir.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>NOACs para tromboprofilaxia em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar</title>
          <p>Os NOACs revolucionaram o potencial de preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar e t&#234;m sido defendidos como uma importante op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica por &#243;rg&#227;os internacionais, incluindo a <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Duas classes de NOACs s&#227;o atualmente dispon&#237;veis, com quatro medicamentos aprovados para uso como anticoagulantes em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar: os inibidores diretos da trombina (dabigatrana) e inibidores diretos do fator Xa (rivaroxabana, apixabana e edoxabana). Cada medicamento tem um perfil distinto de administra&#231;&#227;o e um conjunto de contraindica&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a administra&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Dabigatrana</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Rivaroxabana</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Apixabana</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Edoxabana</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose licenciada para preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC na FA</td>
                  <td align="center">150 mg duas vezes ao dia</td>
                  <td align="center">20 mg uma vez ao dia</td>
                  <td align="center">5 mg duas vezes ao dia</td>
                  <td align="center">60 mg uma vez ao dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Modifica&#231;&#227;o da dose de acordo com a fun&#231;&#227;o renal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ClCr &gt; 50 mL/min</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhuma modifica&#231;&#227;o de dose</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhuma modifica&#231;&#227;o de dose</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhuma modifica&#231;&#227;o de dose</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhuma modifica&#231;&#227;o de dose<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">a</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ClCr 30&#8211;49 mL/min</td>
                  <td align="center">Considerar 110 mg duas vezes ao dia</td>
                  <td align="center">15 mg uma vez ao dia</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhuma modifica&#231;&#227;o de dose</td>
                  <td align="center">30 mg uma vez ao dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ClCr 15&#8211;29 mL/min</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o recomendada</td>
                  <td align="center">15 mg uma vez ao dia</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 mg duas vezes ao dia</td>
                  <td align="center">30 mg uma vez ao dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ClCr &lt; 15 mL/min</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o recomendada</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o recomendada</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o recomendada</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o recomendada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Precau&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade &gt; 80 anos<break/> Peso &lt; 60kg<break/> Antibi&#243;ticos macrol&#237;deos<break/> Amiodarona</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade &gt; 80 anos<break/> Peso &lt; 60kg<break/> Antibi&#243;ticos macrol&#237;deos<break/> Carbamazepina<break/> Fenito&#237;na</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade &gt; 80 anos<break/> Peso &lt; 60kg<break/> Diltiazem</td>
                  <td align="center">O uso concomitante de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na P ou peso &lt; 60 kg = ajuste da dose para 30 mg uma vez ao dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medicamentos contraindicados em conjunto com NOACs</td>
                  <td align="center">Cetoconazol<break/> Itraconazol <break/> Carbamazepina <break/> Fenito&#237;na <break/> Dronedarona</td>
                  <td align="center">Cetoconazol<break/> Itraconazol</td>
                  <td align="center">Cetoconazol<break/> Itraconazol <break/> Carbamazepina <break/> Fenito&#237;na</td>
                  <td align="center">Rifampicina</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; NOACs: novos anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o AVK.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>Edoxabana n&#227;o &#233; recomendada para uso em pacientes com clearance de creatinina &gt; 95 mL/min devido ao aumento no risco de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico em compara&#231;&#227;o com a varfarina</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <sec>
            <title>Dabigatrana</title>
            <p>A dabigatrana &#233; um inibidor direto da trombina aprovado para uso tanto pelo <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (FDA) nos Estados Unidos quanto pelo <italic>European Medicines Agency</italic> (EMA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> Dados de fase 3 para a dabigatrana est&#227;o baseados no estudo internacional, multic&#234;ntrico, randomizado RE-LY (<italic>Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy</italic>) que analisou 18.113 pacientes com FA com um escore CHADS<sub>2</sub> m&#233;dio de 2.1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Os pacientes foram randomizados para receber duas doses diferentes de dabigatrana (110 mg ou 150 mg duas vezes ao dia) ou doses ajustadas de varfarina para atingir uma raz&#227;o normalizada internacional (RNI) de 2-3, com um TTR m&#233;dio de 64%. Ap&#243;s 2 anos de seguimento, a dabigatrana 150 mg duas vezes ao dia se mostrou superior &#224; varfarina na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC e da embolia sist&#234;mica [risco relativo (RR) 0,66, intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% 0,53-0,82, p &lt; 0,001], enquanto que a dose menor de dabigatrana mostrou n&#227;o inferioridade &#224; varfarina. Tamb&#233;m foi constatado que o risco de AVC hemorr&#225;gico foi significativamente menor com ambas as doses em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina (110 mg: RR 0,31, IC95% 0,17-0,56, p &lt; 0,001; 150 mg: RR 0,26, IC95% 0,14-0,49, p &lt; 0,001). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade e eventos vasculares e n&#227;o hemorr&#225;gicos maiores, as vantagens da dabigatrana 150 mg duas vezes ao dia foram maiores nos locais do estudo nos quais o TTR foi menor no grupo da varfarina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Uma an&#225;lise por subgrupo geogr&#225;fico da coorte latino-americana do estudo RE-LY<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> mostrou que essa coorte apresentou resultados semelhantes aos do grupo principal. Isto mostra a import&#226;ncia do TTR quando se compara a varfarina e os NOACs.</p>
            <p>O perfil de seguran&#231;a da dabigatrana foi dependente da sua dose, com uma preval&#234;ncia inferior de sangramento maior com dabigatrana 110 mg duas vezes ao dia (RR = 0,80, IC95% 0,69-0,93, p = 0,003) mas n&#227;o com o esquema de 150 mg duas vezes ao dia quando comparado &#224; varfarina (RR = 0,93, IC95% 0,81-1,07, p = 0,31). O risco de hemorragia intracraniana e sangramento com risco de vida foi menor com a dabigatrana do que com a varfarina, embora tenha ocorrido um aumento da probabilidade de sangramento gastrointestinal com dabigatrana 150 mg duas vezes ao dia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Rivaroxabana</title>
            <p>A rivaroxabana &#233; um inibidor direto do fator Xa, aprovado tanto pelo FDA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> quanto pelo EMA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> O estudo multic&#234;ntrico, randomizado e controlado ROCKET-AF (<italic>Rivaroxaban</italic> Versus <italic>Warfarin in Nonvalvular AF</italic>) analisou 14.264 pacientes com FA com CHADS<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 2 (m&#233;dia = 3,47; alto risco para AVC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Os pacientes foram randomizados para tratamento com rivaroxabana 20 mg uma vez ao dia (15 mg se o <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina estivesse entre 30-49 mL/min) ou varfarina com uma RNI alvo de 2-3 (TTR mediano 58%). Durante um seguimento mediano de 1,9 anos, a rivaroxabana mostrou n&#227;o inferioridade &#224; varfarina na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC e da embolia sist&#234;mica [taxa de risco (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>, HR) 0,88, IC95% 0,74-1,03]. Houve uma menor taxa de hemorragia intracraniana e hemorragia fatal com a rivaroxabana quando comparada &#224; varfarina. No entanto, as mortes por AVC isqu&#234;mico foram compar&#225;veis entre os grupos de tratamento e o sangramento gastrointestinal foi mais prov&#225;vel com rivaroxabana em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina (3,2% <italic>versus</italic> 2,2%, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
            <p>Dados suplementares do estudo ROCKET-AF sugerem que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as importantes em termos de seguran&#231;a, ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC, ou sangramento maior quando se compara o uso de varfarina e rivaroxabana na coorte latino-americana do estudo, embora tenha ocorrido uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de sangramento maior com a rivaroxabana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> O estudo XANTUS-EL (<italic>Xarelto for Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation, Eastern Europe, Middle East, Africa and Latin America</italic>),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> um ensaio prospectivo, observacional, p&#243;s-autoriza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o intervencionista foi projetado para analisar a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da rivaroxabana em uso cl&#237;nico rotineiro na Europa Oriental, Oriente M&#233;dio, &#193;frica e Am&#233;rica Latina. Os resultados deste estudo dever&#227;o esclarecer o papel da rivaroxabana na profilaxia do AVC em pacientes com FA na Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Apixabana</title>
            <p>A apixabana &#233; um inibidor direto do fator Xa aprovado pelo FDA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> e EMA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> para uso na tromboprofilaxia da FA. Dados de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a para a apixabana <italic>versus</italic> a varfarina foram analisados no estudo multic&#234;ntrico, internacional e randomizado ARISTOTLE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> Pacientes (n = 18.201) com FA n&#227;o valvar e CHADS<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 1 (m&#233;dia = 2,1) foram randomizados para tratamento com apixabana 5 mg duas vezes ao dia ou varfarina com uma RNI alvo de 2-3 (TTR mediano 66%) e acompanhados por um tempo mediano de 1,8 anos. Os resultados mostraram que a apixabana foi superior &#224; varfarina na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC e da embolia sist&#234;mica (1,27% <italic>versus</italic> 1,60%, HR 0,79, IC95% 0,66-0,95, p = 0,01). A apixabana tamb&#233;m foi associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de AVC hemorr&#225;gico (0,24% <italic>versus</italic> 0,47%, HR 0,51, IC95% 0,35-0,75, p &lt; 0,001) e de mortalidade por todas as causas (3,52% <italic>versus</italic> 3,94%, HR 0,89, IC95% 0,80-0,99, p = 0,047) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina. O perfil de seguran&#231;a da apixabana foi favor&#225;vel em rela&#231;&#227;o ao da varfarina, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de hemorragia maior (2,13% <italic>versus</italic> 3,09%, HR 0,69, IC95% 0,60-0,80, p &lt; 0,001) e taxas compar&#225;veis de sangramento gastrointestinal (0,76% <italic>versus</italic> 0,86%, HR 0,89, IC95% 0,70-1,15). As taxas de sangramento na coorte latino-americana deste estudo (n = 3.460) tamb&#233;m foram menores com apixabana do que com varfarina (2,1% <italic>versus</italic> 3,5%), o que pode estar associado com um controle inadequado do TTR na coorte latino-americana ou ser um verdadeiro efeito da apixabana. Uma an&#225;lise adicional da coorte latino-americana sugere que os resultados em termos de seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia s&#227;o consistentes com os vistos na popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo, com uma varia&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica m&#237;nima na regi&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A apixabana foi tamb&#233;m comparada ao AAS para uso na tromboprofilaxia da FA no estudo AVERROES [<italic>Apixaban Versus Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) to Prevent Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Who Have Failed or are Unsuitable for Vitamin K Antagonist Treatment</italic>].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> Os pacientes que falharam ou n&#227;o apresentavam condi&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento com AVK (n = 5.599) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo e randomizados para tratamento com apixabana 5 mg duas vezes ao dia ou AAS 81-324 mg por dia. O estudo foi interrompido prematuramente devido &#224; ampla superioridade da apixabana, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 55% de AVC ou embolia sist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> Sangramento importante ou intracraniano n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre a apixabana e o AAS.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Edoxabana</title>
            <p>A edoxabana &#233; o mais recente NOAC a obter aprova&#231;&#227;o do FDA nos EUA e &#233; aprovado para uso pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Jap&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> Um amplo estudo internacional, randomizado e controlado, o ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 (<italic>Effective Anticoagulation with Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation - Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction study 48</italic>), foi conduzido para explorar os desfechos de 21.105 pacientes com FA com escore CHADS<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> O estudo foi baseado em um ensaio inicial de fase 2 que identificou duas doses de edoxabana com de risco de sangramento compar&#225;vel ao da varfarina (30 mg ou 60 mg uma vez ao dia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref> Os pacientes foram randomizados para esquemas de alta dose (60 mg ou 30 mg, redu&#231;&#227;o da dose) ou baixa dose (30 mg ou 15 mg, redu&#231;&#227;o da dose) ou varfarina com ajuste de dose para obter uma RNI de 2 a 3, com um TTR mediano de 68%. O tempo mediano de seguimento foi de 2,8 anos, durante o qual 25,3% dos pacientes randomizados para edoxabana tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o da dose com base em fatores de risco espec&#237;ficos conhecidos por aumentarem a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao medicamento (<italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina 30-50 mL/min, uso concomitante de verapamil ou quinidina, ou peso &#8804; 60 kg).</p>
            <p>Foram realizadas an&#225;lises modificadas por inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento, demonstrando que ambas a doses de edoxabana foram n&#227;o inferiores &#224; varfarina na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC e da embolia sist&#234;mica: dose maior, 1,18% <italic>versus</italic> 1,50%, HR 0,79, IC97,5% 0,63-0,99, p &lt; 0,001; dose menor, 1,61% <italic>versus</italic> 1,50%, HR 1,07, IC97,5% 0,87-1,31, p = 0,005. Na popula&#231;&#227;o por inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento, houve uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; superioridade para a dose elevada de edoxabana, embora este achado n&#227;o tenha sido estatisticamente significativo (HR 0,87, IC97,5% 0,73-1,04, p = 0,08). Houve uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o na ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC hemorr&#225;gico quando o esquema com dose elevada de edoxabana foi comparado &#224; varfarina, como observado com outros NOACs (0,26% <italic>versus</italic> 0,47%, HR 0,54, IC95% 0,38-0,77, p &lt; 0,001). Em geral, houve benef&#237;cios significativos com dose maior de edoxabana em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC, embolia sist&#234;mica e desfecho composto de AVC, embolia sist&#234;mica, ou morte cardiovascular (HR 0,87, IC95% 0,78-0,96, p = 0,005).</p>
            <p>O perfil de seguran&#231;a da edoxabana foi tamb&#233;m considerado favor&#225;vel em compara&#231;&#227;o ao da varfarina, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de sangramento maior (dose alta: 2,75% <italic>versus</italic> 3,43%, HR 0,80, IC95% 0,71-0,91, p &lt; 0,001; dose baixa: 1,61% <italic>versus</italic> 3,43%, HR 0,47, IC95% 0,41-0,55, p &lt; 0,001), sangramento extracraniano e sangramento menor. Contudo, o sangramento gastrointestinal foi observado mais frequentemente com o esquema de edoxabana em dose alta comparado ao de dose baixa e varfarina (1,51%, 0,82% e 1,23%, respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> Portanto, a edoxabana tem efic&#225;cia comprovada na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC e da embolia sist&#234;mica em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina, enquanto que eventos hemorr&#225;gicos podem ser dependentes da dose.</p>
            <p>Em uma an&#225;lise da coorte latino-americana deste estudo (n = 2.661),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> a efic&#225;cia da preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria do AVC ou da embolia sist&#234;mica foi consistente com a da coorte geral tanto para a dose menor quanto maior de edoxabana em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina (dose de 30 mg: 2,15% <italic>versus</italic> 2,50%; dose de 60 mg: 1,61% <italic>versus</italic> 2,50%, p = 0,32). A tend&#234;ncia da edoxabana &#224; superioridade foi mais forte do que &#224; observada em pacientes da Europa Ocidental, apesar deste achado n&#227;o ter atingido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Al&#233;m disso, o perfil de seguran&#231;a demonstrou uma tend&#234;ncia em favorecer a edoxabana ao inv&#233;s da varfarina nesta coorte, tanto a dose menor de edoxabana (1,66% <italic>versus</italic> 3,74%, p = 0,50) quanto a dose maior (2,65% <italic>versus</italic> 3,74%, p = 0,35) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia com varfarina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> As an&#225;lises de seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia na coorte latino-americana foram compar&#225;veis aos resultados observados na coorte geral.</p>
            <p>Foram publicadas tamb&#233;m an&#225;lises de modelagem recentes, fornecendo uma estimativa do NCB da edoxabana <italic>versus</italic> aus&#234;ncia de tratamento, AAS, AAS e clopidogrel, ou varfarina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref> Foi demonstrado que a edoxabana 60 mg tem um NCB de 8,9 eventos salvos por 1.000 pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia com varfarina ou aus&#234;ncia de tratamento, e uma preven&#231;&#227;o anual estimada de 30.300 eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, de sangramento maior e morte em pacientes europeus com FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref> De fato, tanto a edoxabana de 30 mg quanto a de 60 mg mostraram ter um NCB favor&#225;vel em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina, com um n&#237;vel de benef&#237;cio diretamente relacionado aos escores CHADS<sub>2</sub>, CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc e HAS-BLED; pacientes com escores CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc &#8805; 2 se beneficiaram de ambas as doses de edoxabana em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina, embora a dose de 60 mg tenha sido associada ao maior NCB em geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref> Portanto, estes estudos de modelagem real&#231;am o potencial NCB da edoxabana em compara&#231;&#227;o a abordagens anticoagulantes existentes na pr&#225;tica, apesar da demonstra&#231;&#227;o desses efeitos na popula&#231;&#227;o latino-americana ainda ser necess&#225;ria.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Metan&#225;lises de NOACs</title>
            <p>Com base em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o individual de estudos, os NOACs demonstraram n&#227;o inferioridade &#224; varfarina na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em pacientes com FA. Extensas metan&#225;lises foram realizadas a partir desses estudos, demonstrando a efic&#225;cia dos NOACs quando comparados &#224; varfarina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref> Os NOACs t&#234;m sido associados a um risco reduzido de embolia sist&#234;mica e AVC quando comparados &#224; varfarina (RR 0,81, IC95% 0,73-0,91, p &lt; 0,0001), risco reduzido de hemorragia intracraniana (RR 0,48, IC95% 0,39-0,59, p &lt; 0,0001) e redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade por todas as causas (RR 0,90, IC95% 0,85-0,95, p = 0,0003).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref> No entanto, estes agentes t&#234;m sido associados a um risco aumentado de sangramento gastrointestinal (RR 1,25, IC95% 1,01-1,55, p = 0,04). Vale ressaltar que a maioria dos benef&#237;cios significativos dos NOACs foi observada em centros nos quais o TTR, definido como manuten&#231;&#227;o da RNI entre 2,0-3,0, foi abaixo de 66%, indicando que os NOACs t&#234;m benef&#237;cios onde o controle da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; inapropriado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Dados para o uso de inibidores diretos da trombina, incluindo o NOAC dabigatrana, est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em v&#225;rias metan&#225;lises. Uma revis&#227;o Cochrane constatou que os inibidores diretos da trombina foram em geral compar&#225;veis &#224; varfarina para muitos desfechos, embora a dabigatrana 150 mg duas vezes ao dia ter mostrado associa&#231;&#227;o com um n&#250;mero significativamente menor de mortes vasculares e eventos isqu&#234;micos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina [raz&#227;o de chances (<italic>odds ratio,</italic> OR) 0,86, IC95% 0,75-0,99).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref> Os inibidores diretos da trombina tamb&#233;m estiveram associados a um n&#250;mero significativamente menor de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos maiores, incluindo AVC hemorr&#225;gico, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina. Da mesma forma, uma metan&#225;lise Cochrane de inibidores diretos do fator Xa mostrou que esses agentes estiveram associados a uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de AVC isqu&#234;mico e hemorr&#225;gico (OR 0,78, IC95% 0,69 -0,89) e uma redu&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios hemorr&#225;gicos maiores (OR 0,89, IC95% 0,81 -0,98) quando comparados &#224; terapia com varfarina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref> Uma metan&#225;lise recente confirmou o baixo risco de sangramento associado com a apixabana tanto para sangramento por todas as causas (RR 0,60, IC95% 0,40-0,88) quanto para sangramento intracraniano (RR 0,89, IC95% 0,81-0,99) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Embora os dados forne&#231;am uma base s&#243;lida para o uso de NOACs na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em pacientes com FA, n&#227;o h&#225; dados atuais que sugiram que um NOAC em particular seja superior aos outros. Compara&#231;&#245;es indiretas t&#234;m valor limitado no processo de tomada de decis&#227;o, devido &#224;s diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas e desenhos dos estudos;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref> portanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio avaliar as advert&#234;ncias de cada agente quando se seleciona um medicamento para um perfil espec&#237;fico de paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> A se&#231;&#227;o seguinte ir&#225; discutir como os perfis dos pacientes podem ser utilizados como informa&#231;&#227;o no processo de tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica neste contexto e como podem se relacionar &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o latino-americana com FA.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diretrizes na Am&#233;rica Latina</title>
          <p>V&#225;rias diretrizes espec&#237;ficas para a Am&#233;rica Latina t&#234;m sido desenvolvidas para o manejo de pacientes com FA e uso de terapia anticoagulante nessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas e da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia s&#227;o duas das mais utilizadas pelos m&#233;dicos na regi&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref> Essas diretrizes enfatizam a import&#226;ncia do controle do ritmo e da frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes com FA e concentram a aten&#231;&#227;o no papel da varfarina como principal anticoagulante oral em pacientes submetidos a uma rigorosa avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de sangramento e AVC. O papel espec&#237;fico dos NOACs n&#227;o &#233; descrito nas diretrizes publicadas, ao contr&#225;rio das diretrizes europeias e outras diretrizes nacionais, embora as diretrizes sejam semelhantes em termos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco do paciente e etapas gerais envolvidas no manejo da FA e preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> No entanto, uma diferen&#231;a fundamental &#233; o uso do escore CHADS<sub>2</sub> nas diretrizes brasileiras em compara&#231;&#227;o ao escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc nas diretrizes europeias e norte-americanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A terapia com AVK &#233; priorizada nas diretrizes brasileiras, enquanto o uso do AAS &#233; um recurso importante em pacientes com risco menor de AVC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>). Nenhuma recomenda&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TTR &#233; estabelecida nestas diretrizes, apesar de que a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do TTR &gt; 70% maximiza os efeitos da terapia com AVK e &#233; recomendada em diretrizes fora da Am&#233;rica Latina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> O potencial para o uso de NOACs em sistemas nos quais o monitoramento da varfarina possa ser problem&#225;tico foi destacado em uma an&#225;lise atualizada das diretrizes correntes no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diretrizes brasileiras para uso de anticoagulantes na preven&#231;&#227;o do acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Adaptado de (64)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="75%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de AVC</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Terapia</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Alto risco</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tromboembolismo pr&#233;vio<break/> Estenose mitral reum&#225;tica<break/> &gt; 1: idade &gt; 75 anos, hipertens&#227;o arterial, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda comprometida, diabetes tipo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">Oral VKA (INR 2&#8211;3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Risco moderado</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1: idade &gt; 75 anos, hipertens&#227;o arterial, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda comprometida, diabetes tipo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">AVK oral (RNI 2&#8211;3) ou AAS 81&#8211;325 mg ao dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Risco baixo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros fatores de risco</td>
                  <td align="center">AAS 81&#8211;325 mg diariamente</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional; AVK: antagonista da vitamina K.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Apesar da exist&#234;ncia de diretrizes, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que as recomenda&#231;&#245;es existentes n&#227;o s&#227;o respeitadas na pr&#225;tica, limitando potencialmente a capacidade de otimizar o atendimento ao paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref> M&#233;dicos com mais de 25 anos de experi&#234;ncia tendem a ser menos atentos a diretrizes, ou serem mais suscept&#237;veis a discordarem de diretrizes existentes, com apenas 71,8% deles favorecendo os AVK como anticoagula&#231;&#227;o inicial na FA (como recomendado nas diretrizes) em compara&#231;&#227;o a mais de 90% dos cardiologistas mais jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref> Al&#233;m disto, esta pesquisa mostrou que 10% dos cardiologistas que praticam h&#225; tempo no Brasil n&#227;o aderem a qualquer diretriz de FA, enquanto um n&#250;mero significativo deles n&#227;o aplica sistematicamente os escores de risco antes de iniciar a terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>. Uma revis&#227;o dos h&#225;bitos de prescri&#231;&#227;o em um departamento brasileiro de cardiologia verificou que o uso de anticoagulantes de acordo com as diretrizes brasileiras foi de 55%, que foi consistente com as diretrizes internacionais, enquanto 86% dos pacientes com alto risco de embolia receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulante oral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref> Estas estat&#237;sticas sugerem que as orienta&#231;&#245;es podem n&#227;o ser rigorosamente respeitadas na pr&#225;tica, com uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de pacientes latino-americanos que n&#227;o recebem anticoagula&#231;&#227;o adequada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de AVC e sele&#231;&#227;o do tratamento</title>
          <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o do risco de AVC para um paciente individual &#233; um processo multifatorial e dependente de diversos fatores de risco distintos. O escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc (<italic>Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age &#8805; 75, Age between 65 and 74, Diabetes mellitus, prior Stroke, TIA or thromboembolism, VAscular disease, Sex female</italic>) &#233; frequentemente utilizado para predizer o risco de AVC e a utilidade potencial da terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> Um escore de 0 (homens) ou 1 (mulheres) sugere um risco baixo de AVC no qual os riscos de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o provavelmente ultrapassam os benef&#237;cios, enquanto os escores mais altos devem prontificar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de sangramento e in&#237;cio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> O escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc foi derivado inicialmente de popula&#231;&#245;es europeias predominantemente brancas, mas foi posteriormente validado em outras popula&#231;&#245;es &#233;tnicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref> At&#233; o momento, uma valida&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica na Am&#233;rica Latina ainda n&#227;o foi realizada. No entanto, o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc tem mostrado superioridade ao escore CHADS<sub>2</sub> na defini&#231;&#227;o de popula&#231;&#245;es de risco baixo e intermedi&#225;rio com menor probabilidade de benef&#237;cio com a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref> Isto sugere que pacientes na Am&#233;rica Latina podem se beneficiar do uso do escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc ao inv&#233;s do CHADS<sub>2</sub>, como visto em diretrizes contempor&#226;neas na regi&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref> O desenvolvimento de um sistema de escore espec&#237;fico da Am&#233;rica Latina foi proposto por um grupo baseado em fatores que incluem idade, escores determinados pelo <italic>National Institute of Health Stroke Scale</italic> e presen&#231;a de alargamento do &#225;trio esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> No entanto, isto necessitar&#225; valida&#231;&#227;o adicional em estudos futuros antes de sua aplica&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o latino-americana.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Escore de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco CHA2DS2-VASc para acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Adaptado de (68)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="%25"/>
                <col width="%10"/>
                <col width="%65"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Defini&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Escore</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Observa&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda sist&#243;lica moderada a grave</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Paciente em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva ou duas leituras concomitantes &gt; 140 mmHg para a sist&#243;lica e/ou &gt; 90 mmHg para a diast&#243;lica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade &gt; 75 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Em uso de hipoglicemiantes ou glicemia de jejum &gt; 7 mmol/L</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC/AIT/tromboembolismo</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a vascular (IM pr&#233;vio, DAP, placa a&#243;rtica)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Ex.: IM, angina, claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, trombose, cirurgia pr&#233;via em aorta abdominal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cIdade 65&#8211;74 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de sangramento pode ser realizada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de diversos escores, incluindo o ATRIA (<italic>Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation</italic>), HEMORR<sub>2</sub>HAGES [<italic>Hepatic or renal disease, Ethanol abuse, Malignancy, Older (age &gt; 75 years), Reduced platelet count or function, Hypertension (uncontrolled), Anemia, Genetic factors, Excessive fall risk, and Stroke</italic>] e HAS-BLED [<italic>Hypertension, Abnormal renal or liver function, Stroke, Bleeding, Labile INRs, Elderly (age &gt;65 years) and Drugs (alcohol)</italic>].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref> O escore HAS-BLED tem sido apontado como tendo o melhor valor preditivo para risco de sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> A subutiliza&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, com base na considera&#231;&#227;o de risco de hemorragia permanece comum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> No entanto, um escore HAS-BLED elevado n&#227;o deve ser uma desculpa para a n&#227;o recomenda&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que o NCB da redu&#231;&#227;o do AVC isqu&#234;mico <italic>versus</italic> sangramento grave &#233; ainda maior nesses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref> Um escore HAS-BLED elevado &#233; um indicador para "marcar" o paciente para revis&#227;o e acompanhamento mais cuidadosos, e para abordar os fatores de risco de sangramento potencialmente corrig&#237;veis, tais como a hipertens&#227;o arterial descontrolada, RNIs l&#225;beis e uso concomitante de AAS e anti-inflamat&#243;rio n&#227;o hormonal (AINH) com a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A decis&#227;o de utilizar a varfarina ou os NOACs no manejo de pacientes com risco elevado de AVC requer uma aprecia&#231;&#227;o do TTR de cada paciente individual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref> Pacientes que se encontram fora do TTR com mais frequ&#234;ncia t&#234;m menor probabilidade de benef&#237;cio com a varfarina e podem ter um risco aumentado de AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> Embora as raz&#245;es para um controle inadequado dos n&#237;veis de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o poderem ser variadas, o <italic>National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</italic> (NICE) recomenda que pacientes com TTR &lt; 65% devam ser reavaliados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Quando a ades&#227;o do paciente n&#227;o &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o e o TTR n&#227;o pode ser adequadamente mantido, o uso de NOACs pode oferecer benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos mais significativos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> O escore SAMe-TT<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> foi elaborado e validado na Europa como um meio de identificar um controle deficiente da terapia com varfarina em pacientes com FA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref> O SAMe-TT<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> auxilia a tomada de decis&#227;o na qual um paciente com escore SAMe-TT<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> de 0-2 pode responder bem a AVKs com um TTR elevado, enquanto que outro com escore SAMe-TT<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> &gt; 2 tem menor probabilidade de alcan&#231;ar um TTR ideal e, neste caso, um NOAC seria uma melhor op&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref> Assim, uma "tentativa com varfarina" pode ser evitada, considerando que alguns pacientes estariam expostos a um risco elevado de AVC isqu&#234;mico durante a fase de introdu&#231;&#227;o da varfarina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref> O escore SAMe-TT<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> tem sido associado a RNIs l&#225;beis e, consequentemente, mais sangramento, tromboembolismo e morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref> A alta incid&#234;ncia de comorbidades e tabagismo na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes latino-americanos com FA sugere que um escore elevado poderia ser alcan&#231;ado, predizendo um controle inadequado da varfarina e favorecendo a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de NOACs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref> Um algoritmo sugerido para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de sistemas de escores na determina&#231;&#227;o do risco de AVC, risco de sangramento e probabilidade de efic&#225;cia do AVK est&#225; demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Escore SAMe-TT2R2. Adaptado de (75)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="65%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Acr&#244;nimo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Defini&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Escore</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>S</td>
                  <td>Sexo (feminino)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A</td>
                  <td>Idade (&lt; 60 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Me</td>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica: dois ou mais dos seguintes: hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, DAC/IM, DAP, ICC, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a pulmonar e doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica ou renal</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T</td>
                  <td>Tratamento (intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa, ex.: amiodarona)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T</td>
                  <td>Tabagismo (dentro de 2 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>R</td>
                  <td>Ra&#231;a (n&#227;o brancos)</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Algoritmo de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para pacientes latino-americanos com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A decis&#227;o de iniciar a terapia com anticoagulantes &#233; baseada no uso dos escores CHA2DS2-VASc, HAS-BLED e SAMe-TT2R2 atrav&#233;s da determina&#231;&#227;o do risco de acidente vascular cerebral, risco de sangramento e probabilidade de sucesso da varfarina, respectivamente. RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional; NOACs: anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; AINH: anti-inflamat&#243;rio n&#227;o hormonal; TTR: tempo na faixa terap&#234;utica; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AVK: antagonista da vitamina K. Adaptado de (81).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0576-60116-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o do perfil do paciente e sele&#231;&#227;o do NOAC</title>
          <p>V&#225;rios perfis de pacientes foram identificados no contexto da preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC na FA e que podem influenciar a escolha do NOAC baseada no potencial para complica&#231;&#245;es <italic>versus</italic> potencial de efic&#225;cia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Esses perfis foram examinados em detalhes em outro estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref> No entanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o desses perfis ainda deve ser realizada em pacientes latino-americanos com FA. A determina&#231;&#227;o do perfil de pacientes com base em t&#233;cnicas de farmacogen&#233;tica foi relatada dentro do contexto de sele&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulante em pacientes brasileiros,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref> destacando a import&#226;ncia de considerar a ancestralidade africana/europeia na popula&#231;&#227;o latino-americana. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; estudos prospectivos de algoritmos de administra&#231;&#227;o com base nesses fatores. Portanto, vale a pena considerar as implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dos perfis de pacientes prov&#225;veis de serem os mais comuns na Am&#233;rica Latina na determina&#231;&#227;o da sele&#231;&#227;o de NOACs nesta regi&#227;o, incluindo pacientes idosos, pacientes com comprometimento renal e aqueles com risco de sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o do perfil do paciente na sele&#231;&#227;o do NOAC. Os grupos de pacientes em destaque s&#227;o os prov&#225;veis de ter maior import&#226;ncia no contexto da Am&#233;rica Latina. O uso de anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o AVK (NOACs) &#233; baseado na n&#227;o inferioridade da varfarina na preven&#231;&#227;o do acidente vascular cerebral na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar e nas caracter&#237;sticas individuais do medicamento. Adaptado de (81). AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AVK: antagonistas da vitamina K.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0576-60116-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos idosos constituem a maioria dos pacientes com FA na Am&#233;rica Latina, com mais de 70% desses indiv&#237;duos tendo idade igual ou superior a 60 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Esses pacientes correm maior risco de AVC em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes mais jovens devido a um aumento do risco de sangramento com a idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> No entanto, deve-se tamb&#233;m considerar que muitos desses pacientes apresentam risco aumentado de quedas e hemorragia subsequente, potencialmente limitando a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref> Portanto, considera-se prudente a sele&#231;&#227;o de NOACs que sejam menos propensos &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o com hemorragia em idosos, incluindo a apixabana e a edoxabana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref> No entanto, os pacientes idosos formam um grupo heterog&#234;neo e, portanto, fatores de risco e perfis adicionais podem ter um impacto maior sobre a sele&#231;&#227;o do NOAC.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m de pacientes idosos, aqueles com comprometimento renal associado podem ter um risco maior de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas durante a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref> A preval&#234;ncia atual de comprometimento renal na Am&#233;rica Latina &#233; amplamente desconhecida, embora dados sugiram que o aumento das taxas de diabetes tipo 2 tem sido associado a um aumento de insufici&#234;ncia renal terminal, o que &#233; indicativo de um aumento das taxas de comprometimento renal na popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref> O comprometimento renal est&#225; associado com controle inadequado da RNI e desfecho pior e, portanto, afeta negativamente a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia com AVK.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref> Sendo assim, pacientes com comprometimento renal, definido como uma taxa estimada de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &#8804; 80 mL/min, podem se beneficiar do uso de apixabana, que tem mostrado mais efic&#225;cia do que a varfarina na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC, independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, n&#227;o estando associado com complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, como relatado com a dabigatrana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref> A edoxabana tamb&#233;m demonstrou alguns resultados promissores em pacientes com comprometimento renal, com baixas taxas de sangramento e eventos adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Outras caracter&#237;sticas importantes relacionadas ao paciente e que devem ser consideradas na escolha do NOAC incluem uma hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de hemorragia gastrointestinal, um risco elevado de sangramento (HAS-BLED &#8805; 3) e recorr&#234;ncia de AVC apesar de controle ideal com a varfarina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref> Para todos esses pacientes de alto risco, um NOAC com um baixo risco de hemorragia pode ser potencialmente ben&#233;fico (ex.: apixabana ou dabigatrana), com a dabigatrana 150 mg tendo demonstrado redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de hemorragia intracraniana e AVC hemorr&#225;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref> Conv&#233;m notar que tanto a edoxabana quanto a dabigatrana e a rivaroxabana t&#234;m sido associadas a um risco aumentado de sangramento gastrointestinal quando regimes com doses maiores s&#227;o utilizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os valores e prefer&#234;ncias do paciente tamb&#233;m devem ser considerados na prescri&#231;&#227;o da terapia anticoagulante, pois o esquema de administra&#231;&#227;o e o perfil de efeitos colaterais de um medicamento podem determinar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento e a sua efic&#225;cia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref> Uma baixa ades&#227;o tem maior chance de ser associada a benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos sub&#243;timos na terapia com NOAC, devido &#224; meia-vida relativamente curta desses agentes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina. A administra&#231;&#227;o uma vez ao dia est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para a rivaroxabana e edoxabana, o que para alguns pacientes pode ser prefer&#237;vel &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o em duas doses di&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tomada de decis&#227;o na Am&#233;rica Latina</title>
          <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de perfis de pacientes pode ser &#250;til na escolha do curso mais apropriado de terapia anticoagulante, onde podemos ajustar o medicamento ao paciente e vice-versa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). No entanto, devido &#224; falta de dados dispon&#237;veis no contexto latino-americano, considera&#231;&#245;es adicionais podem precisar ser feitas quando estes agentes s&#227;o prescritos. Um dos principais desafios na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC na regi&#227;o &#233; a ampla disparidade socioecon&#244;mica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados em sa&#250;de e ao acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Pacientes com baixa renda, baixa escolaridade e aqueles que vivem em comunidades rurais t&#234;m acesso reduzido aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, levando a piores desfechos em muitas doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref> Ent&#227;o, o desafio de manter a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o neste grupo pode dizer respeito n&#227;o s&#243; &#224; capacidade dos pacientes em aderir com precis&#227;o ao esquema de administra&#231;&#227;o do seu medicamento, mas tamb&#233;m &#224; sua capacidade de comparecer &#224;s consultas para monitoramento e acompanhamento.</p>
          <p>Uma das principais vantagens dos NOACs quando comparados &#224; varfarina &#233; a n&#227;o exig&#234;ncia de monitoramento rotineiro da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Esta &#233; uma perspectiva atraente em muitas regi&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina, nas quais o monitoramento inadequado da varfarina pode limitar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o deste medicamento na pr&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a efetividade do uso de NOACs em termos de custo &#233;, em grande parte, incerta na regi&#227;o e pode ser um fator limitante importante ao uso desses agentes na pr&#225;tica. Uma an&#225;lise realizada na Costa Rica utilizou um modelo de &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o para comparar a efetividade em termos de custo da apixabana, rivaroxabana, dabigatrana e varfarina na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC e de sangramento e verificou que a apixabana foi a op&#231;&#227;o de melhor custo-benef&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref> Isto foi em grande parte devido &#224; observa&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da classe de agentes NOACs e do baixo risco associado de hemorragia, al&#233;m de custos associados aos recursos para monitoramento da varfarina. An&#225;lises adicionais na Argentina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref> e Venezuela<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref> sugerem que a apixabana, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina, &#233; uma alternativa efetiva em termos de custo devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos de AVC e sangramento. No entanto, dados recentes sugerem que muitos medicamentos para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular permanecem inacess&#237;veis para muitas na&#231;&#245;es na Am&#233;rica Latina, particularmente entre as comunidades mais pobres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref> Como consequ&#234;ncia, existe um potencial para que os NOACs sejam uma op&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica na Am&#233;rica Latina, embora estudos adicionais sejam necess&#225;rios para confirmar esta hip&#243;tese.</p>
          <p>Outro fator que tem sido associado a um uso irregular de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com FA com risco de AVC &#233; a situa&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico que prescreve o tratamento. Tem sido demonstrado que pacientes atendidos em centros terci&#225;rios e com acesso a cardiologistas t&#234;m maior chance de receber prescri&#231;&#227;o adequada de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes atendidos por m&#233;dicos de outras especialidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> Isto pode ser devido &#224; dificuldade do paciente em retornar ao mesmo centro terap&#234;utico para monitoramento e tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> No entanto, educar m&#233;dicos n&#227;o especialistas sobre os benef&#237;cios da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pode ser outro fator para melhorar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>O uso de NOACs, que n&#227;o necessitam de monitoramento, pode superar muitas das dificuldades com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na Am&#233;rica Latina. No entanto, a falta destes medicamentos no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de de muitas na&#231;&#245;es &#233; um obst&#225;culo significativo &#224; sua ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> Um estudo demonstrou os benef&#237;cios potenciais da apixabana na Am&#233;rica Latina, sugerindo que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de NOACs nesta regi&#227;o possa ser favor&#225;vel devido aos benef&#237;cios observados na pr&#225;tica em compara&#231;&#227;o com a terapia com AVK.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref> O problema mais urgente a requerer aten&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o &#233; o reconhecimento do valor da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com AVKs ou NOACs na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC, j&#225; que muitos m&#233;dicos n&#227;o prescrevem estes agentes apropriadamente. Portanto, o aumento da conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com FA deve ser uma prioridade de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na Am&#233;rica Latina, facilitando o desenvolvimento de servi&#231;os de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o mais robustos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os NOACs representam um avan&#231;o significativo no potencial de preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar. Evid&#234;ncias de amplos estudos randomizados e metan&#225;lises subsequentes demonstram a n&#227;o inferioridade dos NOACs em compara&#231;&#227;o com a varfarina em popula&#231;&#245;es ocidentais, embora mais dados sejam necess&#225;rios em coortes latino-americanas. Benef&#237;cios adicionais dos NOACs em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina podem incluir a falta de necessidade de monitoramento rotineiro da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, redu&#231;&#227;o de intera&#231;&#245;es com medicamentos e alimentos e previsibilidade da atividade farmacocin&#233;tica do medicamento. No entanto, a decis&#227;o de utilizar NOACs ao inv&#233;s de varfarina e a sele&#231;&#227;o de qual NOAC utilizar, continua a ser um processo complexo baseado nas caracter&#237;sticas individuais do paciente. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de como essas caracter&#237;sticas interagem com processos e sistemas de sa&#250;de mais amplos na Am&#233;rica Latina ser&#225; um desafio futuro para os m&#233;dicos na regi&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Daiichi Sankyo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Assist&#234;ncia editorial foi fornecida por Gregory Philp e financiada pela Daiichi-Sankyo, Inc.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
