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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CZ6Xf7pdtmRhDPJ5kRZfGqw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004500568</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160177</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Tilt Test</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis of Heart Rate Variability Before and During Tilt Test in Patients with Cardioinhibitory Vasovagal Syncope</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia Madeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Madre Teresa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Madre Teresa; Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva,</bold> Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 246. Postal Code 30130-100. Centro, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>roselisboa@cardiol.br</email>, <email>roselisboa@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Miranda CM, Silva RMFL; Acquisition of data: Miranda CM; Statistical analysis: Silva RMFL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>568</fpage>
      <lpage>575</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardioinhibitory vasovagal response is uncommon during the tilt test (TT). Heart rate variability (HRV) by use of spectral analysis can distinguish patients with that response.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare the HRV in patients with cardioinhibitory vasovagal syncope (case group - G1) with that in patients without syncope and with negative response to TT (control group - G2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>64 patients were evaluated (mean age, 36.2 years; 35 men) and submitted to TT at 70 degrees, under digital Holter monitoring. The groups were paired for age and sex (G1, 40 patients; G2, 24).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In G1, 21 patients had a type 2A response and 19 had type 2B, with mean TT duration of 20.4 minutes. There was a greater low frequency (LF) component (11,6 versus 4,5 ms<sup>2</sup>, p=0.001) and a lower low/high frequency ratio in the supine position (3,9 versus 4,5 ms<sup>2</sup>, p=0.008) in G1, with no difference during TT between the groups. Applying the receiver operating characteristic curve for cardioinhibitory response, the area under the curve was 0.74 for the LF component in the supine position (p = 0.001). The following were observed for the cutoff point of 0.35 ms<sup>(2)</sup> for the LF component: sensitivity, 97.4%; specificity, 83.3%; positive predictive value, 85.3%; negative predictive value, 96.9%; and positive likelihood ratio, 5.8.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>HRV in the supine position allowed identifying patients with syncope and cardioinhibitory response with a high negative predictive value and likelihood ratio of 5.8.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope, Vasovagal / physiotaphology</kwd>
        <kwd>Tilt-Table Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography, Ambulatory</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Syncope is the transient and abrupt loss of consciousness secondary to cerebral hypoperfusion, of short duration and spontaneous recovery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In the Framingham study, its incidence was 6.2/1000 people-year, the vasovagal being the most frequent type (21.2%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Although not completely clarified, the pathophysiology of vasovagal syncope is characterized by a reflex activation that triggers a rapid increase in heart rate (HR) and a reduction in vascular tone, resulting in arterial hypotension and/or bradyarrhythmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Tilt test (TT) is used to diagnose vasovagal syncope, being safe, of low cost and of good reproducibility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The final response to TT is the reflex induction of arterial hypotension and/or bradycardia, associated with syncope or presyncope, which is classified as vasodepressor, mixed or cardioinhibitory. The latter manifests with or without asystole (2B, with asystole for more than 3s; or 2A, HR &lt; 40 bpm for more than 10s; respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The incidence of that response varies from 1 to 4.4% of the positive tests, reaching 21% in protocols sensitized with nitroglycerin and 13% in protocols sensitized with isoproterenol, being more frequent in young individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Previous studies have shown changes in HR variability (HRV) during TT with gradual inclination in healthy patients, providing a non-invasive quantitative analysis of the vagal sympathetic balance, via its components of low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> There are only four studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> including spectral analysis of adult patients with cardioinhibitory response and distinct behavior, evidencing an increase in the LF component at rest, a greater reduction in the HF component after TT, or an increase in the LF/HF ratio before the syncopal event during TT, using only univariate analysis and no receiver operating characteristic curve for the analysis of the HRV predictive value regarding that specific response. Thus, the present study aimed at assessing HRV by using spectral analysis before and during TT in patients with vasovagal syncope and cardioinhibitory response, and at comparing it with the HRV of patients with negative response to TT and no history of syncope, assessing its predictive value.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a case-control, observational, prospective study, whose population sample comprised 64 patients consecutively selected to undergo TT at the Department of Graphic Methods of the Hospital Madre Teresa, from January 2013 to February 2014, from a total of 435 patients. They were divided into two groups: case group, 40 patients with history of syncope and cardioinhibitory response on TT; and control group, 24 patients with other symptoms not related to loss of consciousness, such as dizziness or fall, and neither syncope nor presyncope, with a negative TT (no symptoms, neither vasovagal response nor dysautonomia). Both groups had sinus rhythm and were paired for sex and age. Patients aged at least 14 years (the age group cared for at the hospital), of both sexes and able to undergo TT were consecutively included. The following were excluded: pregnant women, patients refusing to participate in the study, patients with coexisting conditions that could affect the HRV analysis, such as atrial fibrillation, pacemaker rhythm and use of antiarrhythmic drugs, and patients undergoing heart transplantation.</p>
      <p>The population size was calculated as 52 patients, and such calculation was based on the 1:1 ratio between the two groups, standard deviation of the spectral analysis components of 200 ms<sup>2</sup>, minimum difference to be detected of 100 ms<sup>2</sup>, test power of 90%, significance level of 5%, and one-tailed test. In addition, the number of participants included in similar studies was considered.</p>
      <p>This study project was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research, and the participants provided written informed consent.</p>
      <p>All TTs were performed in the morning period, using a tilt table with an angle ranging from -20 degrees (<italic>Trendelenburg</italic> position) to 70 degrees (upright), support for the patient's feet, in a quiet room under mild and constant temperature. The fasting patients were allowed to rest in the supine position for 10 minutes, and then tilted (70 degree) during the first 20-minute step. When there was no event (syncope or presyncope), the drug-sensitization step was initiated with the sublingual administration of 1.25 mg of isosorbide for up to 15 minutes. In the presence of events, such as cardioinhibitory response with symptoms, the test was considered positive. Simultaneously, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring was performed, as well as intermittent recording of blood pressure every 3 minutes by use of the Hewlett Packard Omnicare 24C monitor. Continuous electrocardiographic recording was performed by use of the Holter system with a digital recorder (DMS 300-8) of three channels (V1, modified V5 and D3) to analyze HRV in the supine position for 10 minutes and in the tilt position. Recording was performed on the fifth minute (during the last minute and for a total of 5 minutes) in the supine and tilt positions for all patients. In addition, recording was performed on the fifth minute at the end of inclination, in the control group, and on the fifth minute after an event, in the case group in the supine position.</p>
      <p>The software Holter DMS, version 76, was used for the HRV spectral analysis, assessing the LF, HF and LF/HF ratio components via the Fourier mathematical model, after processing the data obtained, with correction of extrasystoles and artifacts. The results of that analysis were expressed in absolute units (ms<sup>2</sup>).</p>
      <p>The SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software, version 14.0, was used for data analysis. The results were expressed as numbers and proportions for categorical variables, and as measures of central trend and dispersion for continuous variables. Mann-Whitney and chi-square or Fisher tests, when appropriate, were used to compare the differences between continuous and categorical variables (nominal or ordinal), respectively. Wilcoxon test was used to compare HRV values between the periods of supine position, during inclination and after the event or end of inclination. Logarithmic transformation of HRV values was performed. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess sensitivity and specificity of HR spectral analysis in the supine position, considering the positive response to the test. The significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>General characteristics of the case series</title>
        <p>The patients' mean age was 36.2 &#177; 17.9 years (range, 14 - 77), 35 (54.7%) being males. Regarding the case group, the median time of symptom presence was 20 months. The mean time since the last syncope episode was 60.1 months. The mean number of syncope episodes was 4.17 &#177; 2.6 (range, 1 - 12), and the Calgary score ranged from -8 to +4 points (mean, -0.9). The hemodynamic variables of the entire case series are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamic variables of 64 patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Mean</th>
                <th align="center">Standard deviation</th>
                <th align="center">Minimum value</th>
                <th align="center">Maximum value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">supine SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">119.2</td>
                <td align="center">15.2</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">166</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">supine DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">61.5</td>
                <td align="center">10.4</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">supine HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">63.4</td>
                <td align="center">9.2</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In the case group, 38 patients (95%) reported prodromes, while 8 patients (20%) reported trauma resulting from the syncope episode. The triggers related to syncope were as follows: body posture type (upright or sitting), 31 patients (77.5%); emotional stress, 8 (20%); and sight of blood, 1 patient. To avoid bias in HRV interpretation, the case and control groups were paired for sex and age: 17 women in the case group (42.5% of the group) and 12 women in the control group (50%), p=0.56. In the case group, mean age was 32.9 &#177; 14.8 years, and, in the control group, 41.7 &#177; 21.2, p=0.13.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical and hemodynamic variables during tilt test</title>
        <p>During TT, the control and case groups did not significantly differ regarding the hemodynamic variables (HR and blood pressure) in the supine position and during inclination (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamic variables during tilt test (TT)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Control group (n=24)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Case group (n=40)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p Value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mean</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Standard deviation</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Mean</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Standard deviation</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">supine HR</td>
                <td align="center">65,5</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td align="center">62,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">supine SBP</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">16,6</td>
                <td align="center">117,8</td>
                <td align="center">14,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">supine DBP</td>
                <td align="center">63,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">60,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TT HR</td>
                <td align="center">79,3</td>
                <td align="center">14,7</td>
                <td align="center">80,4</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TT SBP</td>
                <td align="center">122,5</td>
                <td align="center">14,7</td>
                <td align="center">117,6</td>
                <td align="center">15,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TT DBP</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
                <td align="center">66,8</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In the case group, 21 patients (52.5%) had type 2A response, and 19 (47.5%), type 2B response, constituting the subgroups. In the type 2A response subgroup, mean age was 35.9 &#177; 14.5 years, and, in the type 2B response subgroup, 29.5 &#177; 14.9 years (p=0,09). The case group had 17 women (42.5%), with 9 women and 12 men in the type 2A response subgroup, while the type 2B response subgroup had 8 women and 11 men. In the type 2A response subgroup, the mean HR achieved was 28.4 &#177; 5.2 bpm (range, 20 - 38 bpm). In the type 2B response subgroup, the mean value of pause was 14.2 &#177; 16.5 seconds (range, 3.4 - 70.2 seconds) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>), while the median value of pause was 9.7 seconds. The mean time for positive response on TT was 20.4 &#177;7.8 minutes (range, 5 - 34 minutes). Prodromes were reported by 20 patients (95.2%) in the type 2A response subgroup, and by 18 (94.7%) in the type 2B response subgroup (p=0.73). Trauma due to syncope was reported by 5 patients in each group (p=0.57). The triggers related to syncope were mainly the upright position and the sitting position in both 2A and 2B subgroups, with no significant difference (p=0.75). There was no sex predominance regarding the cardioinhibitory response (23 men versus 17 women, p= 0.60). Sensitization during TT was performed in 26 patients (65%) of the case group: 14 and 12 patients of the 2A and 2B subgroups, respectively (p=0.53).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Continuous electrocardiographic recording by use of Holter of a patient with type 2B cardioinhibitory response at 13 minutes of tilt test, with asystole of longest duration (70.2 s).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0568-60177-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Spectral analysis of heart rate variability</title>
        <p>Comparing the HRV components during the supine position and on the fifth minute of TT by using Wilcoxon test in the entire case series, the mean values of those components and p values were obtained, being shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. There was statistical significance in the HF (p&lt;0.0001) and LF/HF ratio (p&lt;0.0001) components when changing the supine position on the fifth minute after inclination; however, the LF component showed no significance (p=0.19).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) of patients in the supine position and on the fifth minute of the tilt test (TT)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Supine position</th>
                <th align="center">5th min TT</th>
                <th align="center">p Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">8.9</td>
                <td align="center">10.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">6.2</td>
                <td align="center">2.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF/HF</td>
                <td align="center">4.1</td>
                <td align="center">7.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>LF: low frequency component of HRV; HF: high frequency component of HRV; ms<sup>2</sup>: milliseconds squared.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>When comparing HRV during only 1 minute (on the fifth minute) between case and control groups, by using Mann-Whitney test, there was a significant difference in the supine position regarding the LF and LF/HF ratio components, but no difference between the groups during inclination. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows those data and the comparison between the inclination phase, on the fifth minute, and after the test.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the heart rate variability (HRV) components between the case and control groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Case group</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Control group</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">p Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">T0</td>
                <td align="center">T1</td>
                <td align="center">T3</td>
                <td align="center">T0</td>
                <td align="center">T1</td>
                <td align="center">T3</td>
                <td align="center">T0</td>
                <td align="center">T1</td>
                <td align="center">T3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF (ms2)</td>
                <td align="center">11.6</td>
                <td align="center">11.0</td>
                <td align="center">8.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.5</td>
                <td align="center">8.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.11</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF (ms2)</td>
                <td align="center">7.4</td>
                <td align="center">2.8</td>
                <td align="center">7.3</td>
                <td align="center">4.2</td>
                <td align="center">2.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.09</td>
                <td align="center">0.27</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF/HF</td>
                <td align="center">3.9</td>
                <td align="center">8.1</td>
                <td align="center">2.5</td>
                <td align="center">4.5</td>
                <td align="center">5.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
                <td align="center">0.23</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>LF: low frequency component of HRV; HF: high frequency component of HRV; T0: supine position before tilt test; T1: on the 5th min of tilt test; T3: after tilt test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The HRV analysis was also performed during the five minutes accumulated in the supine position between the case and control groups. That analysis showed a significant difference regarding the LF component (963.3 versus 557.0 ms<sup>2</sup>, p=0.004), but no difference regarding the HF (p=0.48) and LF/HF ratio components (p=0.77). During the first five minutes at the beginning of TT (inclination phase), a difference occurred only regarding the LF component (729.0 ms<sup>2</sup> in the case group, and 532.1 ms<sup>2</sup> in the control group; p=0.04). During the five minutes after TT, statistically significant difference was observed only for the LF component (543.9 versus 693.0 ms<sup>2</sup> for the case and control groups, respectively; p=0.22). With logarithmic transformation of those HRV component values, the same p values were obtained. The HR spectral analysis of 1 patient in the case group and of another patient in the control group is plotted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Graph of heart rate spectral analysis of a case group patient during all monitoring. LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; VLF: very low frequency.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0568-60177-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Graph of heart rate spectral analysis of a control group patient during all monitoring. LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; VLF: very low frequency.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0568-60177-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve</title>
        <p>Applying the receiver operating characteristic curve for the entire case series, considering cardioinhibitory response as the stable variable, that is the case group, the areas under the curve obtained were 0.74 and 0.70 for the LF and LF/HF ratio components, both in the supine position, respectively, with statistical significance according to the Mann-Whitney test. The curves and data with p values and 95% confidence intervals are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>. The cutoff point of 0.35 ms<sup>2</sup> for the LF component, considered the best, had sensitivity of 97.4% and specificity of 83.3%. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 85.3% and the negative predictive value (NPV), 96.9%. The positive likelihood ratio was 5.8. For the LF/HF ratio in the supine position, sensitivity was 89.7% and specificity, 66.7%, with PPV of 72.9% and NPV of 86.6%. Considering type 2B response as the stable variable, the receiver operating characteristic curve obtained for the case group showed no statistical significance for any of the HRV components.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Receiver operating characteristic curve for the LF and LF/HF ratio components in the supine position, with area under the curve, p value and 95% confidence interval (CI) for all case series, considering cardioinhibitory response as the stable variable. LF: blue line; LF/HF: green line. LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0568-60177-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The HRV spectral analysis parameters during TT have been shown to help to understand the mechanism of syncope,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> being useful to identify autonomic changes before and during TT in patients with syncope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The present study showed that the HRV components could predict the cardioinhibitory response before beginning the tilting, and some of them, when compared in the different phases of TT, differed from those in the control group. The LF component in the supine position, with better discriminatory power than the LF/HF ratio, showed sensitivity of 97.4%, with excellent diagnostic screening, correctly detecting patients with history of syncope, and specificity of 83.3%, also detecting those truly negative, who had no history of syncope, enabling diagnostic confirmation. The power of that diagnostic test resulted in a high NPV, due to its higher sensitivity, with a positive likelihood ratio, that is, TT's likelihood of a positive cardioinhibitory response of 5.8.</p>
      <p>The HRV components in the frequency domain undergo changes during the tilting phases, being influenced by some factors. Comparing HRV in the supine position and after the tilting postural maneuver, healthy individuals showed an increase in the LF and LF/HF ratio components, and a reduction in the HF component regarding the values at rest in the supine position.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> To assess the influence of age, Ruiz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> have compared HRV data between patients with positive and negative response on TT, divided into two groups according to age (young, 15 to 35 years of age; and elder, over 60 years), and have shown a significant change in the LF components and an increase in the LF/HF ratio between the supine and tilted positions, less evident among the elderly. However, that study has not assessed the cardioinhibitory response. Regarding sex, a study paired for age,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> comparing healthy men and women with a mean age of 50 years, has shown in the female sex a lower LF component (p&lt;0.001), a higher HF component (p&lt;0.001) and a lower LF/HF ratio (p&lt;0.001) as compared to the values obtained in male patients. Another study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> on HRV has shown that young women have a lower LF component and LF/HF ratio than young men during the postural maneuver. Barantke et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> in a study with healthy volunteers, have reported a higher LF component in men as compared to women, both in the supine and tilted positions, as well as no difference in the HF component between sexes, which could justify the difference between sexes regarding orthostatic tolerance.</p>
      <p>Because of the influence of age and sex on HRV, and to prevent interpretation bias, the present study compared the group of patients with history of syncope and all with cardioinhibitory response on TT with the control group, paired for age and sex.</p>
      <p>Regarding the ability of the HRV components to predict and differentiate patients who would have syncope during TT, Duplyakov et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and Kochiadakis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> have demonstrated a reduction in the HF component in patients with positive response on TT, in the time period between the beginning of tilting and immediately after the end of TT, which did not significantly occur in patients with negative response. However, Furlan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> have shown that different models of spectral HRV can be detected preceding syncope: one characterized by a progressive increase in cardiac autonomic modulation until the sudden occurrence of bradycardia, and another with gradual inhibition of the sympathetic component and concomitant increase in vagal modulation. In accordance with the results of the present study, Kouakan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> assessing 69 patients submitted to TT and with history of unexplained syncope, have concluded that the LF/HF ratio persisted reduced during the entire period of inclination, being the only variable that discriminated the groups with positive and negative responses on TT (p=0.005), with 89% sensitivity, 89% specificity, 92% PPV and 86% NPV.</p>
      <p>This subject has distinct results regarding the behavior of HRV spectral analysis. This can be explained by the case series of those studies including patients with history either suggesting vasovagal syncope or unexplained, with different responses on TT and distinct periods of time to assess HRV, in addition to other variables, such as age and sex.</p>
      <p>The response on TT, whether vasodepressor, mixed or cardioinhibitory, could reflect different behaviors of HRV; however, those responses on TT have been reported in studies only as subgroups of positive response on TT. Only the vasodepressor response has been emphasized. Prinz-Zaiss et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> comparing a group of patients with syncope of vasodepressor response with the control group, have demonstrated that, during tilting, there was a progressive increase in the LF component and a decrease in the HF component. However, during the presyncope period, in the group with syncope, the LF component decreased. In addition, the HF and HF/LF ratio components did not significantly differ between groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> However, in that study, no patient with cardioinhibitory response was included.</p>
      <p>Considering the HRV behavior in patients with cardioinhibitory response on TT, Guzman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> with a small case series, have shown a higher LF component at rest in the first minute after syncope during TT in patients with cardioinhibitory response (9 patients), as compared to that value of patients with vasodepressor response (7 patients). Kochiadakis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> assessing 24 young individuals (mean age, 28 years) submitted to TT and with cardioinhibitory response in 71% of them (17 patients), have reported a decrease in the HF component after TT, as compared to 31 patients with mean age of 56 years, 68% of whom had vasodepressor response on TT. Another study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> in which only 8 patients had cardioinhibitory response, has reported no difference in HRV at rest between those with different responses on TT; however, there was sympathetic activation during TT in those with cardioinhibitory response. Those studies had a small case series and a small number of patients with cardioinhibitory response as compared to the present study, which compared 40 patients with cardioinhibitory response with those in the control group, paired for sex and age, with a more robust design and avoiding interpretation bias.</p>
      <p>Although the vasovagal syncope is attributed to the Bezold-Jarish reflex, with paradoxical bradycardia and hypotension due to sympathetic inhibition and subsequent parasympathetic hyperactivity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> its pathophysiology is still controversial. Differently from patients with vasodilation in the presyncope period, 34% of those with vasovagal syncope had a decrease in cardiac output, mainly due to a drop in HR, with no change in total peripheral resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In addition, there is evidence of sympathetic innervation activity persistence in patients with vasovagal syncope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> That could explain the findings of the present study, with an increase in the LF and LF/HF ratio components in the case group before the occurrence of syncope or presyncope on TT.</p>
      <p>Regarding the clinical profile of the case series of the present study, 9.2% of the patients submitted to TT had cardioinhibitory response, an incidence in accordance to those in the literature: up to 6.6%, considering only the passive phase,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> or up to 21% in sensitized protocols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Trauma secondary to syncope occurred in 20% of the case group with exclusively vasovagal syncope, while in the literature that ranged from 27.5% to 29% in a heterogeneous group (vasovagal and of unexplained origin). Prodromes, which are important in clinical history, occurred in 95% of the case group in the present study, being frequently reported in the literature, mainly among young indivduals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering that the asystole of the TT is a rare response during spontaneous syncope<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and that its investigation has better cost-benefit ratio if initiated during TT than by the monitor of implantable events,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> further studies on cardioinhibitory response, especially on type 2B response, are necessary.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The results of the present study should not be extrapolated to different and less selected groups (with other types of response on TT) of patients with vasovagal syncope. The acquisition of continuous hemodynamic parameters of blood pressure was limited, because digital pletismography was not used. However, this did not influence the HRV results. The number of patients with cardioinhibitory response with and without asystole was small for appropriate comparison between both subgroups.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The spectral analysis in supine position, before TT, by use of the LF and LF/HF ratio components, allowed the identification of patients with history of syncope who had cardioinhibitory response, and the comparison to patients with no history of syncope and with negative TT. The case group patients had greater sympathetic activation in the supine position. Thus, the HRV analysis can be used as a non-invasive tool to predict response to TT, with high NPV and likelihood ratio of 5,8.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Sources of Funding</p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Study Association</p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Cl&#225;udia Madeira Miranda, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Tilt Test</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise da Variabilidade de Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca antes e durante o Teste de Inclina&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes com S&#237;ncope Vasovagal Tipo Cardioinibit&#243;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia Madeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Madre Teresa; Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva, Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 246. CEP 30130-100. Centro, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>roselisboa@cardiol.br</email>, <email>roselisboa@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Miranda CM, Silva RMFL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Miranda CM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva RMFL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria vasovagal ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI) &#233; pouco frequente. A variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) por meio da an&#225;lise espectral pode discernir os pacientes (pts) com aquela resposta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a VFC em pts com s&#237;ncope vasovagal cardioinibit&#243;ria (grupo caso - G1), comparando-a com a VFC de pts sem s&#237;ncope e com resposta negativa ao TI (grupo controle - G2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>foram avaliados 64 pts, m&#233;dia de idade 36,2 anos, 35 homens, submetidos ao TI a 70&#186;, sob monitoramento pelo Holter digital. Os grupos foram pareados por idade e sexo, sendo 40 pts do G1 e 24 do G2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>No G1, 21 pts apresentaram resposta tipo 2A e 19, tipo 2B, com m&#233;dia do TI de 20,4 min. Houve maior valor do componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (BF) (11,6 versus 4,5 ms<sup>2</sup>, p=0,001) e menor rela&#231;&#227;o baixa/alta frequ&#234;ncia na posi&#231;&#227;o supina (3,9 versus 4,5 ms<sup>2</sup>, p=0,008) no G1, sem diferen&#231;a durante o TI. Aplicando-se a curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria, foi obtida a &#225;rea abaixo da curva de 0,74 para o componente BF na posi&#231;&#227;o supina (p=0,001). Para o ponto de corte de 0,35 ms<sup>2</sup> para BF observaram-se: sensibilidade, 97,4%; especificidade, 83,3%; valor preditivo positivo, 85,3%; valor preditivo negativo, 96,9%; e raz&#227;o de probabilidade positiva, 5,8.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A VFC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina permitiu identificar os pts com s&#237;ncope e com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria, com um alto valor preditivo negativo e uma raz&#227;o de probabilidade de 5,8.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope Vasovagal / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Mesa Inclinada</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia Ambulatorial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>S&#237;ncope &#233; a perda transit&#243;ria e abrupta de consci&#234;ncia secund&#225;ria a hipoperfus&#227;o cerebral, de curta dura&#231;&#227;o e recupera&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No estudo de Framingham, sua incid&#234;ncia foi de 6,2/1000 pessoas-ano, sendo a vasovagal a causa mais frequente (21,2%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Apesar de n&#227;o estar completamente esclarecida, a fisiopatologia da s&#237;ncope vasovagal &#233; caracterizada por uma ativa&#231;&#227;o reflexa que deflagra r&#225;pido aumento na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e redu&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular, resultando em hipotens&#227;o arterial e/ou bradiarritmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI) &#233; usado para diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ncope vasovagal, sendo seguro, de baixo custo e de boa reprodutibilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A resposta final ao TI &#233; a indu&#231;&#227;o de hipotens&#227;o arterial e/ou bradicardia de forma reflexa e associada &#224; s&#237;ncope ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, classificada como vasodepressora, mista ou cardioinibit&#243;ria. Esta &#250;ltima se manifesta com ou sem assistolia (2B, com assistolia por mais de 3,0s; ou 2A, queda de FC &lt; 40 bpm por mais de 10s; respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A incid&#234;ncia dessa resposta varia de 1 a 4,4% dos testes positivos e alcan&#231;a 21% em protocolos sensibilizados com nitroglicerina e 13% com isoproterenol, sendo mais frequente em jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram a ocorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es da variabilidade da FC (VFC) durante o TI em inclina&#231;&#227;o graduada em pacientes (pts) saud&#225;veis, fornecendo an&#225;lise n&#227;o invasiva quantitativa do balan&#231;o simp&#225;tico vagal, por meio dos seus componentes de BF (baixa frequ&#234;ncia), AF (alta frequ&#234;ncia) e raz&#227;o BF/AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> H&#225; apenas quatro estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> que inclu&#237;ram a an&#225;lise espectral de pts adultos com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria, com comportamento distinto, evidenciando aumento do componente BF no repouso, redu&#231;&#227;o maior do componente AF ap&#243;s o TI, ou aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF antes do evento sincopal durante o TI, utilizando somente a an&#225;lise univariada e sem se valer da curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para a an&#225;lise do valor preditivo da VFC em rela&#231;&#227;o a essa resposta espec&#237;fica. Dessa maneira, o presente objetiva avaliar a VFC por meio da an&#225;lise espectral antes e durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de TI em pts com s&#237;ncope vasovagal e resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria, comparando-a com a VFC de pts com resposta negativa ao TI e sem hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope, verificando seu valor preditivo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo caso-controle, observacional, prospectivo. A popula&#231;&#227;o foi composta de 64 pts selecionados consecutivamente para realiza&#231;&#227;o de TI, no Departamento de M&#233;todos Gr&#225;ficos do Hospital Madre Teresa, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2013 a fevereiro de 2014, de um total de 435 pts. Foram constitu&#237;dos dois grupos: o grupo caso, com 40 pts com hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope e com o TI com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria; e o grupo controle, com 24 pts com outros sintomas n&#227;o relacionados &#224; perda de consci&#234;ncia, como tontura ou queda, sem s&#237;ncope ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope e com TI negativo (sem sintomas, sem resposta vasovagal ou disautonomia). Os dois grupos apresentavam ritmo sinusal e foram pareados por sexo e idade. Foram inclu&#237;dos, consecutivamente, pts com idade a partir de 14 anos (faixa et&#225;ria de atendimento no hospital), de ambos os sexos e aptos a realizar o TI. Foram exclu&#237;dos gestantes, pts que se recusassem a participar do estudo e que apresentassem condi&#231;&#245;es coexistentes que pudessem afetar a an&#225;lise da VFC, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ritmo de marca-passo, uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos, e pts submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>O tamanho da popula&#231;&#227;o foi calculado em 52 pacientes. Os preceitos do c&#225;lculo amostral para o planejamento da pesquisa foram a rela&#231;&#227;o 1:1 entre os dois grupos, o desvio-padr&#227;o dos componentes da an&#225;lise espectral de 200 ms<sup>2</sup>, a diferen&#231;a de pelo menos de 100 ms<sup>2</sup> a ser detectada, o poder do teste de 90%, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, sendo o teste monocaudal. Foram considerados tamb&#233;m os n&#250;meros de pacientes inclu&#237;dos em pesquisas semelhantes.</p>
        <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica e Pesquisa e os pts assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Todos os TI foram realizados no per&#237;odo matutino, utilizando mesa basculante com angula&#231;&#227;o de -20 graus (posi&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Trendelenburg</italic>) a 70 graus ortost&#225;tico, com suporte para os p&#233;s, em sala com temperatura amena e constante, e ambiente silencioso. Os pts em jejum foram submetidos ao repouso em posi&#231;&#227;o supina por 10 minutos e, em seguida, &#224; inclina&#231;&#227;o a 70&#186; na mesa durante a primeira etapa de 20 minutos. Em caso de n&#227;o ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos (s&#237;ncope ou pr&#233;-sincope), seguia-se a etapa de sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica com 1,25 mg de isossorbida por via sublingual, com dura&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 15 minutos ou menos. Caso ocorressem eventos, ou seja, resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria com sintomas, o teste foi considerado positivo. Simultaneamente &#224; execu&#231;&#227;o do TI, foram feitos o monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico cont&#237;nuo e o registro intermitente de press&#227;o arterial a cada 3 minutos por meio de monitor Hewlett Packard Omnicare 24C. O registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico cont&#237;nuo foi feito pelo sistema Holter com gravador digital, marca DMS 300-8, modelo com tr&#234;s canais (V1, V5 modificado e D3), para an&#225;lise da VFC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina por 10 minutos e na posi&#231;&#227;o inclinada. O registro foi feito no quinto minuto (durante o tempo do &#250;ltimo minuto e durante o total de 5 minutos) na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e inclinada em todos os pts. O registro tamb&#233;m foi feito ao final de 5 minutos do t&#233;rmino da inclina&#231;&#227;o (no quinto minuto), no grupo controle, e no quinto minuto ap&#243;s ocorr&#234;ncia do evento, no grupo caso em posi&#231;&#227;o supina.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise espectral da VFC, foi utilizado o programa de Holter DMS vers&#227;o 76, avaliando-se os componentes BF, AF e a rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF, pelo modelo matem&#225;tico de Fourier, ap&#243;s o processamento dos dados obtidos, com corre&#231;&#227;o das extrassistolias e artefatos. Os resultados dessa an&#225;lise foram expressos em unidades absolutas (ms<sup>2</sup>).</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise dos dados foi utilizado o programa SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>) vers&#227;o 14.0. Os resultados foram expressos em n&#250;meros e propor&#231;&#245;es para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e em medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e de dispers&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Os testes de Mann-Whitney e do qui-quadrado ou de Fisher, quando apropriado, foram utilizados para comparar as diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas (do tipo nominal ou ordinal), respectivamente. O teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para comparar os valores da VFC entre os per&#237;odos de posi&#231;&#227;o supina, durante inclina&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s evento ou t&#233;rmino da inclina&#231;&#227;o. Foi feita a transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica dos valores da VFC. Foi aplicada a curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para se avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade da an&#225;lise espectral da FC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, considerando-se a resposta positiva ao teste. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi 5%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da casu&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos pts foi de 36,2 &#177; 17,9 anos (variando de 14 a 77), sendo 35 (54,7%) do sexo masculino. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo caso, a mediana do tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas foi de 20 meses. A m&#233;dia do &#250;ltimo epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope ocorrido foi de 60,1 meses. O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope foi de 4,17 &#177; 2,6 (variando de 1 a 12) e o escore de Calgary variou de -8 a + 4 pontos, com m&#233;dia de -0,9. As vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas de toda a casu&#237;stica est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas dos 64 pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th align="center">Desvio-padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor m&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor m&#225;ximo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS supina (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">119,2</td>
                  <td align="center">15,2</td>
                  <td align="center">95</td>
                  <td align="center">166</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD supina (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,5</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC supina (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">63,4</td>
                  <td align="center">9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">89</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>No grupo caso, houve pr&#243;dromos em 38 pts (95%), com a ocorr&#234;ncia de trauma devido ao quadro de s&#237;ncope em 8 pts (20%). Os gatilhos relacionados &#224; s&#237;ncope foram do tipo postural (ortostatismo ou sentado) em 31 pts (77,5%), estresse emocional em 8 (20%), e vis&#227;o de sangue em 1 paciente. Para evitar vieses na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da VFC, os grupos caso e controle foram pareados por sexo e idade, havendo 17 mulheres no grupo caso (42,5% deste grupo) e 12 no grupo controle (50%), com p=0,56. Quanto &#224; idade, a m&#233;dia foi de 32,9 &#177; 14,8 anos no grupo caso e de 41,7 &#177; 21,2 no grupo controle, com p=0,13.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e hemodin&#226;micas durante o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Durante o TI, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes entre os grupos controle e caso, referentes &#224;s vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas (FC e press&#227;o arterial), durante a posi&#231;&#227;o supina e a inclina&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas durante o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Grupo controle(n=24)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Grupo caso (n=40)</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Desvio-padr&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Desvio-padr&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC supina</td>
                  <td align="center">65,5</td>
                  <td align="center">10,8</td>
                  <td align="center">62,1</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS supina</td>
                  <td align="center">12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">16,6</td>
                  <td align="center">117,8</td>
                  <td align="center">14,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD supina</td>
                  <td align="center">63,0</td>
                  <td align="center">11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">60,5</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC TI</td>
                  <td align="center">79,3</td>
                  <td align="center">14,7</td>
                  <td align="center">80,4</td>
                  <td align="center">13,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS TI</td>
                  <td align="center">122,5</td>
                  <td align="center">14,7</td>
                  <td align="center">117,6</td>
                  <td align="center">15,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD TI</td>
                  <td align="center">66,5</td>
                  <td align="center">12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">66,8</td>
                  <td align="center">11,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>No grupo caso, 21 pts (52,5%) apresentaram resposta tipo 2A, e 19 (47,5%) resposta tipo 2B, constituindo os subgrupos. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 35,9 &#177; 14,5 anos, no subgrupo com resposta tipo 2A, e 29,5 &#177; 14,9 anos, no subgrupo tipo 2B (p=0,09). O grupo era constitu&#237;do de 17 mulheres (42,5%), com 9 mulheres e 12 homens no subgrupo 2A, e com 8 mulheres e 11 homens no subgrupo 2B. A m&#233;dia da FC atingida no subgrupo 2A foi de 28,4 &#177; 5,2 bpm, variando de 20 a 38 bpm. No subgrupo 2B, a m&#233;dia da pausa foi de 14,2 &#177; 16,5 s, variando de 3,4 a 70,2 s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref>), com mediana de 9,7 s. O tempo m&#233;dio para resposta positiva ao TI foi de 20,4 &#177;7,8 minutos, variando de 5 a 34 minutos. Vinte pts (95,2%) do subgrupo 2A e 18 (94,7%) do subgrupo 2B (p=0,73) apresentaram hist&#243;ria de pr&#243;dromos. Trauma em decorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope ocorreu em 5 pts de cada grupo, com valor p de 0,57. Os gatilhos relacionados &#224; s&#237;ncope foram principalmente o ortostatismo e a posi&#231;&#227;o sentada em ambos os subgrupos 2A e 2B, sem diferen&#231;a significante (p=0,75). N&#227;o houve predom&#237;nio de sexo quanto &#224; resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria (23 homens versus 17 mulheres, p=0,60). A sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o durante o TI foi feita em 26 pts (65%) do grupo caso, sendo 14 e 12 pts, respectivamente, dos subgrupos 2A e 2B (p=0,53).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico cont&#237;nuo pelo sistema Holter de paciente com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria tipo 2B aos 13 minutos do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, o qual apresentou assistolia de maior dura&#231;&#227;o, de 70,2 s.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0568-60177-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise espectral da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Comparando-se os componentes da VFC durante a posi&#231;&#227;o supina e no quinto minuto do TI pelo teste de Wilcoxon em toda a casu&#237;stica, foram obtidos os valores m&#233;dios daqueles componentes e os valores de p, os quais est&#227;o dispostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>. Houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quanto ao componente AF (p&lt;0,0001) e &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF (p&lt;0,0001) na mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o supina para o quinto minuto ap&#243;s a inclina&#231;&#227;o, sem signific&#226;ncia quanto ao componente BF (p=0,19).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise espectral da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) dos pacientes na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e no 5&#186; minuto do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Posi&#231;&#227;o supina</th>
                  <th align="center">5&#186; min TI</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BF/AF</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>BF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia da VFC; AF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia da VFC; ms<sup>2</sup>: milissegundos elevados ao quadrado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Ao se comparar a VFC durante somente um minuto (no quinto minuto) entre os grupos caso e controle, por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney, houve diferen&#231;a significante na posi&#231;&#227;o supina quanto ao componente BF e a rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos durante a inclina&#231;&#227;o. Os dados est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>, assim como a compara&#231;&#227;o entre a fase de inclina&#231;&#227;o, no quinto minuto, e ap&#243;s o teste.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos componentes da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) entre os grupos caso e controle</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">Grupo caso</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">Grupo controle</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">T0</td>
                  <td align="center">T1</td>
                  <td align="center">T3</td>
                  <td align="center">T0</td>
                  <td align="center">T1</td>
                  <td align="center">T3</td>
                  <td align="center">T0</td>
                  <td align="center">T1</td>
                  <td align="center">T3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">11,0</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BF/AF</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>BF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia da VFC; AF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia da VFC; T0: posi&#231;&#227;o supina antes do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o; T1: no 5&#186; minuto do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o; T3: ap&#243;s o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da VFC tamb&#233;m foi feita durante os cinco minutos acumulados na posi&#231;&#227;o supina entre os grupos caso e controle. Essa an&#225;lise demonstrou diferen&#231;a significante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao componente BF (963,3 versus 557,0 ms<sup>2</sup>, p=0,004), por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a quanto aos componentes AF (p=0,48) e &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF (p=0,77). Durante os primeiros cinco minutos acumulados do in&#237;cio do TI (fase de inclina&#231;&#227;o), houve diferen&#231;a somente quanto ao componente BF, com valores de 729,0 ms<sup>2</sup> no grupo caso e de 532,1 ms<sup>(2 )</sup>no grupo controle (p=0,04). E durante os cinco minutos acumulados ap&#243;s o TI, houve diferen&#231;a com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica tamb&#233;m somente quanto ao componente BF (543,9 versus 693,0 ms<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente para os grupos caso e controle, p=0,22). Com a transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica desses valores dos componentes da VFC, foram obtidos os mesmos valores de p. Os dados da an&#225;lise espectral da FC de 1 paciente do grupo caso e de 1 do grupo controle est&#227;o plotados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">3</xref>, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico da an&#225;lise espectral da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de paciente do grupo caso durante todo o monitoramento. BF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; MBF: muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0568-60177-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            <fig id="f07">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico da an&#225;lise espectral da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de paciente do grupo controle durante todo o monitoramento. BF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; MBF: muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0568-60177-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Aplicando-se a curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para toda a casu&#237;stica, considerando-se a vari&#225;vel est&#225;vel resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria, ou seja, grupo caso, foram obtidas as &#225;reas abaixo da curva de 0,74 e 0,70, respectivamente, para o componente BF e a rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF, ambos na posi&#231;&#227;o supina (os quais apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica pelo teste de Mann-Whitney). As curvas e os dados com os valores de p e os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% est&#227;o dispostos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>. O ponto de corte de 0,35 ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> para o componente BF, considerado o melhor, apresentou uma sensibilidade 97,4% e uma especificidade de 83,3%. O valor preditivo positivo (VPP) foi 85,3% e o valor preditivo negativo (VPN) foi 96,9%. A raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva foi 5,8. Para a vari&#225;vel rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, a sensibilidade foi 89,7% e a especificidade, 66,7%, com VPP de 72,9% e VPN de 86,6%. Considerando-se como vari&#225;vel est&#225;vel a resposta tipo 2B, foi obtida a curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para o grupo caso, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para nenhum dos componentes da VFC.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para os componentes BF e a rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, com os dados da &#225;rea sob a curva, valor-p e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) para toda a casu&#237;stica, considerando-se a vari&#225;vel est&#225;vel a resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria. BF: linha em cor azul; BF/AF: linha em verde. BF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: alta frequ&#234;ncia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0568-60177-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros da an&#225;lise espectral da VFC t&#234;m sido demonstrados durante o TI como auxiliar na compreens&#227;o do mecanismo da s&#237;ncope<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e &#250;teis na identifica&#231;&#227;o das mudan&#231;as auton&#244;micas antes e durante o TI em pts de s&#237;ncope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> No presente estudo, foi demonstrado que os componentes de VFC foram capazes de predizer a resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria antes do in&#237;cio da inclina&#231;&#227;o, e alguns deles se distinguiram em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle quando comparados seus valores referentes &#224;s diferentes fases do TI. O componente BF na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, com melhor poder discriminat&#243;rio que a rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF, apresentou sensibilidade de 97,4%, com excelente rastreamento diagn&#243;stico, detectando corretamente os pts com hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope, e especificidade de 83,3%, tamb&#233;m detectando aqueles verdadeiramente negativos, que n&#227;o apresentavam hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de s&#237;ncope, possibilitando tamb&#233;m a confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico. O poder desse teste diagn&#243;stico resultou em um alto VPN, por ser mais sens&#237;vel, com uma raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva, ou seja, uma probabilidade do TI apresentar a resposta positiva cardioinibit&#243;ria de 5,8.</p>
        <p>Os componentes da VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es durante as fases de inclina&#231;&#227;o e sofrem influ&#234;ncia de alguns fatores. Em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, comparando-se a VFC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e ap&#243;s a manobra postural de inclina&#231;&#227;o, foi observado aumento de BF e da raz&#227;o BF/AF, enquanto houve redu&#231;&#227;o do componente AF em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o supina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Quanto &#224; influ&#234;ncia da idade, Ruiz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> compararam dados da VFC entre pts com TI com resposta positiva e negativa, divididos em grupos de jovens (entre 15 e 35 anos de idade) e idosos (acima de 60 anos), e demonstraram que houve altera&#231;&#227;o significante dos componentes BF e aumento da raz&#227;o BF/AF entre a posi&#231;&#227;o supina e inclinada, sendo menos evidente essa altera&#231;&#227;o em idosos. Entretanto, aquele estudo n&#227;o analisou a resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria. Quanto ao sexo, em estudo pr&#233;vio pareado por idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> comparando homens e mulheres saud&#225;veis e com idade m&#233;dia de 50 anos, foi demonstrado que no sexo feminino o componente BF apresentou-se menor (p&lt;0,001), o AF maior (p&lt;0,001) e a rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF menor (p&lt;0,001) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores obtidos nos pts do sexo masculino. Em outro estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> a VFC mostrou que mulheres jovens apresentavam o componente BF e a rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF menores do que os homens jovens durante manobra postural. Barantke et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> em estudo de volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis, observaram que o valor de BF era maior em homens do que em mulheres, tanto em posi&#231;&#227;o supina quanto inclinada, e que o componente AF n&#227;o apresentava diferen&#231;as entre os sexos, o que poderia justificar a diferen&#231;a entre os sexos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; toler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>Em virtude da influ&#234;ncia da idade e do sexo sobre a VFC e para evitar vieses de interpreta&#231;&#227;o, no presente estudo comparamos o grupo de pacientes com hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope e todos com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria ao TI com o grupo controle, pareados por idade e sexo.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; capacidade dos componentes da VFC em predizer e diferenciar os pacientes que apresentar&#227;o s&#237;ncope durante o TI, Duplyakov et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e Kochiadakis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> demonstraram que houve redu&#231;&#227;o do componente AF naqueles pts com resposta positiva ao TI, no per&#237;odo entre o in&#237;cio da inclina&#231;&#227;o e imediatamente ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do TI, o que n&#227;o ocorreu de forma significante naqueles com resposta negativa. Por outro lado, Furlan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> mostraram que modelos diferentes de VFC espectral podem ser detectados precedendo a s&#237;ncope: um caracterizado por aumento progressivo da modula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca auton&#244;mica at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia abrupta da bradicardia, e outro com gradual inibi&#231;&#227;o do componente simp&#225;tico e concomitante aumento da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal. Em concord&#226;ncia com os resultados do presente estudo, Kouakan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> avaliaram 69 pts submetidos ao TI e com hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope inexplicada e conclu&#237;ram que a rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF persistiu reduzida durante todo o per&#237;odo de inclina&#231;&#227;o e foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel que discriminou os grupos com resposta positiva e negativa ao TI (p=0,005), com sensibilidade de 89%, especificidade de 89%, VPP de 92% e VPN de 86%.</p>
        <p>Toda essa explana&#231;&#227;o sobre o tema apresenta distintos resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento da an&#225;lise espectral da VFC. E isto pode ser explicado pela casu&#237;stica daqueles estudos que inclu&#237;ram pts com hist&#243;ria ora sugestiva de s&#237;ncope vasovagal, ora inexplicada, com diferentes respostas ao TI, com per&#237;odos de tempo distintos para aferir a VFC, al&#233;m de outras vari&#225;veis, como idade e sexo.</p>
        <p>A resposta ao TI, se vasodepressora, mista ou cardioinibit&#243;ria, poderia refletir diferentes comportamentos da VFC, por&#233;m essas respostas ao TI foram citadas nos estudos apenas como subgrupos de resposta positiva no TI. H&#225; destaques somente quanto &#224; resposta vasodepressora. Prinz-Zaiss et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> comparando grupo de pts com s&#237;ncope por resposta vasodepressora com o grupo controle, demonstraram que, em inclina&#231;&#227;o, havia um aumento progressivo do componente BF e queda do AF. J&#225; no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, no grupo com s&#237;ncope, o componente BF diminu&#237;a. E os componentes AF e a rela&#231;&#227;o AF/BF n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Todavia, nesse estudo, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos pts com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>Considerando-se o comportamento da VFC em pts com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria ao TI, Guzman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> com pequena casu&#237;stica, demonstraram que o componente BF apresentou maior valor no repouso no primeiro minuto ap&#243;s o quadro de s&#237;ncope durante o TI naqueles com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria (9 pts), quando comparado ao valor dos pts com resposta vasodepressora (7 pts). Kochiadakis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> analisaram 24 jovens (m&#233;dia de idade de 28 anos) submetidos ao TI e com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria em 71% dos casos (17 pts), observando-se diminui&#231;&#227;o do componente AF ap&#243;s o TI, comparando-os com 31 pts com m&#233;dia de idade de 56 anos, os quais apresentaram resposta vasodepressora ao TI em 68% dos casos. Em outro estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> no qual somente 8 pts apresentaram resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na VFC ao repouso entre aqueles com diferentes respostas ao TI, por&#233;m houve ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica durante o teste naqueles com a resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria. Esses estudos apresentaram uma casu&#237;stica com pequeno n&#250;mero de pts com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o ao presente estudo, no qual foram avaliados 40 pts com aquela resposta e comparando-os com o grupo controle, pareado por sexo e idade, com desenho mais robusto e evitando-se vieses de interpreta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Apesar da fisiopatologia da s&#237;ncope vasovagal ser atribu&#237;da ao reflexo de Bezold-Jarish, com bradicardia paradoxal e hipotens&#227;o em raz&#227;o da inibi&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e subsequente hiperatividade parassimp&#225;tica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> ainda h&#225; debate sobre essa fisiopatologia. Diferentemente dos pts que apresentam vasodilata&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, foi verificado que 34% dos pts com s&#237;ncope vasovagal apresentam diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, principalmente devido &#224; queda da FC, sem altera&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica total.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> H&#225;, tamb&#233;m, evid&#234;ncia de persist&#234;ncia da atividade da inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica em pts com s&#237;ncope vasovagal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Essas evid&#234;ncias podem explicar os achados do presente estudo, com aumento do componente BF e da rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF no grupo caso, antes da ocorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ncope ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ao TI.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil cl&#237;nico da casu&#237;stica do presente estudo, 9,2% do total de pts submetidos ao TI apresentaram resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria, incid&#234;ncia dentro da faixa encontrada na literatura de at&#233; 6,6%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> considerando-se somente a fase passiva, ou at&#233; 21% em protocolos sensibilizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de trauma secund&#225;rio &#224; s&#237;ncope, esse ocorreu em 20% do grupo caso, com quadro de s&#237;ncope exclusivamente vasovagal, enquanto na literatura aquela taxa variou de 27,5 a 29% em grupo heterog&#234;neo (vasovagal e de origem inexplicada). Os pr&#243;dromos, que s&#227;o dados importantes na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, no presente estudo ocorreram em 95% dos pts do grupo caso e &#233; frequente tamb&#233;m na literatura, principalmente em jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando que a assistolia durante o TI &#233; uma resposta rara durante o evento espont&#226;neo de s&#237;ncope<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e que sua investiga&#231;&#227;o apresenta melhor rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio se iniciada pelo TI do que pelo monitor de eventos implant&#225;vel,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos adicionais sobre a resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria, em especial sobre a resposta tipo 2B.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Os resultados do presente estudo n&#227;o devem ser extrapolados para grupos distintos (com outros tipos de resposta ao TI) e menos selecionados de pts com s&#237;ncope vasovagal. Houve limita&#231;&#227;o na aquisi&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos cont&#237;nuos da press&#227;o arterial, uma vez que n&#227;o foi utilizada pletismografia digital. Contudo, isso n&#227;o influenciou os resultados da VFC. O n&#250;mero de pts com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria sem e com assistolia foi pequeno para uma compara&#231;&#227;o adequada entre esses dois subgrupos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise espectral na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, antes do TI, por meio dos componentes BF e BF/AF, permitiu identificar os pts com hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope e que apresentaram resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria, comparando com pts sem hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope e com TI negativo. Os pts do grupo caso apresentaram uma ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica de maior magnitude na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Assim, a an&#225;lise da VFC pode ser utilizada como uma ferramenta n&#227;o invasiva para predizer a resposta ao teste, com um alto VPN e uma raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a de 5,8.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Cl&#225;udia Madeira Miranda pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
