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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PGtqzNQ8gbzmrCxgvzPrm9F</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004500542</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160179</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cell Physiology</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Functional Effects of Hyperthyroidism on Cardiac Papillary Muscle in Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio Furtado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olivoto</surname>
            <given-names>Robson Ruiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Priscyla Oliveira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foga&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Rosalvo Tadeu Hochmuller</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia da Contra&#231;&#227;o Muscular</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia da Contra&#231;&#227;o Muscular - Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Pesquisa Pel&#233; Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa Pel&#233; Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fabricio Furtado Vieira</bold>, Rua 15 de Setembro, 1491. Postal Code 84020-050, Ponta Grossa, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fabriciofurvi@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Vieira FF, Olivoto RR, Foga&#231;a RTH; Acquisition of data: Vieira FF, Silva PO, Francisco JC, Foga&#231;a RTH; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Vieira FF, Olivoto RR, Silva PO, Foga&#231;a RTH; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Vieira FF, Foga&#231;a RTH; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Vieira FF, Olivoto RR, Francisco JC, Foga&#231;a RTH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>542</fpage>
      <lpage>549</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hyperthyroidism is currently recognized to affect the cardiovascular system, leading to a series of molecular and functional changes. However, little is known about the functional influence of hyperthyroidism in the regulation of cytoplasmic calcium and on the sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX) in the cardiac muscle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the functional changes in papillary muscles isolated from animals with induced hyperthyroidism.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We divided 36 Wistar rats into a group of controls and another of animals with hyperthyroidism induced by intraperitoneal T3 injection. We measured in the animals' papillary muscles the maximum contraction force, speed of contraction (+df/dt) and relaxation (-df/dt), contraction and relaxation time, contraction force at different concentrations of extracellular sodium, post-rest potentiation (PRP), and contraction force induced by caffeine.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In hyperthyroid animals, we observed decreased PRP at all rest times (p &lt; 0.05), increased +df/dt and -df/dt (p &lt; 0.001), low positive inotropic response to decreased concentration of extracellular sodium (p &lt; 0.001), reduction of the maximum force in caffeine-induced contraction (p &lt; 0.003), and decreased total contraction time (p &lt; 0.001). The maximal contraction force did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.973).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>We hypothesize that the changes observed are likely due to a decrease in calcium content in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, caused by calcium leakage, decreased expression of NCX, and increased expression of a-MHC and SERCA2.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hyperthyroidism / metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardium</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Contraction</kwd>
        <kwd>Thyroid Hormones</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>A normal endocrine function is essential for the cardiovascular health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Hyperthyroidism is among the most common endocrine disorders, with a prevalence of 1.3% in the United States<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and 0.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2-1.1%) in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> This condition is defined by increased levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and/or T4) and suppressed or decreased levels of TSH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is now recognized that thyroid hormones affect the cardiovascular system. Changes in these hormones' circulating levels influence the cardiac contractility and electrophysiological function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Increased thyroid hormone levels (hyperthyroidism) result in increased cardiac contractility, speed of contraction and relaxation, cardiac output, and heart rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thyroid hormones regulate a variety of proteins in the cardiac myocyte (including myosin heavy chains [MHC] a and &#946;, &#946;-adrenergic receptors, SERCA2, and phospholamban [PLB]) and may lead to cardiac hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> These molecular changes ultimately affect the cellular calcium cycling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Due to the great importance of calcium as a signaling pathway in the generation of membrane depolarization, induction of calcium release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and activation of the contractile machinery, pathophysiological conditions that alter the control of calcium in the myocyte are the main causes of contractile dysfunction in the cardiac muscle and development of arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, little is known about the thyroid hormones influence on cellular events associated with increased and decreased cytoplasmic calcium in the excitation-contraction coupling process in the cardiac muscle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The largest amount of information available comprises changes in gene expression of proteins involved in the excitation-contraction coupling. Still, the functional consequences of these proteins in hyperthyroidism are still largely unknown. Much less is known about the consequences of changes in the sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX) on the cardiac muscle function in hyperthyroidism.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of hyperthyroidism on the cardiac function, including cardiac strength and contraction time and speed in papillary muscles isolated from rats.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The study included 36 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g, provided by the Animal Facility of the Department of Biological Sciences at <italic>Federal University of Paran&#225;</italic> (UFPR). All animals were kept in cages under controlled temperature and 12-hour light-dark cycles, with free access to food and water. All procedures performed in this study were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use (CEUA) at the Department of Biological Science, <italic>Federal University of Paran&#225;</italic> (UFPR); Certificate No. 23075.098041/2011-11.</p>
      <p>The animals were randomly divided into two groups: control (n = 18) and hyperthyroid (n = 18). Hyperthyroidism was induced by daily intraperitoneal injections of T3 (15 &#181;g/100 g) during 10 days. The control group received daily injections of saline solution during the same period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>After 10 days of treatment, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (20 mg/kg), and subjected to thoracotomy. Their hearts were removed and placed in Ringer solution (pH = 7.4; 110 mM NaCl, 4 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 2 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 10 mM TRIS, 11 mM glucose). The hearts were subsequently weighed and fixed in a petri dish containing oxygenated Ringer solution prior to dissection of the left ventricle papillary muscles.</p>
      <p>After dissection and removal of the papillary muscles, one end of the muscle was fixed to a micromanipulator and the other was attached to a force transducer (Fort 10 WPI, Transduction Laboratories Co.), which, in turn, was connected to a data acquisition system (LabChart - ADinstruments). The muscle was stretched to the length at which the active voltage was maximal (Lmax) and kept in a chamber with a continuously oxygenated saline solution at 32&#186;C.</p>
      <p>Before each experiment, a calibration curve was obtained for the force transducer using known masses. The length of the papillary muscle was measured using a microscope eyepiece graticule. At the end of each experiment, the papillary muscles were weighed. The area of the transverse section was calculated using the formula: area = mass / (length x density), assuming the density as 1.0. Thus, the strength produced by the papillary muscles was normalized by their cross-sectional area. After these steps, the experimental protocol was initiated.</p>
      <p>To evaluate the effects of the thyroid hormone administration, the animals in both groups were exposed to two experimental protocols. The first protocol involved several contractility measurements of isolated and electrically stimulated papillary muscles. The second protocol evaluated the contraction force induced by caffeine in quiescent papillary muscles (not electrically stimulated).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Experiments with electrically stimulated papillary muscle</title>
        <p>After the papillary muscles were isolated and attached to a force transducer, as described above, the muscles were electrically stimulated with suprathreshold voltage pulses (10 to 15 V), with a maximum duration of 5 milliseconds, using a pair of platinum electrodes positioned along the entire muscle length. Using a micromanipulator, the muscle was then stretched to the Lmax. The standard stimulation frequency was 0.5 Hz (stabilized condition). The preparations were maintained in this condition during a stabilization period of 20-30 minutes and the experimental protocols were then conducted. The resultant force was recorded by a data acquisition system (LabChart - ADinstruments) connected to a computer.</p>
        <p>The following contractile parameters were analyzed: maximum isometric force developed; post-rest potentiation (PRP), which is the increase in isometric contraction force obtained after electric stimulation pauses of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 seconds; maximum speed of contraction (+df/dt) and relaxation (-df/dt); total contraction time; time to peak contraction; time to maximum relaxation; and maximum contraction force at different concentrations of extracellular sodium.</p>
        <p>For the PRP protocol, the electrical stimulation of the papillary muscles was interrupted after periods of stabilization of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 seconds. The amplitude of the first contraction after rest was compared with the amplitude of the force obtained before the resting period. These data were analyzed and expressed as percentage values of force obtained in the steady state prior to the resting period.</p>
        <p>After stabilization in Ringer solution containing 110 mm NaCl, the preparation was placed in chambers with Ringer solution containing 90, 70, and 50 mM of NaCl. To maintain their osmolarity and ionic strength, the solutions were supplemented with lithium chloride (LiCl) at concentrations of up to 110 mM. The contraction amplitude was analyzed and expressed as percentage relative to the force value obtained in the solution with 110 mM of NaCl.</p>
        <p>Both +df/dt and -df/dt were calculated in real time using the LabChart software. Data are expressed as force produced per cross-sectional area of muscle per second (mN/mm<sup>2</sup>/sec). Time to 100% of maximum force and time to maximum contraction force until 100% relaxation are expressed in seconds.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of the contraction in quiescent papillary muscles</title>
        <p>Dissection and assembly of the papillary muscles in this experiment followed the same protocols described above, with the exception of the electrical stimulation.</p>
        <p>This protocol was then carried out in three chambers containing different solutions. The first chamber contained Ringer solution. The second contained Ringer solution without sodium or calcium (Ringer 0Na<sup>+</sup> - 0Ca<sup>2+</sup>), in which the sodium and calcium ions were replaced by lithium chloride in order to maintain the osmolarity and ionic strength equal to those in the Ringer solution. The third chamber was filled with Ringer solution 0Na<sup>+</sup> - 0Ca<sup>2+</sup> plus 30 mM of caffeine. According to the literature, caffeine is a known agonist of ryanodine receptors, and induces calcium release from the SR at concentrations of 30 mM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The preparation was initially immersed in Ringer solution for at least 30 minutes. It was then transferred to the Ringer solution 0Na<sup>+</sup> 0Ca<sup>2+</sup> and maintained for enough time to allow the force to reach the steady state (usually between 5 to 10 minutes). Then the papillary muscles were transferred to the chamber containing Ringer 0Na<sup>+</sup> - 0Ca<sup>2+</sup> plus 30 mM caffeine. The contraction force induced by caffeine was then compared between groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The results were collected from at least six observations from each experiment and are expressed as mean &#177; standard error. The normality of the data was analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the data were compared using Student's <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples. Statistical differences among groups were considered when p &lt; 0.05. The software SigmaPlot (version 11.0) was used for data analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the body weight values on treatment days 1 and 10 and the heart weight values in both groups. After 10 days of treatment with the thyroid hormone, the animals in the hyperthyroid group showed a statistically significant decrease in body weight (p = 0.034) and increase in heart weight (p &lt; 0.001) when compared with the animals in the control group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Animals&#8217; weights on the first and tenth days after treatment</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">Animals&#8217; weights (g) on the 1st day</th>
              <th align="center">Animals&#8217; weights (g) on the 10th day</th>
              <th align="center">Heart weight (g)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Control</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">311 &#177; 10.94</td>
              <td align="center">336.2 &#177; 7.32</td>
              <td align="center">1.528 &#177; 0.036</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperthyroid</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">310 &#177; 9.57</td>
              <td align="center">309.7 &#177; 9.51 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.153 &#177; 0.074 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2"><sup>#</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p = 0.034;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.001</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The results of the maximum isometric contraction force in electrically stimulated papillary muscles, +df/dt, -df/dt, and total contraction time are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Force, speed, and contraction time parameters (n = 36)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">Hyperthyroid</th>
              <th align="center">p Value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum force of isometric contraction (mN/mm2)</td>
              <td align="center">4.903 &#177; 0.13</td>
              <td align="center">4.917 &#177; 0.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.973</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">+df/dt (mN/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
              <td align="center">69.88 &#177; 2.77</td>
              <td align="center">105.90 &#177; 7.31</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">-df/dt (mN/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
              <td align="center">51.92 &#177; 2.04</td>
              <td align="center">67.32 &#177; 3.59</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total time of contraction (s)</td>
              <td align="center">0.441 &#177; 0.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.350 &#177; 0.00</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time to peak contraction (s)</td>
              <td align="center">0.138 &#177; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.108 &#177; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time to maximum relaxation (s)</td>
              <td align="center">0.303 &#177; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.241 &#177; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Maximum speed of contraction (+df/dt) and relaxation (-df/dt). The hyperthyroid group (n = 18) showed an increase in +df/dt and -df/dt when compared with the control group (n = 18).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0542-60179-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the PRP, the hyperthyroid group had a significant reduction in the percentage of strength gain at all pause times when compared with the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage of strength after rest. The force gain at all resting times was significantly lower in the hyperthyroid group (n = 18) compared with the control group (n = 18) (*p &lt; 0.001, # p &lt; 0.05).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0542-60179-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Post-rest potentiation (PRP). The increase in isometric contraction force after electrical stimulation pauses of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 seconds was lower in the hyperthyroid group (n = 18) compared with the control group (n = 18).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0542-60179-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Variations in the percentages of force generated at different extracellular sodium concentrations are expressed with reference to the force produced in a solution with 110 mM of extracellular sodium. A significant difference between groups was detected only at extracellular sodium concentrations of 70 mM (p &lt; 0.001) and 50 mM (p &lt; 0.001). At both times, the percentage of force gain in the hyperthyroid group was lower than that in the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage of force variation for different extracellular sodium concentrations. The force gain at different extracellular sodium concentrations was significantly lower in the hyperthyroid group in two conditions: extracellular sodium concentrations of 70 and 50 mM (n = 36, *p &lt; 0.001).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0542-60179-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the maximum contraction force (mN/mm<sup>2</sup>) induced by caffeine in quiescent papillary muscle, we found statistically significant differences between the groups (p &lt; 0.001). The contraction force in the hyperthyroid group was lower than that in the control group (3.26 &#177; 0.88 mN/mm<sup>2</sup> versus 8.13 &#177; 1.07 mN/mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, we found that papillary muscles isolated from hyperthyroid rats showed decreased PRP, increased +df/dt and -df/dt, reduced contraction and relaxation total times, reduced maximal force induced by caffeine, and low positive inotropic response to decreased concentration of extracellular sodium. However, no difference in the isometric contraction force was observed.</p>
      <p>The increase in +df/dt and the reduction in the contraction time may be explained by increased a-MHC expression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Although evidence is limited, an increased expression and function of ryanodine receptors, SERCA2, and L-type calcium channels may have contributed to these results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> These changes lead to increased calcium influx, rate of calcium release by ryanodine receptors, speed reuptake of calcium by SERCA2, and a-MHC ATPase activity, which may explain the increase in +df/dt, ultimately leading to a decreased time to reach the contraction peak.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The SERCA2 to PLB ratio is an important determinant in calcium uptake kinetics in cardiac myocytes, influencing both the relaxation rate and force production.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Hyperthyroid animals have shown an increased SERCA2/PLB ratio, due to a decreased amount of PLB and increased SERCA2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Increases in the amount of phosphorylated compared with non-phosphorylated PLB have also been reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Altogether, these changes promote increases in the calcium uptake rate by the SR, causing increased relaxation speed of the cardiac muscle (-df/dt) and, consequently, decreased relaxation time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the myocardium of most mammals, PRP is believed to be produced by the release of a larger amount of calcium stored in the SR during the pause period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> However, a loss of cellular calcium during rest is well described in the ventricles of rabbits, cats, and guinea pigs. These animals, therefore, lack PRP, especially over long periods of rest. However, PRP occurs in mice and is accompanied by increased calcium stored in the SR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, papillary muscles isolated from hyperthyroid animals showed both a reduction in the PRP and maximal force induced by caffeine, an agonist of the ryanodine receptor. The concentration of caffeine used in this study (30 mM) is sufficient to deplete the calcium from the SR. These data suggest that hyperthyroidism reduces the amount of calcium stored in the SR.</p>
      <p>This decrease in calcium content in the SR may be due to three not mutually excluding possibilities: a) an increase in NCX expression and/or activity, which in the resting stimulation period would increase the extrusion of calcium from the cell, decreasing the amount of calcium available for uptake by the SR; b) decreased SERCA2 expression and/or activity, and c) increased calcium leakage from the SR through the ryanodine receptors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our results on contractility, along with data from the literature, lead us to hypothesize that the SERCA2 function is increased and the NCX function is decreased. However, these two changes are unable to reduce the PRP, so we believe that this occurred due to the release of calcium by the SR ryanodine receptors.</p>
      <p>Another factor that could have contributed to the decreased calcium content in the SR is the phosphorylation of the ryanodine receptors by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Studies have shown that hypertrophic conditions and heart failure, both common in hyperthyroidism, increase the expression of CaMKII, favoring the opening of ryanodine receptors that lead to leakage of calcium from the SR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ai et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> found increased levels of CaMKII and phosphorylation of ryanodine receptors in animals with heart failure, strengthening the hypothesis of the receptors opening and favoring diastolic calcium leakage from the SR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Song et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> induced cardiac hypertrophy with thyroid hormone in rats and observed a decrease in the content of calcium in the SR due to increased calcium leakage by ryanodine receptors. They observed in animals that developed hypertrophy that the reduction in the release of calcium during contraction could be due to increased spontaneous calcium release at rest.</p>
      <p> Therefore, phosphorylation of ryanodine receptors by CaMKII increasing the spontaneous diastolic release of calcium from the SR could contribute to the decreased calcium in the SR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> However, our model of hypertrophy was induced by thyroid hormone, and we were unable to find studies evaluating the expression of CaMKII in this model of hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>The reduction in extracellular sodium concentration induces a positive inotropic response. Decreases in the electrochemical gradient of sodium reduce or even revert the NCX function, leading to increased intracellular concentration of calcium and, consequently, increased force.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diedrichs et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> have shown that the cardiac muscle in patients with heart failure is more sensitive to a reduction in extracellular sodium, exhibiting a greater increase in contractile force when compared with the muscle in normal individuals. According to the authors, this is due to intracellular calcium accumulation via NCX, whose expression and function is increased in heart failure.</p>
      <p>Our results show that the contraction force in hyperthyroid animals was slightly increased when compared with that in controls. This may be explained by a reduced NCX function in hyperthyroidism. It is well described that hyperthyroid animals have decreased NCX expression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The strength of this study is the evaluation of the functional changes in isolated papillary muscles in hyperthyroidism. The major limitation, which is also a suggestion to be explored in other studies, is the lack of molecular biology experiments evaluating the expression of membrane proteins that control intracellular calcium and the calcium content in the SR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>We demonstrated in this study that isolated papillary muscles from hyperthyroid animals presented decreased PRP, increased +df/dt and -df/dt, low positive inotropic response to decreased concentrations of extracellular sodium, decreased production of maximum force induced by caffeine, and decreased time to reach both the contraction peak and maximum relaxation. We hypothesize that these changes are likely due to a decrease in calcium content in the SR, probably caused by calcium leakage, decreased expression and/or activity of NCX, and increased expression of a-MHC and SERCA2.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Sources of Funding</p>
        <p>This study was funded by CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Study Association</p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Fabricio Furtado Vieira from Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Fisiologia Celular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos Funcionais do Hipertireoidismo no M&#250;sculo Papilar Card&#237;aco de Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio Furtado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olivoto</surname>
            <given-names>Robson Ruiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Priscyla Oliveira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foga&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Rosalvo Tadeu Hochmuller</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia da Contra&#231;&#227;o Muscular - Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa Pel&#233; Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fabricio Furtado Vieira</bold>, Rua 15 de Setembro, 1491. CEP 84020-050, Ponta Grossa, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fabriciofurvi@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Vieira FF, Olivoto RR, Foga&#231;a RTH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Vieira FF, Silva PO, Francisco JC, Foga&#231;a RTH; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Vieira FF, Olivoto RR, Silva PO, Foga&#231;a RTH; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Vieira FF, Foga&#231;a RTH; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Vieira FF, Olivoto RR, Francisco JC, Foga&#231;a RTH.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Sabe-se atualmente que o hipertireoidismo afeta o sistema cardiovascular, ocasionando uma s&#233;rie de altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e moleculares. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a influ&#234;ncia funcional do hipertireoidismo na regula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio citoplasm&#225;tico e no trocador de s&#243;dio/c&#225;lcio (NCX) no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais de m&#250;sculos papilares isolados de animais com hipertireoidismo induzido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ao todo, 36 ratos Wistar foram distribu&#237;dos em um grupo controle e outro grupo com hipertireoidismo induzido por inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de T3. Nos m&#250;sculos papilares isolados dos animais foram medidos a for&#231;a m&#225;xima de contra&#231;&#227;o, a velocidade de contra&#231;&#227;o (+df/dt) e relaxamento (-df/dt), o tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento, a for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o em diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es de s&#243;dio extracelular, o potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa (PPP) e a for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por cafe&#237;na.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em animais com hipertireoidismo, observamos uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da PPP em todos os per&#237;odos de repouso (p &lt; 0,05), aumento do +df/dt e -df/dt (p &lt; 0,001), baixa resposta inotr&#243;pica positiva &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o reduzida de s&#243;dio extracelular (p &lt; 0,001), diminui&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a m&#225;xima de contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por cafe&#237;na (p &lt; 0,003) e diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo total de contra&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001). A for&#231;a m&#225;xima de contra&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos (p = 0,973).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; de que as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas s&#227;o provavelmente resultantes de uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de c&#225;lcio do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico causada por vazamento de c&#225;lcio, redu&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do NCX e aumento da express&#227;o de a-MHC e SERCA2.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertireoidismo / metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Contra&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Horm&#244;nios Tire&#243;ideos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Uma fun&#231;&#227;o end&#243;crina normal &#233; essencial para a sa&#250;de cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O hipertireoidismo &#233; um dos dist&#250;rbios end&#243;crinos mais comuns, com uma preval&#234;ncia de 1,3% nos Estados Unidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e 0,7% (intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95% 0,2-1,1%) no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Essa condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; definida por um aumento nos n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos (T3 e/ou T4) e supress&#227;o ou diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de TSH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sabe-se atualmente que os horm&#244;nios tireoidianos afetam o sistema cardiovascular. Mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis circulantes desses horm&#244;nios influenciam a contratilidade card&#237;aca e a fun&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Aumentos nos n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos (hipertireoidismo) resultam em um aumento na contratilidade card&#237;aca, velocidade de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os horm&#244;nios tireoidianos regulam uma variedade de prote&#237;nas nos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos (incluindo cadeias pesadas de miosina [MHC] a e b, receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos, SERCA2 e fosfolambam [PLB]) e podem levar &#224; hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es moleculares acabam por afetar o ciclo do c&#225;lcio na c&#233;lula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; grande import&#226;ncia do c&#225;lcio como uma via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o na gera&#231;&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o de membrana, na indu&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio pelo ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (RS) e na ativa&#231;&#227;o do aparato contr&#225;til, condi&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas que alteram o controle do c&#225;lcio no mi&#243;cito s&#227;o as principais causas de disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco e arritmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a influ&#234;ncia dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos nos eventos celulares associados com aumento e diminui&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio citoplasm&#225;tico no processo do acoplamento excita&#231;&#227;o-contra&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A maioria das informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis compreende altera&#231;&#245;es na express&#227;o g&#234;nica de prote&#237;nas envolvidas no acoplamento excita&#231;&#227;o-contra&#231;&#227;o. Ainda assim, as consequ&#234;ncias funcionais dessas prote&#237;nas no hipertireoidismo permanecem amplamente desconhecidas. Menos ainda se sabe sobre as consequ&#234;ncias das altera&#231;&#245;es do trocador de s&#243;dio/c&#225;lcio (NCX) na fun&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco no hipertireoidismo.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do hipertireoidismo na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, incluindo a for&#231;a card&#237;aca e a velocidade e o tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o em m&#250;sculos papilares isolados de ratos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O estudo incluiu 36 ratos machos Wistar com peso de 250-300 g, fornecidos pelo Biot&#233;rio do Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR). Todos os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas sob temperatura controlada e ciclos claro-escuro de 12 horas, com livre acesso &#224; ra&#231;&#227;o e &#225;gua. Todos os procedimentos realizados neste estudo foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Uso Animal (CEUA) do Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas, Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR); Certificado No. 23075.098041/2011-11.</p>
        <p>Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: um grupo controle (n = 18) e outro com hipertireoidismo (n = 18). O hipertireoidismo foi induzido por inje&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias intraperitoneais de T3 (15 &#181;g/100 g) durante 10 dias. O grupo controle recebeu inje&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias de solu&#231;&#227;o salina durante o mesmo per&#237;odo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 10 dias de tratamento, os animais foram anestesiados com quetamina (50 mg/kg) e xilazina (20 mg/kg) e submetidos &#224; toracotomia. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram removidos e colocados em solu&#231;&#227;o de Ringer (pH = 7,4; 110 mM de NaCl, 4 mM KCl, 2 mM de CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 2 mM de MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 10 mM Tris, 11 mM glicose). Em seguida, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram pesados e fixados em uma placa de petri contendo solu&#231;&#227;o de Ringer oxigenada antes da dissec&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a dissec&#231;&#227;o e remo&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar, uma das extremidades do m&#250;sculo foi fixada a um micromanipulador e a outra a um transdutor de for&#231;a (Fort 10 WPI, Transduction Laboratories Co.), que por sua vez foi conectado a um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados (LabChart - ADinstruments). O m&#250;sculo era ent&#227;o estirado at&#233; o comprimento de tens&#227;o ativa m&#225;xima (Lm&#225;x) e mantido em uma c&#226;mara com solu&#231;&#227;o salina continuamente oxigenada a 32&#186;C.</p>
        <p>Antes de cada experimento, uma curva de calibra&#231;&#227;o foi obtida para o transdutor de for&#231;a utilizando massas conhecidas. O comprimento do m&#250;sculo papilar foi medido com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma ret&#237;cula ocular. Os m&#250;sculos papilares eram pesados ao final de cada experimento. A &#225;rea da sec&#231;&#227;o transversal foi calculada com a f&#243;rmula: &#225;rea = massa / (comprimento x densidade), assumindo uma densidade de 1,0. Desta maneira, a for&#231;a produzida pelos m&#250;sculos papilares foi normalizada pela &#225;rea transversal do pr&#243;prio m&#250;sculo. Ap&#243;s essas etapas, o protocolo experimental foi iniciado.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio tireoidiano, os animais em ambos os grupos foram expostos a dois protocolos experimentais. O primeiro protocolo envolveu v&#225;rias medi&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade e estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado. O segundo protocolo avaliou a for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por cafe&#237;na em m&#250;sculos papilares quiescentes (n&#227;o estimulados eletricamente).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimentos com m&#250;sculo papilar estimulado eletricamente</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s os m&#250;sculos papilares terem sido isolados e conectados a um transdutor de for&#231;a, como descrito acima, foram estimulados eletricamente com pulsos de tens&#227;o supraliminares (10 a 15 V), com uma dura&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de 5 milissegundos e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um par de eletrodos de platina posicionados ao longo de todo o comprimento muscular. Com uso de um micromanipulador, o m&#250;sculo foi estendida at&#233; o Lm&#225;x. A frequ&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o foi de 0,5 Hz (condi&#231;&#227;o estabilizada). As prepara&#231;&#245;es foram mantidas nessas condi&#231;&#245;es durante um per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o de 20-30 minutos e os protocolos experimentais foram ent&#227;o realizados. A for&#231;a resultante foi registrada por um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados (LabChart - ADinstruments) conectado a um computador.</p>
          <p>Os seguintes par&#226;metros contr&#225;teis foram analisados: for&#231;a m&#225;xima isom&#233;trica desenvolvida; potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa (PPP), que corresponde ao aumento na for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica obtida ap&#243;s pausas na estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica de 1, 3, 5, 10 e 20 segundos; velocidade m&#225;xima de contra&#231;&#227;o (+df/dt) e relaxamento (-df/dt); tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o total; tempo at&#233; o pico de contra&#231;&#227;o; tempo at&#233; o relaxamento m&#225;ximo; e for&#231;a m&#225;xima de contra&#231;&#227;o em diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es de s&#243;dio extracelular.</p>
          <p>Para o protocolo PPP, a estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica do m&#250;sculo papilar foi interrompida ap&#243;s per&#237;odos de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o de 1, 3, 5, 10 e 20 segundos. A amplitude da primeira contra&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o repouso foi comparada com a amplitude da for&#231;a obtida antes do per&#237;odo de repouso. Esses dados foram analisados e expressos como valores de porcentagem de for&#231;a obtidos no estado est&#225;vel antes do per&#237;odo de repouso.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o em solu&#231;&#227;o de Ringer contendo 110 mm de NaCl, a prepara&#231;&#227;o foi colocada em c&#226;maras com solu&#231;&#227;o de Ringer contendo 90, 70 e 50 mM de NaCl. Para manter a osmolaridade e a for&#231;a i&#244;nica, as solu&#231;&#245;es foram suplementadas com cloreto de l&#237;tio (LiCl) em concentra&#231;&#245;es de at&#233; 110 mM. A amplitude da contra&#231;&#227;o foi analisada e expressa como porcentagem em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de for&#231;a obtidos na solu&#231;&#227;o com 110 mM de NaCl.</p>
          <p>A +df/dt e a -df/dt foram calculadas em tempo real com utiliza&#231;&#227;o do programa LabChart. Os dados est&#227;o expressos como for&#231;a produzida por &#225;rea transversal do m&#250;sculo por segundo (mN/mm<sup>(2)</sup>/seg). O tempo para 100% da for&#231;a m&#225;xima e o tempo de for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima at&#233; 100% de relaxamento est&#227;o expressos em segundos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o em m&#250;sculos papilares quiescentes</title>
          <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o e a montagem dos m&#250;sculos papilares neste experimento seguiram os mesmos protocolos descritos acima, com exce&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica.</p>
          <p>Este protocolo foi realizado em tr&#234;s c&#226;maras contendo solu&#231;&#245;es diferentes. A primeira c&#226;mara continha solu&#231;&#227;o de Ringer. A segunda continha solu&#231;&#227;o de Ringer sem s&#243;dio ou c&#225;lcio (Ringer 0Na<sup>+</sup> - 0Ca<sup>2+</sup>), na qual os &#237;ons s&#243;dio e c&#225;lcio foram substitu&#237;dos por cloreto de l&#237;tio para manter a osmolaridade e a for&#231;a i&#244;nica iguais &#224;s da solu&#231;&#227;o de Ringer. A terceira c&#226;mara foi preenchida com solu&#231;&#227;o de Ringer 0Na<sup>+</sup> - 0Ca<sup>2+</sup> e 30 mM de cafe&#237;na. De acordo com a literatura, a cafe&#237;na &#233; um conhecido agonista dos receptores de rianodina e induz libera&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio do RS em concentra&#231;&#245;es de 30 mM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A prepara&#231;&#227;o foi inicialmente imersa em solu&#231;&#227;o de Ringer durante pelo menos 30 minutos. Em seguida, foi transferida para a solu&#231;&#227;o de Ringer 0Na<sup>+</sup> 0Ca<sup>2+</sup> e mantida por tempo suficiente para que a for&#231;a atingisse o estado estacion&#225;rio (normalmente entre 5 a 10 minutos). Os m&#250;sculos papilares foram ent&#227;o transferidos para a c&#226;mara com Ringer 0Na<sup>+</sup> - 0Ca<sup>2+</sup> e 30 mM de cafe&#237;na. A for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o induzida pela cafe&#237;na foi comparada entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados foram coletados de pelo menos seis observa&#231;&#245;es em cada experimento e est&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o. A normalidade dos dados foi analisada com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e os dados foram comparados com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes. Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os grupos foram consideradas quando p &lt; 0,05. O programa SigmaPlot (vers&#227;o 11.0) foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> mostra os valores de peso corporal nos dias 1 e 10 de tratamento e os valores do peso card&#237;aco em ambos os grupos. Ap&#243;s 10 dias de tratamento com o horm&#244;nio tireoidiano, os animais do grupo com hipertireoidismo mostraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa no peso corporal (p = 0,034) e aumento no peso do cora&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001) quando comparados aos animais do grupo controle.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Peso dos animais no primeiro e d&#233;cimo dia ap&#243;s o tratamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">Peso dos animais (g) no 1&#186;. dia</th>
                <th align="center">Peso dos animais (g) no 10&#186;. dia</th>
                <th align="center">Peso do cora&#231;&#227;o (g)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">311 &#177; 10,94</td>
                <td align="center">336,2 &#177; 7,32</td>
                <td align="center">1,528 &#177; 0,036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertireoidismo</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">310 &#177; 9,57</td>
                <td align="center">309,7 &#177; 9,51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,153 &#177; 0,074 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>#</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p = 0,034;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,001.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os resultados da for&#231;a m&#225;xima de contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica dos m&#250;sculos papilares estimulados eletricamente, +df/dt, -df/dt e tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o total est&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros de for&#231;a, velocidade e tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o (n = 36)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">Hipertireoidismo</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">For&#231;a m&#225;xima de contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica (mN/mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">4,903 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">4,917 &#177; 0,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,973</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">+df/dt (mN/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                <td align="center">69,88 &#177; 2,77</td>
                <td align="center">105,90 &#177; 7,31</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">-df/dt (mN/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                <td align="center">51,92 &#177; 2,04</td>
                <td align="center">67,32 &#177; 3,59</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo total de contra&#231;&#227;o (s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,441 &#177; 0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,350 &#177; 0,00</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo at&#233; contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,138 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,108 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo at&#233; relaxamento m&#225;ximo (s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,303 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,241 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Velocidade m&#225;xima de contra&#231;&#227;o (+df/dt) e relaxamento (-df/dt). O grupo com hipertireoidismo (n =18) mostrou um aumento no +df/dt e -df/dt quando comparado com o grupo controle (n = 18).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0542-60179-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao PPP, o grupo com hipertireoidismo teve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no percentual de ganho de for&#231;a em todos os momentos de pausa quando comparados com o grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Porcentagem de for&#231;a ap&#243;s repouso. O ganho de for&#231;a em todos os momentos de repouso foi significativamente menor no grupo com hipertireoidismo (n = 18) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (n = 18) (*p &lt; 0,001, # p &lt; 0,05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0542-60179-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa (PPP). O aumento da for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica ap&#243;s pausas de 1, 3, 5, 10 e 20 segundos na estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica foi menor no grupo com hipertireoidismo (n = 18) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (n = 18).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0542-60179-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Varia&#231;&#245;es nas porcentagens da for&#231;a gerada em diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es de s&#243;dio extracelular est&#227;o expressas com refer&#234;ncia &#224; for&#231;a produzida em uma solu&#231;&#227;o com 110 mM de s&#243;dio extracelular. Uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos foi detectada apenas em concentra&#231;&#245;es de s&#243;dio extracelular de 70 mM (p &lt; 0,001) e 50 mM (p &lt; 0,001). Em ambos os momentos, o percentual de ganho de for&#231;a no grupo com hipertireoidismo foi menor do que o observado no grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Percentagem de varia&#231;&#227;o na for&#231;a para concentra&#231;&#245;es diferentes de s&#243;dio extracelular. O ganho de for&#231;a em diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es extracelulares de s&#243;dio foi significativamente menor no grupo com hipertireoidismo em duas condi&#231;&#245;es, em concentra&#231;&#245;es extracelulares de s&#243;dio de 70 e 50 mM (n = 36, *p &lt; 0,001).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0542-60179-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; for&#231;a m&#225;xima de contra&#231;&#227;o (mN/mm<sup>2</sup>) induzida pela cafe&#237;na em m&#250;sculos papilares quiescentes, encontramos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos (p &lt; 0,001). A for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o no grupo com hipertireoidismo foi menor do que a no grupo controle (3,26 &#177; 0,88 mN/mm<sup>2</sup> versus 8,13 &#177; 1,07 mN/mm<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, observamos que m&#250;sculos papilares isolados de ratos com hipertireoidismo mostraram diminui&#231;&#227;o da PPP, aumento na +df/dt e -df/dt, redu&#231;&#227;o dos tempos de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento total, redu&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a m&#225;xima induzida pela cafe&#237;na e baixa resposta inotr&#243;pica positiva a uma baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio extracelular. No entanto, nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi observada na for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica.</p>
        <p>O aumento na +df/dt e a redu&#231;&#227;o no tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o podem ser explicados por um aumento na express&#227;o de a-MHC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup> Embora as evid&#234;ncias sejam limitadas, uma express&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o aumentadas dos receptores de rianodina, SERCA2 e canais de c&#225;lcio tipo L podem ter contribu&#237;do para esses resultados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es levam a um aumento no influxo de c&#225;lcio, na taxa de libera&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio pelos receptores de rianodina, na velocidade da recapta&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio pela SERCA2 e na atividade da &#945;-MHC ATPase, o que pode explicar o aumento na +df/dt, levando em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo para atingir o pico da contra&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A raz&#227;o SERCA2/PLB &#233; um determinante importante na cin&#233;tica da capta&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio nos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos, influenciando tanto a taxa de relaxamento quanto a produ&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Animais com hipertireoidismo mostraram um aumento da raz&#227;o SERCA2/PLB devido a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na quantidade de PLB e aumento da SERCA2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Aumentos na quantidade de PLB fosforilada em compara&#231;&#227;o com a n&#227;o fosforilada tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido relatados.<sup>(7)</sup> Essas mudan&#231;as, em conjunto, promovem um aumento na taxa de capta&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio pelo RS, causando um aumento na velocidade de relaxamento do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco (-df/dt) e, consequentemente, diminui&#231;&#227;o no tempo de relaxamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No mioc&#225;rdio da maioria dos mam&#237;feros, acredita-se que o PPP seja produzido pela libera&#231;&#227;o de uma quantidade maior de c&#225;lcio armazenada no RS durante o per&#237;odo de pausa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> No entanto, a perda de c&#225;lcio celular durante o repouso &#233; bem descrita nos ventr&#237;culos de coelhos, gatos e cobaias. Estes animais, portanto, n&#227;o apresentam PPP, especialmente durante longos per&#237;odos de repouso. No entanto, a PPP ocorre em camundongos e &#233; acompanhada pelo aumento do c&#225;lcio armazenado no RS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, m&#250;sculos papilares isolados de animais com hipertireoidismo mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PPP e na for&#231;a m&#225;xima induzida por cafe&#237;na, uma agonista do receptor de rianodina. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de cafe&#237;na utilizada neste estudo (30 mM) &#233; suficiente para esgotar o c&#225;lcio do RS. Esses dados sugerem que o hipertireoidismo reduz a quantidade de c&#225;lcio armazenado no RS.</p>
        <p>Esta diminui&#231;&#227;o no conte&#250;do de c&#225;lcio no RS pode ser devida a tr&#234;s possibilidades n&#227;o mutuamente excludentes: a) um aumento na express&#227;o e/ou atividade do NCX, que no per&#237;odo de repouso da estimula&#231;&#227;o aumentaria a extrus&#227;o de c&#225;lcio das c&#233;lulas, diminuindo a quantidade de c&#225;lcio dispon&#237;vel para capta&#231;&#227;o pelo RS; b) diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o e/ou atividade da SERCA2 e c) aumento no vazamento de c&#225;lcio do RS atrav&#233;s dos receptores de rianodina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados sobre contratilidade, juntamente com dados da literatura, nos levam a supor que a fun&#231;&#227;o da SERCA2 est&#225; aumentada e a do NCX est&#225; diminu&#237;da. No entanto, essas duas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o poderiam causar uma redu&#231;&#227;o no PPP; assim, acreditamos que isso se deva ao c&#225;lcio liberado pelos receptores de rianodina do RS.</p>
        <p>Outro fator que pode ter contribu&#237;do para a diminui&#231;&#227;o no conte&#250;do de c&#225;lcio no RS &#233; a fosforila&#231;&#227;o dos receptores de rianodina pela prote&#237;na quinase II dependente de c&#225;lcio/calmodulina (CaMKII). Estudos t&#234;m mostrado que condi&#231;&#245;es hipertr&#243;ficas e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ambas comuns no hipertireoidismo, aumentam a express&#227;o da CaMKII, favorecendo a abertura dos receptores de rianodina que levam ao vazamento de c&#225;lcio do RS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ai et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> encontraram n&#237;veis aumentados de CaMKII e fosforila&#231;&#227;o dos receptores de rianodina em animais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fortalecendo a hip&#243;tese de abertura dos receptores e favorecendo o vazamento de c&#225;lcio do RS durante a di&#225;stole.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Song et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> induziram hipertrofia card&#237;aca com horm&#244;nio tireoidiano em ratos e observaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no conte&#250;do de c&#225;lcio do RS devido a um aumento no vazamento de c&#225;lcio dos receptores de rianodina. Nos animais que desenvolveram hipertrofia, esses autores observaram que a redu&#231;&#227;o na libera&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio durante a contra&#231;&#227;o poderia ser devida a um aumento da libera&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea de c&#225;lcio em repouso.</p>
        <p>Portanto, a fosforila&#231;&#227;o dos receptores de rianodina pela CaMKII aumentando a libera&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea de c&#225;lcio do RS na di&#225;stole poderia contribuir para a diminui&#231;&#227;o no c&#225;lcio do RS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> No entanto, nosso modelo de hipertrofia foi induzido por horm&#244;nio tireoidiano e n&#227;o fomos capazes de encontrar estudos avaliando a express&#227;o de CaMKII neste modelo de hipertrofia.</p>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o na concentra&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio extracelular induz uma resposta inotr&#243;pica positiva. Diminui&#231;&#227;o no gradiente eletroqu&#237;mico de s&#243;dio reduz ou mesmo reverte a fun&#231;&#227;o do NCX, levando a um aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de c&#225;lcio e da for&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diedrichs et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> demonstraram que o m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; mais sens&#237;vel &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do s&#243;dio extracelular, exibindo um aumento maior na for&#231;a contr&#225;til quando comparado com o m&#250;sculo de indiv&#237;duos normais. Segundo os autores, isso ocorre devido ao ac&#250;mulo intracelular de c&#225;lcio atrav&#233;s do NCX, cuja express&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o aumentadas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados mostram que a for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o em animais com hipertireoidismo est&#225; ligeiramente aumentada quando comparada com a de controles. Isto pode ser explicado por uma fun&#231;&#227;o reduzida do NCX no hipertireoidismo. A express&#227;o reduzida de NCX em animais com hipertireoidismo &#233; bem reconhecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O ponto forte do presente estudo &#233; a avalia&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais no m&#250;sculo papilar isolado no hipertireoidismo. A principal limita&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; tamb&#233;m uma sugest&#227;o para ser explorada em outros estudos, &#233; a falta de experimentos envolvendo biologia molecular para avaliar a express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas de membrana que controlam o c&#225;lcio intracelular e o conte&#250;do de c&#225;lcio no RS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>N&#243;s demonstramos neste estudo que m&#250;sculos papilares isolados de animais com hipertireoidismo apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do PPP, aumento da +df/dt e -df/dt, baixa resposta inotr&#243;pica positiva a baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es de s&#243;dio extracelular, diminui&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a m&#225;xima induzida por cafe&#237;na e diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo para atingir o pico da contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento m&#225;ximo. A nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que essas altera&#231;&#245;es observadas possam ser devidas a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no conte&#250;do de c&#225;lcio no RS, provavelmente causado por um vazamento de c&#225;lcio, express&#227;o e/ou atividade reduzida de NCX e express&#227;o aumentada de a-MHC e SERCA2.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Fabricio Furtado Vieira pela Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
