<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bPrW6CMmnd6jSpNHHsd9ZwR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004500532</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2016005026101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160174</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Exercising</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Testosterone and Voluntary Exercise, Alone or Together Increase Cardiac Activation of AKT and ERK1/2 in Diabetic Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chodari</surname>
            <given-names>Leila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mohammadi</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mohaddes</surname>
            <given-names>Gisou</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alipour</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad Reza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghorbanzade</surname>
            <given-names>Vajiheh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dariushnejad</surname>
            <given-names>Hassan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mohammadi</surname>
            <given-names>Shima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tabriz University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Drug Applied Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tabriz</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz - Ir&#227;</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Tabriz University of Medical Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tabriz University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Neuroscience Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tabriz</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Neuroscience Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - Ir&#227;</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Tabriz University of Medical Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Dr. Mustafa Mohammadi</bold>, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Email: <email>m.mohammadin@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Chodari l, Mohammadi M, Mohaddes G; Acquisition of data: Chodari l, Mohammadi M, Mohaddes G, Ghorbanzade V, Dariushnejad H, Mohammadi S; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Chodari l, Mohammadi M, Alipour MR, Ghorbanzade V, Dariushnejad H, Mohammadi S; Statistical analysis: Chodari l, Mohammadi M, Alipour MR; Obtaining financing: Mohammadi M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Chodari l, Mohammadi M, Mohaddes G, Alipour MR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>532</fpage>
      <lpage>541</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Impaired angiogenesis in cardiac tissue is a major complication of diabetes. Protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways play important role during capillary-like network formation in angiogenesis process.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To determine the effects of testosterone and voluntary exercise on levels of vascularity, phosphorylated Akt (P- AKT) and phosphorylated ERK (P-ERK) in heart tissue of diabetic and castrated diabetic rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Type I diabetes was induced by i.p injection of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin in animals. After 42 days of treatment with testosterone (2mg/kg/day) or voluntary exercise alone or in combination, heart tissue samples were collected and used for histological evaluation and determination of P-AKT and P-ERK levels by ELISA method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Our results showed that either testosterone or exercise increased capillarity, P-AKT, and P-ERK levels in the heart of diabetic rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with testosterone and exercise had a synergistic effect on capillarity, P-AKT, and P-ERK levels in heart. Furthermore, in the castrated diabetes group, capillarity, P-AKT, and P-ERK levels significantly decreased in the heart, whereas either testosterone treatment or exercise training reversed these effects. Also, simultaneous treatment of castrated diabetic rats with testosterone and exercise had an additive effect on P-AKT and P-ERK levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our findings suggest that testosterone and exercise alone or together can increase angiogenesis in the heart of diabetic and castrated diabetic rats. The proangiogenesis effects of testosterone and exercise are associated with the enhanced activation of AKT and ERK1/2 in heart tissue.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Testosterone</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus: Angiogenesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Proto-Oncogenese Proteins C-akt</kwd>
        <kwd>Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with a high and increasing prevalence worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Cardiovascular complications are the main causes of mortality and morbidity in diabetic subjects and suppression of angiogenesis in coronary heart and peripheral vascular system can possess influential effects in this case.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> AKT and ERK are two major signaling pathways that play central role in regulating cell proliferation, migration, and survival through their downstream targets.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> There are evidences that AKT-dependent signaling pathways have a critical role in the regulation of cardiac growth, contractile function, and coronary angiogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> It has been proved that AKT signaling pathway enhances angiogenesis in the heart tissue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> MAPK-ERK signaling plays an important role during angiogenesis and is necessary for endothelial cell sprouting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Testosterone is the major gonadal androgen in men. Testosterone deficiency is common in men with diabetes and male STZ-induced diabetic rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Also, it is shown that cardiovascular disease increase with testosterone deficiency.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> These observations may indicate that testosterone supplementation in diabetic men would be beneficial in attenuating cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>Exercise has beneficial effects on functional properties of both healthy and diabetic heart muscle. Also, exercise training improves blood glucose metabolism, insulin action and cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Voluntary exercise as a mild/moderate exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> have been shown to decrease cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In the animal model of voluntary exercise, the animal has free access to a running wheel and uses the wheel according its physiological threshold for physical activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although the cardiovascular system is an important target of exercise and androgen action, the molecular mechanism of action of testosterone and voluntary exercise in heart of diabetics remains largely unexplored. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of testosterone replacement therapy and exercise training, alone or in combination on P-Akt and P-ERK levels (as proangiogenic factors) in the heart tissue of diabetic and castrated diabetic rats.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Animals used in this study were provided by the colony of our university. The animals were housed in a temperature-controlled facility (21 -23&#176;C), maintained on a 12:12-h light-dark cycle with food and water provided ad libitum. All animal experiments were performed under the guidelines on human use and care of laboratory animals for biomedical research published by National Institutes of Health (8th ed., revised 2011) and conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics Committee of Tabriz University approved the experimental protocol. Sixty-three male Wistar rats (250 - 270 g) were randomly assigned to testosterone or placebo treatment and sedentary or voluntary exercise groups. Then, the animals were divided into nine groups (n= 7): 1- Diabetic sham castration + placebo group (Dia-S- Cas), 2-Diabetic + placebo group (Dia), 3-Diabetic + Testosterone group (Dia -T), 4-Diabetic + Exercise + placebo group (Dia-E), 5-Diabetic + Exercise + Testosterone group (Dia-T-E), 6-Diabetic + castrated + placebo group (Dia-Cas), 7- Diabetic + castrated + Testosterone group (Dia-Cas-T), 8-Diabetic + castrated + Exercise + placebo group (Dia-Cas-E) ,9-Diabetic + castrated + Testosterone+ Exercise group (Dia-Cas-T-E) .</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Castration and hormone replacement therapy</title>
        <p>Sexually adult male rats were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (80 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg). Then, animals were placed in a supine position and their testes were removed via a low-middle abdominal incision or remained intact. To avoid disruption of hormonal influence, testosterone replacement began immediately after surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Testosterone propionate (UNIGEN, Life Science) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and administered subcutaneously at a physiological dose (2 mg/kg /day) for 6 weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Rats in the Dia-S- Cas, Dia, Dia-E, Dia-Cas and Dia-Cas-E groups were injected with the same amount of DMSO vehicle.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Induction of diabetes</title>
        <p>All animals were injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) (Sigma, St. Louis Mo, USA), to induce type I diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Streptozotocin was dissolved in 10 mM sodium citrate, pH 4.5, with 0.9% NaCl. Diabetes was verified 72 h later by evaluating blood glucose levels by using glucometer (Elegance, Model: no: CT-X10 Germany). Rats with a blood glucose level &#8805;300 mg/dL were considered to be diabetic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Induction of diabetes in animals was performed seven days after castration surgery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Voluntary exercise</title>
        <p>Voluntary exercise is considered as mild / moderate exercise. In this study, rats in exercise groups were housed individually in cages that were equipped with a stainless-steel vertical running wheel (Tajhiz Gostar, Tehran) and were allowed free access to the wheel 24 h per day for 6 weeks. The wheels were bound to a permanent sensor that activated a digital counter of wheel revolutions. Total wheel circulations were recorded daily, with total distance run per day determined by multiplying the number of wheel rotations by wheel circumference. Animals that had run less than 2000 m/day were replaced.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tissue processing and protein measurement</title>
        <p>At the end of study, heart tissues were excised and frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately. Tissue samples from left ventricle were stored in -70 &#176;C temperature until phospho-AKT (serine 473) and phospho-ERK 1/2 (threonine 202/tyrosine204) measurements. In order to measure protein levels in heart tissue, samples were homogenized in PBS (pH 7.2-7.4) and centrifuged for 20 min at the speed of 3000 rpm at 4&#176;C. Resulting supernatants were removed and target proteins were extracted. Phosphorylated and activated forms of AKT (Eastbiopharm Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) and ERK1/2 (Abcam, Cambridge, U.K.) levels were measured by high-sensitivity ELISA and normalized to the total protein concentration for each sample as determined by the Bradfored assay.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histological evaluation</title>
        <p>Tissue samples from left ventricle were immediately isolated and fixed in 10% buffered-formalin solution, dehydrated in ascending grades of alcohol and embedded in paraffin. Sections of 5 &#181;m were taken, stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E), and examined under light microscope (Olympus BH-2, Tokyo, Japan) in a blinded manner. Heart tissues were evaluated in terms of interstitial edema, congestion, leukocytosis infiltration, and myonecrosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiogenesis assay</title>
        <p>Angiogenesis was measured by microvasculature density (MVD) in five sections at 50mm intervals from the intensely vascularized area under a light microscope by two independent observers who were blinded to the experimental conditions. The numbers of microvessels from each section were counted and calculated for the average number of microvessels per section.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data are expressed as means&#177; SEM. After having evaluated the homogeneity of variance and normal distribution of data, one or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and also Tukey's test was used to compare quantitative data. Mann-Whitney U test was used to test histological variables. Statistical significance was defined as p&lt;0.05. Statistical analysis of data was carried out using SPSS statistical software (Version 17.0).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of testosterone and voluntary exercise on P- AKT levels in the heart tissue of type I diabetic and diabetic castrated rats</title>
        <p>One-way ANOVA showed that castration significantly (p&lt;0.01) decreased P- AKT protein levels in the heart tissue of diabetic rats. Treatment of diabetic (p&lt;0.01) and diabetic castrated (p&lt;0.05) groups with testosterone significantly raised P-AKT protein levels in the heart tissue compared to diabetes group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1 B</xref> (analysis by one way ANOVA) shows that six weeks treatment of diabetic (p&lt;0.01) and diabetic castrated (p&lt;0.001) groups with exercise significantly raised P-AKT protein levels in heart compared to diabetic and diabetic castrated groups, respectively. Two way ANOVA in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1C</xref> shows that combination therapy with testosterone and exercise in diabetic rats significantly (p&lt;0.001) enhanced P-AKT protein levels in the heart tissue in comparison with diabetes group. Also, combination therapy with testosterone and exercise in diabetic rats showed a significant increasing effect on P-AKT protein levels compared to testosterone (p&lt;0.001) or exercise (p&lt;0.01) groups.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Effect of 6 weeks testosterone treatment on P-AKT protein levels in the heart tissue of diabetic and diabetic castrated groups; B) Effect of 6 weeks exercise training on P-AKT protein levels in the heart tissue of diabetic and diabetic castrated groups; C) Effects of 6 weeks testosterone and exercise on P-AKT protein levels in the heart tissue of the diabetic group; D) Effects of 6 weeks testosterone and exercise on P-AKT protein levels in the heart tissue of the diabetic castrated group. Data are expressed as mean&#177; SEM for 7 animals. * p&lt;0.05, ** p&lt;0.01, *** p&lt;0.001 vs the Dia group, &amp;&amp;&amp; p&lt;0.001 vs the Dia-T group, @@ p&lt;0.01 vs the Dia-E group, +++ p&lt;0.001 vs the Dia-Cas group, &#9650; p&lt;0.05 vs the Dia-Cas-E group, &#916; p&lt;0.05vs the Dia-Cas-T group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0532-60174-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref> shows that in diabetes-castration group, six weeks combination therapy with testosterone and exercise significantly (p&lt;0.001) elevates P-AKT protein levels in the heart tissue in comparison with diabetes castrated group. Also, combination therapy with testosterone and exercise in castrated diabetic rats showed a significant (p&lt;0.05) increasing effect on P-AKT protein levels compared to testosterone or exercise groups. Analysis of data for sham group showed no significant difference in comparison to diabetic group (data are not shown).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of testosterone and voluntary exercise on P-ERK 1/2 protein levels in the heart tissue of type I diabetic and diabetic castrated rats</title>
        <p>One-way ANOVA showed that in the diabetes-castration group, P-ERK 1/2 protein levels in the heart tissue decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) in comparison to the diabetic group. Six weeks treatment of diabetic (p&lt;0.05) and diabetic castrated (p&lt;0.001) groups with testosterone significantly enhanced P-ERK 1/2 protein levels in the heart tissue in comparison to Dia and Dia-Cas groups, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Effect of 6 weeks testosterone treatment on P-ERK 1/2 protein levels in the heart tissue of diabetic and diabetic castrated groups; B) Effect of 6 weeks exercise training on P-ERK 1/2 protein levels in the heart tissue of diabetic and diabetic castrated groups; C) Effects of 6 weeks testosterone and exercise on P-ERK 1/2 protein levels in the heart tissue of diabetic group; D) Effects of 6 weeks testosterone and exercise on P-ERK 1/2 protein levels in the heart tissue of the diabetic castrated group. Data are expressed as mean&#177; SEM for 7 animals. *p&lt;0.05, *** p&lt;0.001 vs the Dia group. &amp; p&lt;0.05 vs the Dia-T group. @ p&lt;0.05, @@ p&lt;0.01 vs the Dia-E group. + p&lt;0.05, ++ p&lt;0.01 , +++ p&lt;0.001 vs the Dia-Cas group. &#9650; p&lt;0.05 vs the Dia-Cas-E group. &#916; p&lt;0.05 vs the Dia-Cas-T group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0532-60174-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref> (analysis by one way ANOVA) shows that six weeks treatment of diabetic (p&lt;0.05) and diabetic castrated (p&lt;0.001) groups with exercise significantly raised P-ERK 1/2 protein levels in the heart compared to diabetic and diabetic castrated groups, respectively.</p>
        <p>According to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figure 2C</xref> (analysis by two way ANOVA), six weeks of combination therapy with testosterone and exercise in diabetic rats significantly (p&lt;0.001) enhanced P-ERK 1/2 protein levels in the heart tissue in comparison with diabetes group. Also, combination therapy with testosterone and exercise in diabetic rats showed a significant increasing effect on P-ERK 1/2 protein levels compared to testosterone (p&lt;0.05) or exercise (p&lt;0.01) groups.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2D</xref> shows that in the diabetes-castration group, six weeks of combination therapy with testosterone and exercise significantly (p&lt;0.001) increased P-ERK 1/2 protein levels in the heart tissue in comparison with the diabetes castrated group. Also, combination therapy with testosterone and exercise in castrated diabetic rats showed a significant (p&lt;0.05) increasing effect on P-ERK 1/2 protein levels compared to testosterone or exercise groups. Analysis of data for the sham group showed no significant difference in comparison to diabetic group (data are not shown).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histopathological findings</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Effects of testosterone and voluntary exercise on myocardial tissues in type I diabetic and diabetic castrated rats</title>
          <p>According to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1A</xref> that analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test, castration increased interstitial edema (significantly p&lt;0.05), leukocyte infiltration, and myonecrosis in the diabetes group. In the diabetic group, testosterone treatment resulted in a marked attenuation of interstitial edema, leukocyte infiltration and myonecrosis (significantly p&lt;0.05) in comparison to the diabetic group. Also, six weeks exercise trained rats in the diabetes group had decreased interstitial edema, leukocyte infiltration (significantly p&lt;0.05) and myonecrosis (significantly p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1B</xref>). Combination therapy with testosterone and exercise in diabetic rats showed a decreasing effect on myocardial tissues damage in comparison to Dia, Dia-E and Dia-T groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1C</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1A</xref> showed that in the Dia-Cas group testosterone treatment resulted in a marked attenuation of interstitial edema (significantly p&lt;0.05), leukocyte infiltration (significantly p&lt;0.01) and myonecrosis (significantly p&lt;0.001) in comparison to the Dia-Cas group. Also, six weeks exercise trained rats in Dia-Cas group had decreased interstitial edema (significantly p&lt;0.01), leukocyte infiltration (significantly p&lt;0.05) and myonecrosis (significantly p&lt;0.01) in comparison to the Dia-Cas group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1B</xref>). Mann-Whitney U analysis showed that combination therapy with testosterone and exercise in castrated diabetic rats decreased interstitial edema (significantly p&lt;0.01), leukocyte infiltration and myonecrosis (significantly p&lt;0.001) in comparison to the Dia-Cas group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1D</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A-H) The histological light microscopy images of the left ventricle tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin (40 &#215; HE). A) Dia group; B) Dia-T group; C) Dia-E group; D) Dia-T-E group; E) Dia- Cas group; F) Dia- Cas-T group; G) Dia- Cas-E group; H) Dia- Cas-T-E group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0532-60174-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Effect of 6 weeks testosterone treatment on histological changes of cardiomyocytes in the diabetic and diabetic castrated groups; B) Effect of 6 weeks exercise training on histological changes of cardiomyocytes in the diabetic and diabetic castrated groups; C) Effects of 6 weeks testosterone and exercise on histological changes of cardiomyocytes in the diabetic group; D) Effects of 6 weeks testosterone and exercise on histological changes of cardiomyocytes in the diabetic castrated group</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Interstitial edema</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Leukocyte infiltration</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Cardiomyocyte necrosis and congestion</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia</td>
                  <td align="center">1.57 &#177; 0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">2.42 &#177; 0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">2.57 &#177; 0.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia-Cas</td>
                  <td align="center">2.71 &#177; 0.48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8571 &#177; 0.37</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia-T</td>
                  <td align="center">1.71 &#177; 0.75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">++</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1 &#177; 1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">++</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85 &#177; 0.89<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">+++</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia-Cas-T</td>
                  <td align="center">1.85 &#177; 0.69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 &#177; 0.78<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">++</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">**</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">+++</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Interstitial edema</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Leukocyte infiltration</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Cardiomyocyte necrosis and congestion</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia</td>
                  <td align="center">1.57 &#177; 0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">2.42 &#177; 0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">2.57 &#177; 0.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia-Cas</td>
                  <td align="center">2.71 &#177; 0.48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8571 &#177; 0.37</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia-E</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 &#177; 0.53</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28 &#177; 1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia-Cas-E</td>
                  <td align="center">1.85 &#177; 0.37 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">++</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2.14 &#177; 0.69007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">+</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">@</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2.14 &#177;0.69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">++</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">@@</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>C</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Interstitial edema</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Leukocyte infiltration</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Cardiomyocyte necrosis and congestion</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia</td>
                  <td align="center">1.57 &#177; 0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">2.42 &#177; 0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">2.57 &#177; 0.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia-T</td>
                  <td align="center">1.71 &#177; 0.75</td>
                  <td align="center">1.85 &#177; 0.37</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85 &#177; 0.89<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia-E</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 &#177; 0.53</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28 &#177; 1. 00 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia-T-E</td>
                  <td align="center">1.85 &#177; 0.37</td>
                  <td align="center">2.14 &#177; 0.69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2.14 &#177;0.69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>D</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Interstitial edema</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Leukocyte infiltration</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Cardiomyocyte necrosis and congestion</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia-Cas</td>
                  <td align="center">2.71 &#177; 0.48</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8571 &#177; 0.37</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia-Cas-T</td>
                  <td align="center">1.85 &#177; 0.69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 &#177; 0.78<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">++</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 &#177; 0.05+++</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia-Cas-E</td>
                  <td align="center">1.85 &#177; 0.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">++</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2.14 &#177; 0.69007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2.14 &#177;0.69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">++</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dia-Cas-T-E</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28 &#177; 0.48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">++</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#9650;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28 &#177; 0.48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">+++</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#9650;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28 &#177; 0.48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">+++</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#9650;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01">
                <p>Data are expressed as mean&#177; SEM for 7 animals.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN02">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.05,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN03">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.01,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN04">
                <label>***</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.001 vs the Dia group.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <label>@</label>
                <p>p&lt;0. 05,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <label>@@</label>
                <p>p&lt;0. 01 vs the Dia-E group.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN07">
                <label>+</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.05,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <label>++</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.01,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN09">
                <label>+++</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.001 vs the Dia-Cas group.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>&#9650;</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.05 vs the Dia-Cas-E group.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effects of testosterone and voluntary exercise on microvascular density (MVD) in type I diabetic and diabetic castrated rats</title>
          <p>One-way ANOVA showed that castration significantly (p&lt;0.01) decreased the number of MVD in the heart tissue of diabetic rats. Treatment of Dia and Dia-Cas groups with testosterone significantly (p&lt;0.01) enhanced the number of MVD compared to Dia and Dia-Cas groups, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2A</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2B</xref> showed that in Dia and Dia-Cas groups six weeks exercise training (p&lt;0.01) significantly increased the number of MVD in the heart tissue compared to Dia and Dia-Cas groups, respectively. According to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2C</xref> (analysis by two way ANOVA), six weeks of combination therapy with testosterone and exercise in diabetic rats significantly (p&lt;0.001) enhanced the number of MVD in the heart tissue in comparison with the diabetes group. Also, combination therapy with testosterone and exercise in diabetic rats showed a significant (p&lt;0.01) increasing effect on the number of MVD compared to testosterone or exercise treated groups. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2D</xref> (analysis by two way ANOVA), shows that in the diabetes-castration group, six weeks combination therapy with testosterone and exercise significantly (p&lt;0.001) increased the number of MVD in the heart tissue in comparison with the diabetes castrated group. Also, combination therapy with testosterone and exercise in castrated diabetic rats showed a significant (p&lt;0.05) increasing effect on the number of MVD compared to exercise treated groups. Analysis of data for the sham group showed no significant difference in comparison to diabetic group (data are not shown).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Effect of 6 weeks testosterone treatment on MVD cardiac tissue of the diabetic and diabetic castrated groups; B) Effect of 6 weeks exercise training on MVD cardiac tissue of the diabetic and diabetic castrated groups; C) Effects of 6 weeks testosterone and exercise on MVD cardiac tissue of the diabetic group; D) Effects of 6 weeks testosterone and exercise on MVD cardiac tissue of the diabetic castrated</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia-Cas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia-T</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia-Cas-T</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Microvascular density</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">++</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">++</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">239.57&#177;11.76</td>
                  <td align="center">196.00&#177;14.70</td>
                  <td align="center">281.00&#177;9.50</td>
                  <td align="center">245.42&#177;9.66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia-Cas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia-E</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia-Cas-E</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Microvascular density</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">++</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">++</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">239.57&#177;11.76</td>
                  <td align="center">196.00&#177;14.70</td>
                  <td align="center">269.1429&#177;12.42</td>
                  <td align="center">226.57&#177;28.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>C</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia-T</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia-E</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia-T-E</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="5">Microvascular density</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">***</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&amp;&amp;</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">@@</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">239.57&#177;11.76</td>
                  <td align="center">281.00&#177;9.50</td>
                  <td align="center">269.1429&#177;12.42</td>
                  <td align="center">305.7143&#177;9.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>D</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia-Cas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia-Cas-T</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia-Cas-E</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Dia-Cas-T-E</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Microvascular density</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">+++</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">+++</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">+</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#9650;</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">196.00&#177;14.70</td>
                  <td align="center">245.42&#177;9.66</td>
                  <td align="center">226.57&#177;28.17</td>
                  <td align="center">259.14&#177;7.96</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>Group Data are expressed as mean&#177; SEM for 7 animals.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.01,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>***</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.001 vs the Dia group.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>&amp;&amp;</label>
                <p>p&lt;0. 01vs the Dia-T group.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>@@</label>
                <p>p&lt;0. 01 vs the Dia-E group.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>+</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.05,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>++</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.01,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>+++</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.001 vs the Dia-Cas group.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>&#9650;</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.05 vs the Dia-Cas-E group.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, we provided novel information that testosterone and exercise increased P-AKT and P-ERK 1/2 levels in the heart tissue of type I diabetic rats. Our findings showed that castration impaired the activation of AKT and ERK 1/2 in the heart tissue of diabetic rats and testosterone-replacement therapy increased levels of these proteins. Specifically, we demonstrated that simultaneous treatment of diabetic and castrated diabetic rats with testosterone and exercise had additive effect on activation of these proteins. The present study revealed that levels of P-AKT and P-ERK 1/2 enhanced in exercise-trained groups compared with sedentary groups. Also, testosterone and exercise induced histological changes such as tissue organization and vascularization in the heart tissue. Briefly, the damage in the myocardium of diabetic and castrated diabetic rats decreased with testosterone treatment or exercise training. Moreover, simultaneous treatment with testosterone and exercise increased vascularization in the heart tissue of diabetic and castrated diabetic rats.</p>
      <p>The diabetic condition changes neovascularization mechanisms and impairs vascular homeostasis. As, angiogenesis and capillary density decreases in heart of diabetic rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Similarly, clinical studies have shown an abnormality in endothelium dependent vasodilation in patients with diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Diabetes has been shown to cause structural and functional disturbances in the myocardium through myocardial fibrosis, collagen formation, myocyte hypertrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ROS accumulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> It has been found that cardiac expression of VEGF-A and its receptors decreased in diabetic rats and in the human myocardium with diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several factors can affect angiogenesis in the heart of diabetic subjects; testosterone and exercise are the most notable of these factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> As, androgens, including testosterone, mediate biological effects on all aspects of cellular mechanisms, including proliferation, differentiation, and homeostasis. Moreover, it is shown that testosterone involves in endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis as testosterone supplementation increases angiogenesis in the heart of castrated rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Also, previous studies have shown that testosterone deficiency is common in diabetic men and STZ-induced diabetic rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Clinical trials have reported a higher prevalence of hypogonadism in diabetic men when compared with non-diabetics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> It is shown that type I diabetic subjects have lower free testosterone compared with control subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> These observations and other scientific evidence suggesting that testosterone deficiency contributes or at least is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In our study, testosterone therapy increased vascularity in the myocardium of Dia and Dia-Cas groups.</p>
      <p>Since regular moderate-intensity physical activity can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, it is recommended for patients with type I diabetes (T1DM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Multiple lines of evidence suggest that exercise increases angiogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Our results showed that exercise increased MVD and decreased interstitial, leukocyte infiltration, and myonecrosis in the heart tissue of Dia and Dia-Cas groups.</p>
      <p>To elucidate the mechanisms of testosterone and exercise for promotion of angiogenesis, we assessed AKT and ERK1/2 in the angiogenesis-related proteins. PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK are two major cellular signaling pathways, which are activated <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and play a principal role during angiogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> AKT is expressed in heart tissue at high levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> It has been shown that PI3K-AKT and MAPK-ERK signaling axis regulates multiple critical steps in angiogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Dobrzynski et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> showed that STZ-diabetic rats had a significant reductions in cardiac AKT activity and insulin treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats enhanced retinal AKT phosphorylation. Also, it has been reported that insulin pretreatment of hepatoma cells specifically enhanced growth hormone induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is clear that testosterone increased both AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> It seems that testosterone increases the HIF-1a and VEGF-A levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> which act as chief regulators of neovascularization through phospho-AKT/AKT pathway. Also, testosterone can enhance SDF-1a levels which decreases apoptosis and increases angiogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Multiple lines of evidence suggest that exercise can increase angiogenesis through increasing VEGF and eNOS phosphorylation by AKT in the post-ischemic failing heart in rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Also, it is revealed that exercise can activate ERK in rodent skeletal muscle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> In this regard, we showed that voluntary exercise increases cardiac P-AKT and P-ERK in diabetic and castrated diabetic rats, which can lead to angiogenesis. Other possible mechanisms are increasing of VEGF-A and decreasing of oxidative stress by voluntary exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Furthermore, for the first time, our study showed that testosterone treatment and exercise training have an additive effect on diminution of tissue injury, vascularity and activation of AKT and ERK in the hearts of diabetic rats. In agreement with our study, Fry and Lohnes showed that resistance exercise can elicit a heightening testosterone response that partially explains the muscle hypertrophy observed in athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> It is also reported that, when exercise is added to testosterone supplementation, cardiac remodeling process, as structural or biochemical changes, becomes more efficient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Regarding the limitations of this study and results of previous studies, we did not measure circulating testosterone after castration.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Based on our findings, we conclude that testosterone and exercise increase angiogenesis and diminish histological abnormalities in the hearts of type I diabetic rats by increasing of P-AKT and P-ERK. According to our findings, performing daily voluntary exercise as well as taking testosterone is recommended for diabetic men with testosterone deficiency to reduce their heart complications.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Mustafa Mohammadi, from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgement</title>
      <p>Support for this investigation by the Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences through grant, is gratefully acknowledged. Our data in this work were derived from the thesis of Ms Leila Chodari for a PhD degree in physiology (thesis serial number: 92/4-2/4).</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Soares RA. Angiogenesis in Diabetes. Unraveling the Angiogenic Paradox. The Open Circulation and Vascular Journal. 2010;3;3-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angiogenesis in Diabetes. Unraveling the Angiogenic Paradox</article-title>
          <source>The Open Circulation and Vascular Journal</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Carmeliet P. Angiogenesis in health and disease. Nat Med. 2003;9(6):653-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carmeliet</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angiogenesis in health and disease</article-title>
          <source>Nat Med</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>653</fpage>
          <lpage>660</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Jiang BH, Jiang G, Zheng JZ, Lu Z, Hunter T, Vogt PK. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling controls levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Cell Growth Differ. 2001;12(7):363-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zheng</surname>
              <given-names>JZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunter</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vogt</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling controls levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1</article-title>
          <source>Cell Growth Differ</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>363</fpage>
          <lpage>369</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Minet E, Arnould T, Michel G, Roland I, Mottet D, Raes M, et al. ERK activation upon hypoxia: involvement in HIF-1 activation. FEBS Lett. 2000;468(1):53-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Minet</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnould</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michel</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roland</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mottet</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ERK activation upon hypoxia: involvement in HIF-1 activation</article-title>
          <source>FEBS Lett</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>468</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>53</fpage>
          <lpage>58</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 DeBosch B, Treskov I, Lupu TS, Weinheimer C, Kovacs A, Courtois M, et al. Akt1 is required for physiological cardiac growth. Circulation. 2006;113(17):2097-104.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DeBosch</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Treskov</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lupu</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weinheimer</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kovacs</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Courtois</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Akt1 is required for physiological cardiac growth</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2097</fpage>
          <lpage>2104</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 McMullen JR, Shioi T, Zhang L, Tarnavski O, Sherwood MC, Kang PM, et al. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (p110&#945;) plays a critical role for the induction of physiological, but not pathological, cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(21):12355-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McMullen</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shioi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tarnavski</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sherwood</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (p110&#945;) plays a critical role for the induction of physiological, but not pathological, cardiac hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>12355</fpage>
          <lpage>12360</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Liu L-Z, Li C, Chen Q, Jing Y, Carpenter R, Jiang Y, et al. MiR-21 induced angiogenesis through AKT and ERK activation and HIF-1alpha expression. PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e19139.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>L-Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jing</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carpenter</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>MiR-21 induced angiogenesis through AKT and ERK activation and HIF-1alpha expression</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e19139</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Mavria G, Vercoulen Y, Yeo M, Paterson H, Karasarides M, Marais R, et al. ERK-MAPK signaling opposes Rho-kinase to promote endothelial cell survival and sprouting during angiogenesis. Cancer Cell. 2006;9(1):33-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mavria</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vercoulen</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paterson</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karasarides</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marais</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ERK-MAPK signaling opposes Rho-kinase to promote endothelial cell survival and sprouting during angiogenesis</article-title>
          <source>Cancer Cell</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Xu Q, Wells CC, Garman JH, Asico L, Escano CS, Maric C. Imbalance in sex hormone levels exacerbates diabetic renal disease. Hypertension. 2008;51(4):1218-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wells</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garman</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asico</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Escano</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maric</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Imbalance in sex hormone levels exacerbates diabetic renal disease</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1218</fpage>
          <lpage>1224</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Rosano GM, Leonardo F, Pagnotta P, Pelliccia F, Panina G, Cerquetani E, et al. Acute anti-ischemic effect of testosterone in men with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1999;99(13):1666-70. Erratum in: Circulation 2000;101(5):584.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosano</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leonardo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pagnotta</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pelliccia</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Panina</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cerquetani</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute anti-ischemic effect of testosterone in men with coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1666</fpage>
          <lpage>1670</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Circulation 2000;101(5):584</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Howarth FC, Al Ali S, Al-Sheryani S, Ljubisavijevic M. Effects of voluntary exercise on heart function in estreptozotocina (STZ)-induced diabetic rat. Int J Diabetes Metabolism. 2007;15:32-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Howarth</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al Ali</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Sheryani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ljubisavijevic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of voluntary exercise on heart function in estreptozotocina (STZ)-induced diabetic rat</article-title>
          <source>Int J Diabetes Metabolism</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <fpage>32</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Kizaki T, Maegawa T, Sakurai T, Ogasawara JE, Ookawara T, Oh-ishi S, et al. Voluntary exercise attenuates obesity-associated inflammation through ghrelin expressed in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;413(3):454-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kizaki</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maegawa</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sakurai</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogasawara</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ookawara</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh-ishi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Voluntary exercise attenuates obesity-associated inflammation through ghrelin expressed in macrophages</article-title>
          <source>Biochem Biophys Res Commun</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>413</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>454</fpage>
          <lpage>459</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Maddali KK, Korzick DH, Tharp DL, Bowles DK. PKC&#948; mediates testosterone-induced increases in coronary smooth muscle Cav1. 2. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(52):43024-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maddali</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Korzick</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tharp</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bowles</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>PKC&#948; mediates testosterone-induced increases in coronary smooth muscle Cav1. 2</article-title>
          <source>J Biol Chem</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>280</volume>
          <issue>52</issue>
          <fpage>43024</fpage>
          <lpage>43029</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Chen Y, Fu L, Han Y, Teng Y, Sun J, Xie R, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy promotes angiogenesis after acute myocardial infarction by enhancing expression of cytokines HIF-1a, FDS-1a and FCEV. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012;684(1-3):116-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teng</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xie</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone replacement therapy promotes angiogenesis after acute myocardial infarction by enhancing expression of cytokines HIF-1a, FDS-1a and FCEV</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>684</volume>
          <issue>1-3</issue>
          <fpage>116</fpage>
          <lpage>124</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Tripathi V, Verma J. Different models used to induce diabetes: a comprehensive review. Int J Pharm Sci. 2014;6(6):29-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tripathi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verma</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Different models used to induce diabetes: a comprehensive review</article-title>
          <source>Int J Pharm Sci</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Naderi R, Mohaddes G, Mohammadi M, Ghaznavi R, Ghyasi R, Vatankhah AM. Voluntary exercise protects heart from oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Adv Pharm Bull. 2015;5(2):231-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Naderi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohaddes</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohammadi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghaznavi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghyasi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vatankhah</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Voluntary exercise protects heart from oxidative stress in diabetic rats</article-title>
          <source>Adv Pharm Bull</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>231</fpage>
          <lpage>236</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 G&#252;zel D, Dursun AD, Fi&#231;icilar H, Tekin D, Tanyeli A, Akat F, et al. Effect of intermittent hypoxia on the cardiac HIF-1/FCEV pathway in experimental type 1 diabetes mellitus. Anatol J Cardiol. 2016;16(2):76-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;zel</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dursun</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fi&#231;icilar</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tekin</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tanyeli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akat</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of intermittent hypoxia on the cardiac HIF-1/FCEV pathway in experimental type 1 diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Anatol J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>76</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Khazaei M, Fallahzadeh AR, Sharifi MR, Afsharmoghaddam N, Javanmard SH, Salehi E. Effects of diabetes on myocardial capillary density and serum angiogenesis biomarkers in male rats. Clinics. 2011;66(8):1419-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khazaei</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fallahzadeh</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharifi</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afsharmoghaddam</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Javanmard</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salehi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of diabetes on myocardial capillary density and serum angiogenesis biomarkers in male rats</article-title>
          <source>Clinics</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1419</fpage>
          <lpage>1424</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Johnstone MT, Creager SJ, Scales KM, Cusco JA, Lee BK, Creager MA. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 1993;88(6):2510-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnstone</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Creager</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scales</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cusco</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Creager</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2510</fpage>
          <lpage>2516</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Falc&#227;o-Pires I, Leite-Moreira AF. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: understanding the molecular and cellular basis to progress in diagnosis and treatment. Heart Fail Rev. 2012;17(3):325-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Falc&#227;o-Pires</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leite-Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetic cardiomyopathy: understanding the molecular and cellular basis to progress in diagnosis and treatment</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>325</fpage>
          <lpage>344</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Chou E, Suzuma I, Way KJ, Opland D, Clermont AC, Naruse K, et al. Decreased cardiac expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in insulin-resistant and diabetic states a possible explanation for impaired collateral formation in cardiac tissue. Circulation. 2002;105(3):373-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chou</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suzuma</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Way</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Opland</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clermont</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naruse</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Decreased cardiac expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in insulin-resistant and diabetic states a possible explanation for impaired collateral formation in cardiac tissue</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>379</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Ghorbanzadeh V, Mohammadi M, Dariushnejad H, Chodari L, Mohaddes G. Effects of crocin and voluntary exercise, alone or combined, on heart FCEV-A and HOMA-IR of HFD/ESTREPTOZOTOCINA induced type 2 diabetic rats. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016 Apr 19. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ghorbanzadeh</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohammadi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dariushnejad</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chodari</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohaddes</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of crocin and voluntary exercise, alone or combined, on heart FCEV-A and HOMA-IR of HFD/ESTREPTOZOTOCINA induced type 2 diabetic rats</article-title>
          <source>J Endocrinol Invest</source>
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
          <comment>Epub ahead of print</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Lissbrant IF, Lissbrant E, Persson A, Damber JE, Bergh A. Endothelial cell proliferation in male reproductive organs of adult rat is high and regulated by testicular factors. Biol Reprod. 2003;68(4):1107-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lissbrant</surname>
              <given-names>IF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lissbrant</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Persson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damber</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergh</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endothelial cell proliferation in male reproductive organs of adult rat is high and regulated by testicular factors</article-title>
          <source>Biol Reprod</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1107</fpage>
          <lpage>1111</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Barrett-Connor E, Khaw KT, Yen SS. Endogenous sex hormone levels in older adult men with diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;132(5):895-901.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barrett-Connor</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khaw</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yen</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endogenous sex hormone levels in older adult men with diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>132</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>895</fpage>
          <lpage>901</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Khaneshi F, Nasrolahi O, Azizi S, Nejati V. Sesame effects on testicular damage in estreptozotocina-induced diabetes rats. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2013;3(4):347-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khaneshi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasrolahi</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azizi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nejati</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sesame effects on testicular damage in estreptozotocina-induced diabetes rats</article-title>
          <source>Avicenna J Phytomed</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>347</fpage>
          <lpage>355</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Van Dam EW, Dekker JM, Lentjes EG, Romijn FP, Smulders YM, Post WJ, et al. Steroids in adult men with type 1 diabetes: a tendency to hypogonadism. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(6):1812-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van Dam</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dekker</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lentjes</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romijn</surname>
              <given-names>FP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smulders</surname>
              <given-names>YM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Post</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Steroids in adult men with type 1 diabetes: a tendency to hypogonadism</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1812</fpage>
          <lpage>1818</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Corona G, Rastrelli G, Vignozzi L, Mannucci E, Maggi M. Testosterone, cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;25(2):337-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Corona</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rastrelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vignozzi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mannucci</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maggi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone, cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>337</fpage>
          <lpage>353</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Wang C, Jackson G, Jones TH, Matsumoto AM, Nehra A, Perelman MA, et al. Low testosterone associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome contributes to sexual dysfunction and cardiovascular disease risk in men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(7):1669-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jackson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsumoto</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nehra</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perelman</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low testosterone associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome contributes to sexual dysfunction and cardiovascular disease risk in men with type 2 diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1669</fpage>
          <lpage>1675</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Chimen M, Kennedy A, Nirantharakumar K, Pang T, Andrews R, Narendran P. What are the health benefits of physical activity in type 1 diabetes mellitus? A literature review. Diabetologia. 2012;55(3):542-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chimen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kennedy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nirantharakumar</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pang</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrews</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Narendran</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>What are the health benefits of physical activity in type 1 diabetes mellitus? A literature review</article-title>
          <source>Diabetologia</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>542</fpage>
          <lpage>551</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Leosco D, Rengo G, Iaccarino G, Golino L, Marchese M, Fortunato F, et al. Exercise promotes angiogenesis and improves &#946;-adrenergic receptor signalling in the post-ischaemic failing rat heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2008;78(2):385-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leosco</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rengo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iaccarino</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Golino</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marchese</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fortunato</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise promotes angiogenesis and improves &#946;-adrenergic receptor signalling in the post-ischaemic failing rat heart</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>385</fpage>
          <lpage>394</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 H&#252;ser M, Luckett J, Chiloeches A, Mercer K, Iwobi M, Giblett S, et al. MEK kinase activity is not necessary for Raf-1 function. EMBO J. 2001;20(8):1940-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>H&#252;ser</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luckett</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiloeches</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mercer</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iwobi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giblett</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>MEK kinase activity is not necessary for Raf-1 function</article-title>
          <source>EMBO J</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1940</fpage>
          <lpage>1951</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Jiang BH, Zheng JZ, Aoki M, Vogt PK. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling mediates angiogenesis and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(4):1749-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zheng</surname>
              <given-names>JZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aoki</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vogt</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling mediates angiogenesis and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in endothelial cells</article-title>
          <source>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1749</fpage>
          <lpage>1753</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Xu J, Keeton AB, Franklin JL, Li X, Venable DY, Frank SJ, et al. Insulin enhances growth hormone induction of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(2):982-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keeton</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franklin</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Venable</surname>
              <given-names>DY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frank</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Insulin enhances growth hormone induction of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway</article-title>
          <source>J Biol Chem</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>281</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>982</fpage>
          <lpage>992</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Zdychova J, Komers R. Emerging role of Akt kinase/protein kinase B signaling in pathophysiology of diabetes and its complications. Physiol Res. 2005;54(1):1-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zdychova</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komers</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Emerging role of Akt kinase/protein kinase B signaling in pathophysiology of diabetes and its complications</article-title>
          <source>Physiol Res</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 Hood JD, Frausto R, Kiosses WB, Schwartz MA, Cheresh DA. Differential &#945;v integrin-mediated Ras-ERK signaling during two pathways of angiogenesis. J Cell Biol. 2003;162(5):933-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hood</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frausto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiosses</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheresh</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Differential &#945;v integrin-mediated Ras-ERK signaling during two pathways of angiogenesis</article-title>
          <source>J Cell Biol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>162</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>933</fpage>
          <lpage>943</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Shiojima I, Walsh K. Role of Akt signaling in vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis. Circ Res. 2002;90(12):1243-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shiojima</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walsh</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of Akt signaling in vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1243</fpage>
          <lpage>1250</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 Dobrzynski E, Montanari D, Agata J, Zhu J, Chao J, Chao L. Adrenomedullin improves cardiac function and prevents renal damage in estreptozotocina-induced diabetic Ratos. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;283(6):E1291-E8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dobrzynski</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montanari</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agata</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chao</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chao</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adrenomedullin improves cardiac function and prevents renal damage in estreptozotocina-induced diabetic Ratos</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>283</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>E1291</fpage>
          <lpage>E12E8</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38 Altamirano F, Oyarce C, Silva P, Toyos M, Wilson C, Lavandero S, et al. Testosterone induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway. J Endocrinol. 2009;202(2):299-307. Erratum in: J Endocrinol. 2009;202(3):485.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Altamirano</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oyarce</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toyos</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lavandero</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway</article-title>
          <source>J Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>202</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>299</fpage>
          <lpage>307</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: J Endocrinol. 2009;202(3):485</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Chang E, Paterno J, Duscher D, Maan ZN, Chen JS, Januszyk M, et al. Exercise induces stromal cell-derived factor-1&#945;-mediated release of endothelial progenitor cells with increased vasculogenic function. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;135(2):340e-50e.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paterno</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duscher</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maan</surname>
              <given-names>ZN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januszyk</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise induces stromal cell-derived factor-1&#945;-mediated release of endothelial progenitor cells with increased vasculogenic function</article-title>
          <source>Plast Reconstr Surg</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>340e</fpage>
          <lpage>350e</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40 Sakamoto K, Aschenbach WG, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Akt signaling in skeletal muscle: regulation by exercise and passive stretch. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003;285(5):E1081-E8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sakamoto</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aschenbach</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirshman</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goodyear</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Akt signaling in skeletal muscle: regulation by exercise and passive stretch</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>285</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>E1081</fpage>
          <lpage>E10E8</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41 Chen HC, Bandyopadhyay G, Sajan MP, Kanoh Y, Standaert M, Farese RV. Activation of the ERK pathway and atypical protein kinase C isoforms in exercise-and aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-&#946;-d-riboside (AICAR)-stimulated glucose transport. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(26):23554-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bandyopadhyay</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sajan</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanoh</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Standaert</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farese</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Activation of the ERK pathway and atypical protein kinase C isoforms in exercise-and aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-&#946;-d-riboside (AICAR)-stimulated glucose transport</article-title>
          <source>J Biol Chem</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>277</volume>
          <issue>26</issue>
          <fpage>23554</fpage>
          <lpage>23562</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>42 Fry A, Lohnes C. Acute testosterone and cortisol responses to high power resistance exercise. Fiziol Cheloveka. 2010;36(4):102-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fry</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lohnes</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute testosterone and cortisol responses to high power resistance exercise</article-title>
          <source>Fiziol Cheloveka</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>102</fpage>
          <lpage>106</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation>43 Gon&#231;alves L, de Souza RR, Maifrino LBM, Caperuto &#201;C, Carbone PO, Rodrigues B, et al. Resistance exercise and testosterone treatment alters the proportion of numerical density of capillaries of the left ventricle of aging Wistar Ratos. Aging Male. 2014;17(4):243-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Souza</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maifrino</surname>
              <given-names>LBM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caperuto</surname>
              <given-names>&#201;C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carbone</surname>
              <given-names>PO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resistance exercise and testosterone treatment alters the proportion of numerical density of capillaries of the left ventricle of aging Wistar Ratos</article-title>
          <source>Aging Male</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>243</fpage>
          <lpage>247</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Exerc&#237;cio</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Testosterona e Exerc&#237;cio Volunt&#225;rio, Individualmente ou em Conjunto, Aumentam a Ativa&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca de AKT e ERK1/2 em Ratos Diab&#233;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chodari</surname>
            <given-names>Leila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mohammadi</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mohaddes</surname>
            <given-names>Gisou</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alipour</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad Reza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghorbanzade</surname>
            <given-names>Vajiheh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dariushnejad</surname>
            <given-names>Hassan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mohammadi</surname>
            <given-names>Shima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Neuroscience Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Chodari l, Mohammadi M, Mohaddes G; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Chodari l, Mohammadi M, Mohaddes G, Ghorbanzade V, Dariushnejad H, Mohammadi S; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Chodari l, Mohammadi M, Alipour MR, Ghorbanzade V, Dariushnejad H, Mohammadi S; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Chodari l, Mohammadi M, Alipour MR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Mohammadi M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Chodari l, Mohammadi M, Mohaddes G, Alipour MR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Angiog&#234;nese prejudicada em tecido card&#237;aco &#233; uma das principais complica&#231;&#245;es das diabetes. As vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na-quinase B (AKT) e a quinase regulada por sinal extracelular (ERK) exercem um importante papel durante a forma&#231;&#227;o de uma rede similar &#224; capilar no processo de angiog&#234;nese.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Determinar os efeitos da testosterona e exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios sobre os n&#237;veis de vascularidade, AKT fosforilada (P- AKT) e ERK fosforilada (P-ERK) sobre o tecido card&#237;aco de ratos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A diabetes tipo 1 foi induzida atrav&#233;s de inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de 50 mg/kg de estreptozotocina em animais. Ap&#243;s 42 dias de tratamento com testosterona (2mg/kg/dia) ou exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios, individualmente ou em conjunto, as amostras de tecidos card&#237;acos foram coletadas e usadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica e determina&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de P-AKT e P-ERK atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo ELISA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os nossos resultados mostraram que a testosterona ou os exerc&#237;cios aumentaram a capilaridade, os n&#237;veis de P-AKT, e P-ERK nos cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos diab&#233;ticos. O tratamento de ratos diab&#233;ticos com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios obteve um efeito sin&#233;rgico sobre a capilaridade, n&#237;veis de P-AKT, e P-ERK no cora&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disto, na capilaridade do grupo diab&#233;tico castrado, os n&#237;veis de P-AKT e P-ERK diminu&#237;ram significativamente no cora&#231;&#227;o, ao passo que o tratamento com testosterona ou o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios reverteu tais efeitos. O tratamento simult&#226;neo de ratos diab&#233;ticos castrados com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios obteve um efeito aditivo sobre os n&#237;veis de P-AKT e P-ERK.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nossas descobertas sugerem que a testosterona e exerc&#237;cios, em conjunto ou individualmente, podem aumentar a angiog&#234;nese nos cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos. Os efeitos favor&#225;veis &#224; angiog&#234;nese da testosterona e dos exerc&#237;cios est&#227;o associados &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o refor&#231;ada de AKT e ERK1/2 no tecido card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Testosterona</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiog&#234;nese</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;nas c-akt</kwd>
        <kwd>MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A diabetes mellitus &#233; uma doen&#231;a metab&#243;lica com uma alta e crescente preval&#234;ncia ao redor do mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares s&#227;o as principais causas da mortalidade e morbidade em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos, e a supress&#227;o da angiog&#234;nese nos sistemas card&#237;aco coron&#225;rio e vascular perif&#233;rico pode ter efeitos influenciadores sobre este caso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A AKT e a ERK s&#227;o as duas principais vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o que exercem um papel central na regula&#231;&#227;o de prolifera&#231;&#227;o, migra&#231;&#227;o e sobreviv&#234;ncia celular atrav&#233;s de seus alvos a jusante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Existem provas de que vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o dependentes da AKT exercem um papel cr&#237;tico na regula&#231;&#227;o do crescimento card&#237;aco, fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til e angiog&#234;nese coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Foi provado que as vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de AKT aumenta a angiog&#234;nese no tecido card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de MAPK-ERK exerce um importante papel durante a angiog&#234;nese, e &#233; necess&#225;ria para o surgimento de c&#233;lulas endoteliais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A testosterona &#233; um importante androg&#234;nio gonadal nos homens. A defici&#234;ncia de testosterona &#233; comum em homem com diabetes e em ratos machos com diabetes induzidas atrav&#233;s de estreptozotocina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Al&#233;m disto, &#233; observado que doen&#231;as cardiovasculares aumentam com a defici&#234;ncia de testosterona.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Estes achados podem indicar que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de testosterona em homens diab&#233;ticos pode ser ben&#233;fica para atenuar a doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Exerc&#237;cios possuem efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre as propriedades funcionais dos m&#250;sculos card&#237;acos saud&#225;veis e diab&#233;ticos. Al&#233;m disto, exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos melhoram o metabolismo de glucose no sangue, a a&#231;&#227;o da insulina e fatores de riscos cardiovasculares em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Foi demonstrado que exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios, como exerc&#237;cios leves/moderados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> diminuem as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No modelo animal de exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios, o animal tem acesso livre a uma roda de corrida, e utiliza a roda de acordo com seu limite fisiol&#243;gico para atividades f&#237;sicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de o sistema cardiovascular ser um importante objetivo dos exerc&#237;cios e a&#231;&#245;es androg&#234;nicas, o sistema molecular da a&#231;&#227;o da testosterona e exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios nos cora&#231;&#245;es de diab&#233;ticos permanece amplamente inexplorada. Portanto, o prop&#243;sito deste estudo era investigar o efeito da terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona e treinamentos f&#237;sicos, individualmente ou em conjunto, sobre os n&#237;veis de P-AKT e P-ERK (como fatores favor&#225;veis &#224; angiog&#234;nese) nos tecidos card&#237;acos de ratos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Os animais usados neste estudo foram fornecidos pela col&#244;nia da nossa universidade. Os animais foram abrigados em instala&#231;&#245;es com temperatura controlada (21 -23&#176;C), mantidos em um ciclo de claro-escuro de 12-12h, com alimentos e &#225;gua fornecidos <italic>ad libitum</italic>. Todos os experimentos com animais foram realizados seguindo as diretrizes de usos humanos e cuidados de animais de laborat&#243;rio para pesquisas biom&#233;dicas publicadas pelos Institutos Nacionais de Sa&#250;de (8&#170; edi&#231;&#227;o, revisada em 2011), e em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade de Tabriz aprovou o protocolo experimental. Sessenta e tr&#234;s ratos machos Wistar (250 - 270 g) foram designados aleatoriamente para grupos com tratamento com testosterona ou placebo, e grupos de exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios ou sedent&#225;rios. Ent&#227;o, os animais foram divididos em nove grupos (n = 7): 1- Grupo diab&#233;tico castrado <italic>sham</italic> + placebo (Dia-S- Cas), 2- Grupo diab&#233;tico + placebo (Dia), 3- Grupo diab&#233;tico + testosterona (Dia -T), 4- Grupo diab&#233;tico + exerc&#237;cios + placebo (Dia-E), 5- Grupo diab&#233;tico + exerc&#237;cios + testosterona (Dia-T-E), 6- Grupo diab&#233;tico + castrado + placebo (Dia-Cas), 7- Grupo diab&#233;tico + castrado + testosterona (Dia-Cas-T), 8-Grupo diab&#233;tico + castrado + exerc&#237;cio (Dia-Cas-E), 9- Grupo diab&#233;tico + castrado + testosterona + exerc&#237;cio (Dia-Cas-T-E) .</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Castra&#231;&#227;o e terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal</title>
          <p>Ratos machos sexualmente adultos foram anestesiados com cloridrato de cetamina (80 mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilazina (5 mg/kg). Ent&#227;o, os animais foram colocados em uma posi&#231;&#227;o supina e seus test&#237;culos foram removidos atrav&#233;s de uma incis&#227;o abdominal m&#233;dia baixa ou permaneceram intactos. Para evitar a interrup&#231;&#227;o de influ&#234;ncia hormonal, a reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona foi iniciada imediatamente ap&#243;s a cirurgia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Propionato de testosterona (UNIGEN, Life Science) foi dissolvido em dimetilsulf&#243;xido (DMSO), administrado por via subcut&#226;nea numa dose fisiol&#243;gica (2 mg/kg /dia) por 6 semanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os ratos nos grupos Dia-S- Cas, Dia, Dia-E, Dia-Cas e Dia-Cas-E foram injetados com a mesma quantidade de ve&#237;culo de DMSO.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o de diabetes</title>
          <p>Todos os animais foram injetados com estreptozotocina (50 mg/kg) (Sigma, St. Louis Mo, EUA), para induzir diabetes tipo I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A estreptozotocina foi dissolvida em 10 mM de citrato de s&#243;dio, pH de 4,5, com 0,9% de NaCl. Diabetes foi constatada 72 h depois, atrav&#233;s de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de glicose no sangue, utilizando um glicos&#237;metro (Elegance, Modelo: no: CT-X10, Alemanha). Ratos com um n&#237;vel de glicose no sangue &#8805;300 mg/dL foram considerados diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A indu&#231;&#227;o de diabetes nos animais foi realizada sete dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia de castra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios</title>
          <p>Os exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios s&#227;o considerados exerc&#237;cios leves/moderados. Neste estudo, os ratos nos grupos de exerc&#237;cio foram abrigados individualmente em gaiolas equipadas com uma roda de corrida vertical de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel (Tajhiz Gostar, Tehran), e tinham livre acesso &#224; roda 24h por dia, por 6 semanas. As rodas estavam conectadas a um sensor permanente que ativava um contador digital das rota&#231;&#245;es das rodas. As circula&#231;&#245;es totais das rodas foram registradas diariamente, com a dist&#226;ncia total corrida por dia determinada atrav&#233;s da multiplica&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de rota&#231;&#245;es das rodas pela circunfer&#234;ncia das rodas. Os animais que tivessem corrido menos de 2.000 m/dia eram substitu&#237;dos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Processamento de tecidos e medi&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na</title>
          <p>Ao final do estudo, os tecidos card&#237;acos foram excisados e congelados em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido imediatamente. Amostras de tecidos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram armazenadas em temperatura de -70 &#176;C at&#233; a medi&#231;&#227;o de fosfo-AKT (serina 473) e fosfo -ERK 1/2 (treonina 202/ tirosina204). De modo a mensurar os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na no tecido card&#237;aco, as amostras foram homogeneizadas em PBS (pH 7,2-7,4), e centrifugadas por 20 minutos na velocidade de 3000 rpm a 4&#176;C. Os sobrenadantes resultantes foram removidos, e as prote&#237;nas alvo foram extra&#237;das. As formas fosforiladas e ativadas de AKT (Eastbiopharm Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) e os n&#237;veis de ERK1/2 (Abcam, Cambridge, U.K.) foram mensurados atrav&#233;s de ELISA de alta sensibilidade, e normalizados &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o total de prote&#237;nas para cada amostragem, conforme determinado pelo ensaio de Bradford.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>As amostras do tecido do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram isoladas imediatamente e afixadas em uma solu&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o de formalina a 10% tamponada, desidratadas em classes ascendentes de &#225;lcool e embebidas em parafina. Se&#231;&#245;es de 5 &#181;m foram retiradas, coradas com hematoxilina-eosina (H-E), e examinadas em microsc&#243;pio de luz (Olympus BH-2, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o), de um modo cego. Os tecidos card&#237;acos foram avaliados em termos de edema intersticial, congest&#227;o, infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leucocitose e mionecrose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ensaio de angiog&#234;nese</title>
          <p>A angiog&#234;nese foi medida atrav&#233;s de densidade microvascular (DMV) em cinco sess&#245;es a intervalos de 50mm da &#225;rea intensamente vascularizada, com microsc&#243;pio de luz, por dois observadores independentes e cegos &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais. Os n&#250;meros de microvasos para cada sess&#227;o foram contados e calculados, para determinar o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de microvasos por sess&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia&#177; EPM. Ap&#243;s avaliar a homogeneidade da varia&#231;&#227;o e distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados, foi usada uma an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de uma ou duas vias, al&#233;m do teste de Tukey para comparar dados quantitativos. O teste de Mann-Whitney U foi utilizado para testar vari&#225;veis histol&#243;gicas. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p&lt;0,05. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de dados foi realizada utilizando o software estat&#237;stico SPSS (Vers&#227;o 17,0).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos da testosterona e exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios sobre n&#237;veis de P- AKT no tecido card&#237;aco de ratos diab&#233;ticos tipo I e diab&#233;ticos castrados</title>
          <p>A ANOVA de uma via mostrou que a castra&#231;&#227;o fez os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-AKT diminuir significativamente (p&lt;0,01) no tecido card&#237;aco dos ratos diab&#233;ticos. O tratamento dos grupos diab&#233;ticos (p&lt;0,01) e castrados diab&#233;ticos (p&lt;0,05) com testosterona aumentou significativamente os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-AKT no tecido card&#237;aco em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1A</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1B</xref> (an&#225;lise atrav&#233;s de ANOVA de uma via) mostra que o tratamento de seis semanas de grupos diab&#233;ticos (p&lt;0,01) e castrados diab&#233;ticos (p&lt;0,001) com exerc&#237;cio aumentou significativamente os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-AKT no cora&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos, respectivamente. A ANOVA de duas vias na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 1C</xref> mostra que a terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios em ratos diab&#233;ticos melhorou os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-AKT significativamente (p&lt;0,001) no tecido card&#237;aco em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico. Al&#233;m disto, a terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o com testosterona e exerc&#237;cio em ratos diab&#233;ticos mostrou um efeito de aumento significativo sobre n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-AKT em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos de testosterona (p&lt;0,001) ou exerc&#237;cio (p&lt;0,01).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Efeito de tratamento de 6 semanas sobre n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-AKT no tecido card&#237;aco de grupos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos; B) Efeito de 6 semanas de exerc&#237;cio sobre n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-AKT no tecido card&#237;aco de grupos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos; C) Efeitos de 6 semanas de testosterona e exerc&#237;cios em n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-AKT no tecido card&#237;aco de grupo diab&#233;tico; D) Efeitos de 6 semanas de testosterona e exerc&#237;cios sobre n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-AKT no tecido card&#237;aco do grupo de castrados diab&#233;ticos (d), Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia&#177; EPM para 7 animais. * p&lt;0,05, ** p&lt;0,01, *** p&lt;0,001 versus o grupo Dia, &amp;&amp;&amp; p&lt;0,001 versus o grupo Dia-T, @@ p&lt;0,01 versus o grupo Dia-E, +++ p&lt;0,001 versus o grupo Dia-Cas, &#9650; p&lt;0,05 versus o grupo Dia-Cas-E, &#916; p&lt;0,05versus o grupo Dia-Cas-T.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0532-60174-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1D</xref> mostra que no grupo diab&#233;tico-castrado, uma terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o de seis semanas com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios eleva significativamente (p&lt;0,001) os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na no tecido card&#237;aco em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico-castrado. Al&#233;m disto, a terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios em ratos diab&#233;ticos castrados mostrou um efeito significativo de aumento (p&lt;0,05) sobre os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-AKT em compara&#231;&#227;o com grupos de testosterona ou exerc&#237;cio. A an&#225;lise de dados para o grupo <italic>sham</italic> n&#227;o aparentou diferen&#231;a significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico (dados n&#227;o-fornecidos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos da testosterona e exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios sobre n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-ERK &#189; no tecido card&#237;aco de ratos diab&#233;ticos tipo 9 e castrados diab&#233;ticos</title>
          <p>A ANOVA de uma via demonstrou que, no grupo diab&#233;tico castrado, os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-ERK 1/2 diminu&#237;ram significativamente (p&lt;0,05) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico. O tratamento de seis semanas de grupos diab&#233;ticos (p&lt;0,05) e castrados diab&#233;ticos (p&lt;0,001) com testosterona refor&#231;ou significativamente os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-ERK 1/2 no tecido card&#237;aco em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos Dia e Dia-Cas, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2A</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Efeito de 6 semanas de tratamento de testosterona sobre n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-ERK 1/2 no tecido card&#237;aco de grupos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos; B) Efeito de 6 semanas de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos sobre os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-ERK 1/2 no tecido card&#237;aco de grupos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos; C) Efeitos de 6 semanas de testosterona e exerc&#237;cios sobre os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-ERK 1/2 no tecido card&#237;aco do grupo diab&#233;tico; D) Efeitos de 6 semanas de testosterona e exerc&#237;cios sobre os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-ERK 1/2 no tecido card&#237;aco do grupo de castrados diab&#233;ticos. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia&#177; EPM para 7 animais. *p&lt;0,05, *** p&lt;0,001 versus o grupo Dia. &amp; p&lt;0,05 versus o grupo Dia-T. @ p&lt;0,05, @@ p&lt;0,01 versus o grupo Dia-E. + p&lt;0,05, ++ p&lt;0,01 , +++ p&lt;0,001 versus o grupo Dia-Cas. &#9650; p&lt;0,05 versus o grupo Dia-Cas-E. &#916; p&lt;0,05 versus o grupo Dia-Cas-T.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0532-60174-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2B</xref> (an&#225;lise atrav&#233;s de ANOVA de uma via) mostra que o tratamento de seis semanas de grupos diab&#233;ticos (p&lt;0,05) e castrados diab&#233;ticos (p&lt;0,001) com exerc&#237;cio aumentou significativamente os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-ERK 1/2 no cora&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>De acordo com a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2C</xref> (an&#225;lise atrav&#233;s de ANOVA de duas vias), seis semanas de terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios em ratos diab&#233;ticos refor&#231;ou significativamente (p&lt;0,001) os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-ERK 1/2 no tecido card&#237;aco em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico. Tamb&#233;m, a terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios em ratos diab&#233;ticos demonstrou um efeito de aumento significativo sobre os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-ERK 1/2 em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos de testosterona (p&lt;0,05) ou exerc&#237;cio (p&lt;0,01).</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2D</xref> mostra que, no grupo diab&#233;tico-castrado, a terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios aumentou significativamente (p&lt;0,001) os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na-ERK 1/2 no tecido card&#237;aco em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico-castrado. Al&#233;m disto, a terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios em ratos diab&#233;ticos castrados demonstrou um efeito de aumento significativo (p&lt;0,05) sobre n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na P-ERK 1/2 em compara&#231;&#227;o com grupos de testosterona ou exerc&#237;cio. A an&#225;lise de dados do grupo <italic>sham</italic> n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico (dados n&#227;o-fornecidos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Observa&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Efeitos da testosterona e exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios em tecidos do mioc&#225;rdio em ratos diab&#233;ticos tipo I e castrados diab&#233;ticos</title>
            <p>De acordo com a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref> e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 1A</xref>, analisada atrav&#233;s do teste de Mann-Whitney U, a castra&#231;&#227;o aumentou o edema intersticial (significativamente, p&lt;0,05), infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos, e a mionecrose no grupo diab&#233;tico. No grupo diab&#233;tico, o tratamento com testosterona resultou em uma acentuada atenua&#231;&#227;o do edema intersticial, infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos e mionecrose (significativamente, p&lt;0,05) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico. Al&#233;m disto, os ratos no grupo diab&#233;tico, ap&#243;s treinamento f&#237;sico de seis semanas, tinham diminu&#237;dos edema intersticial, infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos (significativamente, p&lt;0,05) e mionecrose (significativamente, p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1B</xref>). A terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios em ratos diab&#233;ticos demonstrou um efeito de diminui&#231;&#227;o sobre os danos dos tecidos do mioc&#225;rdio em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos Dia, Dia-E e Dia-T (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1C</xref>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1A</xref> demonstrou que no grupo Dia-Cas, o tratamento de testosterona resultou em uma acentuada atenua&#231;&#227;o do edema intersticial (significativamente, p&lt;0,05), infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos (significativamente, p&lt;0,01) e mionecrose (significativamente, p&lt;0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo Dia-Cas. Al&#233;m disto, os ratos que se exercitaram por seis semanas no grupo Dia-Cas tinham diminu&#237;dos edema intersticial (significativamente, p&lt;0,01), infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos (significativamente, p&lt;0,05) e mionecrose (significativamente, p&lt;0,01) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo Dia-Cas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1B</xref>). A an&#225;lise de Mann-Whitney U demonstrou que a terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios em ratos diab&#233;ticos castrados diminuiu o edema intersticial (significativamente, p&lt;0,01), a infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos e mionecrose (significativamente, p&lt;0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo Dia-Cas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1D</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f6">
                <label>Figura 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>A-H) As imagens histol&#243;gicas de microscopia de luz dos tecidos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo coradas com hematoxilina e eosina (40 &#215; HE). A) Grupo Dia; B) Grupo Dia-T; C) Grupo Dia-E; D) Grupo Dia-T-E; E) Grupo Dia- Cas; F) Grupo Dia- Cas-T; G) Grupo Dia- Cas-E; H) Grupo Dia- Cas-T-E.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0532-60174-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <table-wrap id="t3">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Efeito de 6 semanas de tratamento de testosterona sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas de cardiomi&#243;citos em grupos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos; B) Efeito de 6 semanas de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas de cardiomi&#243;citos em grupos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos; C) Efeitos de 6 semanas de testosterona e exerc&#237;cios altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas de cardiomi&#243;citos em grupo diab&#233;tico; D) Efeitos de 6 semanas de testosterona e exerc&#237;cios altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas de cardiomi&#243;citos em grupo de castrados diab&#233;ticos</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>A</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Edema intersticial</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Necrose e congest&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia</td>
                    <td align="center">1,57 &#177; 0,78</td>
                    <td align="center">2,42 &#177; 0,78</td>
                    <td align="center">2,57 &#177; 0,53</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia-Cas</td>
                    <td align="center">2,71 &#177; 0,48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">2,8571 &#177; 0,37</td>
                    <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia-T</td>
                    <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 0,75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">++</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">1 &#177; 1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">++</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,89<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
											<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">+++</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia-Cas-T</td>
                    <td align="center">1,85 &#177; 0,69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">+</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">1,42 &#177; 0,78<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
											<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">++</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">1,42 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">**</xref>
											<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">+++</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>B</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Edema intersticial</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Necrose e congest&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia</td>
                    <td align="center">1,57 &#177; 0,78</td>
                    <td align="center">2,42 &#177; 0,78</td>
                    <td align="center">2,57 &#177; 0,53</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia-Cas</td>
                    <td align="center">2,71 &#177; 0,48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">2,8571 &#177; 0,37</td>
                    <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia-E</td>
                    <td align="center">1,42 &#177; 0,53</td>
                    <td align="center">1,28 &#177; 1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">***</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia-Cas-E</td>
                    <td align="center">1,85 &#177; 0,37 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">++</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">2,14 &#177; 0,69007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">+</xref>
											<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">@</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">2,14 &#177;0,69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">++</xref>
											<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">@@</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>C</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Edema intersticial</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Necrose e congest&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia</td>
                    <td align="center">1,57 &#177; 0,78</td>
                    <td align="center">2,42 &#177; 0,78</td>
                    <td align="center">2,57 &#177; 0,53</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia-T</td>
                    <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 0,75</td>
                    <td align="center">1,85 &#177; 0,37</td>
                    <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,89<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia-E</td>
                    <td align="center">1,42 &#177; 0,53</td>
                    <td align="center">1,28 &#177; 1. 00 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">***</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia-T-E</td>
                    <td align="center">1,85 &#177; 0,37</td>
                    <td align="center">2,14 &#177; 0,69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">2,14 &#177;0,69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">**</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>D</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Edema intersticial</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Necrose e congest&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia-Cas</td>
                    <td align="center">2,71 &#177; 0,48</td>
                    <td align="center">2,8571 &#177; 0,37</td>
                    <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia-Cas-T</td>
                    <td align="center">1,85 &#177; 0,69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">+</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">1,42 &#177; 0,78<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">++</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">1,42 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">+++</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia-Cas-E</td>
                    <td align="center">1,85 &#177; 0,37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">++</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">2,14 &#177; 0,69007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">+</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">2,14 &#177;0,69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">++</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dia-Cas-T-E</td>
                    <td align="center">1,28 &#177; 0,48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">++</xref>
											<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">&#9650;</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">1,28 &#177; 0,48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">+++</xref>
											<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">&#9650;</xref>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">1,28 &#177; 0,48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">+++</xref>
											<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">&#9650;</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN20">
                  <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia&#177; EPM para 7 animais.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN21">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,05,</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN22">
                  <label>**</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,01,</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN23">
                  <label>***</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,001 versus o grupo Dia.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN24">
                  <label>@</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0. 05,</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN25">
                  <label>@@</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0. 01 versus o grupo Dia-E.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN26">
                  <label>+</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,05,</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN27">
                  <label>++</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,01,</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN28">
                  <label>+++</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,001 versus o grupo Dia-Cas.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN29">
                  <label>&#9650;</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,05 versus o grupo Dia-Cas-E.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Efeitos da testosterona e exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios sobre a densidade microvascular (DMV) em ratos diab&#233;ticos tipo I e castrados diab&#233;ticos</title>
            <p>A ANOVA de uma via mostrou que a castra&#231;&#227;o diminuiu significativamente (p&lt;0,01) o n&#250;mero de DMV no tecido card&#237;aco de ratos diab&#233;ticos. O tratamento dos grupos Dia e Grupo Dia-Cass com testosterona refor&#231;ou significativamente (p&lt;0,01) o n&#250;mero de DMV em compara&#231;&#227;o com os Grupos Dia e Dia-Cass, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2A</xref>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2B</xref> mostrou que nos Grupos Dia e Dia-Cass, treinamento f&#237;sico de seis semanas aumentou significativamente (p&lt;0,01) significativamente o n&#250;mero de DMV no tecido card&#237;aco em compara&#231;&#227;o com os Grupos Dia e Dia-Cass, respectivamente. De acordo com a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2C</xref> (an&#225;lise atrav&#233;s de ANOVA de duas vias), seis semanas de terapia de compara&#231;&#227;o com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios em ratos diab&#233;ticos refor&#231;ou significativamente (p&lt;0,001) o n&#250;mero de DMV no tecido card&#237;aco em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico. Al&#233;m disto, a terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios em ratos diab&#233;ticos mostrou um efeito de aumento significativo (p&lt;0,01) sobre o n&#250;mero de DMV em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos tratados com testosterona ou exerc&#237;cio. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2D</xref> (an&#225;lise de ANOVA de duas vias), mostra que, no grupo diab&#233;tico-castrado, seis semanas de terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios aumentou significativamente (p&lt;0,001) o n&#250;mero de DMV no tecido card&#237;aco em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico-castrado. Al&#233;m disto, a terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios em ratos diab&#233;ticos-castrados apresentou um efeito de aumento significativo (p&lt;0,05) sobre o n&#250;mero de DMV em compara&#231;&#227;o com grupos tratados com exerc&#237;cios. A an&#225;lise de dados para o grupo <italic>sham</italic> n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;as significativas em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico (dados n&#227;o-fornecidos).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t4">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Efeito de 6 semanas de tratamento de testosterona sobre as DMV de tecidos card&#237;acos de grupos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos; B) Efeito de 6 semanas de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos sobre as DMV de tecidos card&#237;acos de grupos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos; C) Efeitos de 6 semanas de testosterona e exerc&#237;cios sobre as DMV de tecidos card&#237;acos do grupo diab&#233;tico; D) Efeitos de 6 semanas de testosterona e exerc&#237;cios sobre as DMV de tecidos card&#237;acos de grupo de castrados diab&#233;ticos</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>A</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia-Cas</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia-T</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia-Cas-T</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="3">Densidade microvascular</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">**</xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">**</xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">++</xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">++</xref>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">239,57&#177;11,76</td>
                    <td align="center">196,00&#177;14,70</td>
                    <td align="center">281,00&#177;9,50</td>
                    <td align="center">245,42&#177;9,66</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>B</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia-Cas</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia-E</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia-Cas-E</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="3">Densidade microvascular</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">**</xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">**</xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">++</xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">++</xref>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">239,57&#177;11,76</td>
                    <td align="center">196,00&#177;14,70</td>
                    <td align="center">269,1429&#177;12,42</td>
                    <td align="center">226,57&#177;28,17</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>C</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia-T</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia-E</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia-T-E</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="5">Densidade microvascular</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN32">***</xref>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">&amp;&amp;</xref>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN34">@@</xref>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">**</xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">**</xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">239,57&#177;11,76</td>
                    <td align="center">281,00&#177;9,50</td>
                    <td align="center">269,1429&#177;12,42</td>
                    <td align="center">305,7143&#177;9,4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>D</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia-Cas</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia-Cas-T</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia-Cas-E</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Dia-Cas-T-E</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="3">Densidade microvascular</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">+++</xref>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">+++</xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">+</xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN38">&#9650;</xref>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">196,00&#177;14,70</td>
                    <td align="center">245,42&#177;9,66</td>
                    <td align="center">226,57&#177;28,17</td>
                    <td align="center">259,14&#177;7,96</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN30">
                  <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia&#177; EPM para 7 animais.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN31">
                  <label>**</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,01,</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN32">
                  <label>***</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,001 versus o grupo Dia.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN33">
                  <label>&amp;&amp;</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0. 01versus o grupo Dia-T.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN34">
                  <label>@@</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0. 01 versus o grupo Dia-E.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN35">
                  <label>+</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,05,</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN36">
                  <label>++</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,01,</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN37">
                  <label>+++</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,001 versus o grupo Dia-Cas.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN38">
                  <label>&#9650;</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,05 versus o grupo Dia-Cas-E.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, fornecemos novas informa&#231;&#245;es de que a testosterona e os exerc&#237;cios aumentaram os n&#237;veis de P-AKT e P-ERK 1/2 no tecido card&#237;aco de ratos diab&#233;ticos tipo I. Nossas descobertas mostraram que a castra&#231;&#227;o prejudicou a ativa&#231;&#227;o de AKT e ERK 1/2 no tecido card&#237;aco de ratos diab&#233;ticos, e a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona aumentou os n&#237;veis destas prote&#237;nas. Especificamente, demonstramos que o tratamento simult&#226;neo de ratos diab&#233;ticos e castrados-diab&#233;ticos com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios teve um efeito sobre a ativa&#231;&#227;o destas prote&#237;nas. O presente estudo revelou que os n&#237;veis de P-AKT e P-ERK 1/2 foram refor&#231;ados em grupos treinados com exerc&#237;cios em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos sedent&#225;rios. Al&#233;m disto, a testosterona e os exerc&#237;cios induziram altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas, como a organiza&#231;&#227;o do tecido e a vasculariza&#231;&#227;o no tecido card&#237;aco. Brevemente, os danos aos mioc&#225;rdios dos ratos diab&#233;ticos e diab&#233;ticos-castrados diminuiu com o tratamento com testosterona ou treinamento f&#237;sico. Adicionalmente, o tratamento simult&#226;neo com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios aumentou a vasculariza&#231;&#227;o no tecido card&#237;aco de ratos diab&#233;ticos e diab&#233;ticos-castrados.</p>
        <p>A condi&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tica altera mecanismos de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o e prejudica a homeostase vascular. Assim, a angiog&#234;nese e a densidade capilar diminu&#237;ram nos cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Similarmente, estudos cl&#237;nicos mostraram uma anormalidade na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio em pacientes com diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Foi observado que as diabetes causam perturba&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais no mioc&#225;rdio atrav&#233;s de fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio, forma&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, a forma&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, hipertrofia dos mi&#243;citos, disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial, e acumula&#231;&#227;o de ERRO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Foi constatado que a express&#227;o card&#237;aca de FCEV-A e seus receptores foi reduzida em ratos diab&#233;ticos e no mioc&#225;rdio de humanos com diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversos fatores podem afetar a angiog&#234;nese no cora&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos; a testosterona e exerc&#237;cios s&#227;o os mais not&#225;veis entre tais fatores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Assim, androg&#234;nios, incluindo a testosterona, mediam efeitos biol&#243;gicos sobre todos os aspectos de mecanismos celulares, incluindo a prolifera&#231;&#227;o, diferencia&#231;&#227;o e homeostase. Adicionalmente, foi notado que a testosterona est&#225; envolvida na prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais e na angiog&#234;nese, uma vez que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de testosterona aumenta a angiog&#234;nese nos cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos castrados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Al&#233;m disto, estudos anteriores mostraram que defici&#234;ncia de testosterona &#233; comum em homens diab&#233;ticos e em ratos diab&#233;ticos induzidos por estreptozotocina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Testes cl&#237;nicos relataram uma maior preval&#234;ncia de hipogonadismo em homens diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o com n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> &#201; visto que indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos tipo I possuem menor testosterona livre em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos controle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Estas observa&#231;&#245;es e outras evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas sugerem que a defici&#234;ncia de testosterona contribui, ou pelo menos est&#225; associada &#224; fatores de riscos cardiovasculares em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Em nosso estudo, a terapia com testosterona aumentou a vascularidade no mioc&#225;rdio dos Grupos Dia e Dia-Cass.</p>
        <p>Uma vez que atividade f&#237;sica regular de intensidade moderada pode reduzir o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, ela &#233; recomendada para pacientes com diabetes tipo I (T1DM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Diversas linhas de evid&#234;ncia sugerem que exerc&#237;cios aumentam a angiog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Nossos resultados mostraram DMV aumentada e intersticial, infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos, e mionecrose diminu&#237;das no tecido card&#237;aco dos Grupos Dia e Dia-Cass.</p>
        <p>Para elucidar os mecanismos da testosterona e exerc&#237;cios para promover a angiog&#234;nese, avaliamos AKT e ERK1/2 nas prote&#237;nas relacionadas &#224; angiog&#234;nese. PI3K/Akt e MEK/ERK s&#227;o duas principais vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o celular, ativadas pela insulina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e exercem um papel grandioso durante a angiog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> A AKT &#233; expressada no tecido card&#237;aco em altos n&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Foi demonstrado que os eixos de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o PI3K-AKT e MAPK-ERK regulam diversos passos cr&#237;ticos na angiog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Dobrzynski et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> seus colegas demonstraram que ratos diab&#233;ticos induzidos por estreptozotocina tiveram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas em atividade card&#237;aca de AKT e o tratamento com insulina de ratos diab&#233;ticos por estreptozotocina melhorou a fosforila&#231;&#227;o retiniana de AK. Al&#233;m disto, foi relatado que o pr&#233;-tratamento com insulina de c&#233;lulas de hepatoma aumentou especificamente a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de ERK1/2 induzida pelo horm&#244;nio de crescimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; vis&#237;vel que a testosterona aumentou a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de AKT e ERK1/2 em cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos neonatais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Parece que a testosterona aumenta os n&#237;veis de HIF-1a e FCEV-A<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> que atuam como os principais reguladores de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o fosfo-AKT/AKT. Al&#233;m disto, a testosterona pode real&#231;ar os n&#237;veis de FDS-1&#170;, o que diminui a apoptose e aumenta a angiog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversas linhas de evid&#234;ncia sugerem que exerc&#237;cios podem aumentar a angiog&#234;nese atrav&#233;s do aumento de fosforila&#231;&#227;o de FCEV e NO Endotelial pela AKT no cora&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mico a falhar em ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Al&#233;m disto, foi revelado que exerc&#237;cios podem ativar ERK no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico de roedores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o a isto, mostramos que exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios aumentam P-AKT e P-ERK card&#237;acos em ratos diab&#233;ticos e castrados diab&#233;ticos, o que pode causar a angiog&#234;nese. Outros mecanismos poss&#237;veis s&#227;o o aumento de FCEV-A e a diminui&#231;&#227;o de estresse oxidativo atrav&#233;s de exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, pela primeira vez, nosso estudo mostrou que o tratamento com testosterona e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos teve um efeito aditivo sobre a diminui&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o tecidual, vascularidade e ativa&#231;&#227;o de AKT e ERK nos cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos diab&#233;ticos. Em concord&#226;ncia com o nosso estudo, Fry e Lohnes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> mostraram que exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia podem provocar uma resposta de eleva&#231;&#227;o de testosterona, que explica parcialmente a hipertrofia muscular observada em atletas. Tamb&#233;m foi relatado que quando exerc&#237;cios s&#227;o adicionados &#224; suplementa&#231;&#227;o de testosterona, processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, como altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais ou bioqu&#237;micas, se torna mais eficaz.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Acerca das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo e resultados dos estudos anteriores, n&#227;o medimos, a testosterona circulante ap&#243;s a castra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com base em nossas descobertas, conclu&#237;mos que a testosterona e os exerc&#237;cios aumentam a angiog&#234;nese e diminuem as anormalidades histol&#243;gicas nos cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos diab&#233;ticos tipo I, aumentando a P-AKT e P-ERK. De acordo com nossos achados, recomenda-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios di&#225;rios, al&#233;m de doses de testosterona, para homens diab&#233;ticos com defici&#234;ncia de testosterona para reduzir suas complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Mustafa Mohammadi pela Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Reconhecemos com gratid&#227;o o apoio para esta investiga&#231;&#227;o por parte do Centro de Pesquisa Aplicada em Medicamentos, e da Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Tabriz. Nossos dados neste trabalho foram retirados da tese da Sra. Leila Chodari para PhD em fisiologia (n&#250;mero de s&#233;rie da tese: 92/4-2/4).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
