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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8hdLfyGZZrYgFLpYcF4mD8p</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004500523</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160181</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Electrocardiography</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Value of a New Marker of Ventricular Repolarization in Cirrhotic Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salgado</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Antunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Benchimol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Alinne Gimenez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Aparecida de Souza Segr&#233;gio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Terra</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Angelo Antunes Salgado</bold>, Rua Magalh&#227;es Couto 237 apt:101, M&#233;ier. CEP 20735-180, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>angeloasalgado@gmail.com</email>; <email>nadia.pinto@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Salgado AA, Barbosa PRB, Terra C; Acquisition of data: Salgado AA, Ferreira AG, Reis APSS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Salgado AA, Barbosa PRB; Statistical analysis: Barbosa PRB; Writing of the manuscript: Salgado AA, Barbosa PRB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>523</fpage>
      <lpage>531</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>There is still debate about the relationship between changes in ventricular repolarization on the surface electrocardiogram and cirrhosis severity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To study the relationship between variables related to ventricular repolarization and the clinical severity of the cirrhotic disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We selected 79 individuals with hepatic cirrhosis, classified according to the Child-Pugh-Turcotte criteria (Child A, B, and C). We measured the QT and corrected QT (QTc) intervals, and the interval between the peak and the end of the T wave (TpTe), and we identified their minimum, maximum, and mean values in the 12-lead electrocardiogram. We also calculated the dispersion of the QT (DQT) and QTc (DQTc) intervals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In 12 months of clinical follow-up, nine subjects underwent hepatic transplantation (Child A: 0 [0%]; Child B: 6 [23.1%]; Child C: 3 [18.8%]; p = 0.04) and 12 died (Child A: 3 [12.0%]; Child B: 4 [15.4%]; Child C: 5 [31.3%]; p = 0.002). No significant differences were observed between the cirrhotic groups related to the minimum, maximum, and mean values for the QT, QTc, TpTe, DQT, and DQTc intervals. A minimum TpTe interval &#8804; 50 ms was a predictor for the composite endpoints of death or liver transplantation with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 57% (p = 0.005). In the Cox multivariate analysis, the Child groups and a minimum TpTe of &#8804; 50 ms were independent predictors of the composite endpoints.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The intervals QT, QTc, DQT, DQTc, and TpTe have similar distributions between different severity stages in cirrhotic disease. The TpTe interval proved to be a prognostic marker in subjects with cirrhosis, regardless of disease severity (NCT01433848).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Liver Cirrhosis / etiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Liver Cirrhosis / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Liver cirrhosis is defined as a diffuse disorganization of the hepatic architecture resulting from chronic aggression to the liver, producing fibrosis and regenerative nodules. Fibrosis is potentially reversible if the cause of the aggression is removed, but it becomes irreversible in advanced stages when significant vascular and cellular changes are observed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is a chronic cardiac dysfunction in cirrhotic patients, characterized by an inadequate contractile response to stress, changes in diastolic function and/or electrophysiological abnormalities in the absence of known heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Studies in animal models have demonstrated that cirrhotic cardiomyopathy involves multiple mechanisms, such as changes in the ion channel membrane of the cardiomyocytes, a reduction in the density and functionality of beta-adrenergic receptors, impairment of the contractile protein structure of the extracellular matrix, and an increase in the interstitial concentration of substances with vasodilatory and pro-apoptotic effects, such as nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines, and endogenous cannabinoids.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The electrical abnormalities commonly described include changes in the QT and corrected QT (QTc) intervals, associated with the evolutionary stages of the cirrhosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> It has been suggested that the QT interval may represent a prognostic marker of autonomic dysfunction and survival in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In spite of studies correlating mechanical changes (such as systolic and diastolic dysfunction) with electrical changes that characterize the cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, the prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis and long QT is still unclear, and the results associated with mortality remain controversial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several hypotheses have been raised to justify the apparent lack of definition between results from different studies. Among them, we highlight the heterogeneity of samples, a lack of uniformity in methodologies, as well as different clinical follow-up durations. In contrast, new electrical markers, including the interval between the peak and the end of the T wave (TpTe), stand out due to their ability to infer the presence of refractory transmural dispersion, with potential application in the stratification of arrhythmogenic risk in different populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, little is known about the behavior of this marker in cirrhotic stages.</p>
      <p>Thus, considering the clinical implications of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, this study aimed to evaluate a set of measures for the ventricular repolarization on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) and to relate these measures with the various stages of clinical disease severity estimated by the Child-Pugh-Turcotte classification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>This was a prospective and observational study, conducted in a reference center of the <italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic> (Brazilian Unified Health Care System [SUS]) for the treatment of liver disease, with the inclusion of 79 individuals aged between 18 and 80 years and of both sexes, stratified according to the Child-Pugh-Turcotte classification (classes A, B and C). The inclusion criteria were: i) liver cirrhosis confirmed by an imaging method (ultrasound/magnetic resonance), laboratory tests, upper digestive endoscopy, and/or liver biopsy; and ii) sinus rhythm. The exclusion criteria were: i) hypertension in treatment; ii) congestive heart failure; iii) ischemic, valvular, or any other heart disease; iv) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; v) peripheral artery disease; vi) infection or recent bleeding (in the last two weeks prior to the potential consideration for inclusion in the study); vii) anemia characterized by hemoglobin levels &lt; 9 g/dL; viii) type 1 diabetes mellitus; ix) chronic kidney disease; x) transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS); xi) pregnancy; or xii) use of illicit drugs. Beta-blockers were maintained because of the risk of bleeding due to portal hypertension.</p>
        <p>The Child-Pugh-Turcotte classification is a classic index of mortality in cirrhotic patients, initially used to define the prognosis of these patients when undergoing surgery to treat portal hypertension. Since then, the index has been used as a prognostic reference for cirrhotic patients in general. This index includes three laboratory variables (serum measurement of bilirubin, albumin, and prothrombin time) and two clinical variables (ascites and encephalopathy), to which a scale of points is assigned, classifying the patients according to their cirrhotic disease stage as early (Child A), intermediate (Child B), and advanced (Child C).</p>
        <p>The subjects were followed up as outpatients for up to 12 months, in visits scheduled every 3 months. During the follow-up, the following endpoints were assessed: i) death, and ii) death or liver transplant. The study protocol was approved by the research ethics committee at the Pedro Ernesto University Hospital - UERJ (CEP/HUPE 2857-2010) and included in the Clinicaltrials.gov database under the registry NCT01433848. An informed consent form was obtained from all subjects.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study protocol</title>
        <p>We analyzed 12-lead ECGs obtained at rest, printed on graph paper at a speed of 25 mm/s, and properly calibrated with 1 mv = 10 mm (N). The tests were performed in the morning with the subjects lying down comfortably in the supine position. The following standards were used to assess the quality of the tracings: i) quality of the tracing printout; ii) T wave poorly visualized, preventing correct measurement of the ST segment and the end of the T wave; iii) presence of interpolated extrasystoles, compromising the measurement of the RR interval used to calculate the QTc interval; iv) ECG recordings with just one sinus beat per lead; and v) ECGs excluding more than three leads.</p>
        <p>The QT and TpTe intervals were measured in all leads. We defined as isoelectric the line drawn between the PR interval of one beat and the TP interval immediately after the corresponding T wave. The end of the T wave was defined as the intersection between the largest tangent of the terminal phase of the T wave and the isoelectric line.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The T wave peak was measured at the greatest vertical amplitude of the T wave relative to the isoelectric line. When the U wave was present, the end point of the T wave was measured as the nadir between the T and U waves. When the amplitude of the T wave was &lt; 1.5 mm in a lead, this lead was excluded from the analysis. The QT interval was measured as the distance between the start of the first deflection relative to the QRS complex and the end of the T wave. In each lead, the QT and the TpTe intervals were calculated as the mean of three distinct beats. For each beat analyzed, we performed the measurement of the immediately preceding RR interval for QT interval correction, using the Bazett formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The dispersions of the QT (DQT) and QTc (DQTc) intervals were calculated as the difference between the respective maximum and minimum values in the 12 leads. Thus, we calculated, in general, 36 QT, QTc, and TpTe intervals for each ECG. We considered as normal those values for the QT interval &#8804; 0.44 s for men and &#8804; 0.46 s for women after puberty. A DQT &#8804; 0.06 s was considered normal. An external expert, oblivious to the clinical status of the study subjects, evaluated the electrocardiographic tracings. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the means of the QT and TpTe intervals from one ECG lead.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Illustration of the measurements of the QT intervals (interval between the start of the QRS complex and the end of the T wave) and TpTe (interval between the peak and the end of the T wave) in a surface electrocardiogram lead.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0523-60181-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>We conducted paired Student's <italic>t</italic> and Bland-Altman tests to assess the reproducibility of the measurements from the TpTe interval. The reason for us to carry out such an assessment was that the peak of the T wave has an oval and almost flat appearance at the top, which could influence the value measured. Regarding the QT interval, the reproducibility of this variable is well known and, in the worst case scenario, the TpTe reproducibility assessment infers the reproducibility of the first. For each ECG lead, the same observer performed three measurements of the QT and TpTe intervals. The observer was asked to reposition the ruler after each measurement. Comparisons were made between the first and second, and between the second and third measurements for each interval. Of 2304 measurements of the TpTe interval carried out every run, a total of 1695, 1443, and 1443 in the first, second and third measurements, respectively, met the quality criteria and were included in the study. The differences between the first and second measurements, and between the second and third measurements were, respectively, 0.3 ms &#177; 12 ms (p = 0.59) and 0.3 ms &#177; 11 ms (p = 0.55). The Bland-Altman test revealed differences &gt; 1.96 standard deviations (SD) in 1.7% of the measurements between the first and second assessments and 1.8% between the second and third assessments.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; SD and nominal variables are expressed as absolute values &#8203;&#8203;or frequencies (percentages). The groups were compared by Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and contingency tables (chi-square or Fisher's exact test) for categorical variables, where appropriate. The Fisher's test for distribution symmetry assessed normality. The Levine's test assessed the homoscedasticity between the groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed to assess the diagnostic capacity of each variable and identify optimal values of normality for the TpTe. The ROC curve area under the curve (AUC) test was done using the variable z. Cox's univariate and multivariate proportional hazard models were used to assess the prognostic value as regards the risk of events for the variables involved. Considering the number of observed endpoints, the multivariate survival analysis was performed only on the composite endpoints of death and transplantation in order to avoid overfitting. Only variables with significant beta coefficients in the univariate analysis were admitted in the multivariate model. The assessment of the adjustment of the data to the multivariate model was conducted by the Wald test. The proportional hazards assumption was tested by the correlation analysis (rho variable) between weighted Schoenfeld residues and survival time. The assumption of proportionality was accepted when the rho was not significantly different from zero. In the Cox models, the risk assigned to the Child variable was studied between the Child C group and the Child A and B groups aggregated (Child A+B). The statistical calculations were performed and the tables prepared with the programs R version 3.2.3 (R Core Team, 2015 Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and Medcalc 11.3.3.0 (MedCalc Software bvba, Belgium). The level of statistical significance adopted was 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The demographic and clinical characteristics of the study subjects according to the Child classification at admission are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory characteristics of cirrhotic patients according to the Child-Pugh-Turcotte criteria</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Cirrhotic (N = 67)</th>
              <th align="center">Child A (N=25)</th>
              <th align="center">Child B (N=26)</th>
              <th align="center">Child C (N=16)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">54.0 &#177; 12.9</td>
              <td align="center">55.2 &#177; 12.6</td>
              <td align="center">53.4 &#177; 38.6</td>
              <td align="center">53.2 &#177; 9.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex (%)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (52.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (61.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Cirrhosis etiology</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol (%)</td>
              <td align="center">A: 16 (23.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">A: 5 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">A: 6 (23.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">A: 4 (25%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Viral (%)</td>
              <td align="center">I: 27 (40.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">I: 8 (32%)</td>
              <td align="center">I: 9 (34.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">I: 8 (50%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol/viral (%)</td>
              <td align="center">M: 4 (6.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">M: 3 (12%)</td>
              <td align="center">M: 3 (11.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">M: 0 (0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Other (%)</td>
              <td align="center">O: 20 (29.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">O: 9 (36%)</td>
              <td align="center">O: 8 (30.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">O: 4 (25%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (44.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (53.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ascites (%)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (52.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (65.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (88.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total serum bilirubin (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 2.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 2.0</td>
              <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 2.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Serum albumin (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">3.3 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.8 &#177; 0.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">INR</td>
              <td align="center">1.3 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.3 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Serum creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hematocrit (%)</td>
              <td align="center">35.6 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">37.4 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">35.2 &#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">32.8 &#177; 5.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Plasma renin activity (ng/mL/h)</td>
              <td align="center">7.0 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 2.5</td>
              <td align="center">8.3 &#177; 10.0</td>
              <td align="center">13.0 &#177; 14.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Plasma norepinephrine (pg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">196.2 &#177; 134.9</td>
              <td align="center">143.9 &#177; 106.0</td>
              <td align="center">220.8 &#177; 132.1</td>
              <td align="center">258.1 &#177; 164.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Troponin levels (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 &#177; 0</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 &#177; 0</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 &#177; 0</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 &#177; 0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BNP (pg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">38.1 &#177; 42.3</td>
              <td align="center">28.7 &#177; 41.2</td>
              <td align="center">40.5 &#177; 34.2</td>
              <td align="center">54.6 &#177; 57.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Liver transplantations</td>
              <td align="center">9 (13.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (23.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (18.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Deaths</td>
              <td align="center">12 (17.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (12.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (15.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (31.3%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Continuous variables: Mean &#177; SD; categorical variables: absolute value, percentages between parentheses. INR: international normalized ratio; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After a median clinical follow-up of 12 months (4-13 months), corresponding to 659 patients/month, nine subjects underwent liver transplantation (Child A: 0 [0%], Child B: 6 [23.1%], Child C: 3 [18.8%], p = 0.04) and 12 died (Child A: 3 [12.0%], Child B: 4 [15.4%], Child C: 5 [31.3%], p = 0.002). The overall transplant and death rates were, respectively, 2.9% per year and 2.6% per year. The aggregate transplant and death rate was 3.2% per year. During follow-up, the occurrence of the composite endpoint of death and liver transplantation was higher in the Child C group than in groups A and B (Child A: 10.0%, Child B: 35.5%, Child C: 50.0%, p = 0.008, p linear trend = 0.002).</p>
      <p>Of 79 ECGs analyzed at rest, 12 (15.2%) were excluded due to inadequate quality (Child A: 5, Child B: 5, Child C: 2). Thus, 67 electrocardiographic tracings were analyzed (Child A: 25, Child B: 26, Child C: 16).</p>
      <p>The Fisher (for distribution symmetry) and Levine tests confirmed, respectively, the normal distribution of the variables and homoscedasticity among the groups analyzed, in the established alpha error limits. There was no difference between the cirrhotic groups regarding the QT, QTc and TpTe intervals, and DQT and DQTc (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The percentages of abnormal QT and QTc intervals, and DQT and DQTc were, respectively, 8%, 20%, 16%, and 24% in the Child A group; 7.4%, 22.2%, 14.8%, and 22.2% in the Child B group; and 0%, 25.0%, 0%, and 6.3% in the Child C group (Child A, B and C intergroup comparisons: p = 0.52, p = 0.77, p = 0.39, and p = 0.38, respectively).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the variables related to ventricular repolarization in cirrhotic subjects, evaluated according to disease severity and clinical outcome</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Child A (N: 25)</th>
              <th align="center">Child B (N: 26)</th>
              <th align="center">Child C (N: 16)</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Survivors (N=)</th>
              <th align="center">Death/transp (N=)</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RR interval (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">922 &#177; 138</td>
              <td align="center">955 &#177; 130</td>
              <td align="center">866 &#177; 141</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
              <td align="center">922 &#177; 135</td>
              <td align="center">911 &#177; 134</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum QT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">413.6 &#177; 32.1</td>
              <td align="center">425.3 &#177; 27.3</td>
              <td align="center">413.3 &#177; 32.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.40</td>
              <td align="center">419.0 &#177; 32.4</td>
              <td align="center">417.9 &#177; 26.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Minimum QT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">369.7 &#177; 31.5</td>
              <td align="center">383.8 &#177; 29</td>
              <td align="center">376.5 &#177; 30.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
              <td align="center">376.7 &#177; 30.6</td>
              <td align="center">376.8 &#177; 26.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean QT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">394.2 &#177; 32.7</td>
              <td align="center">407.1 &#177; 25.3</td>
              <td align="center">395.3 &#177; 31.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
              <td align="center">399.8 &#177; 32.2</td>
              <td align="center">400.5 &#177; 23.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QT &gt; 460 ms (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0%</td>
              <td align="center">7.4%</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
              <td align="center">8.2%</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DQT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">43.9 &#177; 17.7</td>
              <td align="center">41.5 &#177; 21.9</td>
              <td align="center">36.9 &#177; 9.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
              <td align="center">41.8 &#177; 19.2</td>
              <td align="center">41.1 &#177; 14.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DQT &gt; 60 ms (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16.0%</td>
              <td align="center">14.8%</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
              <td align="center">6.1%</td>
              <td align="center">10.5%</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum QTc (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">447.5 &#177; 72.7</td>
              <td align="center">442.1 &#177; 23.6</td>
              <td align="center">447.6 &#177; 22.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.91</td>
              <td align="center">446.9 &#177; 54.4</td>
              <td align="center">441.6 &#177; 20.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Minimum QTc (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">387.7 &#177; 30.8</td>
              <td align="center">393.2 &#177; 31.5</td>
              <td align="center">403.9 &#177; 22.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.28</td>
              <td align="center">393.1 &#177; 31.7</td>
              <td align="center">395.3 &#177; 25.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean QTc (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">414.6 &#177; 33.8</td>
              <td align="center">418 &#177; 20.9</td>
              <td align="center">426.4 &#177; 21.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
              <td align="center">417.8 &#177; 27.9</td>
              <td align="center">421.6 &#177; 22.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTc &gt; 460ms</td>
              <td align="center">20.0%</td>
              <td align="center">22.2%</td>
              <td align="center">25.0%</td>
              <td align="center">0.77</td>
              <td align="center">22.4%</td>
              <td align="center">10.5%</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DQTc (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">59.8 &#177; 59.7</td>
              <td align="center">48.8 &#177; 22.9</td>
              <td align="center">43.7 &#177; 12.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
              <td align="center">53.5 &#177; 44.8</td>
              <td align="center">46.8 &#177; 16.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DQTc &gt; 60 ms</td>
              <td align="center">24.0%</td>
              <td align="center">22.2%</td>
              <td align="center">6.3%</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
              <td align="center">18.4%</td>
              <td align="center">15.8%</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum TpTe (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">87.2 &#177; 17.3</td>
              <td align="center">85.3 &#177; 11.4</td>
              <td align="center">82 &#177; 12.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
              <td align="center">86.3 &#177; 15.1</td>
              <td align="center">78.4 &#177; 9.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Minimum TpTe (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">54.3 &#177; 8.5</td>
              <td align="center">50.8 &#177; 8.3</td>
              <td align="center">56.1 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">54.7 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">50.5 &#177; 7.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.028</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean TpTe (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">70 &#177; 6.9</td>
              <td align="center">67.9 &#177; 6.7</td>
              <td align="center">71.1 &#177; 8.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
              <td align="center">70.8 &#177; 7.3</td>
              <td align="center">66.8 &#177; 8.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TpTe &#8804; 50 ms<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">32.0%</td>
              <td align="center">51.9%</td>
              <td align="center">37.5%</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
              <td align="center">40.8%</td>
              <td align="center">73.7%</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>One-way ANOVA; unpaired Student&#8217;s t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>optimal cutoff value calculated after analysis of the respective ROC; data are represented as mean</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#177;</label>
            <p>SD or percentage; TpTe: interval between the peak and the end of the T wave; QT: QT interval; QTc: corrected QT interval; DQT: QT interval dispersion; DQTc: QTc interval dispersion; Child: Child-Pugh-Turcotte classification; Transp: liver transplantation (see text for details).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The ROC curves showed that only medium TpTe &#8804; 60 ms and minimum TpTe &#8804; 50 ms were predictors of death, with a sensitivity of 60% and 90% and a specificity of 79.3% and 57%, respectively (AUC = 0.76, p = 0.03, and AUC = 0.69, p = 0.006, respectively). Similarly, the maximum TpTe &#8804; 80 ms and minimum TpTe &#8804; 50 ms were composite endpoint predictors of death and transplantation, with a sensitivity of 84% and 73% and a specificity of 33% and 59%, respectively (AUC = 0.64, p = 0.04, and AUC = 0.64, p = 0.03, respectively). Considering the TpTe interval values of &#8804; 50 ms as indicators of abnormality, the corresponding percentages in each group were 32% for Child A, 51.9% for Child B and 35.7% for Child C (p = 0.50 for comparisons between the Child A, B, and C groups).</p>
      <p>Survival analysis as per the Cox proportional model adjusted well to the data and showed that the only predictors of death were the minimum TpTe interval of &#8804; 50 ms (hazard ratio [HR] 6.5, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.4 - 30.6, p = 0.02) and the medium TpTe interval of &#8804; 60 ms (HR 4.6, 95%CI 1.3 - 16.2, p = 0.02) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). In relation to the composite endpoint of death and transplantation, the only predictors were Child group variables (Child C versus Child A + B, HR 6.3, 95%CI 1.5 - 27.2, p = 0.01) and the minimum TpTe interval of &#8804; 50 ms (HR 3.9, 95%CI 1.5 - 10.4, p = 0.006) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). The Child group was not a predictor of death, and the TpTe maximum of &#8804; 80 ms was not a composite endpoint predictor of death and liver transplantation.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cox proportional hazards univariate and multivariate analyses of the variables.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="6">Univariate Analysis</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Multivariate Analysis</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Death outcome</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Composite outcome</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">
                <bold>Composite outcome</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Beta</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HR</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>95%CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Beta</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HR</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>95%CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Beta</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HR</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>95%CI</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Child group<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.6-12.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.8*</td>
              <td align="center">6.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.5-27.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.6-10.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Minimum TpTe &#8804; 50ms</td>
              <td align="center">1.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">6.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.4-30.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.4*</td>
              <td align="center">3.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.5-10.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.2*</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.4-8.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean TpTe &#8804; 60 ms</td>
              <td align="center">1.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.3-16.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.9-6.7</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="3">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum TpTe &#8804; 80 ms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.1-2.5</td>
              <td align="center">-1.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.1-1.3</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="3">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Child C versus Child A+B; multivariate analysis: Wald test <italic>&#967;</italic><sup>2</sup> 2df = 15.68, p = 0.0004;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>Schoenfeld residual correlation test: Child group: rho = -0.21, p = 0.40; minimum TpTe &#8804; 50ms: rho= rho=0.03; p = 0.91; beta: Cox proportional hazards model beta coefficient; HR: hazard ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; df: degrees of freedom; rho: correlation coefficient (see text for details).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The multivariate analysis revealed that only the minimum TpTe interval of &#8804; 50 ms along with the Child group was an independent composite endpoint predictor of death and transplantation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier curves adjusted to the multivariate model of Cox proportional hazards for the groups Child A, B, and C on the composite outcome death and liver transplantation. Risk ratio between Child [C] and Child [A+B] (HR = 4.1, 95%CI 1.6&#8211;10.3, p = 0.003). HR: hazard ratio, 95%CI: 95% confidence interval (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> and text for details).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0523-60181-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier curves adjusted to the multivariate model of Cox proportional hazards for the minimum TpTe interval related to the composite outcome death and liver transplantation (HR = 3.4, 95%CI 1.4 &#8211; 8.6, p = 0.008). HR: hazard ratio, 95%CI: 95% confidence interval (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> and text for details).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0523-60181-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The Child-Pugh-Turcotte classification is a classic index of mortality in cirrhotic patients, initially used to define the prognosis of these patients when undergoing surgery for treatment of portal hypertension and today used as a reference prognosis for cirrhotic patients in general.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Despite the creation of different prognostic rates in cirrhosis over the past decades, a systematic review of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), which assessed the natural history of cirrhosis as well as its prognostic indicators, concluded that the Child-Pugh-Turcotte classification was the predictive factor for independent mortality found more frequently in 67 studies including multivariate analyses of mortality predictors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a consecutive series of cirrhotic patients conducted in a reference center for the treatment of liver diseases, the current study showed that the variables of ventricular repolarization - more specifically, QT, QTc, TpTe, DQT, DQTc - did not present significant variations related to the severity of the disease. This fact is clinically relevant since the increase in the QT interval may be related to malignant arrhythmogenic events and, therefore, to a reserved prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several experimental studies in cirrhotic patients have demonstrated that cardiovascular impairment is not restricted only to hemodynamic changes in peripheral circulation. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to justify the changes observed in the heart of cirrhotic patients: blocking of the beta-adrenergic receptor, increase in fluidity of the cell plasma membrane by the composition of different lipids, exposure of cardiomyocytes to cardiodepressant substances, changes in the dynamics of intracellular calcium, and structural and functional changes in potassium channels, among others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The association between the severity of the liver disease and cardiac impairment is not entirely clear. Some studies suggest that the QT and QTc intervals correlate with the Child-Pugh-Turcotte class and that both are prognostic markers in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Hendricksse et al. observed evidence of vagal neuropathy associated with prolongation of the QTc interval in more than 50% of the patients with cirrhosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Kempler et al. analyzed the QTc and indices of parasympathetic activity through various maneuvers (handgrip, Valsalva, deep breathing, and orthostatism) in 83 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. These authors found, by linear regression, a significant correlation between the QTc and the degree of autonomic dysfunction, with a mean QTc value of 408 ms in patients with normal performance in autonomic function tests and 497 ms in those with abnormalities in all indices of autonomic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The TpTe corresponds to the transmural dispersion of ventricular myocardial repolarization, a period in which the epicardial region is repolarized, and the M cells are still in the repolarization process, therefore vulnerable to the occurrence of early post-depolarization events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Elevated TpTe values have been associated with arrhythmic events in various clinical conditions and may, therefore, be a factor of poor prognosis in several clinical events. In particular, enlargement of the TpTe interval has been observed in acquired or congenital long QT syndrome, in hypertrophic cardiomyopathies with troponin mutation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, we found no association between changes in electrocardiographic variables of ventricular repolarization and the severity of the cirrhotic disease. The QT and QTc intervals, whose values &#8203;&#8203;are described in the literature as elevated according to the progression of the disease, showed no differences among the analyzed groups, and there was no difference between the groups regarding the QT and QTc values &#8203;&#8203;above the normal range. We also did not observe differences in the values for the TpTe variables among the cirrhotic groups or in relation to the normal values. One possible explanation for this may have been the inclusion of a reduced number of patients with greater disease severity (Child C), as this group, due to its clinical features, has increased mortality and is quickly referred for transplantation or palliative procedures, such as implant of TIPS, which certainly contributed to impair the increased sample size of this group.</p>
      <p>Regarding the prognostic value, we observed that the minimum, maximum, and mean TpTe were prognostic indicators of overall survival and transplant-free survival during the analyzed period, with a specificity of 79.3%, while the minimum TpTe below 50 ms was a poor prognostic indicator, with a sensitivity of 90%. These parameters can further serve as a reference to identify cirrhotic patient groups with the potential to evolve to death and, therefore, indicate a need for early intervention (transplantation). Whereas, in relation to the QT and its variables, we observed no prognostic impact on their values.</p>
      <p>The literature shows that an increase in TpTe is more related to arrhythmic events due to the increased dispersion of transmural ventricular repolarization, which triggers substrates for reentry arrhythmia. In our study, we observed that a short TpTe, but not a long one, is significantly related to a higher rate of death/transplantation. One possible explanation for this finding is that a short TpTe would be a sign of severe disease in cirrhotic patients and an electrical characteristic in this group of patients. We speculate that several causes may contribute to this finding, such as changes of repolarization in the membrane of cardiomyocytes due to cardiodepressant substances that accumulate in cirrhotic patients, in addition to changes in the dynamics of intracellular calcium and potassium channels.</p>
      <p>According to our knowledge, this study was the first to demonstrate a relationship between a low TpTe and a poor prognosis in cirrhotic patients, which can lead to a major change in behavior (early transplantation) in patients who have this indicator. We believe, with the continuation of the study and development of new ones, that the relationship between this new electrocardiographic marker of ventricular repolarization and the survival of patients will be better assessed, and their true clinical role will be established.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The limitations of the present study are: 1) the inclusion of a convenience sample, although it was recruited from a specialized SUS center; 2) the difficulty of locating the peak and the end of the T wave when it is biphasic or has a more flattened appearance, which could affect both the QT interval and the TpTe measurements, although the reproducibility analysis has shown that the measurement was satisfactory; 3) the description in the literature of the TpTe interval as a marker of adverse outcomes. In this study, lower values of the TpTe interval have shown to be an independent prognostic marker of adverse events in the population of patients with liver cirrhosis. In other populations, the TpTe interval has shown values above certain limits of normality. No electrophysiological information about the behavior of the transmural dispersion of repolarization in patients with cirrhotic cardiopathy was available in the literature up to the time when this study was conducted. Although objects of speculation, these observations indicate that in cirrhotic patients, the transmural gradient of ventricular repolarization, represented by the TpTe interval, is strongly attenuated as a result of an electrotonic cancellation, possibly influenced by the humoral environment related to the cirrhotic disease. Indeed, it was found that patients classified as having more severe cirrhotic disease had percentage values below 50 ms more frequently than those classified as having less severe cirrhotic disease. The impact of the blood ammonia concentration and other metabolites, and of the pH on the transmural refractory behavior, need to be investigated. The question is still open and needs to be confirmed in future studies; 4) it was not possible to relate the cause of death (arrhythmic <italic>versus</italic> non-arrhythmic) with the duration of the TpTe interval. Thus, it is possible that the TpTe interval behaved as a bystander or, in other words, it was obtained randomly in this present sample and not by causality. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings; 5) it was not possible to interrupt the use of beta-blockers since discontinuation might precipitate the occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding in esophageal varices. Therefore, for ethical reasons, we chose to maintain the medication. Beta-blockers have several cardiac effects, including a reduction in basal heart rate, which could potentially affect the measurements of the QT and the TpTe intervals; 6) the measurements were performed by a specialist, who obtained three non-sequential measurements of the same lead. Therefore, there was control of intraobserver variability. Despite the low intraobserver variability, we agree with the possibility of a possible measurement bias; 7) this study was developed to assess the impact of ventricular function on the survival of patients with cirrhosis. Therefore, the sample measured and the study of electrocardiographic variables were natural consequences of its development. Thus, considering the severity of the cirrhotic disease itself, we believed it was unnecessary to use a healthy control group; therefore, we used the group with Child A classification as the control group.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In this prospective analysis of cirrhotic patients classified according to the Child-Pugh-Turcotte criteria, the QT, QTc and TpTe intervals, and the DQT and DQTc did not correlate with disease severity. TpTe interval values of &#8804; 50 ms and disease severity, according to the Child-Pugh-Turcotte criteria are independent prognostic markers of death and/or liver transplantation in this population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Angelo Antunes Salgado, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Eletrocardiografia</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico de um Novo Marcador da Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular em Pacientes Cirr&#243;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salgado</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Antunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Benchimol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Alinne Gimenez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Aparecida de Souza Segr&#233;gio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Terra</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Angelo Antunes Salgado</bold>, Rua Magalh&#227;es Couto 237 apt:101, M&#233;ier. CEP 20735-180, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>angeloasalgado@gmail.com</email>; <email>nadia.pinto@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Salgado AA, Barbosa PRB, Terra C; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Salgado AA, Ferreira AG, Reis APSS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Salgado AA, Barbosa PRB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Barbosa PRB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Salgado AA, Barbosa PRB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Ainda h&#225; debate sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular ao eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie e a gravidade da cirrose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estudar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e a gravidade cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a cirr&#243;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados 79 sujeitos com cirrose hep&#225;tica, classificados segundo os crit&#233;rios Child-Pugh-Turcotte (Child A, B e C). Foram medidos intervalos QT e QT corrigido (QTc), o intervalo entre o &#225;pice e o final da onda T (TpTe) e identificados os respectivos valores m&#237;nimos, m&#225;ximos e m&#233;dios nas 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es do eletrocardiograma. Foram calculados tamb&#233;m as dispers&#245;es dos intervalos QT (DQT) e QTc (DQTc).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em 12 meses de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, nove sujeitos foram submetidos a transplante hep&#225;tico (Child A: 0 (0%); Child B: 6 (23,1%); Child C: 3 (18,8%); p=0,04) e 12 faleceram (Child A: 3 (12,0%); Child B: 4 (15,4%); Child C: 5 (31,3%); p=0,002). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos cirr&#243;ticos relacionadas aos valores m&#237;nimos, m&#225;ximos e m&#233;dios dos intervalos QT, QTc, TpTe, DQT e DQTc. O intervalo TpTe m&#237;nimo &#8804;50ms foi preditor de desfecho composto de &#243;bito ou transplante hep&#225;tico com sensibilidade de 90% e especificidade de 57% (p=0,005).</p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox, grupos Child e TpTe m&#237;nimo &#8804;50ms foram preditores independentes de desfechos compostos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os intervalos QT, QTc, DQT, DQTc e TpTe apresentam distribui&#231;&#245;es semelhantes entre diferentes est&#225;gios de gravidade da doen&#231;a cirr&#243;tica. O intervalo TpTe mostra-se marcador progn&#243;stico em sujeitos cirr&#243;ticos, independente da gravidade da doen&#231;a. (NCT01433848).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cirrose Hep&#225;tica / etiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirrose Hep&#225;tica / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda / fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cirrose hep&#225;tica &#233; definida como uma desorganiza&#231;&#227;o difusa da arquitetura hep&#225;tica decorrente de agress&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao f&#237;gado, com produ&#231;&#227;o de fibrose e n&#243;dulos regenerativos. A fibrose &#233; potencialmente revers&#237;vel se a causa de agress&#227;o for removida. Em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados, quando se observam altera&#231;&#245;es significativas no leito vascular e celular, torna-se irrevers&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica &#233; caracterizada por disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica em pacientes cirr&#243;ticos caracterizada por resposta contr&#225;til inadequada ao estresse, altera&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e/ou anormalidades eletrofisiol&#243;gicas, na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca conhecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Estudos envolvendo modelos animais demonstraram m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos envolvidos, como altera&#231;&#245;es nos canais i&#244;nicos de membrana dos cardiomi&#243;citos, redu&#231;&#227;o da densidade e da funcionalidade dos receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos, comprometimento da estrutura das prote&#237;nas contr&#225;teis e da matriz extracelular, e maior concentra&#231;&#227;o intersticial de subst&#226;ncias com efeito vasodilatador e pr&#243;-apopt&#243;tico, como &#243;xido n&#237;trico, citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e canabin&#243;ides end&#243;genos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entre as anormalidades el&#233;tricas comumente descritas, destacam-se altera&#231;&#245;es dos intervalo QT e QT corrigido (QTc) associadas aos est&#225;gios evolutivos da cirrose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Sugere-se que o intervalo QT possa representar marcador progn&#243;stico para disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e sobrevida na cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Apesar dos estudos correlacionando altera&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas, tais como disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, e altera&#231;&#245;es el&#233;tricas que caracterizam a cardiopatia cirr&#243;tica, o progn&#243;stico dos sujeitos com cirrose hep&#225;tica e QT longo tem-se mostrado indefinido, com resultados ainda controversos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rias hip&#243;teses t&#234;m sido levantadas para justificar a aparente indefini&#231;&#227;o entre resultados dos diferentes estudos. Entre elas destacam-se heterogeneidade das amostras, n&#227;o uniformidade da metodologia, al&#233;m de diferentes tempos de seguimento cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, novos marcadores el&#233;tricos, entre eles o TpTe (intervalo entre o &#225;pice da onda T e o final da onda T), se destacam devido &#224; capacidade de inferir a presen&#231;a de dispers&#227;o de refratariedade transmural, com aplica&#231;&#227;o potencial na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco arritmog&#234;nico em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Pouco se conhece sobre este o comportamento desde marcador nos est&#225;gios da cirrose.</p>
        <p>Assim, considerando as implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar um conjunto de medidas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular ao eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie relacionando-as aos diversos est&#225;gios de gravidade cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a, estimada atrav&#233;s da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Child-Pugh-Turcotte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo prospectivo, observacional, estratificado de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Child-Pugh-Turcotte (classes A, B e C), realizado em um centro de refer&#234;ncia do SUS para tratamento de doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, incluiu 79 sujeitos com idade entre 18 e 80 anos e de ambos os sexos. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: i) Cirrose hep&#225;tica confirmada por m&#233;todo de imagem (ultrassonografia/resson&#226;ncia, laborat&#243;rio, endoscopia digestiva alta e/ou bi&#243;psia hep&#225;tica.); e ii) ritmo sinusal. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: i) hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em tratamento, ii) insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; iii) doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, orovalvar ou de qualquer outra causa; iv) doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, v) doen&#231;a vascular arterial perif&#233;rica, vi) infec&#231;&#227;o ou sangramentos recentes (nas duas &#250;ltimas semanas antecedendo a potencial considera&#231;&#227;o para inclus&#227;o ao estudo), vii) anemia caracterizada por n&#237;veis de hemoglobina &lt; 9 g/dL; viii) diabete insulinodependente; ix) doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, x) desvio porto-sist&#234;mico intra-hep&#225;tico transjugular; xi) gravidez; ou xii) uso de drogas il&#237;citas. Betabloqueadores foram mantidos devido ao risco de sangramento por hipertens&#227;o porta.</p>
          <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Child-Pugh-Turcotte &#233; um &#237;ndice cl&#225;ssico de mortalidade do paciente cirr&#243;tico, que foi inicialmente utilizado para defini&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica do paciente cirr&#243;tico submetido &#224; cirurgia de hipertens&#227;o porta e desde ent&#227;o vem sendo utilizado como refer&#234;ncia progn&#243;stica dos pacientes cirr&#243;ticos em geral. Este &#237;ndice inclui tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis laboratoriais (dosagem de bilirrubina, albumina e tempo de protrombina) e duas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas (ascite e encefalopatia), sendo atribu&#237;da uma escala de pontos, classificando o paciente em est&#225;gio inicial da cirrose doen&#231;a cirr&#243;tica (Child A), est&#225;gio intermedi&#225;rio (Child B) e est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado (Child C).</p>
          <p>Os sujeitos foram acompanhados ambulatorialmente por at&#233; 12 meses, em visitas programadas a cada 3 meses. Durante seguimento, foram avaliados os seguintes desfechos: i) &#243;bito; ii) &#243;bito ou realiza&#231;&#227;o de transplante hep&#225;tico. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de investiga&#231;&#227;o e &#233;tica em pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto-UERJ (CEP/HUPE 2857-2010) e inclu&#237;do na base de dados Clinicaltrials.gov sob o registro NCT01433848. Termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido de todos os sujeitos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
          <p>Foram analisados eletrocardiogramas de repouso com 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, impresso em papel quadriculado, na velocidade de 25mm/s e devidamente calibrados 1mv=10mm (N). Os exames foram realizados com o sujeito confortavelmente deitado, em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, durante o per&#237;do da manh&#227;. Os seguintes padr&#227;o foram utilizados para avaliar a qualidade dos tra&#231;ados: i) qualidade de impress&#227;o do tra&#231;ado, ii) onda T mal visualizada, impossibilitando a correta medi&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e do final da onda T, iii) presen&#231;a de extrass&#237;stoles interpoladas comprometendo a medida dos intervalo RR usado para o c&#225;lculo do intervalo QT corrigido, iv) registros de ECG com apenas um batimento sinusal por deriva&#231;&#227;o; v) eletrocardiogramas com exclus&#227;o de mais de tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>Os intervalos QT e TpTe foram medidos em todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es. Definiu-se linha isoel&#233;trica como a linha tra&#231;ada entre intervalo PR daquele batimento e o intervalo TP imediatamente ap&#243;s a respectiva onda T. O final da onda T foi definido como a interse&#231;&#227;o entre a maior tangente da fase terminal da onda T e a linha isoel&#233;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O pico da onda T foi medido com a maior amplitude vertical da onda T, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha isoel&#233;trica. Se a onda U estivesse presente, o ponto final da onda T era medido como o nadir entre as ondas T e U. Se a amplitude da onda T fosse &lt;1,5 mm em um deriva&#231;&#227;o, esta deriva&#231;&#227;o era exclu&#237;da da an&#225;lise. O intervalo QT foi medido como a dist&#226;ncia entre o in&#237;cio da primeira deflex&#227;o referente ao complexo QRS e o final da onda T. Em cada deriva&#231;&#227;o, intervalos QT e TpTe foram calculados como a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s batimentos distintos. Para cada batimento analisado foi feita a medida da intervalo RR imediatamente precedente, para corre&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT, utilizando a f&#243;rmula de Bazett.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A dispers&#227;o dos intervalos QT (DQT) e QTc (DQTc) foram calculados como a diferen&#231;a entre os respectivos valores m&#225;ximos e m&#237;nimos nas 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Assim, para cada eletrocardiograma, foi calculado, em geral, trinta e seis intervalos QT, QT corrigidos e TpTe. Considerou-se como valor normal do intervalo QT &#8804;0,44s para homens e &#8804;0,46s para mulheres ap&#243;s a puberdade. A dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT foi considerada normal &#8804;0,06s. Um especialista externo, alheio ao estado cl&#237;nico do sujeitos avaliou os tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 1</xref> ilustra as medias dos intervalo QT e TpTe de uma deriva&#231;&#227;o do ECG.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ilustra&#231;&#227;o das medidas dos intervalos QT (intervalo entre o in&#237;cio do complexo QRS e o final da onda T) e TpTe (intervalo entre o &#225;pice da onda T e o final da onda T) em uma deriva&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0523-60181-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Foram realizados teste <italic>t</italic> de Student emparelhado e de Bland-Altman para avaliar a reprodutibilidade das medidas do intervalo TpTe. O motivo para tal avalia&#231;&#227;o foi que o &#225;pice da onda T apresenta um aspecto ovalado quase-plano em seu topo, o que poderia influenciar o valor aferido. Quanto ao intervalo QT, a reprodutibilidade desta vari&#225;vel &#233; bem conhecida e, no pior cen&#225;rio, a avali&#231;&#227;o da reprodutibilidade do TpTe infere a reprodutibilidade da primeira. Para cada deriva&#231;&#227;o do ECG foram feitas tr&#234;s medidas dos intervalos QT e TpTe pelo mesmo observador. Foi solicitado ao observador que reposicionasse a r&#233;gua ap&#243;s cada medida. Foram feitas compara&#231;&#245;es entre a primeira e a segunda e entre a segunda e a terceira medidas de cada intervalo. De 2304 medidas do intervalo TpTe realizadas a cada passagem, 1695, 1443 e 1443 na primeira, segunda e terceira preencheram os crit&#233;rios de qualidade e foram inclu&#237;das no estudo. A diferen&#231;a entre a primeira e a segunda e entre a segunda e a terceira medidas foram, respectivamente, -0,3ms&#177;12ms (p=0,59) e -0,3ms&#177;11ms (p=0,55). O teste de Bland-Altman revelou diferen&#231;as &gt;1,96 DP em 1,7% das medidas entre a primeira e a segunda avalia&#231;&#245;es e 1,8% entre a segunda e a terceira avalia&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como media &#177; DP. Vari&#225;veis nominais foram expressas como valores absolutos ou frequ&#234;ncia (percentagem). O grupos foram comparados pelos testes One-Way ou Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e tabelas de conting&#234;ncia (testes qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, quando apropriado). O teste de Fisher para simetria de distribui&#231;&#227;o avaliou normalidade. O teste de Levine avaliou homocedasticidade entre os grupos. . As curvas ROC foram analisadas para avaliar a capacidade diagn&#243;stica de cada vari&#225;vel e identificar valores &#243;timos de normalidade para TpTe. O teste da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (AUC) foi feito usando a vari&#225;vel z. Modelos de risco proporcional de Cox univariado e multivariado foram usados para avaliar valor progn&#243;stico quanto ao risco de eventos das vari&#225;veis envolvidas. Considerando a quantidade de desfechos observados, a fim de evitar "<italic>overfitting</italic>", a an&#225;lise de sobrevida multivariada foi realizada somente sobre os desfechos compostos de &#243;bito e transplante. Somente foram admitidas no modelo multivariado as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram coeficientes beta significativos na an&#225;lise univariada. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do ajuste dos dados ao modelo multivariado foi feito pelo teste de Wald. A hip&#243;tese de risco proporcional foi testada pela an&#225;lise da correla&#231;&#227;o (vari&#225;vel rho) entre os res&#237;duos Schoenfeld ponderados e o tempo de sobrevida. A hip&#243;tese de proporcionalidade foi aceita quando rho era n&#227;o significativamente diferente de zero. Nos modelos de Cox, o risco atribu&#237;do &#224; vari&#225;vel Child foi estudado entre o grupo Child C e os grupos Child A e B agregados (Child A+B). Os c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos foram realizados e as tabelas preparadas com os softwares R vers&#227;o 3.2.3 (R Core Team, 2015, Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) e Medcalc 11.3.3.0 (MedCalc Software bvba, Belgium). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos sujeitos do estudos est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 1</xref>, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o Child &#224; admiss&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, epidemiol&#243;gicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes cirr&#243;ticos de acordo com os crit&#233;rios Child-Plugh-Turcotte</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Cirr&#243;ticos (N = 67)</th>
                <th align="center">Child A (N=25)</th>
                <th align="center">Child B (N=26)</th>
                <th align="center">Child C (N=16)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (ano)</td>
                <td align="center">54,0 &#177; 12,9</td>
                <td align="center">55,2 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">53,4 &#177; 38,6</td>
                <td align="center">53,2 &#177; 9,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (52,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (61,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia da cirrose</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alc&#243;olica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">A: 16 (23,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">A: 5 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">A: 6 (23,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">A: 4 (25%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Viral (%)</td>
                <td align="center">I: 27 (40,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">I: 8 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">I: 9 (34,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">I: 8 (50%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alc&#243;olica/viral (%)</td>
                <td align="center">M: 4 (6,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">M: 3 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">M: 3 (11,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">M: 0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outras (%)</td>
                <td align="center">O: 20 (29,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">O: 9 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">O: 8 (30,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">O: 4 (25%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-bloqueador (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (44,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (53,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ascite (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (52,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (65,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (88,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bilirrubina s&#233;rica total(mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 2,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Albumina s&#233;rica (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 &#177; 0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">INR</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35,6 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">37,4 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">35,2 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">32,8 &#177; 5,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atividade de renina plasm&#225;tica (ng/ml/h)</td>
                <td align="center">7,0 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,3 &#177; 10,0</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 &#177; 14,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Norepinefrina plasm&#225;tica (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">196,2 &#177; 134,9</td>
                <td align="center">143,9 &#177; 106,0</td>
                <td align="center">220,8 &#177; 132,1</td>
                <td align="center">258,1 &#177; 164,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 &#177; 0</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 &#177; 0</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 &#177; 0</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 &#177; 0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">38,1 &#177; 42,3</td>
                <td align="center">28,7 &#177; 41,2</td>
                <td align="center">40,5 &#177; 34,2</td>
                <td align="center">54,6 &#177; 57,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Transplantes hep&#225;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">9 (13,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (23,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (18,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                <td align="center">12 (17,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (15,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (31,3%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas: M&#233;dia&#177;DP; vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas: valor absoluto, percentual entre par&#234;nteses. INR: international normalized ratio; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ap&#243;s um tempo mediano de 12 meses (quatro a 13 meses) de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, correspondendo a 659 pacientes&#183;m&#234;s, nove sujeitos foram submetidos a transplante de f&#237;gado (Child A: 0 (0%); Child B: 6 (23,1%); Child C: 3 (18,8%); p=0,04) e 12 faleceram (Child A: 3 (12,0%); Child B: 4 (15,4%); Child C: 5 (31,3%); p=0,002). As taxas globais de transplantes e de &#243;bito foram, respectivamente, 2,9%&#183;ano<sup>-1</sup> e 2,6%&#183;ano<sup>-1</sup>. A taxa de transplante e &#243;bito agregados foi 3,2%&#183;ano<sup>-1</sup>. Durante o seguimento, a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos compostos &#243;bitos e transplantes hep&#225;ticos foi maior no grupo Child C do que nos grupos A e B (Child A: 10,0%; Child B: 35,5%; Child C: 50,0% p= 0,008; p tend&#234;ncia linear=0,002).</p>
        <p>De 79 eletrocardiogramas de repouso analisados, 12 (15,2%) foram exclu&#237;dos por qualidade inadequadas, sendo 5 Child A, 5 Child B e 2 Child C. Assim, foram analisados 67 tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, sendo 25 Child A, 26 Child B e 16 Child C.</p>
        <p>O testes de Fisher (para simetria de distribui&#231;&#227;o) e de Levine confirmaram, respectivamente, distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis e homocedasticidade entre os grupos analisados, nos limites do erro alfa estabelecido. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos cirr&#243;ticos quanto aos intervalos QT, QTc, e TpTe e as dispers&#245;es QT e QTc (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). Os percentuais de intervalos QT, QTc e de dispers&#245;es QT e QTc anormais foram, respectivamente, no grupo Child A, 8%, 20%, 16% e 24%, Child B, 7,4%, 22,2%, 14,8% e 22,2%, e Child C, 0%, 25,0%, 0% e 6,3% (compara&#231;&#245;es intergrupos Child A, B e C, respectivamente, p=0,52, p=0,77, p=0,39 e p=0,38).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas das vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em sujeitos cirr&#243;ticos, avaliadas quanto &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a e ao desfecho cl&#237;nico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Child A (N: 25)</th>
                <th align="center">Child B (N: 26)</th>
                <th align="center">Child C (N: 16)</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Sobreviventes (N=)</th>
                <th align="center">&#211;bito/transp (N=)</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*&#8224;</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intervalo RR (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">922&#177;138</td>
                <td align="center">955&#177;130</td>
                <td align="center">866&#177;141</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">922&#177;135</td>
                <td align="center">911&#177;134</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QT m&#225;ximo (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">413,6&#177;32,1</td>
                <td align="center">425,3&#177;27,3</td>
                <td align="center">413,3&#177;32,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
                <td align="center">419,0&#177;32,4</td>
                <td align="center">417,9&#177;26,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QT m&#237;nimo (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">369,7&#177;31,5</td>
                <td align="center">383,8&#177;29</td>
                <td align="center">376,5&#177;30,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
                <td align="center">376,7&#177;30,6</td>
                <td align="center">376,8&#177;26,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QT m&#233;dio (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">394,2&#177;32,7</td>
                <td align="center">407,1&#177;25,3</td>
                <td align="center">395,3&#177;31,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
                <td align="center">399,8&#177;32,2</td>
                <td align="center">400,5&#177;23,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QT &gt; 460 ms (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0%</td>
                <td align="center">7,4%</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">8,2%</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DQT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">43,9&#177;17,7</td>
                <td align="center">41,5&#177;21,9</td>
                <td align="center">36,9&#177;9,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">41,8&#177;19,2</td>
                <td align="center">41,1&#177;14,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DQT &gt; 60 ms (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16,0%</td>
                <td align="center">14,8%</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">6,1%</td>
                <td align="center">10,5%</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc m&#225;ximo (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">447,5&#177;72,7</td>
                <td align="center">442,1&#177;23,6</td>
                <td align="center">447,6&#177;22,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">446,9&#177;54,4</td>
                <td align="center">441,6&#177;20,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc m&#237;nimo (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">387,7&#177;30,8</td>
                <td align="center">393,2&#177;31,5</td>
                <td align="center">403,9&#177;22,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
                <td align="center">393,1&#177;31,7</td>
                <td align="center">395,3&#177;25,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc m&#233;dio (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">414,6&#177;33,8</td>
                <td align="center">418&#177;20,9</td>
                <td align="center">426,4&#177;21,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">417,8&#177;27,9</td>
                <td align="center">421,6&#177;22,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc &gt; 460 ms</td>
                <td align="center">20,0%</td>
                <td align="center">22,2%</td>
                <td align="center">25,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
                <td align="center">22,4%</td>
                <td align="center">10,5%</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DQTc (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">59,8&#177;59,7</td>
                <td align="center">48,8&#177;22,9</td>
                <td align="center">43,7&#177;12,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
                <td align="center">53,5&#177;44,8</td>
                <td align="center">46,8&#177;16,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DQTc &gt; 60 ms</td>
                <td align="center">24,0%</td>
                <td align="center">22,2%</td>
                <td align="center">6,3%</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">18,4%</td>
                <td align="center">15,8%</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TpTe m&#225;ximo (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">87,2&#177;17,3</td>
                <td align="center">85,3&#177;11,4</td>
                <td align="center">82&#177;12,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">86,3&#177;15,1</td>
                <td align="center">78,4&#177;9,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TpTe m&#237;nimo (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">54,3&#177;8,5</td>
                <td align="center">50,8&#177;8,3</td>
                <td align="center">56,1&#177;10,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">54,7&#177;9,4</td>
                <td align="center">50,5&#177;7,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TpTe m&#233;dio (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">70&#177;6,9</td>
                <td align="center">67,9&#177;6,7</td>
                <td align="center">71,1&#177;8,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
                <td align="center">70,8&#177;7,3</td>
                <td align="center">66,8&#177;8,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TpTe &#8804; 50 ms<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">32,0%</td>
                <td align="center">51,9%</td>
                <td align="center">37,5%</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
                <td align="center">40,8%</td>
                <td align="center">73,7%</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste One Way-Anova;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student n&#227;o-emparelhado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>valor &#243;timo de corte calculado ap&#243;s an&#225;lise da curva respectiva ROC; dados como m&#233;dia&#177;DP ou percentual; TpTe: intervalo entre o &#225;pice e o final da onda T; QT: intervalo QT; QTc: intervalo QT corrigido; DQT: dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT; DQTc: dispers&#227;o do intervalo QTc; Child: classifica&#231;&#227;o Child-Plugh-Turcotte; Transp: transplante hep&#225;tico (veja texto para detalhes).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As curvas ROC revelaram que somente TpTe m&#233;dio &#8804;60ms e TpTe m&#237;nimo &#8804;50ms foram preditores de &#243;bito, respectivamente, com 60% e 90% de sensibilidade e 79,3% e 57% especificidade (respectivamente, AUC=0,76; p=0,03 e AUC=0,69; p=0,006). Igualmente, TpTe m&#225;ximo &#8804;80ms e TpTe m&#237;nimo &#8804;50ms foram preditores do desfecho composto &#243;bito e transplante, evidenciando, respectivamente, 84% e 73% de sensibilidade e 33% e 59% de especificidade (respectivamente, AUC=0,64; p=0,04 e AUC=0,64; p=0,03). Tomando os valores do intervalo TpTe &#8804;50ms como indicadores de anormalidade, os respectivos percentuais nos grupos formam Child A, 32%, Child B, 51,9%, e Child C, 35,7% (compara&#231;&#245;es intergrupos Child A, B e C; p=0,50).</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de sobrevida pelo modelo proporcional de Cox se ajustou bem aos dados e mostrou que somente intervalo TpTe m&#237;nimo &#8804;50ms (HR 6,5; IC 95% [1,4-30,6]; p=0,02) e intervalo TpTe m&#233;dio &#8804;60ms (HR 4,6; IC 95% [1,3-16,2]; p=0,02) foram preditores para &#243;bito (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho composto de &#243;bito e transplante, somente as vari&#225;veis grupos Child (Child C vs Child A+B; HR 6,3; IC 95% [1,5-27,2]; p=0,01) e intervalo TpTe m&#237;nimo &#8804;50ms foram preditores (HR 3,9; IC 95% [1,5-10,4]; p=0,006; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Grupo Child n&#227;o foi preditor de &#243;bito e TpTe m&#225;ximo &#8804;80ms n&#227;o foi preditor de desfecho composto &#243;bito e transplante hep&#225;tico.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de risco proporcional de Cox Univariada e Multivariada das vari&#225;veis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="6">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">An&#225;lise Multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Desfecho &#243;bito</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Desfecho composto</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Desfecho composto</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Beta</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Beta</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Beta</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grupo Child&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,6-12,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,8*</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,5-27,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,4*</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,6-10,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TpTe m&#237;nimo &#8804; 50ms</td>
                <td align="center">1,9*</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,4-30,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,4*</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,5-10,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,2*</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,4-8,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TpTe m&#233;dio &#8804; 60ms</td>
                <td align="center">1,5*</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,3-16,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,9-6,7</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TpTe m&#225;ximo &#8804; 80ms</td>
                <td align="center">-0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,1-2,5</td>
                <td align="center">-1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,1-1,3</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Child C vs Child A+B; an&#225;lise multivariada: teste de Wald &#967;<sup>2</sup> 2gl = 15,68, p = 0,0004;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>teste de correla&#231;&#227;o dos res&#237;duos Shoenfeld: grupo Child: rho= -0,21; p=0,40; TpTe m&#237;nimo &#8804;50ms: rho= -0,03; p=0,91; beta: coeficiente beta do modelo de risco proporcional de Cox; HR: raz&#227;o de risco (Hazard ratio); IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a a 95%; gl: graus de liberdade; rho: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (veja texto para detalhes).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>An&#225;lise multivariada revelou que somente o intervalo TpTe m&#237;nimo &#8804;50ms, na presen&#231;a do grupo Child, foi preditor independente para desfecho composto &#243;bito e transplante (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas KM ajustadas ao modelo multivariado de risco proporcional de Cox para os grupos Child A, B e C relativas ao desfecho composto &#243;bito e transplante hep&#225;tico. Raz&#227;o de risco entre Child [C] e Child [A+B] (HR=4,1; IC 95% [1,6-10,3]; p=0,003). HR: raz&#227;o de risco (hazard ratio), IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%. (Vide <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 3</xref> e texto para detalhes)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0523-60181-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas KM ajustadas ao modelo multivariado de risco proporcional de Cox para o intervalo TpTe m&#237;nimo relativas ao desfecho composto &#243;bito e transplante hep&#225;tico (HR=3,4; IC 95% [1,4 -8,6]; p=0,008). HR: raz&#227;o de risco (hazard ratio), IC 95% intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%. (Vide <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 3</xref> e texto para detalhes).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-06-0523-60181-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Child-Plugh-Turcotte &#233; um &#237;ndice cl&#225;ssico de mortalidade do paciente cirr&#243;tico, inicialmente utilizado para defini&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica do paciente cirr&#243;tico submetido &#224; cirurgia de hipertens&#227;o porta e hoje utilizado como refer&#234;ncia progn&#243;stica dos pacientes cirr&#243;ticos em geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Apesar de diferentes &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos em cirrose terem sido criados ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) que avaliou a hist&#243;ria natural da cirrose bem como os seus indicadores progn&#243;sticos concluiu que a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Child-Pugh foi o fator preditivo de mortalidade independente mais frequentemente encontrado em 67 estudos que inclu&#237;ram an&#225;lises multivariadas de preditores de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em uma s&#233;rie consecutiva de pacientes cirr&#243;ticos realizadas em centro de refer&#234;ncia para tratamento de doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas, o presente estudo mostrou que as vari&#225;veis de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, mais especificamente QT, QTc, TpTe, DQT, DQTc, n&#227;o apresentam varia&#231;&#245;es significativas relacionadas com a gravidade da doen&#231;a. Este fato &#233; clinicamente relevante, visto que o aumento do intervalo QT podem estar relacionados a eventos arritmog&#234;nicos malignos e, portanto, a progn&#243;stico reservado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos experimentais em pacientes cirr&#243;ticos demonstraram que o comprometimento cardiovascular n&#227;o se restringe apenas &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas na circula&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica. Diversos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos t&#234;m sido propostos para justificar as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas no cora&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes cirr&#243;ticos: bloqueio do receptor &#946;-adren&#233;rgico, aumento na fluidez da membrana plasm&#225;tica celular pela composi&#231;&#227;o de diferentes l&#237;pidos, exposi&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos a subst&#226;ncias cardiodepressoras, altera&#231;&#245;es da din&#226;mica do c&#225;lcio intracelular, modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais nos canais de pot&#225;ssio, dentre outras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre gravidade da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica e o comprometimento card&#237;aco n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente esclarecida. Alguns trabalho sugerem que o intervalo QT e QTc se correlacionam com a classe de Child-Pugh, sendo ambos uma marcador progn&#243;stico na cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Hendricksse et al. observaram evid&#234;ncias de neuropatia vagal asssociada ao prolongamento do intervalo QTc em mais de 50% dos pacientes com cirrose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Kempler et al. analisaram o QTc e os &#237;ndices da atividade parassimp&#225;tica atrav&#233;s de diversas manobras (handgrip, Valsalva, inspira&#231;&#227;o profunda e ortostatismo) em 83 pacientes com cirrose de etiologia alc&#243;olica, encontrando correla&#231;&#227;o significativa atrav&#233;s da regress&#227;o linear entre o QTc e o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica com valor m&#233;dio do QTc de 408ms nos pacientes com performance normal nos testes de fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, e de 497ms naqueles com anormalidades em todos os &#237;ndices de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O TpTe corresponde a dispers&#227;o transmural da repolariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ventricular, um per&#237;odo em que a regi&#227;o epic&#225;rdica encontra-se repolarizada, estando as c&#233;lulas M ainda em processo de repolariza&#231;&#227;o e, portanto, vulner&#225;veis a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos de p&#243;s-despolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Valores elevados de TpTe tem sido associados a eventos arr&#237;tmicos em v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, podendo, portanto, ser fator de mau progn&#243;stico em v&#225;rios eventos cl&#237;nicos. Particularmente, alargamento do intervalo TpTe tem observado na s&#237;ndrome do QT longo adquirido ou cong&#234;nito, em cardiomiopatias hipertr&#243;ficas com muta&#231;&#227;o da troponina I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e em pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria coronariana percut&#226;nea para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o foi observado associa&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e a gravidade da doen&#231;a cirr&#243;tica. Os intervalos QT e QTc, descritos na literatura com valores elevados conforme a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, n&#227;o se mostraram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos analisados, bem como valores acima dos limites de normalidade. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram observadas tanto diferen&#231;as nos valores das vari&#225;veis do TpTe entre grupos cirr&#243;ticos quanto em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de normalidade. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esse fato est&#225; representada no n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes com maior gravidade da doen&#231;a (Child C) que foram analisados, j&#225; que este grupo, pelas suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, apresentam maior mortalidade e s&#227;o rapidamente encaminhados para transplante ou procedimentos paliativos como implante de TIPS, o que certamente contribuiu para inviabilizar o aumento do tamanho da amostra deste grupo.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor progn&#243;stico, observou-se que o TpTe m&#237;nimo, m&#225;ximo e m&#233;dio foi indicador progn&#243;stico de sobrevida total e sobrevida livre de transplante no per&#237;odo analisado, com especificidade de 79,3%, enquanto o TpTe m&#237;nimo menor que 50ms foi indicador de mal progn&#243;stico com sensibilidade de 90%. Esses par&#226;metros podem, futuramente, servirem de refer&#234;ncia para evidenciar grupos, dentre os pacientes cirr&#243;ticos, que poderiam evoluir para o &#243;bito e, portanto, poderia indicar necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o precoce (transplante). J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o ao QT e suas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o foram observados impactos progn&#243;sticos nos seus valores.</p>
        <p>A literatura nos mostra que o TpTe aumentado est&#225; mais relacionado a eventos arr&#237;tmicos, por conta da maior dispers&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular transmural, o que ocasiona substratos para arritmia de reentrada. No nosso estudo, evidenciamos de forma estatisticamente significativa que o TpTe curto, e n&#227;o longo, est&#225; relacionado &#224; maior taxa de &#243;bito/transplante. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para este achado &#233; que o TpTe curto seria um sinal de gravidade de doen&#231;a dos pacientes cirr&#243;ticos, sendo uma caracter&#237;stica el&#233;trica nesse grupo de sujeitos. Especulamos que diversas causas poderiam contribuir para este achado, tais como, modifica&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o da membrana dos cardiomi&#243;citos por subst&#226;ncias cardiodepressoras que se acumulam nos pacientes cirr&#243;ticos, al&#233;m das altera&#231;&#245;es da din&#226;mica do c&#225;lcio intracelular e dos canais de pot&#225;ssio.</p>
        <p>Este estudo, segundo o nosso conhecimento, foi o primeiro a demostrar rela&#231;&#227;o entre o TpTe baixo e mal progn&#243;stico dos pacientes cirr&#243;ticos, o que pode ocasionar importante mudan&#231;a de conduta em sujeitos que apresentem esse indicador (transplante precoce). Acreditamos que com o prosseguimento desse e com o surgimento de novos estudos, a rela&#231;&#227;o desse novo marcador eletrocardiogr&#225;fico da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e da sobrevida dos pacientes ser&#225; melhor avaliada e seu verdadeiro papel cl&#237;nico ser&#225; estabelecido.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo s&#227;o: 1) trata-se de uma casu&#237;stica de conveni&#234;ncia, ainda que de um centro de assist&#234;ncia especializado do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, 2) A dificuldade de localizar o &#225;pice e o final da onda T quando a onda T tem um aspecto mais achatado ou &#233; bif&#225;sica pode afetar tanto a medida do intervalo QT quanto TpTe. No entanto, a an&#225;lise de reprodutibilidade mostrou que a medida foi satisfat&#243;ria. 3) O intervalo TpTe tem sido descrito na literatura como marcador de desfechos adversos. No presente trabalho, valores mais baixos do intervalo TpTe mostraram-se marcadores progn&#243;stico independente para eventos adversos na popula&#231;&#227;o de sujeitos com cirrose hep&#225;tica. Em outras popula&#231;&#245;es, o intervalo TpTe tem apresentado valores acima de certos limites de normalidade. Nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica sobre o comportamento da dispers&#227;o transmural da repolariza&#231;&#227;o em sujeitos com cardiopatia cirr&#243;tica estava dispon&#237;vel na literatura at&#233; o momento em que este trabalho foi realizado. Ainda que objeto de especula&#231;&#227;o, as presentes observa&#231;&#245;es indicam que, em sujeitos cirr&#243;ticos, o gradiente transmural da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, representado pelo intervalo TpTe, esteja fortemente atenuado como consequ&#234;ncia do cancelamento eletrot&#244;nico, possivelmente influenciado pelo ambiente humoral relacionado com a doen&#231;a cirr&#243;tica. De fato, foi verificado que indiv&#237;duos classificados com maior gravidade quanto &#224; doen&#231;a cirr&#243;tica tiveram percentualmente mais valores abaixo de 50 ms o que os classificados com menor gravidade. O impacto da concentra&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea da am&#244;nia e outros metab&#243;litos, bem como do pH, no comportamento da refratariedade transmural necessita ser investigado. A quest&#227;o ainda est&#225; aberta e precisa ser confirmada em futuros estudos. 4) N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel relacionar causa de &#243;bito (arr&#237;tmico <italic>vs</italic> n&#227;o arr&#237;tmico) com a dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo TpTe. Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o intervalo TpTe tenha se comportando como um "bystander", ou seja, obtido de forma aleat&#243;ria na presente casu&#237;stica, n&#227;o por causalidade. Novos estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar estes achados. 5) N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel interromper do uso de beta-bloqueadores, uma vez que poderia precipitar a ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento gastrointestinal pelas varizes esofageanas. Assim, por quest&#245;es &#233;ticas, optamos por manter a medica&#231;&#227;o. Beta-bloqueadores tem v&#225;rios efeitos card&#237;acos, incluindo redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca basal, o que potencialmente poderia afetar as medidas dos intervalos QT e TpTe. 6) A aferi&#231;&#227;o foi feita por uma especialista, que fez tr&#234;s medidas n&#227;o-sequenciais de uma mesma deriva&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, houve controle da variabilidade intraobservador. N&#227;o obstante a variabilidade intra-observador ter sido baixa, concordamos da possibilidade de um poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o. 7) O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar o impacto da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular na sobrevida de indiv&#237;duos com cirrose. Portanto a amostra aferida e o estudo de vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas foram conseq&#252;&#234;ncias naturais de seus desenvolvimento. Assim, considerando a gravidade da doen&#231;a cirr&#243;tica propriamente dita, entendemos desnecess&#225;ria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um grupo controle saud&#225;vel e empregamos como grupo controle aquele com classifica&#231;&#227;o Child A.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na presente an&#225;lise prospectiva de pacientes cirr&#243;ticos classificados de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Child-Plugh-Turcotte, os intervalos QT, QTc e TpTe e as dispers&#245;es QT e QTc n&#227;o se relacionam com a gravidade da doen&#231;a. Valores do intervalo TpTe &#8804;50ms e gravidade da doen&#231;a segundo os crit&#233;rios Child-Plugh-Turcotte s&#227;o marcadores progn&#243;sticos independentes para &#243;bito e/ou transplante hep&#225;tico nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Angelo Antunes Salgado pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
