<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vfmYhQcX9sVjBqyLCWpzd5v</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004500518</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160180</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Heart Surgery - Adults</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis of the Use of Extracorporeal Circulation on the In-Hospital Outcomes of Dialytic Patients Who Underwent Myocardial Revascularization Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Branco</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Nelson Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vargas</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Flora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hossne</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Americo</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yoshimoto</surname>
            <given-names>Michele Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Honorio de Almeida Palma da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pestana</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Osmar Medina de Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buffolo</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM) - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Matheus Miranda</bold>, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo. Rua Borges Lagoa, 1080 Cj. 701, Vila Clementino. Postal Code 04038-002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>matheus10miranda@gmail.com</email>, <email>m.miranda@unifesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Miranda M, Hossne Jr. NA, Fonseca JHAP, Pestana JOMA, Buffolo E; Acquisition of data: Miranda M, Yoshimoto MC, Fonseca JHAP; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Miranda M, Branco JNR, Vargas GF, Yoshimoto MC, Buffolo E; Statistical analysis: Miranda M, Yoshimoto MC; Writing of the manuscript: Miranda M, Hossne Jr. NA, Pestana JOMA, Buffolo E; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Branco JNR, Vargas GF, Hossne Jr. NA, Fonseca JHAP, Pestana JOMA, Buffolo E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>518</fpage>
      <lpage>522</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Myocardial revascularization surgery is the best treatment for dyalitic patients with multivessel coronary disease. However, the procedure still has high morbidity and mortality. The use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) can have a negative impact on the in-hospital outcomes of these patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the differences between the techniques with ECC and without ECC during the in-hospital course of dialytic patients who underwent surgical myocardial revascularization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Unicentric study on 102 consecutive, unselected dialytic patients, who underwent myocardial revascularization surgery in a tertiary university hospital from 2007 to 2014.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Sixty-three patients underwent surgery with ECC and 39 without ECC. A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was found in both groups, without statistically significant difference between them. The group "without ECC" had greater number of revascularizations (2.4 vs. 1.7; p &lt;0.0001) and increased need for blood components (77.7% vs. 25.6%; p &lt;0.0001) and inotropic support (82.5% vs 35.8%; p &lt;0.0001). In the postoperative course, the group "without ECC" required less vasoactive drugs, (61.5% vs. 82.5%; p = 0.0340) and shorter time of mechanical ventilation (13.0 hours vs. 36,3 hours, p = 0.0217), had higher extubation rates in the operating room (58.9% vs. 23.8%, p = 0.0006), lower infection rates (7.6% vs. 28.5%; p = 0.0120), and shorter ICU stay (5.2 days vs. 8.1 days; p = 0.0054) as compared with the group with ECC surgery. No difference in mortality was found between the groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Myocardial revascularization with ECC in patients on dialysis resulted in higher morbidity in the perioperative period in comparison with the procedure without ECC, with no difference in mortality though.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Extracorporeal Circulation / utilization</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Evolution</kwd>
        <kwd>Dialysis, Hospitalization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chronic renal failure is an independent risk factor for coronary diseases and their complications. The severity of injuries is inversely proportional to glomerular filtration rate and, for this reason, ischemic cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In addition to uremia, other factors including poor quality of distal coronary bed, hyperhomocysteinemia, increased calcium-phosphorus product, oxidative stress and exacerbated inflammatory and atherosclerotic status are associated with coronary disease severity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Myocardial revascularization surgery has demonstrated higher long-term survival and lower risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death as compared with coronary angioplasty in chronic renal failure patients on hemodialysis. However, surgical intervention still results in high morbidity and mortality in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Myocardial revascularization surgery without extracorporeal circulation (ECC) has benefits when compared with its use, including lower inflammatory response, less embolization of atherosclerotic material, lower requirement for blood transfusion and vasoactive drugs, shorter time of mechanical ventilation and shorter stay in the intensive care unit (ICU).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> National and international articles have suggested an association between the use of ECC and postoperative morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objectives</title>
      <p>To evaluate the effect of the use of ECC on the in-hospital outcomes of patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis following myocardial revascularization surgery, trying to identify the best surgical strategy for this group of patients.</p>
      <p>Medical records of 102 consecutive, unselected patients with chronic renal failure on dialytic therapy, who underwent myocardial revascularization surgery in a public tertiary university hospital in the period from 2007 to 2014 were assessed. Patients undergoing other concomitant procedures (e.g. heart valve, carotid, aortic surgeries) and patients with previous cardiac surgery were excluded. We assessed demographic, clinical and intraoperative data, and postoperative complications during patients' hospital stay. Preoperative risk was calculated by the <italic>European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II</italic> (EuroSCORE II).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The study group was divided into two subgroups ("with ECC" and "without ECC"). The study was approved by the local ethics committee.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Surgical technique</title>
        <p>Indication for myocardial revascularization surgery was based on national and international guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Surgical planning was based on injuries detected by cineangiography, feasibility of surgical revascularization of distal coronary bed, and choice of the best vascular graft for each coronary artery. The choice of using or not using ECC was at the surgeon's discretion. In the operating room, central venous access was obtained, and invasive medication for blood pressure control, anesthetic monitoring and general anesthesia were performed. A 12-14 cm was made on the skin in the presternal region followed by a median sternotomy. Left internal thoracic artery was dissected and skeletonized, taking care to avoid the opening of the pleura, and used for revascularization of anterior interventricular artery. The other vascular graft used was the great saphenous vein directed to the other coronary beds, dissected through incisions in the medial side of the thigh. All patients underwent dialysis on the day prior to the surgery.</p>
        <p><italic>Technique with ECC</italic>: Heparin administration at 4mg/kg was performed before aortic and atrial cannulation (double-staged cannula). The ECC was established after an activated clotting time (ACT) greater than 480 seconds was confirmed. During cardiac arrest induced by aortic clamping, myocardial protection with intermittent antegrade cold blood cardioplegia was performed every 15 minutes.</p>
        <p><italic>Technique without ECC</italic>: heparin and ACT control were administered at 2 mg/kg 10 minutes before coronary occlusion. Distal anastomoses were performed using <italic>Octopus</italic>&#174; (<italic>Medtronic</italic>, Inc.) vacuum stabilizers and with proximal occlusion of the arteries. The anastomoses were carried out by priority of arteries with total occlusion.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Quantitative variables were expressed as means and categorical variables as percentage. The Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison of quantitative variables and the Fisher's exact test for comparison of categorical variables. The level of significance was set at 5%. The statistical tests were performed using the BioEstat 5.0 software.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 102 patients were included in the study, 63 underwent myocardial revascularization surgery with ECC and 39 without ECC. Demographical and laboratory data are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>, respectively. A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was observed, with no statistically significant difference though. Three patients were under immunosuppressive and dialytic therapy due to kidney transplant rejection. Intraoperative data showed that patients operated with ECC had more revascularization of coronary arteries, required inotropic support and transfusion of blood derivatives more often, and used intra-aortic balloon pump in two occasions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">With ECC n = 63</th>
              <th align="center">Without ECC n = 39</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">56.7</td>
              <td align="center">56.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.9316</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female sex (%)</td>
              <td align="center">22.2</td>
              <td align="center">30.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.3581</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time of dialysis (years)</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.8966</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">1.0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">80.9</td>
              <td align="center">66.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.1544</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">36.5</td>
              <td align="center">33.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.8325</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity (%)</td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
              <td align="center">15.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.5250</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.4837</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1.0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous stroke (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14.2</td>
              <td align="center">12.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous angioplasty (%)</td>
              <td align="center">22.2</td>
              <td align="center">23.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart failure (%)</td>
              <td align="center">19.0</td>
              <td align="center">10.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.2757</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous acute myocardial infarction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15.8</td>
              <td align="center">20.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.5988</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral arterial disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14.2</td>
              <td align="center">15.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stable angina (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14.2</td>
              <td align="center">23.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.2923</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unstable angina (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
              <td align="center">12.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.9999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left coronary trunk lesion (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9.5</td>
              <td align="center">15.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.5284</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Preserved ventricular function (LVEF&gt;50%)</td>
              <td align="center">85.7</td>
              <td align="center">71.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.1228</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EuroSCORE II (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2.93</td>
              <td align="center">2.77</td>
              <td align="center">0.9784</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ECC: extracorporeal circulation; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados laboratoriais pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Laboratory variable (mean)</th>
              <th align="center">With ECC n = 63</th>
              <th align="center">Without ECC n = 39</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.5261</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">110.9</td>
              <td align="center">120.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.1348</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">11.2</td>
              <td align="center">12.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.3350</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">135.8</td>
              <td align="center">135.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.6935</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">4.8</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.3578</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>ECC: extracorporeal circulation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Intraoperative data</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">With ECC n = 63</th>
              <th align="center">Without ECC n = 39</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of anastomoses</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inotropic support (%)</td>
              <td align="center">82.5</td>
              <td align="center">35.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Transfusion (%)</td>
              <td align="center">77.7</td>
              <td align="center">25.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intra-aortic balloon (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.5230</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intraoperative death (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1.0000</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>ECC: extracorporeal circulation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Data of postoperative course are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>. The most frequent complications were atrial fibrillation, infection and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Patients with ECC surgery had lower infection rate, required less vasoactive drugs and shorter time of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay, as well as greater success in weaning from mechanical ventilation in the operative room.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Postoperative data</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Complication</th>
              <th align="center">With ECC n = 63</th>
              <th align="center">Without ECC n = 39</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surgical reexploration (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Postoperative infarction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.6356</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation (%)</td>
              <td align="center">25.3</td>
              <td align="center">17.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.4686</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of vasoactive drug (%)</td>
              <td align="center">82.5</td>
              <td align="center">61.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.0340</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time of use of vasoactive drug (days)</td>
              <td align="center">3.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.1915</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Extubation in the operative room (%)</td>
              <td align="center">23.8</td>
              <td align="center">58.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.0006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ventilation for more than 24 hours (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15.8</td>
              <td align="center">10.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.5583</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration of mechanical ventilation (hours)</td>
              <td align="center">36.3</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.0217</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.5564</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Infection (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28.5</td>
              <td align="center">7.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.0120</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rehospitalization within 30 days (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1.0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Incision complications (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vasoplegia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.1498</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">In-hospital mortality (%)</td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.3103</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time ICU stay (days)</td>
              <td align="center">8.1</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.0054</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time of hospital stay (days)</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">10.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.5921</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>ECC: extracorporeal circulation; ICU: intensive care unit.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Chronic renal failure is an independent factor for coronary heart diseases and culminates in higher risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality. The study group showed high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and history of cardiovascular diseases, similar to those reported in the CHOICE study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> With respect to these aspects, no statistically significant differences were detected between the groups, indicating that they were comparable in terms of demographic variables. However, the greater number of revascularizations performed in the group operated with ECC (p&lt;0.0001) suggests higher severity of coronary disease (the SYNTAX Score could not be obtained from the available data), and hence a possible selection bias. This was predictable and understandable, since the technique without ECC hinders the revascularization of coronaries in the posterior territory, which explains the greater number of patients with three-vessel disease in the group with ECC surgery. Despite the greater number of diseased arteries in the ECC group, no difference between the groups in mortality risk was detected by the EUROScore II.</p>
      <p>Patients operated without ECC required less inotropic support and blood transfusion during surgery (p&lt;0.0001), similar to that reported by other authors [20]. In the postoperative course, patients without ECC surgery were extubated earlier, required less vasoactive drugs (82.5% vs. 61.5% p = 0.0340) and had lower infection rate (28.5% vs. 7.6% p = 0.0120) as compared with patients with ECC surgery. These data reflect the intense inflammatory response triggered by the passage of blood through non-endothelial surfaces of ECC, leading to vasoplegia, increased need for vasopressors and higher morbidity and mortality. In contrast to previously reported by other authors and by us, there was no statistically significant difference in in-hospital mortality between the groups, with a tendency of higher mortality in the group of patients that underwent surgery with ECC (12.6% vs. 5.1% p = 0.3103).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The low mortality in the group without ECC is comparable to studies by Milani et al. and Fukushima et al., in which revascularization without ECC had low morbidity, without occurrence of death during hospital stay.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Myocardial revascularization surgery is feasible in patients on dialysis, despite higher morbidity and mortality rates as compared with the general population. As compared with the surgery without ECC, the use of ECC resulted in longer duration of mechanical ventilation and longer ICU stay, increased need for blood derivatives, and inotropic and vasoactive drugs, higher incidence of infection and lower extubation rate in the operating room. However, no statistically significant difference in mortality was detected between the groups. These results suggest that myocardial revascularization surgery without ECC in dialytic patients promotes lower mortality during hospitalization, without affecting short-term mortality.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Ix JH, Shlipak MG, Liu HH, Schiller NB, Wooley MA. Association between renal insufficiency and inducible ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: the Heart and Soul Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(12):3233-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ix</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shlipak</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schiller</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wooley</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between renal insufficiency and inducible ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: the Heart and Soul Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>3233</fpage>
          <lpage>3238</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 United States Renal Data System. (USRDS). 2007 Annual Data report: atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States. [Abstracts]. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;1(Suppl 1):S1-S320.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>United States Renal Data System</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2007 Annual Data report: atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States</article-title>
          <comment>Abstracts</comment>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>S1</fpage>
          <lpage>S320</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Longenecker JC, Coresh J, Powe NR, Levey AS, Fink NE, Martin A, et al. Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in dialysis patients compared with the general population: the CHOICE Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(7):1918-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Longenecker</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coresh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powe</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levey</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fink</surname>
              <given-names>NE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in dialysis patients compared with the general population: the CHOICE Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1918</fpage>
          <lpage>1927</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Lindner A, Charra B, Sherrard DJ, Scribner BH. Accelerated atherosclerosis in prolonged maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 1974;290(13):697-701.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lindner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charra</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sherrard</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scribner</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Accelerated atherosclerosis in prolonged maintenance hemodialysis</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1974</year>
          <volume>290</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>697</fpage>
          <lpage>701</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Sarnak AC, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, Coresh J, Culleton B, Hamm LL, et al; American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2003;108(17):2154-69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarnak</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levey</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoolwerth</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coresh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Culleton</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamm</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2154</fpage>
          <lpage>2169</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G. Novel cardiovascular risk factors in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15 Suppl 1:S77-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zoccali</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mallamaci</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tripepi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Novel cardiovascular risk factors in end-stage renal disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>S77</fpage>
          <lpage>S80</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Rinehart AL, Herzog CA, Collins AJ, Flack JM, Ma JZ, Opsahl JA. A comparison of coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting outcomes in chronic dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1995;25(2):281-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rinehart</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herzog</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flack</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ma</surname>
              <given-names>JZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Opsahl</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A comparison of coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting outcomes in chronic dialysis patients</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>281</fpage>
          <lpage>290</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Herzog CA, Ma JZ, Collins AJ. Comparative survival of dialysis patients in the United States after coronary angioplasty, coronary artery stenting, and coronary artery bypass surgery and impact of diabetes. Circulation. 2002;106(17):2207-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Herzog</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ma</surname>
              <given-names>JZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparative survival of dialysis patients in the United States after coronary angioplasty, coronary artery stenting, and coronary artery bypass surgery and impact of diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2207</fpage>
          <lpage>2211</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Walford G, Jones RH, Ryan TJ, Bennett E, et al. Long-term outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting versus stent implantation. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(21):2174-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hannan</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Racz</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walford</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryan</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bennett</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting versus stent implantation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>352</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2174</fpage>
          <lpage>2183</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Wong D, Thompson G, Buth K, Sullivan J, Ali I. Angiographic coronary diffuseness and outcomes in dialysis patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;24(3):388-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buth</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ali</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angiographic coronary diffuseness and outcomes in dialysis patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>388</fpage>
          <lpage>392</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Barbosa RR, Cestari PF, Capeletti JT, Peres GM, Iba&#241;ez TL, da Silva PV, et al. Impact of renal failure on in-hospital outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(3):249-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cestari</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capeletti</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peres</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iba&#241;ez</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of renal failure on in-hospital outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>249</fpage>
          <lpage>253</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Blauth CI, Cosgrove DM, Webb BW, Ratliff NB, Boylan M, Piedmonte MR, et al. Atheroembolism from the ascending aorta: an emerging problem in cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;103(6):1104-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blauth</surname>
              <given-names>CI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cosgrove</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ratliff</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boylan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piedmonte</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atheroembolism from the ascending aorta: an emerging problem in cardiac surgery</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1104</fpage>
          <lpage>1111</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Brasil LA, Gomes W J, Salom&#227;o R, Buffolo E. Inflammatory response after myocardial revascularization with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66(1):56-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brasil</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes W</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salom&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buffolo</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inflammatory response after myocardial revascularization with or without cardiopulmonary bypass</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>56</fpage>
          <lpage>59</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Miranda M, Hossne NA Jr, Rodrigues Branco JN, Vargas GF, Almeida Palma da Fonseca JH, Medina de Abreu Pestana JO, et al. Myocardial revascularization in dyalitic patients: in-hospital period evaluation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(2):128-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miranda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hossne</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues Branco</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vargas</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida Palma da Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medina de Abreu Pestana</surname>
              <given-names>JO</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial revascularization in dyalitic patients: in-hospital period evaluation</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>128</fpage>
          <lpage>133</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Shroff GR, Li S, Herzog CA. Survival of patients on dyalisis having off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in the United States. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139(5):1333-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shroff</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herzog</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Survival of patients on dyalisis having off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in the United States</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>139</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1333</fpage>
          <lpage>1338</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Beckermann J, Van Camp J, Li S, Wahl SK, Collins A, Herzog CA. On-pump versus off-pump coronary surgery outcomes in patients requiring dialysis: Perspectives from a single center and the United States experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131(6):1261-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beckermann</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Camp</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wahl</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herzog</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>On-pump versus off-pump coronary surgery outcomes in patients requiring dialysis: Perspectives from a single center and the United States experience</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1261</fpage>
          <lpage>1266</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Nashef SA, Roques F, Sharples LD, Nilsson J, Smith C, Goldstone AR, et al. EuroSCORE II. Eur J Cardiothoracic Surg. 2012;41(4):734-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nashef</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roques</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharples</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nilsson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldstone</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>EuroSCORE II</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothoracic Surg</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>734</fpage>
          <lpage>744</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, Di Mario C, Falk V, Folliguet T, et al; Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS); European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(20):2501-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wijns</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kolh</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danchin</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Mario</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falk</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Folliguet</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology</collab>
            <collab>European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery</collab>
            <collab>European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines on myocardial revascularization</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2501</fpage>
          <lpage>2555</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, Byrne JG, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124(23):2610-42. Erratum in: Circulation. 2012;126(7):e105.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hillis</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittl</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bridges</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byrne</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2610</fpage>
          <lpage>2642</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Circulation. 2012;126(7):e105</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Cesar LA, Ferreira JF, Armaganijan D, Gowdak LH, Mansur AP, Bodanese LC, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Guideline for stable coronary artery disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;103(2Suppl. 2):1-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cesar</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armaganijan</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mansur</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bodanese</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guideline for stable coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl. 2</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Zhang L, Boyce SW, Hill PC, Sun X, Lee A, Haile E, et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting improves in-hospital mortality in patients with dialysis-dependent renal failure. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2009;10(1):12-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boyce</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haile</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting improves in-hospital mortality in patients with dialysis-dependent renal failure</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Revasc Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>12</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Milani R, Brofman PR, Souza JA, Barboza L, Guimar&#227;es MR, Barbosa A, et al. OPCAB in patients on hemodialysis. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2007;22(1):104-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Milani</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brofman</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barboza</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>OPCAB in patients on hemodialysis</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>104</fpage>
          <lpage>108</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Fukushima S, Kobayashi J, Tagusari O, Bando K, Niwaya K, Nakajima H, et al. Early results of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting for patients on chronic renal dialysis. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;53(4):186-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fukushima</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kobayashi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tagusari</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bando</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niwaya</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakajima</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early results of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting for patients on chronic renal dialysis</article-title>
          <source>Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>186</fpage>
          <lpage>192</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cirurgia Card&#237;aca &#8211; Adultos</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise do Uso da Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea na Evolu&#231;&#227;o Intra-Hospitalar de Pacientes Dial&#237;ticos Submetidos &#224; Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Cir&#250;rgica do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Branco</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Nelson Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vargas</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Flora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hossne</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Americo</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yoshimoto</surname>
            <given-names>Michele Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Honorio de Almeida Palma da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pestana</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Osmar Medina de Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buffolo</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM) - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Matheus Miranda</bold>, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo. Rua Borges Lagoa, 1080 Cj. 701, Vila Clementino. CEP 04038-002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>matheus10miranda@gmail.com</email>, <email>m.miranda@unifesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Miranda M, Hossne Jr. NA, Fonseca JHAP, Pestana JOMA, Buffolo E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Miranda M, Yoshimoto MC, Fonseca JHAP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Miranda M, Branco JNR, Vargas GF, Yoshimoto MC, Buffolo E; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Miranda M, Yoshimoto MC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Miranda M, Hossne Jr. NA, Pestana JOMA, Buffolo E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Branco JNR, Vargas GF, Hossne Jr. NA, Fonseca JHAP, Pestana JOMA, Buffolo E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; o melhor tratamento para o paciente dial&#237;tico com doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial. Contudo, o procedimento ainda apresenta elevada morbimortalidade. O uso da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) pode impactar de maneira negativa na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar desses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a diferen&#231;a entre as t&#233;cnicas com ou sem CEC na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar de pacientes dial&#237;ticos submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo unic&#234;ntrico de 102 pacientes dial&#237;ticos consecutivos e n&#227;o selecionados, submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio em um hospital terci&#225;rio universit&#225;rio no per&#237;odo de 2007 a 2014.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>63 pacientes foram operados com CEC e 39 sem o uso de CEC. Foi observada alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular em ambos grupos, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre eles. O grupo "com CEC" apresentou maior n&#250;mero de coron&#225;rias revascularizadas (2,4 vs 1,7; p &lt;0,0001), maior necessidade de hemocomponentes (77,7% vs 25,6%; p &lt;0,0001) e apoio inotr&#243;pico (82,5% vs 35,8%; p &lt;0,0001). Na evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, o grupo "sem CEC" apresentou menor necessidade de drogas vasoativas (61,5% vs 82,5%; p = 0,0340), maior taxa de extuba&#231;&#227;o em sala cir&#250;rgica (58,9% vs 23,8%, p = 0,0006), menor tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (13,0 horas vs 36,3 horas, p = 0,0217), menor taxa de infec&#231;&#245;es (7,6% vs 28,5%; p = 0,0120) e menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI (5,2 dias vs 8,1 dias; p = 0,0054) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo "com CEC". N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a de mortalidade entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O uso da CEC na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes dial&#237;ticos resultou em maior morbidade no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio em compara&#231;&#227;o ao procedimento realizado sem CEC, contudo, sem diferen&#231;a de mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea / utiliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacientes Internados</kwd>
        <kwd>Di&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica &#233; fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de coronariopatias e suas complica&#231;&#245;es. A gravidade das les&#245;es &#233; inversamente proporcional &#224; taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, o que torna as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares isqu&#234;micas a maior causa de mortalidade nesta classe de pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m da uremia, outros fatores como a m&#225; qualidade do leito distal coronariano, hiper-homocisteinemia, aumento do produto c&#225;lcio-f&#243;sforo, estresse oxidativo e estado inflamat&#243;rio e ateroscler&#243;tico exacerbados est&#227;o associados com a gravidade da doen&#231;a coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio tem mostrado maior sobrevida a longo prazo e menor risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e morte cardiovascular quando comparada a angioplastia coronariana em pacientes insuficientes renais cr&#244;nicos dial&#237;ticos. Contudo, a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ainda apresenta elevada morbidade e mortalidade nesses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) apresenta benef&#237;cios em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso da CEC, como menor resposta inflamat&#243;ria, menor emboliza&#231;&#227;o de material ateroscler&#243;tico, menor necessidade de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e drogas vasoativas e menores tempos de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Artigos da literatura nacional e internacional possuem dados sugestivos de uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre o uso da CEC e maior morbimortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivos</title>
        <p>Avaliar o efeito do uso da CEC na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica em hemodi&#225;lise ap&#243;s a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, buscando definir qual a melhor estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica para essa classe de pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foram analisados os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos de 102 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica em tratamento dial&#237;tico, consecutivos, n&#227;o selecionados, submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em um complexo hospitalar p&#250;blico universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio no per&#237;odo de 2007 a 2014. Pacientes com outros procedimentos concomitantes (cirurgia valvar, carot&#237;dea, a&#243;rtica etc.) ou cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Analisamos as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, dados intra-operat&#243;rios e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes. O c&#225;lculo do risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi feito pelo <italic>European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II</italic> (EuroSCORE II).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A casu&#237;stica foi divida em dois subgrupos, "com CEC" e "sem CEC". O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>T&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica</title>
          <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica baseou-se nas diretrizes nacionais e internacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O planejamento cir&#250;rgico foi feito baseado nas les&#245;es encontradas no estudo cineangiocoronariogr&#225;fico, na viabilidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do leito distal coronariano, assim como na escolha do melhor enxerto vascular para cada coron&#225;ria. O uso ou n&#227;o da CEC foi decidido a crit&#233;rio do cirurgi&#227;o respons&#225;vel. No centro cir&#250;rgico, foram realizados acesso venoso central, medi&#231;&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o arterial, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica e indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica geral. Foi feita uma incis&#227;o de 12 a 14 cm na pele da regi&#227;o pr&#233;-esternal, seguida de esternotomia mediana. A art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda foi dissecada e esqueletizada, evitando-se a abertura da pleura, e destinada &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria interventricular anterior. O outro enxerto vascular utilizado na casu&#237;stica foi a veia safena magna, dissecada atrav&#233;s de incis&#245;es na face medial da coxa, destinada para os demais leitos coronarianos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; di&#225;lise no dia anterior &#224; cirurgia.</p>
          <p><italic>T&#233;cnica com CEC:</italic> A administra&#231;&#227;o de heparina foi feita previamente &#224; canula&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e atrial (c&#226;nula de duplo est&#225;gio) na dosagem de 4 mg/kg. A instala&#231;&#227;o da CEC deu-se somente ap&#243;s confirma&#231;&#227;o de tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativada (TCA) acima de 480 segundos. Durante a parada card&#237;aca com pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, foi realizada a prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com cardioplegia anter&#243;grada, sangu&#237;nea, hipot&#233;rmica intermitente a cada 15 minutos.</p>
          <p><italic>T&#233;cnica sem CEC:</italic> A administra&#231;&#227;o de heparina e controle do TCA foram feitos 10 minutos antes da oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, na dosagem de 2 mg/kg. As anastomoses distais foram realizadas com aux&#237;lio de estabilizadores a v&#225;cuo <italic>Octopus</italic>&#174; (<italic>Medtronic</italic>, Inc.) e "garroteamento" proximal das art&#233;rias tratadas. As anastomoses foram realizadas priorizando-se art&#233;rias com oclus&#227;o total.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram expressas em m&#233;dias, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagem. Foi aplicado o Teste de Mann-Whitney para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas e o Teste Exato de Fisher para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%. Foi utilizado o software BioEstat 5.0 para realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes estat&#237;sticos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 102 pacientes, sendo 63 operados com CEC e 39 operados sem CEC. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais encontram-se, respectivamente, nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">2</xref>. Foi observada alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular, contudo n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em nenhuma das vari&#225;veis estudadas. Tr&#234;s pacientes encontravam-se em uso de terapia imunossupressora e em terapia dial&#237;tica devido a transplante renal pr&#233;vio com rejei&#231;&#227;o do enxerto. Os dados intraoperat&#243;rios demonstraram que os pacientes operados com CEC tiveram n&#250;mero superior de coron&#225;rias revascularizadas, maior necessidade de apoio inotr&#243;pico e transfus&#227;o de hemoderivados, e uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico em duas ocasi&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center">Com CEC n = 63</th>
                <th align="center">Sem CEC n = 39</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">56,7</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,9316</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22,2</td>
                <td align="center">30,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,3581</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de di&#225;lise (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,8966</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">1,0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">80,9</td>
                <td align="center">66,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,1544</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36,5</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,8325</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
                <td align="center">15,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,5250</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,4837</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14,2</td>
                <td align="center">12,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angioplastia pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22,2</td>
                <td align="center">23,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,2757</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15,8</td>
                <td align="center">20,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,5988</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14,2</td>
                <td align="center">15,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina est&#225;vel (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14,2</td>
                <td align="center">23,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,2923</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina inst&#225;vel (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">12,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,9999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td align="center">15,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,5284</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada (FEVE&gt;50%)</td>
                <td align="center">85,7</td>
                <td align="center">71,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,1228</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EuroSCORE II (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,93</td>
                <td align="center">2,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,9784</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados laboratoriais pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel laboratorial (m&#233;dia)</th>
                <th align="center">Com CEC n = 63</th>
                <th align="center">Sem CEC n = 39</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,5261</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">110,9</td>
                <td align="center">120,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,1348</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">12,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,3350</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">135,8</td>
                <td align="center">135,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,6935</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,3578</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados intraoperat&#243;rios</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Com CEC n = 63</th>
                <th align="center">Sem CEC n = 39</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de anastomoses</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apoio inotr&#243;pico (%)</td>
                <td align="center">82,5</td>
                <td align="center">35,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Transfus&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">77,7</td>
                <td align="center">25,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,5230</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bito intraoperat&#243;rio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref> encontram-se os dados de evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. As complica&#231;&#245;es mais observadas foram a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, infec&#231;&#227;o e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada. Os pacientes operados sem CEC apresentaram menor taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o, menor necessidade de drogas vasoativas e menores tempos de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e de interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI, assim como maior sucesso na extuba&#231;&#227;o em sala operat&#243;ria.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Complica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Com CEC n = 63</th>
                <th align="center">Sem CEC n = 39</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reexplora&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,6356</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25,3</td>
                <td align="center">17,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,4686</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de droga vasoativa (%)</td>
                <td align="center">82,5</td>
                <td align="center">61,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,0340</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de uso de droga vasoativa (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,1915</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Extuba&#231;&#227;o na sala cir&#250;rgica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23,8</td>
                <td align="center">58,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,0006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventila&#231;&#227;o por mais de 24 horas (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15,8</td>
                <td align="center">10,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,5583</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (horas)</td>
                <td align="center">36,3</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0217</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,5564</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,0120</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reinterna&#231;&#227;o em at&#233; 30 dias (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Problemas de incis&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vasoplegia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,1498</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bito intrahospitalar (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,3103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de UTI (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">8,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,0054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,5921</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica &#233; fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de coronariopatias e culmina com maior risco de morbimortalidade perioperat&#243;ria. A casu&#237;stica apresentou alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia e hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, semelhantes ao encontrado no estudo CHOICE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o a esses aspectos, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos, o que demonstra que s&#227;o compar&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas. Contudo, um poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos &#233; demonstrado pelo maior n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias revascularizadas no grupo operado com CEC (p &lt;0,0001), podendo denotar maior gravidade da doen&#231;a coronariana (n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel calcular o SYNTAX Score dos pacientes com as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas). Esse poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s era previs&#237;vel e &#233; compreens&#237;vel, pois a t&#233;cnica sem CEC dificulta a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o das coron&#225;rias do territ&#243;rio posterior do cora&#231;&#227;o, o que justifica um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes triarteriais no grupo operado com CEC. O escore de risco de mortalidade utilizado no estudo foi o EUROScore II, que n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, apesar do maior n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias doentes no grupo com CEC.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes operados sem o uso de CEC apresentaram menor necessidade de apoio inotr&#243;pico e transfus&#245;es sangu&#237;neas no intraoperat&#243;rio (p &lt; 0,0001), conforme observado por outros autores [20]. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, observou-se que os pacientes operados sem CEC foram extubados mais precocemente, tiveram menor necessidade de drogas vasoativas (82,5% vs. 61,5% p = 0,0340) e apresentaram menor taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o (28,5% vs. 7,6% p = 0,0120). Esses dados refletem a intensa resposta inflamat&#243;ria desencadeada pela passagem do sangue atrav&#233;s do circuito n&#227;o endotelizado de CEC, levando &#224; vasoplegia, maior necessidade de vasopressores e maior morbimortalidade. Ao contr&#225;rio do observado por outros autores e pelo pr&#243;prio grupo anteriormente, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade intra-hospitalar entre os grupos, com tend&#234;ncia &#224; maior mortalidade no grupo operado com CEC (12,6% vs. 5,1% p = 0,3103).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A baixa mortalidade do grupo sem CEC &#233; compar&#225;vel aos estudos de Milani et al. e Fukushima et al., em que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o sem CEC apresentou baixa morbidade, sem ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) em pacientes dial&#237;ticos &#233; fact&#237;vel, por&#233;m com taxas de morbidade e mortalidade superiores &#224;s observadas na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. O uso da CEC para realiza&#231;&#227;o da CRM culminou, no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar, em maiores tempos de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e UTI, maior necessidade de hemoderivados, drogas inotr&#243;picas e vasoativas, maior incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o e menor taxa de extuba&#231;&#227;o em centro cir&#250;rgico quando comparada &#224; t&#233;cnica sem CEC. Contudo, n&#227;o foi demonstrada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na mortalidade entre os grupos no presente estudo. Tais resultados sugerem que a CRM sem CEC na popula&#231;&#227;o dial&#237;tica proporciona menor morbidade intra-hospitalar, apesar de n&#227;o alterar a mortalidade no curto prazo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
