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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WtSNGkCpWJmfZVgL58NZNRQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004500509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160182</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cardiogeriatrics</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Obesity and its Association with Food Consumption, Diabetes Mellitus, and Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Aparecida da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Liana Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jacqueline Danesio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Thiago Veiga Jardim</bold>, Universidade Federal de Goias. 1&#170; Avenida, S/N. - Setor Universit&#225;rio, Postal Code 74085-300. Goi&#226;nia, GO, Brazil. E-mail: <email>thiagoveiga@cardiol.br</email>, <email>thiagoloirin@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silveira EA, Vieira LL, Jardim TV, Souza JD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>509</fpage>
      <lpage>517</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Obesity affects a large part of elderly individuals worldwide and is considered a risk predictor for the development of chronic diseases such as cardiac diseases, the leading causes of death in the elderly population. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the prevalence of obesity and associated factors, with emphasis on the occurrence of other diseases and on food consumption in elderly individuals treated at the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, SUS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional sampling study performed in the city of Goi&#226;nia (Brazil) including elderly individuals (&#8805; 60 years) receiving primary care. During home visits, we performed anthropometric measurements and applied a structured, standardized, and pre-tested questionnaire assessing socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle conditions, occurrence of diseases, and food consumption. We performed multiple Poisson regression analysis using a hierarchical model and adopting a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We evaluated 418 elderly patients with a mean age of 70.7 &#177; 7 years. Their body mass indices had a mean value of 27.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and were higher in women than in men (27.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> versus 26.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively, p = 0.017). Obesity had a prevalence of 49.0%, a risk 1.87 times higher between the ages of 60-69 years and 70-79 years, and a rate 1.4 times higher among individuals with more than four morbidities. On multivariate analysis, the factors associated with obesity were age 60-69 and 70-79 years, inadequate consumption of whole-wheat grains and adequate consumption of fruit, musculoskeletal diseases, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Obesity had a high prevalence in the evaluated elderly population and was associated with food consumption, musculoskeletal disease, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Obesity / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Food Consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Population aging is a complex, multifactorial, and global phenomenon occurring at an accelerated pace. It is estimated that in 2025, Brazil will have the sixth largest elderly population in the world, with 32 million individuals, which will represent 13% of the total population in the country.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The process of aging is a reality accompanied by changes in the population's health profile, with emphasis on the occurrence of chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs), resulting in greater demand for health services and associated with loss of autonomy, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality among elderly individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Among all CNCDs, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) should be highlighted. These are the main responsible for morbidity and mortality in Brazil and worldwide, and affect in particular the elderly population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In parallel with demographic and epidemiological changes, the nutritional scenario has seen a decline in malnutrition and a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Obesity is not simply an increase in weight, but an excess of body fat. Aging is associated with an increase in body fat and changes in fat distribution pattern, with an increase of 20% to 30% in total body fat (2-5% per decade after the age of 40 years).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Obesity is considered a risk factor for other CNCDs including diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, dyslipidemia, cancer, and CVDs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of obesity in non-institutionalized elderly individuals using the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) remains unknown. In addition, studies on this subject have not provided information about the factors associated with obesity, or the association of obesity with dietary consumption variables and the occurrence of other diseases, which restricts the understanding of this condition. Given this context, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of obesity and verify its association with sociodemographic factors, lifestyle with an emphasis on food consumption, and presence of comorbidities in community-dwelling elderly individuals receiving primary care at the SUS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Cross-sectional study inserted in the <italic>Projeto Idoso Goi&#226;nia</italic> (Project Elderly Goi&#226;nia),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> which assessed the health and nutritional conditions in community-dwelling elderly individuals receiving care at the SUS in Goi&#226;nia (GO). We included non-institutionalized elderly individuals aged 60 years or older, of both sexes, living in Goi&#226;nia, treated at the SUS, and with appointments carried out within 12 months prior to the survey. We excluded from the sample bedridden elderly individuals or those with other impediments for anthropometric measurements or inability to answer the questionnaire.</p>
      <p>We conducted a multistage sampling procedure considering the elderly population living in each of the nine Health Districts (HD) of the municipality. The calculation of the sample size was conducted <italic>a posteriori</italic>, with the objective of verifying whether the sample size of the matrix project would fit this study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> For that, we considered obesity as an outcome, the female sex as an exposure variable, and the following parameters: 95% confidence interval (95%CI), 80% power, ratio of not exposed:exposed of 1:1.9, prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.9, and prevalences of the disease among non-exposed (men) of 16.9% and among exposed (women) of 32.11%, according to information derived from the database. The sample size was estimated at 310 elderly, and to stratify and control for confounding factors, we added 10%, totaling a final sample of 341 elderly individuals. Thus, the sample size of the matrix project (418 elderly) was sufficient to ensure the validity and the statistical power of the present study.</p>
      <p>We performed home visits between November 2008 and March 2009, in which we administered a structured and standardized questionnaire that was pre-tested in a pilot study. Anthropometric measurements, such as weight and height, were performed after standardization, according to the procedures recommended by Lohman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Weight was measured in kilograms, using a portable digital electronic scale (Tanita) properly calibrated, with a capacity of up to 150 kg and accurate to 100 g. Height was measured with a 2-meter tape measure accurate to 0.1 cm and fixed to a flat wall without a baseboard, with the help of a plumb line and a wooden set-square. Weight and height were measured in duplicate, and the arithmetic mean of the measurements was used as the result. Body mass index (BMI) was defined according to the criteria proposed by Lipschitz.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The nutritional status was defined by the BMI, as per the criteria discussed and recommended by Silveira et al.:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> BMI &lt; 22 kg/m<sup>2</sup> as low weight, 22 to 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> as eutrophic, and BMI &gt; 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (the outcome variable) as obesity. This classification considers the body composition changes that are characteristic of aging, taking into consideration that this cut-off point has a greater agreement with the body fat percentage and relates best to various complications in the elderly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The measurement of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively) was obtained from the mean of two measurements with a semiautomatic device (Omron HEM-705CP) according to the criteria established by the VI Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Elderly patients with a SBP &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or a DBP &#8805; 90 mmHg or receiving pharmacological treatment for hypertension were considered as being hypertensive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The independent variables analyzed were: socioeconomic and demographic factors (gender, age, skin color, life with a partner, years of study, economic stratum, and parity); lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption, and sedentary lifestyle); food consumption (fruits, legumes, vegetables, whole-wheat cereal, fat-free milk, processed meats, packaged snack foods, sweets, and sodas), and occurrence of morbidities (number of morbidities, DM, hypothyroidism, musculoskeletal diseases, acute myocardial infarction [AMI], stroke, and hypertension).</p>
      <p>The economic stratum was determined according to the economic classification criteria of the <italic>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa</italic> (Brazilian Association of Researching Companies - ABEP, 2008).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In relation to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, we verified the type of beverage, the frequency and amount consumed during the previous week (in doses, bottles, cups, or glasses) to then determine the daily amount of ethanol (in grams) consumed by the elderly individuals. We considered as a cardiovascular risk factor the consumption of alcoholic beverages exceeding 30 g/day for men and 15 g/day for women or individuals with low weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The presence of morbidities was analyzed and categorized according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems - ICD10 (2008).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The variable sedentary lifestyle was assessed, categorized, and classified according to the presence of all the following categories: inactive during leisure time (no physical activity during leisure); inactive in household chores (absence of heavy domestic activity of at least 3 days a week with a total duration of 3 hours); inactive during work (self-reported), such as seating most of the time or only performing activities with little physical effort, and inactive during commute to work (commute by car, motorcycle, bus, or less than 10 minutes of walking or biking).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To measure food consumption, we used the Frequency of Food Consumption Questionnaire (FFCQ), a qualitative tool that includes a list of foods and frequency of consumption (daily, weekly, monthly, rarely, or never). In the data analysis, the variables were categorized as having adequate or inadequate consumption, according to the recommendation of the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population, after adjustments based on the frequency of consumption of each food (daily, weekly) and not on the number of servings, considering that the FFCQ does not provide information on portions: fruits (adequate - daily consumption), legumes and vegetables (adequate - daily consumption), fat-free milk (adequate - daily consumption), whole-wheat cereal (adequate - daily consumption); fats (adequate - consumption of less than two items daily including margarine, butter, mayonnaise, lard/pork rinds/pork cracklings, bacon, greasy meats, and fried foods); hamburger/processed meat/ packaged snack foods (adequate - consumption of at least one item reported as rare or never); sweets and sodas (adequate - consumption reported as not occurring daily); pies, pastries, cakes, cookies, or delicacies (adequate - consumption fewer than three times per week).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the program Stata 8.0 and the database was entered twice in EpiData 3.1. We performed a descriptive analysis of obesity, the variable of interest, and conducted a simple Poisson regression with 95%CI to assess its association with the exposure variables.</p>
      <p>On multivariate analysis using a hierarchical model with Poisson regression, we included in the bivariate analysis those variables that showed significance below or equal to 0.20. In the proposed hierarchical model, the socioeconomic and demographic variables comprised the most distal level (level 1) and the lifestyle and health conditions variables comprised the most proximal level (level 2). The variables included in the model were age, color, smoking, fruits, vegetables and legumes, whole-wheat cereal, fat-free milk, number of morbidities, DM, hypothyroidism, musculoskeletal diseases, AMI, stroke, and hypertension.</p>
      <p>We initiated a hierarchical analysis model using the variables from the most distal level (level 1). The variables with a p value above 0.05 were removed from the multivariate model.</p>
      <p>We should emphasize that the participation of the elderly individuals was voluntary and happened after they signed an informed consent form approved by the institution's Research Ethics Committee, according to Resolution No. 466/2012 of the National Health Council.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We evaluated 418 elderly patients with a mean age of 70.7 &#177; 7 years. The group's BMI had a mean value of 27.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and was higher in women than men (27.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and 26.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively, p = 0.017). All continuous variables had a normal distribution.</p>
      <p>Obesity had an overall prevalence of 49.0% (95%CI 44.2 -54.0%), including 51.1% (95%CI 45.0- 57.1%) in women and 45.1% (95%CI 36.7-53.6%) in men, without statistically significant difference between them.</p>
      <p>Obesity was associated with age (p = 0.034) in the age ranges of 60-69 and 70-79 years. The risk of an individual being obese in these two age groups was 1.87 times greater than among those in the group with 80 years or more (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of the sample, prevalence of obesity in the elderly, and association according to socioeconomic and demographic variables. Projeto Idosos Goi&#226;nia (Project Elderly Goi&#226;nia), Brazil (n = 418)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Sample distribution n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Prevalence n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">PR (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.254</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">276 ( 66.03)</td>
              <td align="center">141 ( 51.09)</td>
              <td align="center">1.13 (0.91-1.40)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">142 ( 33.97)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (45.07)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.034</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60 to 69</td>
              <td align="center">203 (48.56)</td>
              <td align="center">105 (51.72)</td>
              <td align="center">1.87 (1.15-3.02)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">70 to 79</td>
              <td align="center">168 (40.19)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (51.79)</td>
              <td align="center">1.87 (1.15-3.04)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">80 or more</td>
              <td align="center">47 (11.24)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (27.66)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Skin color</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.178</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">194 (46.41)</td>
              <td align="center">102 (52.58)</td>
              <td align="center">1.14 (0.94-1.39)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brown and Black</td>
              <td align="center">224 (53.59)</td>
              <td align="center">103 (45.98)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Life with a partner</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.267</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">229 (54.78)</td>
              <td align="center">118 (51.53)</td>
              <td align="center">1.12 (0.92-1.37)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">189 (45.22)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (46.03)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Years of study<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.852</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Illiterate</td>
              <td align="center">112 (29.95)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (46.43)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1 to 4</td>
              <td align="center">154 (41.18)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (51.30)</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 (0.86-1.42)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5 to 8</td>
              <td align="center">72 (19.25)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (48.61)</td>
              <td align="center">1.05 (0.77-1.43)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">9 or more</td>
              <td align="center">36 (9.63)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (52.78)</td>
              <td align="center">1.14 (0.79-1.64)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Economic stratum</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.854</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A/B</td>
              <td align="center">63 (15.29)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (47.62)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (0.74-1.36)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C</td>
              <td align="center">193 (46.84)</td>
              <td align="center">97 (50.26)</td>
              <td align="center">1.06 (0.85-1.32)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">D/E</td>
              <td align="center">156 (37.86)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (47.44)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Parity<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>&#166;</sup></xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.512</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">zero</td>
              <td align="center">21 (7.66)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (42.86)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1 to 3</td>
              <td align="center">55 (20.07)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (49.09)</td>
              <td align="center">1.14 (0.65-2.01)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4 to 6</td>
              <td align="center">83 (30.29)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (57.83)</td>
              <td align="center">1.35 (0.79-2.29)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">7 or more</td>
              <td align="center">115 (41.97)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (49.57)</td>
              <td align="center">1.16 (0.68-1.96)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Wald test,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>missing data for 44 individuals,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#166; </label>
            <p>data related to 274 women, PR: prevalence ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As for variables related to dietary consumption, we observed in the bivariate analysis that obesity was associated with consumption of fruits, legumes, whole-wheat cereals, and fat-free milk (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of the sample, prevalence of obesity in the elderly, and association according to the variables lifestyle and dietary intake. Projeto Idosos Goi&#226;nia (Project Elderly Goi&#226;nia), Brazil (n = 418)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Sample distribution n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Prevalence n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">PR (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.120</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-smokers</td>
              <td align="center">198 (47.37)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (50.51)</td>
              <td align="center">1.64 (1.00-2.68)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ex-smoker</td>
              <td align="center">181 (43.30)</td>
              <td align="center">93 (51.38)</td>
              <td align="center">1.67 (1.02-2.73)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoker</td>
              <td align="center">39 (9.33)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (30.77)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Consumption of alcoholic beverages</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.259</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">354 (84.69)</td>
              <td align="center">178 (50.28)</td>
              <td align="center">1.19 (0.88-1.62)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">64 (15.31)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (42.19)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sedentary lifestyle</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.531</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">230 (55.02)</td>
              <td align="center">116 (50.43)</td>
              <td align="center">1.06 (0.87-1.30)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">188 (44.98)</td>
              <td align="center">89 (47.34)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Fruits</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inadequate</td>
              <td align="center">233 (56.01)</td>
              <td align="center">102 (43.78)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">183 (43.99)</td>
              <td align="center">103 (56.28)</td>
              <td align="center">1.28 (1.06-1.56)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Legumes and vegetables</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.035</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inadequate</td>
              <td align="center">316 (75.60)</td>
              <td align="center">147 (46.52)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">100 (24.04)</td>
              <td align="center">58 (58.00)</td>
              <td align="center">1.24 (1.02-1.53)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Legumes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inadequate</td>
              <td align="center">73 (17.51)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (60.27)</td>
              <td align="center">1.29 (1.04-1.60)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">344 (82.49)</td>
              <td align="center">161 (46.80)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Whole-grain cereal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.031</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inadequate</td>
              <td align="center">367 (88.22)</td>
              <td align="center">189 (51.50)</td>
              <td align="center">1.58 (1.04-2.39)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">49 (11.78)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (32.65)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Fat-free milk</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.047</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inadequate</td>
              <td align="center">357 (85.61)</td>
              <td align="center">169 (47.34)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">60 (14.39)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (60.00)</td>
              <td align="center">1.27 (1.00-1.60)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Fats</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.842</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inadequate</td>
              <td align="center">44 (10.55)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (47.73)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">373 (89.45)</td>
              <td align="center">184 (49.33)</td>
              <td align="center">1.03 (0.74-1.43)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hamburger/processed meats/packaged snack foods</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.449</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inadequate</td>
              <td align="center">173 (41.59)</td>
              <td align="center">81 (46.82)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">243 (58.41)</td>
              <td align="center">123 (50.62)</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 (0.88-1.32)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sweets</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.596</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inadequate</td>
              <td align="center">24 (5.76)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (54.17)</td>
              <td align="center">1.11 (0.76-1.62)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">393 (94.24)</td>
              <td align="center">192 (48.85)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sodas</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.896</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inadequate</td>
              <td align="center">23 (5.52)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (47.83)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">394 (94.98)</td>
              <td align="center">194 (49.24)</td>
              <td align="center">1.03 (0.66-1.59)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Wald test, PR: prevalence ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>We found that 73.4% of the elderly individuals had two or more morbidities, and that the probability of developing obesity was 1.4 times greater among those with four or more morbidities (p = 0.023). We observed a higher prevalence of obesity in elderly individuals with AMI, hypothyroidism, DM, and musculoskeletal diseases; only hypothyroidism was not significantly associated with obesity in the bivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of the sample, prevalence of obesity in the elderly, and association according to health conditions. Projeto Idosos Goi&#226;nia (Project Elderly Goi&#226;nia), Brazil (n = 418)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Sample distribution n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Prevalencen (%)</th>
              <th align="center">PR (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p value <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>N&#186; of morbidities</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0 to 1</td>
              <td align="center">111 (26.56)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (42.34)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2 to 3</td>
              <td align="center">214 (51.20)</td>
              <td align="center">102 (47.66)</td>
              <td align="center">1.12 (0.87-1.46)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4 or more</td>
              <td align="center">93 (22.25)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (60.22)</td>
              <td align="center">1.42 (1.08-1.87)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diabetes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">319 (76.50)</td>
              <td align="center">144 (45.14)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">98 (23.50)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (62.24)</td>
              <td align="center">1.38 (1.33-1.68)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hypothyroidism</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.102</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">396 (94.74)</td>
              <td align="center">191 (48.23)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">22 (5.26)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (63.64)</td>
              <td align="center">1.32 (0.96-1.84)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Musculoskeletal d.</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.036</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">277 (66.27)</td>
              <td align="center">126 (45.49)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">141 (33.73)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (56.03)</td>
              <td align="center">1.23 (1.01-1.50)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gastrointestinal d.</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.992</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">369 (88.28)</td>
              <td align="center">181 (49.05)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (0.74-1.36)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">49 (11.72)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (48.98)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Respiratory d.</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.234</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">373 (89.23)</td>
              <td align="center">187 (50.13)</td>
              <td align="center">1.25 (0.86-1.82)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">45 (10.77)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (40.00)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Infectious d.</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.922</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">394 (94.26)</td>
              <td align="center">193 (48.98)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">24 (5.74)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (50.00)</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (0.67-1.54)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Neoplastic d.</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.816</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">407 (97.37)</td>
              <td align="center">200 (49.14)</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 (0.56-2.08)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">11 (2.63)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (45.45)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hypertension</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.149</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">82 (19.62)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (41.46)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">336 (80.38)</td>
              <td align="center">171 (50.89)</td>
              <td align="center">1.23 (0.93-1.62)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Stroke</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.076</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">402 (96.4)</td>
              <td align="center">202 (50.25)</td>
              <td align="center">2.51 (0.91-6.95)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">15 (3.60)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (20.00)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Acute myocardial infarction</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">408 (97.84)</td>
              <td align="center">198 (48.53)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">9 (2.16)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (77.78)</td>
              <td align="center">1.60 (1.11-2.30)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Wald test, d: diseases according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems - ICD10, PR: prevalence ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>On multivariate analysis, the factors associated with obesity were: age group, with equal risk in the age ranges from 60-69 years (PR = 1.87, 95%CI 1.15-3.02) and 70-79 years (PR = 1.87, 95%CI 1.15-3.04); adequate consumption of fruits and inadequate consumption of whole-wheat cereals; and occurrence of DM, musculoskeletal diseases, and AMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Final model of multivariate analysis of factors associated with obesity in the elderly. Projeto Idosos Goi&#226;nia (Project Elderly Goi&#226;nia), Brazil</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Adjusted PR</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>1st Level</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60 a 69</td>
              <td align="center">1.87</td>
              <td align="center">1.16-3.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">70 a 79</td>
              <td align="center">1.87</td>
              <td align="center">1.15-3.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">80 or more</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>2nd Level</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Fruits</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inadequate</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">1.28</td>
              <td align="center">1.06-1.55</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Whole-grain cereal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inadequate</td>
              <td align="center">1.70</td>
              <td align="center">1.14-2.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diabetes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1.40</td>
              <td align="center">1.16-1.70</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Musculoskeletal diseases</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1.25</td>
              <td align="center">1.03-1.51</td>
              <td align="center">0.024</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Acute myocardial infarction</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1.60</td>
              <td align="center">1.07-2.39</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Wald test, PR: prevalence ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Population aging is a global reality, and the understanding of different variables associated with this process is crucial. In this study, obesity and related factors were investigated in a group of elderly individuals receiving care at the SUS in a capital city in the midwest region of Brazil.</p>
      <p>The socioeconomic variables of the studied population are similar to those found in epidemiological data of the Brazilian urban population published by IBGE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Such similarities are more evident when comparisons are made with the information relating to areas closer to the central region of the country, mainly in the variables economic status and schooling (years of study). It is worth noting that the official information available<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> includes individuals above the age of 60 years in the same category, without age subdivisions as in this study.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of obesity among the elderly was extremely high (49%) and different from that obtained in the Vigitel,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> a large Brazilian population study in which the prevalence of obesity in the elderly population was 30%. Even in the United States, where obesity is a serious public health problem, the prevalence of obesity in another large population study was less than 35%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> This difference may be explained by the fact that many population-based data on the prevalence of obesity use self-reported weight and height, which are subject to errors, especially in the elderly population. In contrast, the evaluation of height and weight for BMI calculation in the present study was obtained from all elderly individuals.</p>
      <p>We observed a high prevalence of obesity in elderly individuals aged 60-79 years and a decrease after the age of 80 years, with a significant association of obesity with age range. Different studies have found this association, which may be due to a survival bias, <italic>i.e.</italic>, a lower life expectancy among obese individuals, who are unlikely to reach the age of 80 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The mean BMI among the evaluated women was statistically superior to that among men, which is in line with other studies that established this association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A possible explanation for this fact is the greater tendency of accumulation of visceral fat after menopause, in addition to an increased life expectancy in women.</p>
      <p>Aging occurs concomitantly with the onset of CNCDs and increase in comorbidity risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Among the elderly analyzed in the present study, 73.4% reported having at least two diseases. Although the number of morbidities was not associated with obesity on multivariate analysis, it is important to highlight that the prevalence of obesity increased in parallel with the increase in the number of diseases, reaching 60.2% in those with four or more morbidities. Another study with elderly individuals found a significantly greater mean number of morbidities in elderly obese when compared with eutrophic and low-weight individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of obesity was significantly greater in elderly patients with a previous diagnosis of DM and AMI, a finding that has been observed in other studies addressing this issue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Obesity, particularly visceral and of long duration, is a fundamental part in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM. Although the evaluation of the type of obesity was not the focus of this study, the advanced age suggests a prolonged exposure to obesity, justifying the association encountered. National data clearly reflect a higher prevalence of DM at more advanced ages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Another aspect to be highlighted is that DM treatment alone can contribute to weight gain, corroborating the data observed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The association between obesity and AMI is well established;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> however, some particularities in the elderly population deserve discussion. In some specific conditions, such as non-ST-elevation AMI, the mortality of elderly obese patients is lower.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> This finding has been observed in some studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> assessing mortality due to other diseases related to obesity and overweight and is known as the obesity paradox. We did not evaluate or compare mortality rates in the present study, but we demonstrated a clear association of obesity with AMI.</p>
      <p>The presence of these pathologies associated with obesity deserves health interventions with an emphasis on weight loss in order to also assist in the control of DM and prevent new cardiovascular events that increase the risk of death or sequelae. It should be mentioned, as a control measure, the regular practice of physical activity, which may delay the emergence of CNCDs. Of note, moderate exercise practice is responsible for reducing the risk of death by 20 to 25% in individuals with cardiac disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Obesity was also associated with musculoskeletal diseases, confirming the higher risk of development of these diseases among obese individuals, often by excessive load, especially on the knee and hip. This relationship suggests the establishment of a greater dependence in activities of daily living, in addition to a greater fragility of elderly individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A low daily consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes, whole-wheat cereals, and fat-free milk was characteristic in this study population. The nutritional transition is marked by excessive consumption of sugars, fats, and sodas, and insufficient consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fiber, pointing toward unfavorable trends in dietary patterns.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> The refinement of the grain affects the nutritional quality of the food, which becomes lower in vitamins and minerals, in addition to dramatically reducing the dietary fiber content, which affects the glycemic index of foods and acts to control weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> The low daily intake of fruits, vegetables, cereals, and milk and dairy products, and high consumption of sugar, accompanied by inadequate intake of essential micronutrients by elderly individuals has been demonstrated in different studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher in elderly with adequate intake of fruits, while for whole-wheat grains, the risk of obesity was higher in individuals with inadequate intake of such food. This is a very interesting result that can be understood within the characteristics of the elderly sample. Since these elderly individuals had received primary care in the prior year and had diagnosed chronic diseases such as DM and obesity, they had probably already received interventions from the health care team regarding healthy eating. The association with fruit consumption may be related to a habit of more easily incorporation into the diet than the consumption of whole grains.</p>
      <p>It should be remembered that the assessment of food intake has some limitations; however, this is inherent to the methodology of dietary surveys, since there is no gold-standard method for that. Another aspect refers to the possibility of recall bias, but this is another intrinsic limitation of indirect methods of assessment of food intake in the elderly.</p>
      <p>A limitation that deserves to be highlighted is related to the fact that the sample comprised elderly individuals from a midwestern city capital, thus, representative of a population living in an urban area. Therefore, it is not necessarily representative of the entire population of the state, or even from a country with continental dimensions and full of regional inequalities, such as Brazil.</p>
      <p>Given the findings, it should be highlighted the importance of monitoring the nutritional status of elderly individuals and creating actions of primary health intervention aimed at the control of obesity and prevention of cardiovascular events, in order to prevent the aggravations and consequences associated with the problem, help promote health, and improve the quality of life of elderly individuals treated at the SUS in Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In the evaluated population of elderly individuals, we observed a high prevalence of obesity, which was associated with food intake, musculoskeletal disease, DM, and AMI.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia and CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Liana Lima Vieira, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cardiogeriatria</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Obesidade em Idosos e sua Associa&#231;&#227;o com Consumo Alimentar, Diabetes Mellitus e Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Aparecida da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Liana Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jacqueline Danesio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Thiago Veiga Jardim</bold>, Universidade Federal de Goias. 1&#170; Avenida, S/N. - Setor Universit&#225;rio, CEP 74085-300. Goi&#226;nia, GO, Brasil. E-mail: <email>thiagoveiga@cardiol.br</email>, <email>thiagoloirin@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silveira EA, Vieira LL, Jardim TV, Souza JD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A obesidade atinge uma grande parcela de idosos em todo o mundo e &#233; considerada preditora de risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, as principais causas de &#243;bito na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e fatores associados, com &#234;nfase na presen&#231;a de outras doen&#231;as e no consumo alimentar, em idosos usu&#225;rios do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal, por amostragem, realizado no munic&#237;pio de Goi&#226;nia, Brasil. Foram inclu&#237;dos idosos (&#8805; 60 anos) atendidos na rede de aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica. Durante visitas domiciliares, foram realizadas medidas antropom&#233;tricas e aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rio estruturado, padronizado e pr&#233;-testado sobre condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas, demogr&#225;ficas, estilo de vida, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as e consumo alimentar. Realizou-se regress&#227;o de Poisson m&#250;ltipla a partir de um modelo hier&#225;rquico, adotando-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 418 idosos com idade m&#233;dia de 70,7 &#177; 7 anos. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal apresentou um valor m&#233;dio de 27,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e esteve mais elevado nas mulheres do que nos homens (27,4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> x 26,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente, p = 0,017). A obesidade teve preval&#234;ncia de 49,0%, risco 1,87 vezes maior entre as idades de 60-69 anos e 70-79 anos, e taxa 1,4 vezes maior nos indiv&#237;duos com mais de quatro morbidades. Em an&#225;lise multivariada, os fatores associados &#224; obesidade foram idade de 60-69 e 70-79 anos, consumo inadequado de cereais integrais e adequado de frutas, doen&#231;as osteomusculares, diabetes mellitus e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A obesidade teve elevada preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa estudada e esteve associada com consumo alimentar, doen&#231;a osteomuscular, diabetes mellitus e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Obesidade / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Idosos</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de Alimentos</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es do Diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O envelhecimento populacional &#233; um fen&#244;meno complexo, multifatorial e mundial que ocorre de forma acelerada. Estima-se que em 2025, o Brasil ter&#225; a sexta maior popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos no mundo, com 32 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos, o que representar&#225; 13% do total da popula&#231;&#227;o do pa&#237;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O processo de envelhecimento &#233; uma realidade acompanhada da mudan&#231;a no perfil de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o, com destaque para a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNTs), que resultam em maior demanda por servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e associa&#231;&#227;o com perda de autonomia, piora da qualidade de vida e aumento da mortalidade dos idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entre as DCNTs, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs) merecem destaque. S&#227;o elas as principais respons&#225;veis pela morbimortalidade no Brasil e no mundo, acometendo especialmente a popula&#231;&#227;o idosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em paralelo &#224;s modifica&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas e epidemiol&#243;gicas, observa-se no cen&#225;rio nutricional um decl&#237;nio da desnutri&#231;&#227;o e aumento expressivo da preval&#234;ncia de obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A obesidade n&#227;o &#233; simplesmente um aumento de peso, mas sim, um excesso da gordura corporal. O envelhecimento est&#225; associado a um aumento da massa gordurosa e mudan&#231;as no seu padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o, com aumento de 20 a 30% na gordura corporal total (2-5% por d&#233;cada ap&#243;s os 40 anos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A obesidade &#233; considerada um fator de risco para outras DCNTs como o diabetes mellitus (DM), a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), as dislipidemias, o c&#226;ncer e as DCVs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade em idosos n&#227;o institucionalizados usu&#225;rios do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) ainda &#233; desconhecida. Al&#233;m disso, os estudos acerca do tema n&#227;o trazem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os fatores associados &#224; obesidade e a rela&#231;&#227;o da obesidade com vari&#225;veis de consumo alimentar e com a presen&#231;a de outras doen&#231;as, o que restringe o entendimento dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Considerando esse contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e verificar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos, estilo de vida com &#234;nfase no consumo alimentar e presen&#231;a de comorbidades em idosos da comunidade, usu&#225;rios da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de do SUS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal, inserido no Projeto Idoso Goi&#226;nia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> que avaliou condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de e nutri&#231;&#227;o em idosos da comunidade e usu&#225;rios do SUS em Goi&#226;nia (GO). Foram inclu&#237;dos idosos com 60 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos, residentes em Goi&#226;nia, n&#227;o institucionalizados, usu&#225;rios do SUS e com consultas realizadas nos 12 meses anteriores &#224; pesquisa. Foram exclu&#237;dos da amostra os idosos acamados ou com outra impossibilidade para a tomada das medidas antropom&#233;tricas e incapacidade para responder ao question&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Realizou-se procedimento amostral em m&#250;ltiplos est&#225;gios considerando a popula&#231;&#227;o idosa residente em cada um dos nove Distritos Sanit&#225;rios (DS) do munic&#237;pio. O c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral foi realizado <italic>a posteriori</italic>, com objetivo de verificar se o tamanho amostral do projeto matriz atendia ao presente estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Para tanto, considerou-se a obesidade como desfecho, o sexo feminino como vari&#225;vel de exposi&#231;&#227;o e os seguintes par&#226;metros: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%), poder de 80%, raz&#227;o de n&#227;o expostos:expostos de 1:1,9, raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP) de 1,9, e preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a entre os n&#227;o expostos (homens) de 16,9% e entre os expostos (mulheres) de 32,11%, conforme informa&#231;&#245;es do banco de dados. O tamanho da amostra de idosos foi estimado em 310 e, para estratifica&#231;&#227;o e controle de fator de confus&#227;o, foram acrescentados 10%, totalizando ao final 341 idosos. Assim, o n&#250;mero amostral do projeto matriz (418 idosos) foi suficiente para garantir a validade e o poder estat&#237;stico do presente estudo.</p>
        <p>Foram realizadas visitas domiciliares entre novembro de 2008 e mar&#231;o de 2009 com aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rio estruturado, padronizado e pr&#233;-testado em um estudo piloto. As medidas antropom&#233;tricas como peso e estatura foram realizadas ap&#243;s padroniza&#231;&#227;o, segundo os procedimentos preconizados por Lohman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O peso foi medido em quilogramas, utilizando-se balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica digital port&#225;til (Tanita) devidamente calibrada, com capacidade de at&#233; 150 kg e precis&#227;o de 100 g. A altura foi aferida com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de fita m&#233;trica de 2 metros e precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm, fixada a uma parede lisa sem rodap&#233;, com aux&#237;lio de fio de prumo e esquadro de madeira. O peso e a estatura foram aferidos em duplicata, utilizando-se como resultado a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica das medidas. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi definido conforme crit&#233;rio proposto por Lipschitz.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O estado nutricional foi definido pelo IMC conforme crit&#233;rio recomendado e discutido por Silveira et al.:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> IMC &lt; 22 kg/m<sup>2</sup> como baixo peso, 22 a 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> como eutrofia e IMC &gt; 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (a vari&#225;vel de desfecho) como obesidade. Tal classifica&#231;&#227;o considera as modifica&#231;&#245;es na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal pr&#243;prias do envelhecimento, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o que este ponto de corte possui uma maior concord&#226;ncia com percentual de gordura corporal e que melhor se relaciona a diferentes complica&#231;&#245;es em idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A medida da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (PAS e PAD, respectivamente) foi obtida pela m&#233;dia de duas aferi&#231;&#245;es com um aparelho semiautom&#225;tico (Omron HEM-705CP), seguindo os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelas VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Foram considerados hipertensos os idosos com PAS &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou PAD &#8805; 90 mmHg, ou em tratamento farmacol&#243;gico para HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis independentes analisadas foram: socioecon&#244;micas e demogr&#225;ficas (sexo, idade, cor da pele, conv&#237;vio com companheiro, anos de estudo, classe econ&#244;mica e paridade); estilo de vida (tabagismo, consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica e sedentarismo); consumo alimentar (frutas, legumes, verduras, leguminosas, cereal integral, leite desnatado, gorduras, embutidos, salgadinho de pacote, doces e refrigerantes) e presen&#231;a de morbidades (n&#250;mero de morbidades, DM, hipotireoidismo, doen&#231;a do sistema osteomuscular, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio [IAM], acidente vascular cerebral [AVC] e HAS).</p>
        <p>A classe econ&#244;mica foi avaliada conforme o Crit&#233;rio de Classifica&#231;&#227;o Econ&#244;mica da Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa - ABEP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica, foi verificado a partir do relato o tipo de bebida, a frequ&#234;ncia e a quantidade consumida durante a semana anterior (em doses, garrafas, ta&#231;as, ou copos) para que fosse, ent&#227;o, determinada a quantidade di&#225;ria de etanol (em gramas) consumida pelos idosos. Considerou-se como fator de risco cardiovascular o consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica superior a 30 g/dia para homens e 15 g/dia para mulheres ou indiv&#237;duos de baixo peso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de morbidades foi analisada e categorizada segundo a Classifica&#231;&#227;o Estat&#237;stica Internacional de Doen&#231;as e Problemas Relacionados &#224; Sa&#250;de - CID10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A vari&#225;vel sedentarismo foi avaliada, categorizada e classificada segundo a presen&#231;a de todas as seguintes categorias: inativo no lazer (nenhuma atividade f&#237;sica no lazer); inativo na limpeza dom&#233;stica (aus&#234;ncia de atividade dom&#233;stica pesada de pelo menos 3 dias na semana com dura&#231;&#227;o total de 3 horas); inativo ocupacional (autorrelato), como ficar sentado a maior parte do tempo ou executar apenas atividades de pouco esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, e inativo no deslocamento para o trabalho (deslocamento de carro, moto, &#244;nibus ou deslocamento com menos de 10 minutos de caminhada ou uso de bicicleta).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Foi estruturado como instrumento de medida do consumo alimentar o Question&#225;rio de Frequ&#234;ncia de Consumo Alimentar - QFCA, de natureza qualitativa, o qual inclui uma lista de alimentos e frequ&#234;ncia da ingest&#227;o (di&#225;ria, semanal, mensal, raramente, ou nunca). Na an&#225;lise dos dados, as vari&#225;veis foram categorizadas em consumo adequado e inadequado, conforme a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do Guia Alimentar para a Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira, ap&#243;s adapta&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de consumo dos alimentos (di&#225;ria, semanal) e n&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de por&#231;&#245;es, tendo em vista que o QFCA n&#227;o traz informa&#231;&#245;es sobre por&#231;&#245;es: frutas (adequado - consumo di&#225;rio), legumes e verduras (adequado - consumo di&#225;rio), leguminosas (adequado - consumo di&#225;rio), leite desnatado (adequado - consumo di&#225;rio) e cereal integral (adequado - consumo di&#225;rio); gorduras (adequado - consumo inferior a dois itens di&#225;rios de margarina, manteiga, maionese, banha/toucinho/torresmo, bacon, carnes gordurosas e frituras); hamb&#250;rguer/embutidos/salgadinhos de pacote (adequado - raramente ou nunca ao consumo de pelo menos um item); doces e refrigerantes (adequado - consumo n&#227;o di&#225;rio); tortas, massas, bolos, biscoitos ou quitutes (adequado - consumo inferior a tr&#234;s vezes por semana).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa Stata 8.0 e o banco de dados foi digitado em dupla entrada no EpiData 3.1. Realizou-se an&#225;lise descritiva da vari&#225;vel de interesse obesidade e, para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre esta e as vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o, realizou-se regress&#227;o de Poisson simples com seus respectivos IC95%.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a partir de um modelo hier&#225;rquico por regress&#227;o de Poisson, foram inclu&#237;das as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram signific&#226;ncia menor ou igual a 0,20 na an&#225;lise bivariada. No modelo hier&#225;rquico proposto, as vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas e demogr&#225;ficas constitu&#237;ram o n&#237;vel mais distal (n&#237;vel 1) e as vari&#225;veis estilo de vida e condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de, o n&#237;vel mais proximal (n&#237;vel 2). As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo foram idade, cor, tabagismo, frutas, legumes e verduras, leguminosas, cereal integral, leite desnatado, n&#250;mero de morbidades, DM, hipotireoidismo, doen&#231;a do sistema osteomuscular, IAM, AVC e HAS.</p>
        <p>Iniciou-se o modelo de an&#225;lise hierarquizada com as vari&#225;veis do n&#237;vel mais distal (n&#237;vel 1). As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram valor de p acima de 0,05 foram retiradas do modelo multivariado.</p>
        <p>Destaca-se que a participa&#231;&#227;o dos idosos foi volunt&#225;ria e ocorreu mediante assinatura de um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o, conforme a Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados 418 idosos com idade m&#233;dia de 70,7 &#177; 7 anos. O IMC no grupo teve um valor m&#233;dio de 27,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, sendo que as mulheres apresentaram m&#233;dia superior &#224; dos homens (27,4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 26,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente, p = 0,017). Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade foi de 49,0% (IC95% 44,2-54,0%) nos participantes em geral, 51,1% (IC95% 45,0-57,1%) nas mulheres e 45,1% (IC95% 36,7-53,6%) nos homens, sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre eles.</p>
        <p>A obesidade associou-se &#224; idade (p = 0,034) nas faixas et&#225;rias de 60-69 e 70-79 anos. O risco de obesidade em um indiv&#237;duo nestes dois grupos et&#225;rios foi 1,87 vezes maior do que o risco em um indiv&#237;duo no grupo com 80 ou mais anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra, preval&#234;ncia de obesidade em idosos e associa&#231;&#227;o segundo vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas e demogr&#225;ficas. Projeto Idosos Goi&#226;nia, Brasil (n = 418)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Preval&#234;ncia n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">RP (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,254</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">276 (66,03)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (51,09)</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (0,91-1,40)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">142 (33,97)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (45,07)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60 a 69</td>
                <td align="center">203 (48,56)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (51,72)</td>
                <td align="center">1,87 (1,15-3,02)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">70 a 79</td>
                <td align="center">168 (40,19)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (51,79)</td>
                <td align="center">1,87 (1,15-3,04)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">80 ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">47 (11,24)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (27,66)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cor da pele</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,178</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">194 (46,41)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (52,58)</td>
                <td align="center">1,14 (0,94-1,39)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parda e preta</td>
                <td align="center">224 (53,59)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (45,98)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vive com companheiro</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,267</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">229 (54,78)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (51,53)</td>
                <td align="center">1,12 (0,92-1,37)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">189 (45,22)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (46,03)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Anos de estudo</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">
                    <sup>&#8225;</sup>
                  </xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,852</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Analfabeto</td>
                <td align="center">112 (29,95)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (46,43)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 a 4</td>
                <td align="center">154 (41,18)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (51,30)</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (0,86-1,42)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5 a 8</td>
                <td align="center">72 (19,25)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (48,61)</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (0,77-1,43)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9 ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">36 (9,63)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (52,78)</td>
                <td align="center">1,14 (0,79-1,64)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classe econ&#244;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,854</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A/B</td>
                <td align="center">63 (15,29)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (47,62)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,74-1,36)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C</td>
                <td align="center">193 (46,84)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (50,26)</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (0,85-1,32)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D/E</td>
                <td align="center">156 (37,86)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (47,44)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Paridadexref<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>&#166;</sup></xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,512</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">zero</td>
                <td align="center">21 (7,66)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (42,86)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 a 3</td>
                <td align="center">55 (20,07)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (49,09)</td>
                <td align="center">1,14 (0,65-2,01)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4 a 6</td>
                <td align="center">83 (30,29)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (57,83)</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 (0,79-2,29)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7 ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">115 (41,97)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (49,57)</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 (0,68-1,96)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Wald,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>dados ausentes para 44 indiv&#237;duos,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>&#166;</label>
              <p>dado referente a 274 mulheres, RP: raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis de consumo alimentar, observou-se na an&#225;lise bivariada que a obesidade se associou ao consumo de frutas, leguminosas, cereal integral e leite desnatado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra, preval&#234;ncia de obesidade em idosos e associa&#231;&#227;o segundo as vari&#225;veis estilo de vida e consumo alimentar. Projeto Idosos Goi&#226;nia, Brasil (n = 418)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Preval&#234;ncia n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">RP (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,120</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o fumante</td>
                <td align="center">198 (47,37)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (50,51)</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 (1,00-2,68)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">181 (43,30)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (51,38)</td>
                <td align="center">1,67 (1,02-2,73)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumante</td>
                <td align="center">39 (9,33)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (30,77)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Consumo bebida alco&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,259</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">354 (84,69)</td>
                <td align="center">178 (50,28)</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 (0,88-1,62)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">64 (15,31)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (42,19)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sedentarismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,531</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">230 (55,02)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (50,43)</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (0,87-1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">188 (44,98)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (47,34)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Frutas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">233 (56,01)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (43,78)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">183 (43,99)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (56,28)</td>
                <td align="center">1,28 (1,06-1,56)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Legumes e verduras</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">316 (75,60)</td>
                <td align="center">147 (46,52)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">100 (24,04)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (58,00)</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 (1,02-1,53)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Leguminosas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">73 (17,51)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (60,27)</td>
                <td align="center">1,29 (1,04-1,60)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">344 (82,49)</td>
                <td align="center">161 (46,80)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cereal integral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">367 (88,22)</td>
                <td align="center">189 (51,50)</td>
                <td align="center">1,58 (1,04-2,39)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">49 (11,78)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (32,65)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Leite desnatado</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">357 (85,61)</td>
                <td align="center">169 (47,34)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">60 (14,39)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (60,00)</td>
                <td align="center">1,27 (1,00-1,60)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Gorduras</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,842</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">44 (10,55)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (47,73)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">373 (89,45)</td>
                <td align="center">184 (49,33)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,74-1,43)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hamb&#250;rguer/embutido/salgadinho de pacote</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,449</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">173 (41,59)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (46,82)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">243 (58,41)</td>
                <td align="center">123 (50,62)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (0,88-1,32)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Doces</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,596</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">24 (5,76)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (54,17)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 (0,76-1,62)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">393 (94,24)</td>
                <td align="center">192 (48,85)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Refrigerantes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,896</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">23 (5,52)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (47,83)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">394 (94,98)</td>
                <td align="center">194 (49,24)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,66-1,59)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Wald, RP: raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Verificou-se, ainda, que 73,4% dos idosos tinham duas ou mais morbidades e que a probabilidade de desenvolver obesidade foi 1,4 vezes maior naqueles com quatro ou mais morbidades (p = 0,023). Observou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de obesidade em idosos com IAM, hipotireoidismo, DM e doen&#231;as osteomusculares; apenas o hipotireoidismo n&#227;o esteve significativamente associado &#224; obesidade na an&#225;lise bivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra, preval&#234;ncia de obesidade em idosos e associa&#231;&#227;o segundo condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de. Projeto Idosos Goi&#226;nia, Brasil (n = 418)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Preval&#234;ncian (%)</th>
                <th align="center">RP (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>N&#186; de morbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0 a 1</td>
                <td align="center">111 (26,56)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (42,34)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2 a 3</td>
                <td align="center">214 (51,20)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (47,66)</td>
                <td align="center">1,12 (0,87-1,46)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4 ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">93 (22,25)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (60,22)</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 (1,08-1,87)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">319 (76,50)</td>
                <td align="center">144 (45,14)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">98 (23,50)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (62,24)</td>
                <td align="center">1,38 (1,33-1,68)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hipotireoidismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">396 (94,74)</td>
                <td align="center">191 (48,23)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">22 (5,26)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (63,64)</td>
                <td align="center">1,32 (0,96-1,84)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>D. Sistema Osteomuscular</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">277 (66,27)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (45,49)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">141 (33,73)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (56,03)</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (1,01-1,50)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>D. Aparelho Digestivo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,992</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">369 (88,28)</td>
                <td align="center">181 (49,05)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,74-1,36)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">49 (11,72)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (48,98)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>D. Aparelho Respirat&#243;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,234</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">373 (89,23)</td>
                <td align="center">187 (50,13)</td>
                <td align="center">1,25 (0,86-1,82)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">45 (10,77)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (40,00)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>D. Infecciosas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,922</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">394 (94,26)</td>
                <td align="center">193 (48,98)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">24 (5,74)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (50,00)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (0,67-1,54)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>D. Neopl&#225;sicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,816</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">407 (97,37)</td>
                <td align="center">200 (49,14)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (0,56-2,08)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">11 (2,63)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (45,45)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">82 (19,62)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (41,46)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">336 (80,38)</td>
                <td align="center">171 (50,89)</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (0,93-1,62)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Acidente vascular cerebral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">402 (96,4)</td>
                <td align="center">202 (50,25)</td>
                <td align="center">2,51 (0,91-6,95)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">15 (3,60)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (20,00)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">408 (97,84)</td>
                <td align="center">198 (48,53)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">9 (2,16)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (77,78)</td>
                <td align="center">1,60 (1,11-2,30)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Wald, D: doen&#231;as segundo a Classifica&#231;&#227;o Estat&#237;stica Internacional de Doen&#231;as e Problemas Relacionados &#224; Sa&#250;de &#8211; CID -10, RP: raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, os fatores associados &#224; obesidade foram: faixa et&#225;ria, com risco igual nas faixas et&#225;rias de 60-69 anos (raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia [RP] = 1,87, IC95% 1,15-3,02) e 70-79 anos (RP = 1,87, IC95% 1,15-3,04); consumo adequado de frutas e inadequado de cereais integrais; e presen&#231;a de DM, doen&#231;as osteomusculares e IAM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo final de an&#225;lise multivariada de fatores associados &#224; obesidade em idosos. Projeto Idosos Goi&#226;nia, Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">RP ajustada</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>1&#186; N&#237;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60 a 69</td>
                <td align="center">1,87</td>
                <td align="center">1,16-3,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">70 a 79</td>
                <td align="center">1,87</td>
                <td align="center">1,15-3,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">80 ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>2&#186; N&#237;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Frutas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">1,28</td>
                <td align="center">1,06-1,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cereal integral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">1,70</td>
                <td align="center">1,14-2,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,40</td>
                <td align="center">1,16-1,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as osteomusculares</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,25</td>
                <td align="center">1,03-1,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,60</td>
                <td align="center">1,07-2,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste Wald, RP: raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>o envelhecimento populacional &#233; uma realidade global, e a compreens&#227;o das diversas vari&#225;veis associadas a este processo &#233; fundamental. Neste estudo, a obesidade e os fatores a ela relacionados foram investigados em um grupo de idosos usu&#225;rios do SUS de uma capital da regi&#227;o centro-oeste do Brasil.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;s encontradas em dados epidemiol&#243;gicos da popula&#231;&#227;o urbana brasileira publicados pelo IBGE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Tais similaridades s&#227;o mais evidentes quando as compara&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o feitas com as informa&#231;&#245;es referentes a regi&#245;es mais pr&#243;ximas &#224; regi&#227;o central do pa&#237;s, principalmente nas vari&#225;veis classe econ&#244;mica e escolaridade (anos de estudo). Vale a pena ressaltar que as informa&#231;&#245;es oficiais dispon&#237;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> incluem indiv&#237;duos acima dos 60 anos em uma mesma categoria, sem subdivis&#245;es et&#225;rias como realizadas no presente estudo.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade entre os idosos avaliados foi extremamente elevada (49%) e diferente dos dados do Vigitel,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> um grande estudo populacional brasileiro no qual a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa n&#227;o passou de 30%. Mesmo nos Estados Unidos, onde a obesidade &#233; um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade em outro grande estudo populacional n&#227;o passou de 35%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Tal diferen&#231;a pode ser justificada pelo fato de que muitos dos dados populacionais de preval&#234;ncia de obesidade utilizam peso e altura referidos, dados que est&#227;o sujeitos a erros, especialmente na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa. Por outro lado, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do peso e da altura para c&#225;lculo do IMC foi realizada em todos os idosos no presente estudo.</p>
        <p>Observou-se uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de obesidade nos idosos com idades entre os 60 e 79 anos e decr&#233;scimo a partir dos 80 anos, com associa&#231;&#227;o significativa da obesidade com a faixa et&#225;ria. Diferentes estudos encontraram essa associa&#231;&#227;o, o que pode ser devido a vi&#233;s de sobreviv&#234;ncia, ou seja, uma menor expectativa de vida entre obesos, que dificilmente atingem os 80 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia do IMC entre as mulheres avaliadas foi estatisticamente superior &#224; dos homens, dado semelhante ao de outros estudos que estabeleceram tal associa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Uma poss&#237;vel justificativa para tal fato &#233; a maior tend&#234;ncia de ac&#250;mulo de gordura visceral ap&#243;s a menopausa, al&#233;m da maior expectativa de vida das mulheres.</p>
        <p>O envelhecimento ocorre concomitantemente ao aparecimento de DCNTs e ao aumento no risco de comorbidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Entre os idosos analisados no presente estudo, 73,4% relataram ser portadores de pelo menos duas doen&#231;as. Embora o n&#250;mero de morbidades n&#227;o tenha mostrado associa&#231;&#227;o com obesidade ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, &#233; importante destacar que a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade aumentou em paralelo ao aumento no n&#250;mero de doen&#231;as, chegando a 60,2% naqueles com quatro ou mais morbidades. Um outro estudo com idosos encontrou um n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de morbidades significativamente maior em idosos obesos quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos eutr&#243;ficos e com baixo peso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade foi significativamente maior em idosos com diagn&#243;sticos pr&#233;vios de DM e IAM, achado j&#225; observado em outros estudos que abordaram o tema.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A obesidade, especialmente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o e visceral, &#233; uma pe&#231;a fundamental na patog&#234;nese do DM tipo 2. Apesar da avalia&#231;&#227;o do tipo de obesidade n&#227;o ter sido o enfoque deste estudo, a idade avan&#231;ada sugere uma exposi&#231;&#227;o prolongada &#224; obesidade, justificando a rela&#231;&#227;o encontrada. Dados nacionais refletem claramente uma maior preval&#234;ncia de DM em idades mais avan&#231;adas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Outro aspecto a ser destacado &#233; que o tratamento do DM por si s&#243; pode contribuir para o ganho de peso, corroborando os dados encontrados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a obesidade e o IAM &#233; bem estabelecida;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> entretanto, algumas particularidades na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa merecem discuss&#227;o. Em algumas condi&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas como o IAM sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, a mortalidade de pacientes idosos obesos &#233; menor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Tal achado foi observado em alguns estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> de mortalidade por outras doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; obesidade e sobrepeso e &#233; chamado de paradoxo da obesidade. N&#227;o foram avaliadas ou comparadas taxas de mortalidade no presente estudo, mas foi demonstrada de forma clara a rela&#231;&#227;o da obesidade com o IAM.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a destas patologias associadas &#224; obesidade merece interven&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de com &#234;nfase na perda de peso a fim de auxiliar tamb&#233;m no controle do DM e evitar novo evento cardiovascular que aumente o risco de morte ou sequelas. Destaca-se, como medida de controle, a pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica, a qual pode retardar o aparecimento de DCNTs. A pr&#225;tica moderada de exerc&#237;cios &#233; respons&#225;vel por diminuir em 20 a 25% o risco de morte em indiv&#237;duos cardiopatas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A obesidade esteve associada tamb&#233;m &#224;s doen&#231;as osteomusculares, confirmando o maior risco de desenvolvimento dessas doen&#231;as entre os obesos, muitas vezes pelo excesso de carga, especialmente sobre o joelho e o quadril. Tal rela&#231;&#227;o aponta para o estabelecimento de uma maior depend&#234;ncia em atividades da vida di&#225;ria, al&#233;m de uma maior fragilidade do idoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um baixo consumo di&#225;rio de frutas, verduras e legumes, cereal integral e leite desnatado foi caracter&#237;stico na popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo. A transi&#231;&#227;o nutricional &#233; marcada pelo consumo excessivo de a&#231;&#250;cares, gorduras e refrigerantes, e consumo insuficiente de frutas, hortali&#231;as e fibras, ou seja, tend&#234;ncias desfavor&#225;veis no padr&#227;o alimentar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> O refinamento dos gr&#227;os prejudica a qualidade nutricional dos alimentos, que passam a ter menor teor de vitaminas e minerais, al&#233;m de reduzir drasticamente o teor de fibra alimentar, que influencia o &#237;ndice glic&#234;mico dos alimentos e atua no controle do peso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> O baixo consumo di&#225;rio de frutas, hortali&#231;as, cereais e leite e derivados, e o elevado consumo de a&#231;&#250;car, acompanhado da inadequa&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de micronutrientes essenciais em idosos, &#233; demonstrado em diferentes estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade foi significativamente maior nos idosos com consumo adequado de frutas, ao passo que para os cereais integrais, o risco de obesidade foi maior em indiv&#237;duos com consumo inadequado desse alimento. Trata-se de um resultado muito interessante, mas que pode ser compreendido dentro das caracter&#237;sticas da amostra de idosos. Como os idosos haviam consultado na rede de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de no ano anterior e apresentavam doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas j&#225; instaladas como o DM e obesidade, provavelmente j&#225; haviam recebido interven&#231;&#245;es da equipe de sa&#250;de sobre alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel. A associa&#231;&#227;o com o consumo de frutas pode estar relacionada a um h&#225;bito de mais f&#225;cil incorpora&#231;&#227;o na dieta do que o consumo de cereais integrais.</p>
        <p>Deve-se lembrar que a avalia&#231;&#227;o do consumo alimentar apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es; no entanto, isso &#233; inerente &#224; metodologia de inqu&#233;ritos diet&#233;ticos, j&#225; que n&#227;o existe um m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para isto. Outro aspecto se refere &#224; possibilidade de vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria, por&#233;m essa &#233; outra limita&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca dos m&#233;todos indiretos de avalia&#231;&#227;o do consumo alimentar de idosos.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o que merece ser destacada est&#225; relacionada ao fato de que a amostra foi composta por idosos de uma capital da regi&#227;o centro-oeste e, portanto, representativa de uma popula&#231;&#227;o vivendo em regi&#227;o urbana. Sendo assim, n&#227;o &#233; necessariamente representativa de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estado e, tampouco, de um pa&#237;s com dimens&#245;es continentais e repleto de desigualdades regionais como o Brasil.</p>
        <p>Diante dos achados, ressalta-se a import&#226;ncia do monitoramento do estado nutricional do idoso e da cria&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es de interven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em sa&#250;de voltadas para o controle da obesidade e preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, a fim de combater os agravos e sequelas relacionados ao problema, auxiliar a promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos idosos usu&#225;rios do SUS no Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Observou-se elevada preval&#234;ncia de obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa estudada, que esteve associada com consumo alimentar, doen&#231;a osteomuscular, DM e IAM.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia e CNPq</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Liana Lima Vieira pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
