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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sCvcxSM5nWFHW6nKk4mc7YH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004400497</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160167</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Measurement of Epicardial Fat Thickness by Echocardiography Presents Challenges</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gulgun</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gen&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih Alparslan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Pediatric Cardiology</institution>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Pediatric Cardiology, Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mustafa GULGUN,MD</bold>, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Pediatric Cardiology.Postal code 06018, Ankara-Turkey. E-mail: <email>mgulgun@gata.edu.tr</email>, <email>mustafagulgun@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>497</fpage>
      <lpage>498</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pericardium</kwd>
        <kwd>Adipose Tissue</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Reference Values</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging / trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>To the Editor,</bold>
    </p>
    <p>It was with great interest that we read the paper by Kaplan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> entitled ''Evaluation of Electrocardiographic T-peak to T-end Interval in Subjects with Increased Epicardial Fat Tissue Thickness'' published on <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> in December 2015. They aimed to investigate the relationship between epicardial adipose tissue (EFT) and ventricular repolarization. They demonstrated some ventricular repolarization abnormalities on electrocardiography in patients with higher EFT thickness. We would like to thank Kaplan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> for their great effort in this study, and share some of our thoughts.</p>
    <p>Echocardiographic measurement of EFT is a commonly used imaging modality because it presents advantageous characteristics such as easiness, reproductibility, low-cost, availability and lack of radiation. However, it presents technical difficulties which may have an effect on the interpretation of study results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> First, two-dimensional echocardiography gives us a linear measurement of EFT. Since EFT is a three-dimentional structure, two-dimensional echocardiography can only partially measure the thickness of EFT and can not give us precise volume of EFT. Second, obtaining clear acoustic windows with echocardiography is not easy in obese individuals. Also, the poor intraobserver and interobserver variability compared to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging or computerized tomography is still an issue. Moreover, an inattentive sonographer can measure the pericardial effusion or pericardial adipose tissue thickness instead of EFT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Finally, EFT can change with supine or lateral positioning during echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In the study by Kaplan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> the measurement of EFT was performed perpendicularly on the free wall of the right ventricle at the end diastole in the parasternal long-axis view in three cardiac cycles. We believe the measurement can be performed in the parasternal short-axis view, as well as parasternal long-axis view, and the mean value of the measurements may be calculated subsequently. Thus, one can maximize the percentage of accurate measurement for EFT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In addition, the measurements performed at the end-systole and end-diastole at the same time could have made this study more valuable for future researchers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Today, magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard for visceral adipose tissue assessment and computerized tomography can measure the EFT and volume more accurately than echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> It would have been very helpful to perform magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of EFT in terms of defining the exact role of EFT thickness in ventricular repolarization abnormalities which has prognostic importance.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Reply</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reply</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplan</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;zg&#252;r</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kurtoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Ertugrul</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>We thank the authors for their interest in our article. Firstly, we agree, in part, with the authors' assertion that the two-dimensional echocardiography can only partially measure the thickness of epicardial fat tissue (EFT) and cannot give us the precise volume of EFT. However, three-dimensinal echocardiographic evaluation of EFT is time-consuming and is not a cost-effective method. Therefore, we used a simple, ready to use, and reproducible method as described by Iacobellis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref> In addition, in our study, long and short axis measurements were calculated, but clear and reliable acoustic windows were observed in the long axis views. When we compared long and short axis views in our study, we found that EFT measurements were similiar. Therefore, we used long axis views. These findings are in line with the findings by a previous study, which found that both short and long axis measurements were similiar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">3</xref> Secondly, the authors state that obtaining clear acoustic windows with echocardiography is not easy in obese individuals. Every clinician knows that obese individuals are not good candidates for two or three-dimensional echocardiographic evaluations. However, our patients were overweight and not obese, since the mean BMI in our study was 28 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref>. Any participant who did not present a clear acoustic window was excluded from the study participation as cited in Methods section. Thirdly, the authors say that the poor intraobserver and interobserver variability compared to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) is still an issue. We did not utilize MRI or CT in our study, and intra and inter-observer variablity may be an issue with an study. Finally, the authors state that an inattentive sonographer can measure the pericardial effusion instead of EFT, and EFT can change with supine or lateral positioning during echocardiography. The sonographer in our study was a cardiologist who had expertised in echocardiography. Also, stardard EFT evaluation for echocardiography is parasternal axis in left lateral decubitis position; and for CT or MRI, it is supine position. Therefore, it does not matter that EFT can change with supine or lateral positioning as long as a standardized method is used for any measurement by any method.</p>
      <sig-block>
        <sig>
          <bold>&#214;zg&#252;r Kaplan</bold>
        </sig>
        <break/>
        <sig>
          <bold>Ertugrul Kurtoglu</bold>
        </sig>
      </sig-block>
    </body>
    <back>
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  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s2" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Medi&#231;&#227;o da Espessura do Tecido Adiposo Epic&#225;rdico por Ecocardiografia Apresenta Desafios</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gulgun</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gen&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih Alparslan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Pediatric Cardiology, Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mustafa GULGUN,MD</bold>, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Pediatric Cardiology. CEP 06018, Ankara-Turquia E-mail: <email>mgulgun@gata.edu.tr</email>, <email>mustafagulgun@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Peric&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Tecido Adiposo</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas / etiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Valores de Refer&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Carta ao Editor,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Foi com grande interesse que lemos o trabalho de Kaplan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> entitulado "Avalia&#231;&#227;o Eletrocardiogr&#225;fica do Intervalo <italic>Tpeak-Tend</italic> em Indiv&#237;duos com Espessura Aumentada do Tecido Adiposo Epic&#225;rdico", publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia em dezembro de 2015. Os autores tinham como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico (TAE) e repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Eles demonstraram algumas anormalidades na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular evidenciadas na eletrocardiografia de pacientes com aumento da espessura do TAE. Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer Kaplan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> por seu excelente esfor&#231;o neste trabalho. Gostar&#237;amos tamb&#233;m de compartilhar alguns coment&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica do TAE &#233; uma modalidade de imagem frequentemente utilizada, por apresentar vantagens como facilidade, reprodutibilidade, baixo-custo, disponibilidade e aus&#234;ncia de radia&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, esta modalidade apresenta dificuldades t&#233;cnicas que podem afetar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Primeiramente, a ecocardiografia bidimensional proporciona uma medi&#231;&#227;o linear do TAE. Considerando-se que o TAE &#233; uma estrutura tridimensional, a ecocardiografia bidimensional mede a espessura do TAE apenas parcialmente, e n&#227;o nos d&#225; o volume preciso do TAE. Em segundo lugar, &#233; d&#237;ficil obter janelas ac&#250;sticas claras com ecocardiografia em indiv&#237;duos obesos. Al&#233;m disso, a variabilidade intra e interobservador fraca em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca ou &#224; tomografia computadorizada, ainda &#233; um problema. Ademais, um ultra-sonografista desatento pode medir a efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica, ou espessura do tecido adiposo peric&#225;rdico, em vez do TAE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Finalmente, o TAE pode sofrer altera&#231;&#245;es com o posicionamento supino ou lateral durante a ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No estudo de Kaplan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> a medi&#231;&#227;o do TAE foi feita perpendicularmente na parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito na di&#225;stole final, na vista paraesternal do eixo longo em tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos. Acreditamos que a medi&#231;&#227;o poderia ter sido feita na vista paraesternal do eixo curto, al&#233;m da vista do eixo longo, e que o valor m&#233;dio das medi&#231;&#245;es poderia ser calculado subsequentemente. Desta forma, poder&#237;amos maximizar o percentual de precis&#227;o da medi&#231;&#227;o do TAE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Ademais, as medi&#231;&#245;es feitas na s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole final ao mesmo tempo poderiam ter tornado este estudo mais valioso para futuros pesquisadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Hoje em dia, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica &#233; o padr&#227;o ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o do tecido adiposo visceral, e a tomografia computadorizada pode medir o TAE e seu volume mais precisamente do que a ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Teria sido extremamente &#250;til a adi&#231;&#227;o de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica para avaliar o TAE para definir o papel de sua espessura em anormalidades na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o que &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica.</p>
    </body>
    <sub-article article-type="reply" id="s3" xml:lang="pt">
      <front-stub>
        <article-categories>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Carta-resposta</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </article-categories>
        <title-group>
          <article-title>Carta-resposta</article-title>
        </title-group>
        <contrib-group>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>&#214;zg&#252;r</surname>
              <given-names>Kaplan</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kurtoglu</surname>
              <given-names>Ertugrul</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
        <p>Agradecemos aos autores por seu interesse em nosso artigo. Primeiramente, concordamos, em parte, com sua afirma&#231;&#227;o de que a ecocardiografia bidimensional mede a espessura do tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico (TAE) apenas parcialmente, e n&#227;o nos d&#225; o volume preciso do TAE. Todav&#305;a, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica tridimensional do TAE &#233; um m&#233;todo demorado com baixo custo-benef&#237;cio. Portanto, utilizamos um m&#233;todo simples, reprodut&#237;vel e de alta disponibilidade, conforme descrito por Iacobellis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref> Al&#233;m disso, em nosso estudo, medi&#231;&#245;es do eixo longo e curto foram calculadas, mas janelas ac&#250;sticas claras e confi&#225;veis foram observadas nas vistas do eixo longo. Quando comparamos vistas do eixo curto e longo em nosso estudo, vimos que as medi&#231;&#245;es do TAE mostravam-se similares; por isso usamos as vistas do eixo longo. Esses achados est&#227;o alinhados com aqueles de um estudo pr&#233;vio, em que observou-se que medi&#231;&#245;es do eixo longo e curto foram similares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">3</xref> Em segundo lugar, os autores afirmam que &#233; dif&#237;cil obter janelas ac&#250;sticas claras em indiv&#237;duos obesos. Todo cl&#237;nico sabe que indiv&#237;duos obesos n&#227;o s&#227;o bons candidatos para avalia&#231;&#245;es com ecocardiografia bi ou tridimensional. Por&#233;m, nosso pacientes estavam acima do peso, mas n&#227;o eram obesos, considerando-se que a m&#233;dia de IMC em nosso estudo foi de 28 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">2</xref>. Qualquer participante que n&#227;o apresentasse uma clara janela ac&#250;stica foi exclu&#237;do do estudo, conforme citado na se&#231;&#227;o de M&#233;todos. Al&#233;m disso, os autores afirmam que a variabilidade intra e interobservador fraca, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (MRI) ou tomografia computadorizada (TC) ainda pode ser um problema. N&#227;o utilizamos as t&#233;cnicas de MRI e TC, e a variabilidade intra e interobservador pode ser um problema em qualquer estudo. Finalmente, os autores dizem que um ultra-sonografista desatento pode medir a efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica em vez do TAE, e que o TAE pode sofrer altera&#231;&#245;es com o posicionamento supino ou lateral durante a ecocardiografia. O ultra-sonografista em nosso estudo era um cardiologista com expertise em ecocardiografia. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o para ecocardiografia &#233; o eixo paraesternal na posi&#231;&#227;o dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo; e para TC e MRI, &#233; a posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Portanto, n&#227;o &#233; importante que o TAE pode mudar devido ao posicionamento supino ou lateral, contanto que um m&#233;todo padronizado seja usado para qualquer medi&#231;&#227;o por qualquer m&#233;todo.</p>
        <sig-block>
          <sig>
            <bold>&#214;zg&#252;r Kaplan</bold>
          </sig>
          <break/>
          <sig>
            <bold>Ertugrul Kurtoglu</bold>
          </sig>
        </sig-block>
      </body>
    </sub-article>
  </sub-article>
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