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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fCyHxbqKfkJ5gqKyWBzZvVg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004400495</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160172</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Focal Arterialization and Neoatherosclerosis of a Saphenous Vein Graft. Improving our Understanding of Late Graft Failures</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hameau D.</surname>
            <given-names>Rene</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veas P.</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendez L.</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez R.</surname>
            <given-names>Gonzalo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Cat&#243;lica de Chile</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Cl&#237;nico</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santiago</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CL">Chile</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cl&#237;nico Pontificia Universidad Cat&#243;lica de Chile, Santiago - Chile</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Pontificia Universidad Cat&#243;lica de Chile</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gonzalo Martinez Rodriguez</bold>, Hospital Clinico Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. Marcoleta 367, Santiago. Postal Code 8320000, Santiago - Chile. E-mail: <email>gjmartin@uc.cl</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Mendez M, Martinez G; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Veas N, Mendez M; Writing of the manuscript: Hameau R, Martinez G; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Hameau R, Veas N, Martinez G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>495</fpage>
      <lpage>496</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Saphenous Vein</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography, Optical Coherence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 76 year-old man with a past medical history of type 2 Diabetes, stage 3 chronic kidney disease and previous multivessel coronary artery bypass surgery 10 years before was admitted with an acute coronary syndrome. Coronary angiogram showed an occluded saphenous vein graft (SVG) to first diagonal. After restoring flow by means of thrombus aspiration, optical coherence tomography (OCT) runs were required. Localized and widely patent segments of the graft showed a clear three-layer configuration, suggestive of SVG focal arterialization. Proximally, predominantly red thrombus determined a critical stenosis and a thin cap fibroatheroma was evident in an arterialized segment of the graft contiguous to the thrombotic lesion. Conversely, the rest of the SVG kept its venous appearance and had three different areas of stenosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Optical coherence tomography of the saphenous vein graft (SVG) to first diagonal. A) Native diagonal coronary artery, showing distinct three-layer wall; B) Mildly diseased distal segment of SVG; C) Arterialized segment of the SVG, showing remarkable similarity to native coronary artery anatomy; D) Significantly diseased segment of SVG; E) Arterialized segment of SVG, harboring neoatherosclerosis in form of a thin cap fibroatheroma (*); F) Thrombotic critical lesion in the proximal segment of the SVG.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0495-60172-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Since the early 70&#180;s, there has been multiple efforts to describe and understand factors determining SVG patency. Remodeling - mainly through intimal hyperplasia and further neo atherosclerosis - is responsible for most of the late graft loss.</p>
    <p>The present case adds to what is previously known by showing distinct segments of three-layered vein graft wall, and also that SVG "arterialization" can be a focal and heterogeneous process throughout the vessel wall. Furthermore, it was a vulnerable plaque from this remodeled segment the one that probably harbored the thrombotic complication.</p>
    <p>Given its superior image resolution, OCT can significantly contribute to our understanding of vein graft failures.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Arterializa&#231;&#227;o Focal e Neoaterosclerose de Enxerto de Veia Safena. Aprimorando nosso Entendimento de Falhas em Enxertos Tardios</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hameau D.</surname>
            <given-names>Rene</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veas P.</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendez L.</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez R.</surname>
            <given-names>Gonzalo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cl&#237;nico Pontificia Universidad Cat&#243;lica de Chile, Santiago - Chile</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gonzalo Martinez Rodriguez</bold>, Hospital Clinico Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. Marcoleta 367, Santiago. Postal Code 8320000, Santiago - Chile. E-mail: <email>gjmartin@uc.cl</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mendez M, Martinez G; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Veas N, Mendez M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Hameau R, Martinez G; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Hameau R, Veas N, Martinez G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Veia Safena</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia de Coer&#234;ncia &#211;ptica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Homem de 76 anos com hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico de Diabetes tipo 2, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica em est&#225;gio 3 e cirurgia de ponte-de-safena da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria multivaso 10 anos antes, foi internado com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Angiograma coron&#225;rio mostrou enxerto de veia safena (EVS) oclu&#237;do em primeira diagonal. Ap&#243;s restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo por meio de aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombos, foram necess&#225;rios exames de tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica (TCO). Segmentos localizados e amplamente patentes do enxerto apresentaram uma configura&#231;&#227;o clara de tr&#234;s camadas, sugestiva de arterializa&#231;&#227;o focal de EVS. Trombos proximais predominantemente vermelhos determinaram estenose cr&#237;tica, e um fibroateroma de capa fina ficou evidente num segmento arterializado do enxerto, cont&#237;guo &#224; les&#227;o tromb&#243;tica. Por outro lado, o resto do EVS manteve sua apar&#234;ncia venosa e apresentou tr&#234;s &#225;reas diferentes de estenose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica do enxerto de veia safena (EVS) em primeira diagonal. A) Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria diagonal nativa mostrando parede de tr&#234;s camadas distintas, B) Segmento distal do EVS com doen&#231;a leve, C) Segmento arterializado da EVS, mostrando semelhan&#231;a significativa &#224; da anatomia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria nativa, D) Segmento do EVS com doen&#231;a significativa, E) Segmento arterializado do EVS abrigando neoaterosclerose na forma de um fibroateroma de capa fina (*), F) Les&#227;o tromb&#243;tica cr&#237;tica no segmento proximal ao EVS.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0495-60172-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Desde o in&#237;cio dos anos 70, houve muitos esfor&#231;os para descrever e entender fatores determinantes para a desobstru&#231;&#227;o de EVS. A remodela&#231;&#227;o - principalmente por meio da hiperplasia intimal e depois neoaterosclerose - &#233; respons&#225;vel pela maior parte da perda de enxerto tardio.</p>
      <p>O presente caso complementa o que j&#225; era anteriormente sabido, mostrando segmentos distintos da parede do enxerto de veia de tr&#234;s camadas, e tamb&#233;m que a "arterializa&#231;&#227;o" do EVS pode ser um processo focal e heterog&#234;neo pela parede venosa. Al&#233;m disso, era uma placa vulner&#225;vel desse segmento remodelado que provavelmente abrigava a complica&#231;&#227;o tromb&#243;tica.</p>
      <p>Considerando-se sua superior resolu&#231;&#227;o de imagem, a TCO pode contribuir significativamente para nossa compreens&#227;o de falhas em enxertos de veia.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
