<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PT8w4cBbBsxyTr7RN3kFyXK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004400491</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160170</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Report of a Series of Cases with 17 Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godinho</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Maria J&#250;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Rita Godinho</bold>, Alameda Hernani Monteiro, Postal Code 4200-319, Porto - Portugal. E-mail: <email>rita_biscaia_godinho@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Godinho AR, Vasconcelos M. Acquisition of data: Godinho AR. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Godinho AR. Statistical analysis: Godinho AR. Writing of the manuscript: Godinho AR. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Vasconcelos M, Ara&#250;jo V, Maciel MJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>491</fpage>
      <lpage>494</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Dissection</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Aneurysm</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) has prevalence of 0.2 to 1.1% of the total angiograms performed for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and mostly affects young women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The etiology is not fully known,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> but the term "spontaneous" excludes all dissections associated with interventions or trauma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Treatment varies from the conservative approach to revascularization,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> with a favorable long-term prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study aimed to assess the characteristics, the clinical presentation, therapeutic approach and follow-up of cases of SCAD with ACS presentation during a period of 7 years.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a descriptive and retrospective analysis of patients admitted to a Cardiology Service for 7 consecutive years, between 2008 and 2014, with a diagnosis of ACS due to SCAD. The diagnosis of SCAD was attained in the presence of angiographic characteristics obtained through coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>Data were obtained from medical records of hospitalization and subsequent consultations.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 4,600 patients admitted with ACS at the Cardiology Service, 17 patients (0.4%) had SCAD as the cause. The mean age was 51 &#177; 9 years; ten patients were women, of which 5 were in the postmenopausal period.</p>
      <p>SCAD may have been related to oral contraceptive use in three cases, intense exercises in one case, and smoking in eight cases.</p>
      <p>All patients had a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 59% with ST-Segment Elevation (STEMI) and 41% with non-ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI).</p>
      <p>Most progressed with Killip class I (94%), with a median troponin I value of 10 [P25 3] ng / dL. Left ventricular systolic function was preserved in 82% and only one patient developed severe systolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p>During hospitalization, which lasted 10 &#177; 5 days, all patients underwent coronary angiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), with only one artery with SCAD being identified in each patient. All SCDs were classified as type 2 angiographic variant. The Anterior Descending artery (ADA) was the most frequently affected (seven patients), followed by the the right coronary artery (RCA) (five patients), while four patients had dissection of the circumflex artery (Cx) and one patient had dissection of the left main coronary artery (LMCA).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coronary angiography images showing spontaneous coronary dissections diagnosed in the context of acute coronary syndrome.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0491-60170-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Four patients had complications during the hospital stay: one patient with an episode of atrial fibrillation, three with reinfarction and one with associated pericarditis. All reinfarction cases were submitted to coronary angiography, which showed progression of the SCAD with occlusion of the distal vessel; a conservative approach was instituted. </p>
      <p>All hospitalized patients that had, at the catheterization, Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow 3 in the affected artery were treated with medical therapy: dual antiplatelet therapy, heparin and statins. One patient underwent angioplasty with bare-metal stent implant for occlusion of the artery showing dissection (CD). In three other cases, concomitant atherosclerosis was identified; two patients underwent angioplasty with covered stent implantation and one underwent surgical revascularization. </p>
      <p>At the median follow-up of 52 [P25 30] months, only one patient had a new atherosclerotic AMI documented by coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>Of the patients who underwent control coronary angiography (47%), all showed dissection resolution; 76% of the patients, asymptomatic, were submitted to non-invasive ischemia testing (nine performed stress test; four, perfusion scintigraphy - three of which also performed stress test and one patient underwent cardiac MRI perfusion), which was negative.</p>
      <p>During the follow-up no deaths were recorded and no patient developed heart failure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of clinical presentation and follow-up</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Patient</th>
              <th align="center">Gender</th>
              <th align="center">Age</th>
              <th align="center">AMI</th>
              <th align="center">Triggering factors</th>
              <th align="center">Artery</th>
              <th align="center">Complications in the acute phase</th>
              <th align="center">Treatment</th>
              <th align="center">LVF</th>
              <th align="center">Follow-up (52 [P25 30] months)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">M</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Tobacco</td>
              <td align="center">RCA</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
              <td align="center">PCI</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">M</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">RCA</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
              <td align="center">Conservative</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">F</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">RCA</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
              <td align="center">Conservative</td>
              <td align="center">Slight</td>
              <td align="center">AMI</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4</td>
              <td align="center">F</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">OCs</td>
              <td align="center">CX</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
              <td align="center">Conservative</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5</td>
              <td align="center">M</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Tobacco</td>
              <td align="center">CX</td>
              <td align="center">AF</td>
              <td align="center">PCI</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6</td>
              <td align="center">F</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">RCA</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
              <td align="center">Conservative</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">7</td>
              <td align="center">F</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">ADA</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
              <td align="center">Conservative</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8</td>
              <td align="center">F</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">CX</td>
              <td align="center">Reinfarction</td>
              <td align="center">Conservative</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">9</td>
              <td align="center">F</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">OCs</td>
              <td align="center">RCA</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
              <td align="center">Conservative</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">10</td>
              <td align="center">F</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">CX</td>
              <td align="center">Reinfarction</td>
              <td align="center">Conservative</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">11</td>
              <td align="center">M</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">ADA</td>
              <td align="center">Pericarditis + reinfarction</td>
              <td align="center">Conservative</td>
              <td align="center">Moderate</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">12</td>
              <td align="center">F</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Exercise + tobacco</td>
              <td align="center">ADA</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
              <td align="center">Conservative</td>
              <td align="center">Slight</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">13</td>
              <td align="center">M</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Tobacco</td>
              <td align="center">ADA</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
              <td align="center">CABG</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">14</td>
              <td align="center">M</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Tobacco</td>
              <td align="center">LMCA</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
              <td align="center">Conservative</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">15</td>
              <td align="center">F</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Tobacco</td>
              <td align="center">ADA</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
              <td align="center">Conservative</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">16</td>
              <td align="center">M</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Tobacco</td>
              <td align="center">ADA</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
              <td align="center">PCI</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">17</td>
              <td align="center">F</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">OCs + tobacco</td>
              <td align="center">ADA</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
              <td align="center">Conservative</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved</td>
              <td align="center">No events</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; LVF: left ventricular function; M: male; F: female; STEMI: acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation; RCA: right coronary artery; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; NSTEMI: acute myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation; F: female; OCs: oral contraceptives; CX: circumflex artery; AF: atrial fibrillation; ADA: anterior descending artery; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; LMCA: left main coronary artery.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The SCAD often affects young individuals between 35 and 40 years of age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Approximately 70% are women and in 30% of cases, the SCAD is related to pregnancy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> It has a broad clinical presentation spectrum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Its etiology/pathophysiology is not completely understood, but it is related to atherosclerotic disease; the peripartum period; connective tissue disease; vasculitis; smoking; oral contraceptives; SAH; cocaine use; coronary vasospasm; cyclosporine and intense exercise. Recently, a close association has been identified between SCAD and the presence of fibromuscular dysplasia, and, therefore, its presence should be ruled out.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It can affect one or more coronary arteries, being more frequent in the ADA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> RCA dissections are more common in men, while left main coronary artery dissections are more common in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Its identification is often difficult,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and a high degree of clinical suspicion is essential. The use of complementary techniques such as the intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and coronary computed tomography (CT) contributes to a better identification and classification of SCAD. Coronary CT is the most sensitive technique for the diagnosis of SCAD due to a higher resolution, but lower penetration than the IVUS. Although the coronary angiotomography allows the assessment of atherosclerotic lesions, it has limited usefulness in SCAD due to its low spatial resolution.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Treatment varies according to the site of dissection, the number of involved vessels, distal flow, the hemodynamic status of the patient and the possibility of intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In stable patients with normal coronary flow, the treatment is preferably the conservative approach.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Angioplasty is indicated only in cases of ischemia and one-vessel disease, due to the high risk of propagation of the dissection related to the procedure;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> there is still no ideal stent for the treatment of such lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Surgical revascularization is appropriate in multivessel disease or when the LMCA is affected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The risk of the procedure is related to the non-identification of the true lumen when performing CABG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Fibrinolysis is not recommended due to the risk of SCAD propagation.</p>
      <p>After the acute phase, the estimated survival is 70 to 90%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> There is risk of recurrence in 50% of the patients, which leads us to consider the presence of a systemic susceptibility to dissections, evidenced by the initial event.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In short, we emphasize the need to consider the possibility of SCAD in middle-aged women, presenting with AMI, often without identifying the triggering factor. It is believed that the conservative approach is the most appropriate and, therefore, it was the one most widely used. As for the follow-up of these patients, although usually a long-term one, it is poorly defined. In this registry, most complications were observed during hospitalization. The long-term behavior was relatively benign.</p>
      <p>It is therefore essential to develop a homogenous approach for the follow-up of these patients. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare differential diagnosis should be considered in the presence of acute coronary syndrome. This entity requires the ruling out of possible associated systemic pathologies and a targeted therapeutic approach, being correlated with a favorable long-term prognosis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
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              <surname>Kansara</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graham</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: case series with extended follow up</article-title>
          <source>J Invasive Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
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          <fpage>76</fpage>
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        </element-citation>
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              <surname>Vanzetto</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berger-Coz</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dissec&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Espont&#226;nea na S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda: Relato de uma S&#233;rie de Casos de 17 Pacientes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godinho</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Maria J&#250;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Rita Godinho</bold>, Alameda Hernani Monteiro, CEP 4200-319, Porto - Portugal. E-mail: <email>rita_biscaia_godinho@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Godinho AR, Vasconcelos M. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Godinho AR. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Godinho AR. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Godinho AR. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Godinho AR. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Vasconcelos M, Ara&#250;jo V, Maciel MJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Dissec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma Coron&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Dissec&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Espont&#226;nea (DCE) tem preval&#234;ncia de 0,2 a 1,1% no total das angiografias realizadas por S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda (SCA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e afeta, na maioria das vezes, mulheres jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A etiologia n&#227;o &#233; completamente conhecida,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> mas o termo "espont&#226;neo" exclui todas as dissec&#231;&#245;es associadas a interven&#231;&#245;es ou traumatismos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O tratamento varia desde abordagem conservadora &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> sendo o progn&#243;stico a longo prazo favor&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas, a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, a abordagem terap&#234;utica e o seguimento dos casos de DCE, com apresenta&#231;&#227;o como SCA ao longo de 7 anos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>An&#225;lise descritiva e retrospectiva de doentes internados em um Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia durante 7 anos consecutivos, entre 2008 e 2014, com os diagn&#243;sticos de SCA por DCE. O diagn&#243;stico de DCE foi realizado na presen&#231;a de caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas objetivadas na coronariografia.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram obtidos a partir dos registos cl&#237;nicos do internamento e das consultas subsequentes. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 4.600 doentes admitidos com SCA no Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, 17 doentes (0,4 %) apresentavam como causa uma DCE. A m&#233;dia de idades foi 51 &#177; 9 anos, dez eram mulheres, sendo que 5 estavam no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
        <p>A DCE pode ter estado relacionada com anticonceptivos orais em tr&#234;s casos, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico violento em um caso, e tabagismo em oito casos.</p>
        <p>Todos os doentes se apresentaram com o diagn&#243;stico de Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), 59% com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (IAMCST) e 41% Sem Supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSST). </p>
        <p>A maioria evoluiu em classe I de Killip (94%) com um valor de troponina I mediana de 10 [P25 3] ng/dL. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estava conservada em 82% e apenas um doente evoluiu com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica severa.</p>
        <p>Durante o internamento, que teve m&#233;dia de 10 &#177; 5 dias, todos realizaram coronariografia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>), sendo apenas identificada uma art&#233;ria com DCE em cada doente. Todas as DCE foram classificadas como variante angiogr&#225;fica tipo 2. A Art&#233;ria Descendente Anterior (DA) foi a mais acometida (sete doentes), seguida da Coron&#225;ria Direita (CD) (cinco doentes), quatro doentes apresentavam dissec&#231;&#227;o na Art&#233;ria Circunflexa (Cx) e um doente teve dissec&#231;&#227;o do Tronco Comum (TC).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagens de angiografias coron&#225;rias revelando dissec&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias espont&#226;neas diagnosticas em contexto de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0491-60170-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Quatro doentes apresentaram complica&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo de internamento: um doente com epis&#243;dio de fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular, sendo tr&#234;s com reinfarto e um com pericardite associada. Todos os reinfartos realizaram coronariografia, que mostrou progress&#227;o da DCE com oclus&#227;o do vaso distalmente; foi institu&#237;da uma abordagem conservadora.</p>
        <p>Todos os doentes internados, que apresentavam no cateterismo <italic>Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction</italic> (TIMI) 3 na art&#233;ria acometida, foram tratados com terap&#234;utica m&#233;dica: dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, heparina e estatina. Um paciente foi submetido a angioplastia com implanta&#231;&#227;o de um stent met&#225;lico, por oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria com dissec&#231;&#227;o (CD). Em outros tr&#234;s casos, foi identificada doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica concomitante; dois doentes realizaram angioplastia com stent revestido e um foi submetido &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica por esse motivo.</p>
        <p>No seguimento mediano de 52 [P25 30] meses, apenas um doente teve novo IAM de etiologia ateroscler&#243;tica documentada por coronariografia.</p>
        <p>Dos doentes que realizaram coronariografia de controle (47%), todos apresentaram resolu&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o; 76% dos doentes, assintom&#225;ticos, foram submetidos a teste de isquemia n&#227;o invasivo (nove realizaram prova de esfor&#231;o; quatro, cintigrafia de perfus&#227;o &#8722; tr&#234;s dos quais realizaram tamb&#233;m prova de esfor&#231;o e um doente, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca de perfus&#227;o) que foi negativo. </p>
        <p>Durante o seguimento, n&#227;o se registou nenhuma morte ou desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e seguimento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Paciente</th>
                <th align="center">Sexo</th>
                <th align="center">Idade</th>
                <th align="center">IAM</th>
                <th align="center">Fatores desencadeantes</th>
                <th align="center">Art&#233;ria</th>
                <th align="center">Complica&#231;&#245;es na fase aguda</th>
                <th align="center">Tratamento</th>
                <th align="center">FVE</th>
                <th align="center"><italic>Follow-up</italic>(52 [P25 30] meses)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">IAMCST</td>
                <td align="center">Tabaco</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
                <td align="center">ICP</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">IAMSST</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
                <td align="center">Conservador</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">IAMSST</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
                <td align="center">Conservador</td>
                <td align="center">Ligeira</td>
                <td align="center">IAM</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">IAMCST</td>
                <td align="center">ACO</td>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
                <td align="center">Conservador</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">IAMCST</td>
                <td align="center">Tabaco</td>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">FA</td>
                <td align="center">ICP</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">IAMSST</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
                <td align="center">Conservador</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">IAMSST</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
                <td align="center">Conservador</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">IAMSST</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">Reinfarte</td>
                <td align="center">Conservador</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">IAMSST</td>
                <td align="center">ACO</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
                <td align="center">Conservador</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">IAMSST</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">Reinfarte</td>
                <td align="center">Conservador</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">11</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">IAMCST</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">Pericardite + reinfarte</td>
                <td align="center">Conservador</td>
                <td align="center">Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">12</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">IAMCST</td>
                <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio + tabaco</td>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
                <td align="center">Conservador</td>
                <td align="center">Ligeira</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">13</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">IAMCST</td>
                <td align="center">Tabaco</td>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
                <td align="center">CRM</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">14</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">IAMCST</td>
                <td align="center">Tabaco</td>
                <td align="center">TC</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
                <td align="center">Conservador</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">15</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">IAMCST</td>
                <td align="center">Tabaco</td>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
                <td align="center">Conservador</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">16</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">IAMCST</td>
                <td align="center">Tabaco</td>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
                <td align="center">ICP</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">17</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">IAMCST</td>
                <td align="center">ACO + tabaco</td>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
                <td align="center">Conservador</td>
                <td align="center">Conservada</td>
                <td align="center">Sem eventos</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; FVE: fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; M: masculino; IAMCST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; CD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IAMSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; F: feminino; ACO: anticoncepcionais orais; CX: art&#233;ria circunflexa; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular ; DA: art&#233;ria descendente anterior; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; TC: tronco comum.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A DCE afeta frequentemente jovem entre os 35 e os 40 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Cerca de 70% s&#227;o mulheres e, em 30% dos casos, est&#225; relacionada com a gravidez.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Tem um amplo espectro de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A etiologia/patofisiologia n&#227;o est&#225; completamente esclarecida, mas relaciona-se com a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica; per&#237;odo <italic>peripartum</italic>; doen&#231;a do col&#225;geno; vasculites; tabagismo; anticonceptivos orais; HTA ; coca&#237;na; vasoespasmo coron&#225;rio; ciclosporina e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico violento. Recentemente, tem sido identificada uma estreita associa&#231;&#227;o entre DCE e a presen&#231;a de displasia fibromuscular, devendo por isso ser exclu&#237;da .<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Pode afetar uma ou mais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, sendo mais frequente na art&#233;ria DA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> As dissec&#231;&#245;es da CD s&#227;o mais comuns nos homens, enquanto as da coron&#225;ria esquerda s&#227;o mais comuns nas mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sua identifica&#231;&#227;o, muitas vezes, &#233; dif&#237;cil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> sendo essencial um alto &#237;ndice de suspeita cl&#237;nica. A aplica&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas complementares, como a Ecografia Intravascular (IVUS) e a tomografia computorizada coron&#225;ria, contribui para a melhor identifica&#231;&#227;o e a classifica&#231;&#227;o das DCE. A tomografia computorizada coron&#225;ria &#233; a t&#233;cnica mais sens&#237;vel para o diagn&#243;stico de DCE, por apresentar maior resolu&#231;&#227;o, mas menor penetra&#231;&#227;o que o IVUS. Apesar da angiotomografia coron&#225;ria permitir avaliar les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas, ela tem uma utilidade limitada nas DCE, por apresentar baixa resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O tratamento varia conforme o local da dissec&#231;&#227;o, o n&#250;mero de vasos envolvidos, o fluxo distal, o estado hemodin&#226;mico do doente e a possibilidade de interven&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em doentes est&#225;veis e com fluxo coron&#225;rio normal, o tratamento &#233; preferencialmente conservador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A angioplastia est&#225; indicada apenas em situa&#231;&#245;es de isquemia e doen&#231;a de um vaso, pelo elevado risco de propaga&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o relacionado com o procedimento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> n&#227;o existindo ainda um stent ideal para abordagem dessas les&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#233; adequada em doen&#231;a multivaso ou do TC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> o risco do procedimento relaciona-se com a n&#227;o identifica&#231;&#227;o do verdadeiro l&#250;men na realiza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>bypass</italic> coron&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A fibrin&#243;lise n&#227;o est&#225; recomendada, devido ao risco de propaga&#231;&#227;o da DCE.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a fase aguda, a sobrevida estimada &#233; de 70 a 90%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O risco de recorr&#234;ncia existe em 50% dos doentes, o que leva a pensar em uma suscetibilidade sist&#234;mica para dissec&#231;&#245;es, marcada por evento inicial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em suma, refor&#231;a-se a necessidade de considerar a possibilidade de DCE nas mulheres de meia-idade, que se apresentam com IAM, muitas vezes n&#227;o se identificando fator desencadeante. Existe a convic&#231;&#227;o de que a abordagem conservadora ser&#225; a mais adequada e, por isso, foi a mais amplamente utilizada. J&#225; o seguimento destes doentes, apesar de habitualmente prolongado, est&#225; pouco definido. Neste registo, verificaram-se maior n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es durante o internamento. O comportamento a longo prazo foi relativamente benigno. </p>
        <p>Torna-se assim essencial definir uma abordagem uniformizada de seguimento destes doentes. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria espont&#226;nea &#233; um diagn&#243;stico diferencial raro que deve ser considerado na presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Esta entidade requer exclus&#227;o de poss&#237;veis patologias sist&#234;micas associadas e uma abordagem terap&#234;utica direcionada, correlacionando-se com um progn&#243;stico favor&#225;vel a longo prazo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
