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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.4" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BYzhqDW7x9MXv6KrwWxGcCs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004400485</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160175</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 5/2016 - A 56-Year-old Man Hospitalized for Unstable Angina, who Presented Recurrence of Precordial Pain and Cardiac Arrest with Pulseless Electrical Activity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Addres: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>485</fpage>
      <lpage>490</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Chest Pain</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina, Unstable</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 56-year-old man was admitted for a diagnostic evaluation of recent onset of chest pain.</p>
    <p>Three days before admission, he had woken up in the middle of the night with a tight precordial pain of strong intensity, lasting for 20 minutes, radiating to the upper left limb and accompanied by dyspnea, which led him to seek medical attention. The myocardial injury markers were not increased, and the ECG was not considered suggestive of acute myocardial ischemia. After receiving a prescription of atenolol and aspirin, the patient was instructed to seek the Cardiology Department for outpatient care. In the days following the initial clinical presentation, he had two new episodes with lower intensity and sought medical assistance at this Hospital.</p>
    <p>He also complained of dyspnea on exertion, which progressed over many years and had not intensified in the period. He was a smoker of 40 cigarettes per day and had known hypertension, which was controlled without medication.</p>
    <p>On physical examination (on March 25, 2009), the patient was in good general condition, ruddy, hydrated, eupneic, with a regular heart rate of 80 bpm, blood pressure of 132 x 78 mmHg and normal pulmonary and heart auscultation. There were no changes upon examination of the abdomen. Peripheral pulses were normal, and there was no edema or signs of deep vein thrombosis.</p>
    <p>The ECG at rest (on March 25, 2009) showed a sinus rhythm, a heart rate of 82 bpm, a PR interval of 160 ms, QRS duration of 110 ms, QT of 360 ms, left atrial enlargement, an ST segment flat in leads II, III and aVF and also elevated from V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>3</sub> (increased convexity in V<sub>1</sub> and increased concavity in V<sub>2</sub> and V<sub>3</sub>), and positive and symmetrical T waves in leads V<sub>5</sub> and V<sub>6</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG (on March 25, 2009): sinus rhythm, left atrial enlargement, intraventricular conduction disturbance of the stimulus (dQRS = 110 ms), left ventricular enlargement, ventricular repolarization abnormalities (ST segment with a slight elevation from V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>3</sub> and flat in the inferior leads), and symmetrical T waves in V<sub>5</sub> and V<sub>6</sub>.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A stress test performed on the same day revealed during rest a heart rate of 83 bpm and blood pressure of 140 x 90 mmHg. The maximum heart rate achieved with 3 minutes of exercise was 127 bpm and the blood pressure measured at that moment was 140 x 90 mmHg. The test was interrupted due to physical fatigue, and at 4 minutes and 21 seconds, his heart rate returned to 87 bpm and blood pressure to 140 x 80 mmHg.</p>
    <p>The ECG at peak exercise revealed a horizontal segment depression of 2 mm in V<sub>5</sub> and of 1 mm in V<sub>6</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), and the ECG during recovery showed an increase in the segment depression, which became descendant in the same leads and in the II, III and aVF leads (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG (peak of exercise): horizontal segment depression of 2 mm in V<sub>5</sub> and 1 mm in V<sub>6</sub>. Compatible with an ischemic response.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG (recovery): increase in segment depression in V<sub>5</sub> and V<sub>6</sub> and descending ST in the inferior leads. Compatible with extensive myocardial ischemia.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The test was considered positive for myocardial ischemia, and the patient was admitted for coronary cineangiography.</p>
    <p>The laboratory tests (on March 25, 2009) revealed a hemoglobin of 15 g/dL, hematocrit 44%, leukocytes 8,000/mm&#179; (with normal differential count), platelets 142,000/mm&#179;, glucose 109 mg/dL, urea 25 mg/dL, creatinine 0.72 mg/dL, total cholesterol 184 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol 57 mg/dL, LDL-cholesterol 116 mg/dL, triglycerides 54 mg/dL, sodium 136 mEq/L, potassium 4.1 mEq/L, thrombin time (INR) 1.2, activated partial thromboplastin time (rel) 1.08, CK-MB 2.12 ng/mL, and troponin &lt; 0.2 ng/mL.</p>
    <p>The patient received a daily prescription of aspirin 200 mg, propranolol 120 mg, captopril 37.5 mg, simvastatin 40 mg, and enoxaparin 60 mg.</p>
    <p>Coronary cineangiography (on March 26, 2009) revealed a left main coronary artery free of obstructions, anterior interventricular branch with an 80% obstructive lesion in the middle third, first diagonal with a 90% lesion in the ostium, and second diagonal with a 70% lesion in the ostium. There were multiple lesions in the circumflex branch, the largest with 90% in the middle third, the first and second left marginal branches with a 90% lesion, the third left marginal with a 60% lesion, and two posterior ventricular branches of the circumflex with irregularities. The right coronary artery was occluded and received grade 3 collaterals from the left coronary artery branches. The left ventricle was dilated, with accentuated diffuse hypokinesia and an apical dyskinetic area, with a filling failure suggestive of an apical thrombus.</p>
    <p>Coronary artery bypass graft surgery was indicated.</p>
    <p>About 6 hours after the coronary cineangiography, the patient developed dyspnea with bronchospasm and fenoterol 2 mg and ipratropium bromide 0.5 mg were administered by inhalation and hydrocortisone 100 mg intravenously. Propranolol and captopril were suspended.</p>
    <p>Plasma level of CK-MB was 2.91 ng/mL.</p>
    <p>A few hours later (at 1:45 a.m. on March 27, 2009), the patient presented cardiac arrest in asystole, for which external cardiac massage was started, three doses of 1 mg epinephrine and three doses of 0.5 mg atropine were administered, and endotracheal intubation was performed. The patient progressed with pulseless electrical activity, followed by ventricular fibrillation reverted with a 360-J shock. ECG tracing in a single lead revealed an extreme ST segment elevation (greater than 10 mm) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>) and, soon after, pulseless electrical activity with extreme bradycardia (25 bpm), irreversible asystole and death (at 2:30 a.m. on March 27, 2009).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG (monitor strip, lead II): presence of a large ST segment elevation with a positive T wave. Suggestive of acute myocardial infarction.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>This is a 56-year-old man with a recent onset of angina and three-vessel lesions on coronary cineangiography, who presented with dyspnea and, a few hours later, cardiorespiratory arrest with intense ST segment elevation.</p>
      <p>Angina is the initial manifestation in half of the patients with coronary artery disease. Even when stable, <italic>i.e.</italic>, without changes in the triggering events or intensity, a duration of the episodes longer than 3 months doubles the risk of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Unstable angina is defined by the presence of at least one of the following findings: occurring at rest or upon exertion, lasting more than 20 minutes, or having a progressive pattern (more intense, prolonged, or frequent).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, the anginal pattern presented by the patient was that of unstable angina, which implies a 6% risk of death and of requirement of revascularization in the first year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The occurrence of unstable angina, such as that of the patient, is greater in men than in women and increases with age, reaching its peak frequency at the age of 70 years and decreasing in the following decades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to unstable angina risk classifications, the patient would be classified with TIMI 2 and GRACE 86 scores, which predict risks of death at 30 days of 5.4% and 4%, respectively.</p>
      <p>The risk of the patient was been stratified with the stress test, which proved positive with a frequency of 156 bpm but showed an increased segment depression during recovery, which increased his odds of being a multivessel patient or carrier of a left main coronary artery lesion. This was confirmed by coronary cineangiography, which revealed critical lesions in the anterior, diagonal, circumflex, and marginal interventricular arteries, as well as occlusion of the right coronary artery.</p>
      <p>Autopsy studies show that 75% of the fatal infarctions have plaque rupture, while the remaining 25% have endothelial erosion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p><italic>In vivo</italic> studies using optical coherence tomography have shown a similar or slightly increased number attributed to erosion in patients with unstable angina (from 22% to 31%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>More recently, the erosion of the atherosclerotic plaque has been more associated with thrombosis in infarctions either with or without segment elevation, which led to the questioning of the vulnerable plaque concept (plaques with a thin fibrous cap with less than 65 micra, and rich lipid core.)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As for the final event, cardiorespiratory arrest with ECG during recovery showing QRS with monophasic R wave, large segment elevation with J point elevation, and positive T wave (the so-called complex M in acute myocardial infarction) has been associated with the presence of left ventricular free wall rupture, but without much specificity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is known that the occurrence of hypotension and bradycardia followed by pulseless electrical activity are typical signs of bleeding to the pericardial sac; additionally, pulseless electrical activity in the absence of previous heart failure in a patient in a first heart attack has a predictive accuracy of 97.6% for the diagnosis of left ventricular free wall rupture.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypothesis:</bold> ischemic heart disease unstable angina followed by acute myocardial infarction with likely left ventricular free wall rupture. (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato</bold>)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Necropsy</title>
      <p>The necropsy evidenced systemic atherosclerosis as the main disease, with severe involvement of the aorta and coronary arteries, with an obstruction greater than 80% in the three main branches (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). In the right coronary artery, there was a thrombus undergoing organization in the distal bed, and a recent, occlusive thrombosis with plaque rupture at the 2nd, 3rd, and 6th centimeters (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). Due to these thromboses, in the posterior wall (inferior, diaphragmatic) of the left ventricle, there were a small infarction in the final stage of organization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>) and morphologically dubious areas of myocardial infarction with a few hours of onset (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>); the latter change was also present in the lateral wall of the left ventricle, in the subendocardial region of the remaining walls of this chamber, and in the right ventricle. As a possible consequence of a recent infarction, there was acute pulmonary edema.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Panel showing histological sections of the coronary arteries with the highest degree of obstruction. DA4 - 4<sup>th</sup> centimeter of the anterior interventricular branch; Cx4 - 4<sup>th</sup> centimeter of the circumflex branch: MEII1 - initial segment of the second left marginal branch; CD10 - 10<sup>th</sup> centimeter of the right coronary artery, with a thrombus undergoing organization. Stained with hematoxylin and eosin, objective magnification=1X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological section of the 6<sup>th</sup> centimeter of the right coronary artery, with atherosclerotic plaque rupture (arrows) and a recent occlusive thrombosis. Stained with hematoxylin and eosin, objective magnification=1X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cross section of the heart showing the infarcted myocardial area undergoing organization, with grayish-white color, in the rear wall (inferior, diaphragmatic) of the left ventricle (arrows). A - anterior surface of the heart; D - right side of the heart; E - left side of the heart; P - rear surface (inferior, diaphragmatic) of the heart.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological section of the posterior (inferior, diaphragmatic) wall of the left ventricle showing areas of recent necrosis (contraction bands, between arrows). Masson's trichrome stain, objective magnification=40X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Other necropsy findings corresponded to conditions associated with atherosclerosis - systemic arterial hypertension (benign nephrosclerosis and concentric left ventricular hypertrophy) and smoking (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). (<bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnosis:</bold> coronary atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>Cause of death</italic></bold>: acute pulmonary edema. (<bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>This patient had severe triple-vessel coronary atherosclerotic obstructions. In the past, he had thrombosis of the right distal coronary artery bed, with infarction in its territory of irrigation. Subsequently, he had new thrombosis in this artery, at a more proximal level, which possibly determined the myocardial infarction, thus causing the patient's death. It should be emphasized, however, that the morphological aspect was highly suggestive (but not indisputable) of a recent infarction. For this reason, the precise extent of the ischemic injury could not be determined. The presence of acute pulmonary edema strengthens the possibility of the occurrence of the recent infarction. (<bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Section Editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated Editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>), Vera demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 5/2016 - Homem de 56 Anos Internado com Angina Inst&#225;vel, que Apresentou Recorr&#234;ncia da Dor Precordial e Parada Card&#237;aca em Atividade El&#233;trica Sem Pulso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Dor Precordial</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Inst&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise da Onda de Pulso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Um homem de 56 anos de idade foi internado para avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de dor precordial de in&#237;cio recente.</p>
      <p>Tr&#234;s dias antes do internamento, havia acordado de madrugada com dor precordial em aperto, de forte intensidade, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 20 minutos, irradia&#231;&#227;o para membro superior esquerdo e acompanhada de dispneia, que o levou a procurar atendimento m&#233;dico. Os marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o se elevaram e o ECG foi considerado n&#227;o sugestivo de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda. Ap&#243;s receber prescri&#231;&#227;o de atenolol e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, o paciente foi orientado a procurar o Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia para atendimento ambulatorial. Nos dias seguintes ao quadro inicial, apresentou dois novos epis&#243;dios de menor intensidade e procurou atendimento neste Hospital.</p>
      <p>Queixou-se tamb&#233;m de dispneia aos esfor&#231;os com muitos anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, que n&#227;o havia se intensificado no per&#237;odo. Era tabagista de 40 cigarros di&#225;rios e sabia ser portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial, com controle n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico (em 25 de mar&#231;o de 2009), o paciente estava em bom estado geral, corado, hidratado, eupneico, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca regular de 80 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 132 x 78 mmHg e ausculta pulmonar e card&#237;aca normal. N&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#245;es ao exame de abdome. Os pulsos perif&#233;ricos estavam normais e n&#227;o havia edema nem sinais de trombose venosa profunda.</p>
      <p>O ECG de repouso (em 25 de mar&#231;o de 2009) revelou ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 82 bpm, intervalo PR de 160 ms, QRS com dura&#231;&#227;o de 110 ms, QT de 360 ms, sobrecarga de &#225;trio esquerdo, ST retificado nas deriva&#231;&#245;es II, III e aVF e tamb&#233;m com supradesnivelamento de V<sub>1</sub> a V<sub>3</sub> (convexidade superior em V<sub>1</sub> e concavidade superior em V<sub>2</sub> e V<sub>3</sub>) e ondas T positivas e sim&#233;tricas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 1</xref>). (Autores, por gentileza revisem com mais aten&#231;&#227;o os trechos destacados em amarelo para se certificarem que o sentido intencionado foi mantido nos mesmos durante a edi&#231;&#227;o.)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG (em 25 de mar&#231;o de 2009): ritmo sinusal, sobrecarga atrial esquerda, dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular do est&#237;mulo (dQRS = 110ms), sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (segmento ST com discreto supradesnivelamento de V<sub>1</sub> a V<sub>3</sub> e retificado em deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores), ondas T sim&#233;tricas em V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Um teste ergom&#233;trico realizado no mesmo dia revelou durante repouso uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 83 bpm e press&#227;o arterial de 140 x 90 mmHg. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima atingida com 3 minutos de esfor&#231;o foi de 127 bpm e a press&#227;o medida nesse momento foi 140 x 90 mmHg. O teste foi interrompido por cansa&#231;o f&#237;sico e aos 4 minutos e 21 segundos a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca retornou para 87 bpm e a press&#227;o arterial para 140 x 80 mmHg.</p>
      <p>O ECG no pico do esfor&#231;o revelou infradesnivelamento horizontal de 2 mm em V<sub>5</sub> e de 1 mm em V<sub>6</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 2</xref>) e o ECG durante recupera&#231;&#227;o mostrou acentua&#231;&#227;o do infradesnivelamento, o qual se tornou descendente nas mesmas deriva&#231;&#245;es e em II, III e aVF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG (pico do exerc&#237;cio): infradesnivelamento horizontal de 2 mm em V<sub>5</sub> e de 1 mm em V<sub>6</sub>. Compat&#237;vel com resposta isqu&#234;mica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG (recupera&#231;&#227;o): acentua&#231;&#227;o do infradesnivelamento em V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub> e ST descendente em deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores. Compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica extensa.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O teste foi considerado positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e o paciente foi internado para realizar cinecoronariografia.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (em 25 de mar&#231;o de 2009) revelaram hemoglobina 15 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 44%, leuc&#243;citos 8.000/mm&#179; (com diferencial normal), plaquetas 142.000/mm&#179;, glicose 109 mg/dL, ureia 25 mg/dL, creatinina 0,72 mg/dL, colesterol total 184 mg/dL, HDL-colesterol 57 mg/dL, LDL-colesterol 116 mg/dL, triglic&#233;rides 54 mg/dL, s&#243;dio 136 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,1 mEq/L, tempo de trombina (INR) 1,2, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (rel) 1,08, CK-MB 2,12 ng/mL e troponina &lt; 0,2 ng/mL.</p>
      <p>O paciente recebeu prescri&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 200 mg, propranolol 120 mg, captopril 37,5 mg, sinvastatina 40 mg e enoxaparina 60 mg.</p>
      <p>A cinecoronariografia (em 26 de mar&#231;o de 2009) revelou tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda isento de obstru&#231;&#245;es, ramo interventricular anterior com les&#227;o obstrutiva de 80% em ter&#231;o m&#233;dio, primeiro diagonal com les&#227;o de 90% no &#243;stio e segundo diagonal com les&#227;o de 70% no &#243;stio. Havia v&#225;rias les&#245;es no ramo circunflexo, a maior com 90% no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio, os ramos primeiro e segundo marginais esquerdos com les&#245;es de 90%, o terceiro marginal esquerdo com les&#227;o de 60% e dois ramos ventriculares posteriores da circunflexa com irregularidades. A coron&#225;ria direita estava oclu&#237;da e recebia colaterais grau 3 dos ramos da coron&#225;ria esquerda. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era dilatado, com hipocinesia difusa acentuada e &#225;rea discin&#233;tica apical, com falha de enchimento sugestiva de trombo apical.</p>
      <p>Foi indicada cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>Cerca de 6 horas ap&#243;s a cinecoronariografia, o paciente apresentou dispneia com broncoespasmo, quando foram administrados fenoterol 2 mg e brometo de ipratr&#243;pio 0,5 mg por via inalat&#243;ria e hidrocortisona 100 mg por via endovenosa. Foram suspensos o propranolol e o captopril.</p>
      <p>O n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de CK-MB foi de 2,91 ng/mL.</p>
      <p>Algumas horas depois (&#224;s 1h45m de 27 de mar&#231;o 2009), o paciente apresentou parada card&#237;aca em assistolia, para a qual foi iniciada massagem card&#237;aca externa, aplicadas tr&#234;s doses de epinefrina 1 mg e tr&#234;s doses de atropina 0,5 mg e realizada intuba&#231;&#227;o endotraqueal. O paciente evoluiu com atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, seguida de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular revertida com choque de 360 J. O tra&#231;ado do ECG em deriva&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica revelou extremo supradesnivelamento de ST (maior que 10 mm) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 4</xref>) e, logo depois, atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso com bradicardia extrema (25 bpm), assistolia irrevers&#237;vel e falecimento (&#224;s 2h30m de 27 de mar&#231;o de 2009).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG (tira monitor, deriva&#231;&#227;o II): presen&#231;a de grande supradesnivelamento de ST com onda T positiva. Sugestivo de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um homem de 56 anos, com angina de in&#237;cio recente e les&#245;es triarteriais &#224; cinecoronariografia, que apresentou dispneia e, algumas horas ap&#243;s, parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria com intenso supradesnivelamento de segmento ST.</p>
        <p>Angina &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial na metade dos pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana. Mesmo quando est&#225;vel, isto &#233;, sem altera&#231;&#227;o dos desencadeantes ou intensidade, uma dura&#231;&#227;o dos epis&#243;dios por mais de 3 meses duplica o risco de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Angina inst&#225;vel &#233; definida pela presen&#231;a de ao menos um dos seguintes achados: ocorr&#234;ncia ao repouso ou aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 20 minutos, ou padr&#227;o progressivo (mais intensa, prolongada ou frequente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, o padr&#227;o anginoso apresentado pelo paciente foi de angina inst&#225;vel, a qual implica risco de morte de 6% e 27% de necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o no primeiro ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de angina inst&#225;vel, tal como a do paciente, &#233; maior em homens do que em mulheres, e aumenta com a idade chegando a um pico de frequ&#234;ncia aos 70 anos e decrescendo nas d&#233;cadas seguintes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Segundo as classifica&#231;&#245;es de risco da angina inst&#225;vel, o paciente seria classificado com escores TIMI 2 e GRACE 86, os quais predizem risco de morte em 30 dias de 5,4% e 4%, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>O paciente teve seu risco estratificado pelo uso do teste ergom&#233;trico, o qual se revelou positivo com frequ&#234;ncia de 156 bpm mas com acentua&#231;&#227;o do infradesnivelamento na recupera&#231;&#227;o, o que aumentou as probabilidades de se tratar de um paciente multiarterial ou portador de les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda. Esta suspeita foi confirmada pela cinecoronariografia, que revelou les&#245;es cr&#237;ticas em interventricular anterior, diagonais, circunflexa e marginais e oclus&#227;o de coron&#225;ria direita.</p>
        <p>Estudos de autopsia demonstram que em 75% dos infartos fatais ocorre rotura de placa, enquanto nos 25% restantes h&#225; eros&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos <italic>in vivo</italic> por meio da tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica revelam eros&#227;o em n&#250;mero semelhante ou um pouco mais elevado em pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel (de 22% a 31%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Mais recentemente, a eros&#227;o da placa de aterosclerose tem sido mais associada &#224; trombose em infartos com ou sem supradesnivelamento, o que levou ao questionamento do conceito de placa vulner&#225;vel (placas com capa fibrosa fina, menor que 65 micra, e rico n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto ao evento final, a parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria com ECG da recupera&#231;&#227;o mostrando QRS com onda R monof&#225;sica, grande supradesnivelamento com eleva&#231;&#227;o do ponto J e onda T positiva (o assim denominado complexo M no infarto agudo), tem sido associada com a presen&#231;a de rotura de parede livre de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, contudo sem grande especificidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que a hipotens&#227;o e a bradicardia seguidas de atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso s&#227;o sinais t&#237;picos de sangramento para saco peric&#225;rdico. Al&#233;m disso, atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso em paciente sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via e em seu primeiro infarto tem acur&#225;cia preditiva de 97,6% para o diagn&#243;stico de rotura de parede livre de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato</bold>)</p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica:</bold> doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o e angina inst&#225;vel seguida de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com prov&#225;vel rotura de parede livre de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato</bold>)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>&#192; necropsia, evidenciava-se como doen&#231;a principal a aterosclerose sist&#234;mica, com acometimento grave da aorta e das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, onde havia obstru&#231;&#227;o superior a 80% nos tr&#234;s principais ramos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 5</xref>). Na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, havia trombose em organiza&#231;&#227;o no leito distal e trombose recente e oclusiva, com rotura de placa no 2&#186;, 3&#186; e 6&#186; cent&#237;metros (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 6</xref>). Em decorr&#234;ncias de tais tromboses, havia na parede posterior (inferior, diafragm&#225;tica) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, pequeno infarto em fase final de organiza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 7</xref>) e &#225;reas morfologicamente duvidosas para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com poucas horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 8</xref>); este &#250;ltimo tipo de altera&#231;&#227;o estava presente tamb&#233;m na parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e na regi&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica das demais paredes dessa c&#226;mara e no ventr&#237;culo direito. Como poss&#237;vel consequ&#234;ncia de infarto recente, havia edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Painel mostrando cortes histol&#243;gicos de segmentos com os maiores graus de obstru&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. DA4 - 4&#186; cent&#237;metro do ramo interventricular anterior; Cx4 - 4&#186; cent&#237;metro do ramo circunflexo: MEII1 - trecho inicial do segundo ramo marginal esquerdo; CD10 - 10&#186; cent&#237;metro da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, com trombo em organiza&#231;&#227;o. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina e eosina, aumento da objetiva 1x.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte histol&#243;gico do 6&#186; cent&#237;metro da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, com ruptura de placa ateroscler&#243;tica (setas) e trombose recente oclusiva. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina e eosina, aumento da objetiva 1x.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte transversal do cora&#231;&#227;o mostrando &#225;rea de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em organiza&#231;&#227;o, com cor branco-acinzentada, na parede posterior (inferior, diafragm&#225;tica) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (setas). A - face anterior do cora&#231;&#227;o; D - lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o; E - lado esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o; P - face posterior (inferior, diafragm&#225;tica) do cora&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f16">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A legenda correta aqui &#233; a seguinte: "Corte histol&#243;gico da parede posterior (inferior, diafragm&#225;tica) do cora&#231;&#227;o mostrando &#225;rea focal de necrose isqu&#234;mica recente, em bandas de contra&#231;&#227;o (entre as setas). Colora&#231;&#227;o pelo tricr&#244;mio de Masson, aumento da objetiva 40x."</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0485-60175-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os demais achados da necropsia correspondem a condi&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; aterosclerose - hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (nefrosclerose benigna e hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) e tabagismo (doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica). (<bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico anatomopatol&#243;gico:</bold> aterosclerose coronariana.</p>
        <p><bold>"<italic>Causa mortis</italic>"</bold>: edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es. (<bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Coment&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Este paciente apresentava obstru&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas coronarianas triarteriais graves. No passado, teve trombose do leito distal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, com infarto em seu territ&#243;rio de irriga&#231;&#227;o. Posteriormente, houve nova trombose dessa art&#233;ria, mais proximal, que possivelmente determinou o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, assim causando a morte do paciente. Deve-se ressaltar, por&#233;m, que o aspecto morfol&#243;gico foi altamente sugestivo (mas n&#227;o indiscut&#237;vel) de infarto recente. Por esse motivo, a extens&#227;o precisa da les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica n&#227;o p&#244;de ser determinada. A presen&#231;a de edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es fortalece a possibilidade da exist&#234;ncia do infarto recente. (<bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>), Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
