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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZTdX4PrRT8vvyJjwhJ9mPpK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004400467</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160171</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test: Background, Applicability and Interpretation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">11</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Romeu S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">12</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">13</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Almir S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">12</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hossri</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">14</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Eduardo Monteiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">15</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">16</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Morita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">17</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serra</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador Manoel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">18</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Florian&#243;polis, SC</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar da Bahia, Salvador, BA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia, Salvador, BA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, CLINIMEX, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Fitcordis Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Fitcordis Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Bras&#237;lia, DF</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>14</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>15</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFPB</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Lauro Wanderley</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Lauro Wanderley e Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica (UFPB), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>16</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardio L&#243;gica M&#233;todos Diagn&#243;sticos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardio L&#243;gica M&#233;todos Diagn&#243;sticos, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>17</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Brigham and Women's Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>18</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (IECAC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Artur Haddad Herdy</bold>, Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina - Rua Newton Ramos 91- 601-A. CEP: 88015-395, Centro, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil. E-mail: <email>aherdy@cardiol.br</email>, <email>arherdy@cardiosport.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Herdy AH, Ritt LEF, Stein R, Ara&#250;jo CGS, Milani M, Meneghelo RS, Ferraz AS, Hossri CAC, Almeida AEM, Fernandes-Silva MM, Serra SM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>467</fpage>
      <lpage>481</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) has been gaining importance as a method of functional assessment in Brazil and worldwide. In its most frequent applications, CPET consists in applying a gradually increasing intensity exercise until exhaustion or until the appearance of limiting symptoms and/or signs. The following parameters are measured: ventilation; oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>); carbon dioxide production (VCO<sub>2</sub>); and the other variables of conventional exercise testing. In addition, in specific situations, pulse oximetry and flow-volume loops during and after exertion are measured. The CPET provides joint data analysis that allows complete assessment of the cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and metabolic systems during exertion, being considered gold standard for cardiorespiratory functional assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The CPET allows defining mechanisms related to low functional capacity that can cause symptoms, such as dyspnea, and correlate them with changes in the cardiovascular, pulmonary and skeletal muscle systems. Furthermore, it can be used to provide the prognostic assessment of patients with heart or lung diseases, and in the preoperative period, in addition to aiding in a more careful exercise prescription to healthy subjects, athletes and patients with heart or lung diseases.</p>
        <p>Similarly to CPET clinical use, its research also increases, with the publication of several scientific contributions from Brazilian researchers in high-impact journals.</p>
        <p>Therefore, this study aimed at providing a comprehensive review on the applicability of CPET to different clinical situations, in addition to serving as a practical guide for the interpretation of that test.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Evaluation</kwd>
        <kwd>Lung Volume Measurements</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxygen Consumption</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Major variables and their meanings</title>
      <p><bold>Oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>):</bold> is the volume of O<sub>2</sub> extracted from the air inhaled during pulmonary ventilation in a period of time. It is usually expressed in mL.min<sup>-1</sup> or L.min<sup>-1</sup> (STPD). In practice, maximum VO<sub>2</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub> max) is defined as the highest value reached, despite progressive increase of the load applied, with the development of a plateau in the VO<sub>2</sub> curve during an incremental exercise test. When no plateau can be identified, the highest value obtained at the end of an exhausting exercise is characterized as peak VO<sub>2</sub>, which, in practice, is used as VO<sub>2</sub> max. Mean values at intervals of 10 to 60 seconds should be measured depending on the protocol (short-interval means for protocols with short stages and longer-interval means for protocols with longer stages). The response is influenced by a central mechanism (cardiovascular and/or pulmonary) and peripheral function (skeletal muscle).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The normal values depend on several factors, such as: age, sex, weight, height, physical activity level, genetic variability and ethnicity. Different equations to predict the normal values of VO<sub>2</sub> max or peak VO<sub>2</sub> have been determined from different populations. Although the equation proposed by Wasserman and Whipp<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> is the most frequently used, a national equation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> seems to be more suitable for Brazilians.</p>
      <p>The term 'peak VO<sub>2</sub>' is used as a synonym for VO<sub>2</sub> max throughout this text. Peak VO<sub>2</sub> is considered abnormal when below 85% of the predicted value.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> It has been used as a universal marker<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> that can broadly reflect disease severity in patients with heart failure (HF), pulmonary hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and restrictive pulmonary disease, in addition to physical fitness level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The VO<sub>2</sub> value measured in the first ventilatory threshold (VT1) or anaerobic threshold (AT) is determined by the nonlinear increase of pulmonary ventilation (VE) in relation to VO<sub>2</sub>. From the physiological viewpoint, AT represents the upper limit of workloads during exercise, which can be sustained over a prolonged period of time without progressively increasing blood lactate and consequent pulmonary hyperventilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Peak VO<sub>2</sub> and AT values are influenced by genetic predisposition, diseases, exercise and aerobic training types. The normal mean AT values expected for adults are around 40% to 65% of peak VO<sub>2</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The AT values are important for the individualized prescription of exercise, as well as for the diagnosis of anemia, physical unfitness, myopathies and cardiopathies in the presence of values lower than the predicted ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p><bold>Pulmonary ventilation (VE):</bold> expressed as liters per minute, is the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs. It is determined as the product of respiratory rate by the volume of air exhaled at every cycle (tidal volume). At rest, 7 to 9 L/min are ventilated, but in athletes that value can reach 200 L/min at maximal exertion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Ventilation increases continuously during progressive effort on CPET and undergoes additional increases influenced by the anaerobic metabolism resulting from the accumulation of lactic acid, well defined as the first and second ventilatory thresholds. Periodic (or oscillatory) ventilation is defined as the resting oscillatory pattern that persists in &#8805; 60% of the effort with an amplitude &#8805; 15% as compared to mean resting values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> It reflects disease severity and relates to worse prognosis in patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p><bold>Respiratory coefficient or respiratory exchange ratio (R):</bold> expresses the ratio between CO<sub>2</sub> production and O<sub>2</sub> consumption (VCO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>). It is currently the best non-invasive indicator of maximal or quasi-maximal exercise intensity. Values above 1.0 can reflect intense exercise, but those &#8805; 1.10 are those searched on CPET, and have been accepted as a parameter of exhaustion or quasi-exhaustion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p><bold>Ventilatory equivalents for oxygen (VE/VO <sub>2</sub>) and for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO <sub>2</sub>):</bold> are the ratios between pulmonary ventilation and O<sub>2</sub> consumption (VE/VO<sub>2</sub>) or CO<sub>2</sub> production (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>). Both decline from rest to submaximal exercise intensities, with VE/VO<sub>2</sub> reaching minimum values before AT, when its progressive increase occurs, caused by the increase in ventilation to eliminate extra CO<sub>2</sub> production. That results in lactate buffering by blood bicarbonate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Later, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> increases (respiratory compensation point - RCP, or second ventilatory threshold - VT2), resulting from ventilatory increase (compensatory respiratory alkalosis) in response to blood pH reduction due to the progressive accumulation of lactic acid at muscle level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The VE/VO<sub>2</sub> reflects the ventilatory need for a certain O<sub>2</sub> consumption level, being, thus, an index of ventilatory efficiency. Patients with inadequate ratio between pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary perfusion (increased physiological dead space) ventilate inefficiently and have high VE/VO<sub>2</sub> values (pulmonary disease and HF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Peak values above 50 have been useful to diagnose patients suspected of having mitochondrial myopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> On the other hand, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> represents the ventilatory need to eliminate a certain amount of CO<sub>2</sub> produced by active tissues, being influenced by partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO<sub>2</sub>). In addition, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope is the relationship between VE, plotted in the Y axis, and VCO<sub>2</sub>, in the X axis, both measured as L/min. The VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope can be determined in submaximal tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> It relates to changes in the ventilation-perfusion relationship or hyperventilation. The VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope reflects the severity and prognosis of patients with HF, pulmonary hypertension, HCM, COPD and restrictive pulmonary disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p><bold>End-tidal CO<sub>2</sub> partial pressure (PETCO<sub>2</sub>):</bold> reflects ventilation-perfusion within the pulmonary system, and, indirectly, cardiac function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Its value ranges from 36 to 42 mmHg, with 3- to 8-mmHg elevations during moderate intensity exercise, reaching a maximal value with subsequent drop, due to VE increase, characterizing RCP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Abnormal values can represent disease severity in patients with HF, HCM, pulmonary hypertension, COPD and restrictive pulmonary disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p><bold>Oxygen pulse (O <sub>2</sub> pulse):</bold> is the ratio between VO<sub>2</sub> (mLO<sub>2</sub>/min) and heart rate (HR - bpm). Its meaning is better understood by observing the Fick equation: VO<sub>2</sub> = HR x systolic volume (SV) x arteriovenous oxygen difference [(A-V)O<sub>2</sub> diff]. Considering that, in many clinical situations, (A-V)O<sub>2</sub> diff does not substantially change in incremental exercise, O<sub>2</sub> pulse represents SV, and, in a way, left ventricular performance. Thus, VO<sub>2</sub> &#8773; HR x SV or VO<sub>2</sub>/HR &#8773; SV. Under certain circumstances, the morphological analysis of its curve aids in the diagnosis of ventricular dysfunction and important effort-induced myocardial ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p><bold>Breathing reserve (VE/MVV):</bold> represents the ratio between maximal ventilation during exercise (VE) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) at rest, both variables in L/min. Equations to predict MVV can be used (forced expiratory volume in the first second - FEV<sub>1</sub> x 40), although it can be measured directly on pre-test spirometry. Normal values are greater than 0.20. However, in both athletes and those performing strenuous exercises, a higher fraction of breathing reserve can be physiologically used. It is useful in the differential diagnosis of dyspnea related to pulmonary mechanism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p><bold>&#916;VO <sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR Relationship:</bold> relationship between VO<sub>2</sub> (Y axis in mL.min<sup>-1</sup>) and workload (X axis in Watts), measured only during exercise on a cycle ergometer with ramp protocol, whose value is progressively and linearly incremented until maximal effort. It is useful in the diagnosis of patients suspected of having myocardial ischemia with left ventricular dysfunction on exertion. Its normal value for adults is 9 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.W<sup>-1</sup> (the lowest limit being 8.6 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.W<sup>-1</sup>).</p>
      <p>Other variables: the minimum VE/VO<sub>2</sub> value is the cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> It is a submaximal variable that reflects the best integration between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Although it is easy to obtain, further studies are required to determine its clinical applicability and prognostic meaning. Oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) was widely studied, being measured by the relationship between VO<sub>2</sub> and the logarithmic transformation (base 10) of VE. The OUES provides information on the severity of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Similarly to VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, it does not require a maximal test. T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> is the time necessary for a 50% drop in VO<sub>2</sub> measured at peak exercise (from the beginning of recovery) until the third minute of recovery. It decreases with physical training and its increase is negatively associated with the prognosis of HF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Circulatory power is the product of peak systolic blood pressure (SBP) by peak VO<sub>2</sub>, while ventilatory power is peak SBP divided by VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope. Both have prognostic value in HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Finally, the association of CPET with measurements of cardiac output and SV, by use of non-invasive hemodynamic analysis (impedance cardiography - ICG), can provide variables, such as &#916;<italic>Q</italic>/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub> slope to assess coronary artery disease (CAD), HF and some myopathies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Functional assessment and CPET-based aerobic exercise prescription</title>
        <p>The CPET is considered the best method to assess aerobic performance, and, mainly, to support aerobic exercise prescription.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Considered class IIa indication - optimized prescription of exercise to healthy individuals, individuals with heart or lung diseases entering a program of regular exercise - and class IIb indication - athletes -,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> it is still rarely used with such purposes by clinical cardiologists.</p>
        <p>By use of the joint analysis of exhaled gases, work and/or exertion performed and the behavior of hemodynamic variables, mainly HR, a more comprehensive functional assessment can be obtained. Thus, a more precise and individualized program of aerobic exercise can be outlined. Apparently healthy individuals who engage in moderate- to high-intensity aerobic practice can benefit from CPET regarding exercise prescription and performance assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> For individuals with heart diseases and high-performance athletes, such benefits have been widely established. Prescription errors, both insufficiency and excess, in such individuals can have a negative impact on the results expected from a training program.</p>
        <p>Briefly, for the prescription of aerobic exercises, the most relevant data obtained from CPET are HR and exercise intensity at which the ventilatory thresholds occur, especially, AT or VT1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The exercise intensity at which VT1 occurs characterizes the highest submaximal level tolerated by a certain individual for long time periods. Because that exercise intensity varies even between two individuals with identical maximal functional capacity (and even with similar maximal VO<sub>2</sub> values measured), its precise determination via CPET enhances and refines the quality of aerobic exercise prescription. In practical terms, HR values in different points of maximal CPET are used to establish the bases for a more objective prescription. More often, the following values are considered: HR at rest with the individual lying down (resting HR), maximal HR (HRmax), HR at AT, HR at RCP, and HR at the 'R = 1' point. Traditionally, exercises have been prescribed based on the intensity related to HR, but the workload related to thresholds and maximal effort can also be used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> When the objective is to train up to a moderate subjective intensity that can be sustained for long periods, we set the limit at the AT. Between the AT and RCP, the exercise intensity is higher, but usually still tolerated for prolonged periods, with wide individual variations. Finally, the training can be performed above the RCP, with very intense and much more difficult to sustain exercises, which can be of the interval type (alternating resting periods with some type of mild-to-moderate intensity exercise).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>There are numerous protocols that can be used for both healthy individuals and those with diverse patologies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> These protocols are used to prescribe steady-state aerobic exercise (walking or running) or interval exercise, with an important component of "anaerobic" exercise, alternating rhythms and intensities (alternate walking and running, up and down walking and cycling, ball sports and spinning classes).</p>
        <p>However, the quality of that prescription, based on HR derived from CPET, depends on some factors. It is convenient that CPET be performed with a ramp protocol, minimum duration of eight minutes, on an ergometer more similar to the aerobic exercise that will be prescribed (cycle ergometer for cyclers, treadmill for runners). Longer protocols tend to allow greater differentiation and precision in identifying the exercise intensity that corresponds to the thresholds. It is worth noting that data collected during a CPET performed in an air-conditioned room can differ from those obtained during a walk or cycling or even a long running (more than 45 minutes) at open air locations and under more adverse climate conditions, in which there may be a cardiovascular drift<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> phenomenon, characterized by a progressive increase of HR, instead of remaining in steady-state, despite of a constant intensity of exercise. However, for patients using HR-controlling devices or on regular use of medications with negative chronotropic action, specific care should be taken so that the HR-based prescription obtained on CPET can remain valid. The most obvious case is that of patients on beta-blockers on a single daily dose, which make HR during exercise vary according to the time interval between medication administration and exercise performance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> To minimize that chronopharmacological effect, such patients should undergo CPET at the time closest to that of regular exercise. In patients with pacemakers, resynchronization devices and atrial fibrillation, the HR measured by these HR sensors is inaccurate. For those individuals and some athletes whose training intensity is based on load or velocity, exercise can be prescribed based on velocities or loads relative to thresholds. Some studies have suggested that the load relative to 'R = 1' bears the best correlation with maximal exertion in metabolic balance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Finally, other potentially relevant variables can be obtained via exhaled breath analysis, including some that do not require maximal exertion, such as mechanical efficiency analysis and COP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> which widens the CPET value for prescription of primarily aerobic exercises. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CPET in heart failure</title>
        <p>Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a systemic syndrome, and reduced functional capacity is one of its main features. The cardiovascular deficit has a direct influence on other organs and systems, such as the pulmonary, renal and skeletal muscular ones. CPET is considered "gold standard" for the functional assessment of patients with CHF, propitiating diagnostic and prognostic data derived from direct measurement of VO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub> and VE. In addition, the variables VE/VO<sub>2</sub>, VE/CO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub> and R, as well as the metabolic points AT and RCT, are useful parameters to indicate accurately the maximal aerobic capacity, to quantify functional restriction, to measure the response to drug therapy and to guide physical training prescription.</p>
        <p>The Brazilian Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of patients with CHF present CPET as class I indication in the assessment of both heart transplantation candidates and dyspnea mechanisms. The use of CPET is class II indication for exercise prescription, and to assess the severity, prognosis and responses to therapeutic interventions in CHF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The response to CPET of a patient with CHF is characterized by: reduced VO<sub>2</sub>, AT &lt; 40% of the predicted VO<sub>2</sub> max, O<sub>2</sub> pulse &lt; 85% and as a plateau, increased VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, reduced OUES, wide breathing reserve and usually normal O<sub>2</sub> saturation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Peak VO<sub>2</sub> is the specific and direct measure of functional capacity. Several studies have shown its independent prognostic capacity in CHF. According to the Brazilian guidelines for heart transplantation, a peak VO<sub>2</sub> lower than 10 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> is class I indication for that procedure, while a peak VO<sub>2</sub> below 12 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> (patients on beta-blocker) or below 14 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, is class IIa indication, particularly for those with other criteria of worse prognosis (VE/VCO2 slope &gt; 35).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Weber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> have proposed a classification for peak VO<sub>2</sub> results: class A = VO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 20 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>; class B = VO<sub>2</sub> 16-20 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>; class C = VO<sub>2</sub> 10-15 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>; and class D = VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 10 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>. It is worth noting that, for peak VO<sub>2</sub> value to have prognostic accuracy, the test has to meet the requirements of a maximal test (proposed for HF: R &gt; 1.05, at least).</p>
        <p>Other important variables measured via CPET that add independent prognostic value for patients with CHF are: VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, OUES, T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>, HR recovery in the first post-exertion minute, presence of periodic ventilation, and PETCO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> pulse behaviors.</p>
        <p>Chua et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> assessing patients with CHF using CPET, have observed those with VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 34 were at higher risk for hospitalization due to decompensation, and for death. Other authors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> assessing the prognostic value of VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope in CHF, have shown it to be a variable with excellent independent value, even higher than that of peak VO<sub>2</sub>, and important to patients who reach only submaximal exertion. In a population with CHF due to Chagas disease, Ritt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> have reported that the best cutoff point for worse prognosis was VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 32.5, thus earlier than those reported by studies on other etiologies. Arena et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> have published the following ventilatory classes based on VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope values: class I, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 29.9; class II, 30-35.9; class III, 36-44.9; class IV, &#8805; 45. In 2 years, event-free survivals (death, transplantation or implantation of ventricular assistance device) for classes I-IV were 97.2%, 85.2%, 72.3% and 44.2%, respectively (P &lt; 0.0001). Assessing a population of patients via CPET for heart transplantation, Ferreira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> have found a VE/CO<sub>2</sub> slope cutoff point of &#8805; 43 as ideal to determine the indication for heart transplantation. The use of VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope as a criterion for selection of candidates for transplantation could reclassify correctly 18.3% more patients than the classic peak-VO<sub>2</sub>-based criteria (p &lt; 0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In addition, OUES has an independent prognostic value. Initially, Baba et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> have described that variable behavior, whose cutoff point and independent prognostic value were subsequently assessed by other authors. A cutoff point &lt; 1.47 L/min determines a group with more severe CHF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> is identified in patients with CHF. Studying patients with VO<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 15, between 10.1 and 14.9, and &#8804; 10 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, Groote et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> have reported T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> values of 108 &#177; 44.6, 137 &#177; 58.7, and 176 &#177; 75 seconds, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> In patients with no heart disease, T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> is usually &lt; 90 seconds.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The kinetics of HR recovery (HRR) is a well-established prognostic marker in patients with CAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> related to changes in post-exertion autonomic balance. In CHF, it is also an independent factor of mortality, even in patients on beta-blockers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> The cutoff point established for that population was &#8804; 16 bpm in an active recovery protocol (hazard ratio: 4.6; 95%CI: 2.8-7.5; p &lt; 0.001). Its clinical usefulness has been assessed for heart transplantation indication in patients in the intermediary zone of peak VO<sub>2</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub> 10.1-13.9 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>), in whom, the HRR analysis aggregated value to peak VO<sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope. The prognosis of patients with altered HRR and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope was comparable to that of those with VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 10 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Wide oscillations in ventilation during exertion relates to cardiovascular events and death in patients with CHF. That pattern, analogous to the Cheyne-Stokes respiration, was named periodic ventilation. The occurrence of periodic ventilation during exertion (characterized by an amplitude variation &gt; 5 L/min for at least three cycles) was related to an up to three-fold higher mortality in patients with CHF (hazard ratio: 2.97; 95%CI: 1.34 - 6.54; p &lt; 0.007).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> The presence of periodic ventilation increased the risk of patients with reduced peak VO<sub>2</sub> and elevated VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Another index that reflects the dynamics of pulmonary changes and CO<sub>2</sub> diffusion at alveolar level is PETCO<sub>2</sub> at rest. Mean values &lt; 33 mmHg after 2 minutes at rest were independently correlated with worse prognosis and greater mortality in CHF (hazard ratio: 2.17; 95%CI: 1.48-3.19; p &lt; 0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O<sub>2</sub> pulse can be assessed regarding its absolute value and its behavior during exertion. A plateau is usually related to an insufficient increase in SV on exertion. An O<sub>2</sub> pulse &lt; 85% of the predicted value correlates independently with major cardiovascular events in CHF. Among patients with peak VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 14.3 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> and O<sub>2</sub> pulse &lt; 85% of the predicted values, mortality was greater than among those with only one of those parameters altered (hazard ratio: 4.76 versus 2.31, respectively). O<sub>2</sub> pulse could also reclassify the risk of patients into intermediate zone of peak VO<sub>2</sub> for transplantation (10-14 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>). Patients in the O<sub>2</sub> pulse &lt; 85% zone had mortality similar to those with VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 10 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Each CPET variable correlates with the interaction of HF with another organ or system. Thus, the joint analysis of those variables can better stratify the risk of those patients. The CPET variables can be combined into risk scores in CHF. Levy et al. have shown that the addition of VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope data to Seattle Heart Failure Model could improve the prognostic ability of that score, reclassifying 40% of the patients into a more appropriate risk category (p = 0.002).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
				</p>
        <p>To determine the prognostic significance of CPET in CHF, Cahalin et al. have conducted a meta-analysis of studies published until 2013 and calculated the odds ratios (OR) of each prognostic variable. The OR of the main prognostic variables assessed (peak VO<sub>2</sub>, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, OUES and periodic ventilation) were 4.10 (CI: 3.16-5.33), 5.40 (CI: 4.17-6.99), 8.08 (CI: 4.19-15.58) and 5.48 (CI: 3.82-7.86), respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>
				</p>
        <p>For those not dealing with CPET on a daily basis, the assessment of each variable can be unpractical. Myers et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> have developed a score that combines the information of the main CPET variables into a number. The points are attributed as follows: VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &#8805; 34 - 7 points; HRR &#8804; 16 bpm - 5 points; OUES &#8804; 1.4 - 3 points; PETCO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 33 mmHg - 3 points; peak VO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 14 mL.kg<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.min<sup>&#8722;1</sup> - 2 points. The score ranges from 0 to 20, 0-5 being the reference. The others correlated in an increasing manner with the risk of death/transplantation or implantation of ventricular assistance device: 6-10 (hazard ratio: 2.74, 95%CI: 2.16-3.48; p &lt; 0.001), 11-15 (hazard ratio: 4.6, 95%CI: 3.55-5.98; p &lt; 0.001) and &gt; 15 (hazard ratio: 9.25, 95%CI: 5.75-14.88; p &lt; 0.001). In three years, the mortality of patients with score &gt;15 was 12.2%, in comparison to 1.2% in those with score &lt; 5. A recent analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> applied that score to class B patients according to Weber heart failure classification (analogous to NYHA class II). In the three-year follow-up, patients with score &#8805; 10 had an event-free survival equivalent to that of Weber class C patients, and those with score &lt; 10 had a prognosis equivalent to that of Weber class A patients.</p>
        <p>The CPET plays a preponderant role in the assessment of patients with CHF, not only regarding the selection of candidates for transplantation, but also to determine the prognosis and help with the therapeutic decision. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows a stratification strategy that combines those variables.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risk stratification based on CPET results from patients with CHF (Modified from Ribeiro JP, Stein R, Chiappa GR. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2006 Mar- Apr;26(2):63-71). CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; VO<sub>2</sub>:  oxygen consumption; R: respiratory exchange ratio; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: ratio between pulmonary ventilation and carbon dioxide production; PETCO<sub>2</sub>:  extrapolated end-tidal carbon dioxide tension; T<sub>1/2</sub>:  time necessary for a post-exertion 50% drop in VO<sub>2</sub> measured; OUES: oxygen uptake efficiency slope; HRR: heart rate recovery.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0467-60171-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CPET to assess myocardial ischemia</title>
        <p>CPET can help to assess myocardial ischemia in patients with suspected CAD, a clinical condition where a significant ischemic load, during exercise, is expected to negatively influence systolic myocardial performance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> During incremental exercise, the myocardial unbalance between O<sub>2</sub> offer and demand triggers a sequence of metabolic changes that can ultimately lead to the insufficient physiological elevation of SV. On CPET, this is observed as a depressed, in plateau or declining shape curve of O2 pulse.</p>
        <p>Three CPET variables are indicated to assess the presence and severity of myocardial ischemia: 1) O<sub>2</sub> pulse; 2) VO<sub>2</sub> curve and elevation; and 3) relationship between VO<sub>2</sub> variation and load variation, in watts, in this case, exclusively, on cycle ergometer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Oxygen pulse and oxygen consumption curve</title>
        <p>Usually, (A-V)O<sub>2</sub> diff tends to remain constant during incremental exertion, except for rare cases of anemias, hemoglobinopathies, some congenital heart diseases and COPD, in which there is a significant drop in peripheral oxygen saturation. Except for those clinical conditions, one can infer that SV behavior during incremental exercise is reflected by the equation: VO<sub>2</sub>/HR = SV. The VO<sub>2</sub>/HR ratio, called "oxygen pulse" and measured in milliliters per beat, reflects the O<sub>2</sub> volume ejected into the aorta at every systole. Likewise, SV, also measured in milliliters per beat, reveals the blood volume ejected into the aorta at every systole. Thus, those two variables, despite being numerically different, reflect left ventricular hemodynamic behavior during CPET.</p>
        <p>The analysis of the VO<sub>2</sub>/HR curve as a function of time, which should have the increasing morphology of a parabola, is as important as the numerical O<sub>2</sub> pulse value during the incremental phase of CPET. The identification of a curve with a plateau or decline indicates a reduction in O<sub>2</sub> pulse and SV during exercise, and can indicate myocardial ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). It is worth noting that other clinical conditions can cause similar changes, such as ventricular dysfunctions due to non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, providing prognostic information on HF with reduced ejection fraction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and obstructive valve heart diseases. In the presence of severe chronotropic changes, artificial electric stimulation and arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, O<sub>2</sub> pulse analysis becomes compromised and inaccurate.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test in the pre-rehabilitation assessment of a 57-year-old hypertensive, diabetic, overweight male patient with three-vessel coronary disease, who refused to undergo myocardial revascularization surgery eight years earlier. A) evident drop in oxygen pulse. B) early plateau of oxygen consumption. Both changes (A and B) were due to ischemic depression of the ST segment (evident in A), followed by progressive chest pain.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0467-60171-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#916;VO <sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR Ratio (Watts)</title>
        <p>To every increase in load imposed during CPET, a similar increase in VO<sub>2</sub> is expected. Normally, a 1-Watt increment in workload should correspond to a 10 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>-increase in absolute VO<sub>2</sub>. The loss of this linear relationship, with a reduction of slope often to less than 5 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.Watt<sup>-1</sup>, despite the increase in exercise intensity during CPET, contributes to the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The &#916;VO<sub>2</sub> /&#916;WR relationship around 10mL.min.Watts suddenly reduces, despite the exercise intensity increase. This loss of linear relationship could indicate the presence of myocardial ischemia by use of CPET performed on a cycle ergometer (modified from reference 52).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0467-60171-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>It is worth noting that the changes suggestive of ischemia on CPET become more evident as ischemia severity increases. The CPET variables should be analyzed in light of the pre-test clinical suspicion. CPET can be indicated for functional assessment of patients with established CAD, as well as for the investigation of myocardial ischemia diagnosis, mainly in the following conditions:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>When there is moderate to high pre-test likelihood of myocardial ischemia;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>To increase diagnostic accuracy of myocardial ischemia, when, on CPET, there is clinical, hemodynamic or electrocardiographic change, hindering the diagnosis via conventional exercise test;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>In the presence of a large ischemic myocardial area, hindering left ventricular function due to SV reduction during exercise;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>For follow-up assessment after percutaneous or surgical revascularization;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Similarly to other clinical conditions, CPET can be recommended to assess the prognosis of patients with CAD, with or without evidence of ischemia, by using other variables usually used for that purpose, such as VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, peak VO<sub>2</sub>, OUES, periodic ventilation and T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>, in addition to other CPET variables that wait for more solid studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CPET in the differential diagnosis of dyspnea</title>
        <p>Dyspnea is a common symptom in several clinical situations, characterized by the perception of respiratory difficulty or discomfort. Its pathophysiology is complex, involving neuro-humoral and mechanical mechanisms. From the practical viewpoint, the differential diagnosis can be classified into four categories: cardiac, pulmonary, mixed cardiopulmonary, and non-cardiopulmonary.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The use of CPET for dyspnea assessment can be divided into two settings - patients with dyspnea without an established diagnosis and patients with multiple possible causes - in whom the test is useful to determine which mechanism prevails and causes symptoms. The dyspnea, whose cause cannot be elucidated via history, physical examination and complementary tests at rest, should be better assessed by using CPET. By use of joint analysis, from rest to maximal exertion, the cardiovascular, respiratory and peripheral metabolism responses can provide information on the dyspnea mechanism. Because of its low cost, CPET can be indicated early in the investigative hierarchy of dyspnea assessment, serving to guide other complementary tests, when required, for therapeutic management and prognostic assessment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Behavior of major CPET variables in several causes of dyspnea</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Dyspnea origin</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Cardiovascular</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Pulmonary</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Vascular-pulmonary</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Hyperventilation</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Fake</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">reduced</td>
                <td align="center">reduced</td>
                <td align="center">reduced</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
                <td align="center">reduced</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AT</td>
                <td align="center">early</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
                <td align="center">early</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">R</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
                <td align="center">reduced</td>
                <td align="center">normal/reduced</td>
                <td align="center">normal/reduced</td>
                <td align="center">reduced</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">high</td>
                <td align="center">high</td>
                <td align="center">high</td>
                <td align="center">high</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PETCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">low</td>
                <td align="center">low</td>
                <td align="center">low at AT</td>
                <td align="center">low at AT</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/MVV</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
                <td align="center">reduced</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">O<sub>2</sub> pulse</td>
                <td align="center">reduced/plateau</td>
                <td align="center">normal/plateau</td>
                <td align="center">reduced/plateau</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">O<sub>2</sub> Sat</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
                <td align="center">drop</td>
                <td align="center">drop</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR</td>
                <td align="center">reduced/plateau</td>
                <td align="center">normal/plateau</td>
                <td align="center">reduced/plateau</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
                <td align="center">normal</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>VO2: oxygen consumption; AT: anaerobic threshold; R: respiratory exchange ratio; VE/VCO2 slope: ratio between pulmonary ventilation and carbon dioxide production; PETCO2: extrapolated end-tidal carbon dioxide tension; VE/MVV: ventilatory reserve; O2 Sat: oxyhemoglobin saturation; &#916;VO2/&#916;WR: relationship between oxygen consumption and workload.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Studies on the clinical value of CPET in patients with chronic dyspnea (more than 1 month) of undetermined origin or dyspnea of multiple causes have evidenced practical use: to differentiate dyspnea of cardiocirculatory primary origin from dyspnea of pulmonary ventilatory etiology or that related to problems in the ventilation-perfusion binomial; to quantify the different mechanisms of multiple-cause dyspnea; to identify an unsuspected or underestimated circulatory component; and to identify a psychogenic or simulation component.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The differential diagnosis of those pathologies requires pragmatic interpretation of CPET data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref> The first step is to assess peak VO<sub>2</sub> and to determine the percentage of the predicted value achieved. Pulmonary, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases or physical unfitness can account for VO<sub>2</sub> reduction. Then, breathing reserve should be assessed, and, when low, it can identify underlying pulmonary disease. Breathing reserve lower than 20% is found in pulmonary diseases; however, as already described, highly-trained individuals or those in situations of extreme exertion can also consume their ventilatory reserve on maximal exertion as a compensatory mechanism, but, in such cases, peak VO<sub>2</sub> will not be significantly reduced.</p>
        <p>The following step is the analysis of O<sub>2</sub> saturation. A drop greater than 4% on peak exertion as compared to resting is characteristic of pulmonary limitation. High VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and PETCO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 33 mmHg at rest and/or elevation greater than 8 mmHg during exertion suggest respiratory mechanisms as the cause of dyspnea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Observation of O<sub>2</sub> pulse and &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR ratio can identify heart disease, if the curves show plateau or decline, reflecting an inadequate SV to the load imposed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref> However, individuals with lung disease and some degree of pulmonary hypertension can also develop a plateau of O<sub>2</sub> pulse. The combination of plateau of O<sub>2</sub> pulse with a decrease in O<sub>2</sub> saturation, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 40 and reduced PETCO<sub>2</sub> (&lt; 33 mmHg at rest or &lt; 36 mmHg at AT) strongly suggests pulmonary hypertension or a pathology with pulmonary vascular impairment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Patients with dyspnea due to cardiovascular limitation have reduced VO<sub>2</sub>, early AT, ventilatory inefficiency (high VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope), inefficient O<sub>2</sub> uptake (reduced OUES), plateau of O<sub>2</sub> pulse or of &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR ratio, with normal ventilatory reserve, PETCO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 33 mmHg at rest and/or increase &lt; 3 mmHg during exertion, in addition to lack of drop in O<sub>2</sub> saturation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Patients with physical unfitness and anemia have reduced VO<sub>2</sub> and increased &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR (cycle ergometer), but they do not meet the criteria for pulmonary or cardiovascular limitation. Extremely physically unfit patients can have reduced AT and increased HR/VO<sub>2</sub> ratio. On the other hand, a low R, despite the sensation of extreme fatigue on BORG scale, points to a peripheral mechanism as the cause of limitation to exertion.</p>
        <p>Patients with hyperventilation have reduced ventilatory efficiency (high VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope), reduced PETCO<sub>2</sub> at AT, sudden changes in the ventilatory pattern with phases of tachypnea and hypopnea, and extremely increased respiratory rate on exertion. Usually, the ventilatory reserve is normal and O<sub>2</sub> saturation has a physiological behavior.</p>
        <p>Studying 39 patients with asthma of difficult control, McNicholl et al. have reported that, in 14 of them, the persistent complaint of dyspnea was explained by hyperventilation, preventing the undue increase of the dose of bronchodilators in those patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref> In legal situations, facing a complaint of dyspnea, the medical expert can have difficulty to determine if the symptom is true or to establish an effective symptom graduation, and CPET can be used to clarify the scenario. To diagnose fake dyspnea by using CPET: the patient reports extreme fatigue, asks for exertion interruption and shows normal ventilatory reserve, normal O<sub>2</sub> saturation behavior, AT within the expected range for the maximal VO<sub>2</sub> predicted (40%-60%), but an R compatible with submaximal exertion (&lt;1), in addition to apparent chronotropic deficit.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>CPET in pulmonary diseases</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title>
        <p>The severity of COPD is determined based on symptoms and spirometry results. Pulmonary function tests at rest, however, do not accurately predict the grade of intolerance to exertion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref> The inability to increase ventilation to levels that allow high gas exchange is one of the mechanisms that explain dyspnea on exertion. That phenomenon can be observed on CPET and is usually interpreted as ventilatory limitation. Although characteristic of obstructive scenarios, it can occur in restrictive diseases, such as interstitial pulmonary diseases, and in abnormalities of the thoracic cage. The criterion that defines ventilatory limitation is arguable, but, when the breathing reserve at peak exertion is lower than 15%, limitation is considered to occur, especially when R is lower than 1.0.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In patients with COPD, peak VO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> continues to be the best index of aerobic capacity, as long as patients exercise to their limit. However, other aspects should be considered when interpreting the CPET of patients with COPD. There is a combination of low ventilatory capacity and high ventilatory demand, increasing the sensation of dyspnea. The perception of lower limb exertion is often exaggerated in such patients and can be a limiting factor, especially in tests performed on a cycle ergometer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Another factor that can significantly contribute to the development of unbearable dyspnea during exercise is dynamic hyperinflation. With the increase of respiratory flow during exercise, the air is held in the lungs, causing a progressive increase in residual volume, thus reducing the inspiratory capacity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). That frequently occurs together with a reduction in tidal volume, indicating that the respiratory mechanics has reached its functional limit. Dynamic hyperinflation can be observed on CPET when periodic analyses of the flow-volume curve occurs with inspiratory capacity measured during exercise. That is especially useful when symptom intensity and the grade of airway obstruction is disproportional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flow-volume curves: A) patient without pulmonary disease; B) patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Note loop displacement to the left with overlapping. IC: inspiratory capacity; TPC: total pulmonary capacity, TV: tidal volume.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0467-60171-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exertion-induced bronchospasm</title>
        <p>Exertion-induced bronchospasm (EIB) is the acute narrowing of airways resulting from exercise. Its clinical manifestations include "chest wheezing", cough, dyspnea or chest pressure usually 5 to 10 minutes after exercise, and, less commonly, during exercise. Its diagnosis requires a specific protocol with repeated post-exertion spirometry, typically at 5, 10 and 15 minutes. A drop in FEV1 equal to or greater than 10% as compared to that of pre-exertion is diagnosed as EIB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> For the diagnosis of bronchial hyperreactivity, that test is less sensitive than bronchoprovocation challenge tests with bronchoconstrictors (methacholine, histamine), being, however, more specific for the diagnosis of EIB.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Early detection of pulmonary vascular disease</title>
        <p>In addition, CPET has been used to the early detection of pulmonary vascular disease. However, the pathophysiological aspects of pulmonary hypertension are worth considering to understand and interpret the findings in the clinical context.</p>
        <p>Pulmonary hypertension is defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) equal to or greater than 25 mmHg,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref> and dyspnea on exertion is usually its earliest symptom. The pulmonary circulation has high capacitance, and normal mPAP values are frequently observed at the early stages of pulmonary vascular disease. For an increase in mPAP levels at rest to occur, more than 50% of the pulmonary circulation needs to be obstructed, resulting in a relatively late diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The identification of pulmonary hypertension during exertion requires the use of a pulmonary artery catheter for direct measurement during exercise. This is part of the invasive (or advanced) CPET, available only at a few centers. One limitation is that the definition of pulmonary hypertension on exertion, mPAP greater than 30 mmHg, is arbitrary,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref> and healthy individuals can reach much higher values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref> In addition, there are not enough data to conclude that patients with that "abnormal hemodynamics" will progress to true pulmonary hypertension at rest.</p>
        <p>CPET can provide information to help the clinician suspect pulmonary hypertension when assessing a patient with dyspnea of undefined etiology. The VE/VCO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> ratio at AT and peak exertion are extremely elevated in patients with pulmonary hypertension, higher than that of patients with HF and same functional class.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> In addition, low PETCO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> values at the end of expiration, both at rest and exercise, were associated with pulmonary hypertension.</p>
        <p>It has been suggested that, in the absence of acute hyperventilation (normal R), VE/VCO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> ratio greater than 37 and PETCO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> below 30 mmHg at AT could indicate pulmonary vascular disease. Exceptionally low PETCO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> values (below 20 mmHg) are uncommon in other diseases and increase the suspicion of pulmonary hypertension in patients assessed for dyspnea on exertion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prognostic assessment in pulmonary hypertension</title>
        <p>CPET can be used to assess both the severity of pulmonary hypertension in patients with established disease and the response to therapy. Studying idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, Wensel et al. showed that individuals with peak VO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> lower than 10.4 mL.kg-1.min-1 and peak SBP lower than 120 mmHg had worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref> The guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> recommend that peak VO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> values greater than 15.0 and lower than 12.0 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> indicate good and bad prognosis, respectively. However, that parameter should not be assessed isolated, but be part of a comprehensive assessment to determine pulmonary hypertension severity.</p>
        <p>In addition, VE/VCO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> ratio at AT and VE/VCO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> slope have been associated with pulmonary hypertension prognosis, with values equal to or greater than 54 and 62, respectively, indicating shorter survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> However, that relationship seems not to apply to all forms of pulmonary hypertension. A more elevated VE/VCO2 slope was observed in pulmonary hypertension due to chronic pulmonary thromboembolism as compared to pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is worth noting that, in pulmonary hypertension due to chronic pulmonary thromboembolism, VE/VCO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> slope did not associate with functional class, suggesting no relationship with severity and high values at early phases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> Another parameter associated with the worse survival of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension is the presence, on CPET, of signs of right-to-left shunt during exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>
				</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>: Flow-volume curves: A) patient without pulmonary disease; B) patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Note loop displacement to the left with overlapping.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CPET in children and adolescents</title>
        <p>In the pediatric population, the use of CPET is similar to that of the adult population, but with specific particularities related to the childhood universe. Environmental conditions should allow children to adapt to the test, therefore enabling good performance assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>
				</p>
        <p>CPET has been very useful to assess healthy individuals and those with complex congenital heart diseases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref> allowing the determination of pathophysiological causes that limit functional capacity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref> Protocols and ergometers (treadmill and cycle ergometer) are selected according to the objectives and experience of the laboratories conducting the tests. Ramp protocols, however, are currently the most often applied.</p>
        <p>Comparing the cardiorespiratory responses of healthy children with those of healthy young adults, Prado et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref> have evidenced lower cardiovascular (evidenced by lower O<sub>2</sub> pulse) and respiratory (lower PETCO<sub>2</sub>) efficiencies, higher respiratory rate and VE/VO<sub>2</sub> at peak exercise and at AT level. However, healthy children have higher metabolic efficiency (lower R and peak VO<sub>2</sub>, similar to those of healthy young adults).</p>
        <p>The literature indicates possible reasons for the immaturity of the anaerobic metabolism of children during physical exercise, such as lower muscular glycogen levels,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref> reduced activity of phosphofrutokinase-1 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref> and of lactate dehydrogenase,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref> and higher proportion of muscle fibers of slow contraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In addition, children with heart diseases usually have lower aerobic potency than young adults and children without heart diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref> Other variables derived from CPET are extremely useful to measure the response to exercise. OUES indicates systemic and pulmonary perfusion, and correlates strongly with peak VO<sub>2</sub>. In children without heart diseases, OUES increases with their development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref> However, according to the study by Dias et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref> in congenital heart disease, an association was identified between OUES and functional impairment severity in 59 children in the late postoperative period of congenital heart disease correction. Those authors have reported that reduced OUES was associated with low peak VO<sub>2</sub> (below 80% of the predicted value) in 90% of the cases, confirming the presence of a cardiovascular disorder during exertion.</p>
        <p>In addition, ergospirometric assessment has been extremely useful in the follow-up of partially or completely treated complex congenital heart diseases, as an aid to indicate the ideal time for new therapeutic interventions. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the performance of children in the late postoperative period of several cyanogenic congenital heart diseases, such as Fallot tetralogy, transposition of the great arteries and single ventricle heart.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>* Comparison of the ergospirometric performance of children with complex congenital heart disease and healthy ones undergoing maximal incremental test</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Heart disease <break/>(n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Normal <break/>(n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">p </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Age</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 6.2</td>
                <td align="center">11.9 &#177; 6.7</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Incremental test performance</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Max. velocity (km.h<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">9.8 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">10.9 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AT velocity (km.h<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">6.9 &#177; 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Max. inclination (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5.2 &#177; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Distance (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1091.2 &#177; 384.1</td>
                <td align="center">1262.9 &#177; 307.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Time (min)</td>
                <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">11.5 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cardiovascular</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resting HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">71.47 &#177; 11.3</td>
                <td align="center">79.0 &#177; 12.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">175.9 &#177; 23.0</td>
                <td align="center">185.8 &#177; 19.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resting SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">106.8 &#177; 21.4</td>
                <td align="center">106.2 &#177; 19.0</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Delta SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">36.1 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">39.2 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><sub>PEAK</sub> O<sub>2</sub> Pulse<sub>&#160;
										</sub>mL.beat<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">10.4 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">13.5 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><sub>AT</sub> O<sub>2</sub> Pulse mL.beat<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8.3 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">12.5 &#177;3.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">OUES</td>
                <td align="center">1693.5 &#177; 761.9</td>
                <td align="center">1876.6 &#177; 564.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">OUES/kg</td>
                <td align="center">34.1 &#177; 11.1</td>
                <td align="center">46.1 &#177; 9.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circul. pow. (mmHg/mL/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">1924.0 &#177; 550</td>
                <td align="center">3937.5 &#177; 1220</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Metabolic</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><sub>PEAK</sub> VO<sub>2</sub> mL.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1021 &#177; 474.2</td>
                <td align="center">1637.40 &#177; 834.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><sub>PEAK</sub> VO<sub>2</sub> mL.kg.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">31.5 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center">42.3 &#177; 7.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2 AT</sub> mL.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">19.5 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2 AT</sub> mL.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">643.4 &#177; 301.8</td>
                <td align="center">1004.2 &#177; 567.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">R (VCO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>)</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.04 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PETCO<sub>2</sub> mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">30.83 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">34.2 &#177; 4.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ventilatory and gas exchanges</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak VE L.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">50.4&#177; 22.0</td>
                <td align="center">55.2 &#177; 22.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RR (rpm)</td>
                <td align="center">61.0 &#177; 15.2</td>
                <td align="center">58.6 &#177; 10.9</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PETCO<sub>2</sub> mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">32.83 &#177; 3.90</td>
                <td align="center">34.41 &#177; 3.29</td>
                <td align="center">0.0005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">41.2 &#177; 6.40</td>
                <td align="center">35.5 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">O<sub>2</sub> Sat (%)</td>
                <td align="center">90.9 &#177; 8.2</td>
                <td align="center">97.6 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>AT: anaerobic threshold; HR: heart rate; peak HR: maximal HR reached; delta SBP: difference between peak and resting systolic blood pressure; OUES: oxygen uptake efficiency slope; Circul. pow.: circulatory power; <sub>PEAK</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption at peak exertion; VO<sub>2 AT</sub>: oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold; VE: pulmonary ventilation; RR: respiratory rate; O<sub>2</sub> Sat (%): oxyhemoglobin saturation (modified from reference 86); NS: non-significant.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Kempny et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref> have reported the reference values of the major ergospirometric variables of adults with congenital heart disease, and have correlated their data with those in the literature to guide the recreational, sports and professional activities of those individuals.</p>
        <p>Thus, the association of cardiovascular variables, such as O<sub>2</sub> pulse and peak VO<sub>2</sub>, and ventilatory variables (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope) provides more comprehensive and objective data about the true functional capacity of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease. We provide major examples: after late correction of Fallot tetratogy, evolution with pulmonary insufficiency and possible right ventricular dilation and dysfunction can indicate exchange or, currently, implantation of new prostheses, such as Melody's<italic>.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref> CPET can indicate the best time for intervention, when the morphology of the O<sub>2</sub> pulse curve shows a depression or early plateau, in addition to ventilatory inefficiency characterized by high VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope values. After late correction of transposition of the great arteries according to Mustard's or Senning's technique, an older method, many children show worsening of their metabolic efficiency (more reduced peak VO<sub>2</sub> and excessive ventilation - greater VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope), which does not occur when submitted to Jatene's surgery, considered the ideal technique. Additionally, CPET allows the analysis of gas exchange in other more complex congenital heart diseases with pulmonary hypertension, such as Eisenmenger's syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>
				</p>
        <p>CPET has been a valuable complementary resource in the follow-up of patients with congenital heart diseases to both assess the exercise capacity and indicate the ideal time for new therapeutic approaches, providing objective, diagnostic and prognostic information on the patient's true cardiopulmonary functional status.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio: Fundamentos, Aplicabilidade e Interpreta&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">7</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">9</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">11</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Romeu S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">12</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">13</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Almir S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">12</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hossri</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">14</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Eduardo Monteiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">15</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">16</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Morita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">17</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serra</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador Manoel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">18</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Florian&#243;polis, SC</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar da Bahia, Salvador, BA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia, Salvador, BA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff27">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff28">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, CLINIMEX, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff29">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Fitcordis Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Bras&#237;lia, DF</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff30">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff31">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff32">
        <label>14</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff33">
        <label>15</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Lauro Wanderley e Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica (UFPB), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff34">
        <label>16</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardio L&#243;gica M&#233;todos Diagn&#243;sticos, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff35">
        <label>17</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff36">
        <label>18</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (IECAC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Artur Haddad Herdy</bold>, Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina - Rua Newton Ramos 91 - 601-A. CEP 88015-395, Centro, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil.. E-mail: <email>aherdy@cardiol.br</email>, <email>arherdy@cardiosport.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Herdy AH, Ritt LEF, Stein R, Ara&#250;jo CGS, Milani M, Meneghelo RS, Ferraz AS, Hossri CAC, Almeida AEM, Fernandes-Silva MM, Serra SM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) vem ganhando import&#226;ncia crescente como m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional tanto no Brasil quanto no Mundo. Nas suas aplica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes, o teste consiste em submeter o indiv&#237;duo a um exerc&#237;cio de intensidade gradativamente crescente at&#233; a exaust&#227;o ou o surgimento de sintomas e/ou sinais limitantes. Neste exame se mensura a ventila&#231;&#227;o (VE), o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>), a produ&#231;&#227;o de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico (VCO<sub>2</sub>) e as demais vari&#225;veis de um teste de exerc&#237;cio convencional. Adicionalmente, podem ser verificadas, em situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, a oximetria de pulso e as al&#231;as fluxo-volume antes, durante e ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o. A an&#225;lise integrada dos dados permite a completa avalia&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas cardiovascular, respirat&#243;rio, muscular e metab&#243;lico no esfor&#231;o, sendo considerado padr&#227;o-ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O TCPE permite definir mecanismos relacionados &#224; baixa capacidade funcional, os quais podem ser causadores de sintomas como a dispneia, correlacionando-os com altera&#231;&#245;es dos sistemas cardiovascular, pulmonar e musculoesquel&#233;tico. Tamb&#233;m pode ser de grande aplicabilidade na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em cardiopatas, pneumopatas e em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, al&#233;m de auxiliar na prescri&#231;&#227;o mais criteriosa do exerc&#237;cio em sujeitos normais, em atletas, em cardiopatas e em pneumopatas.</p>
        <p>Assim como ocorre com o uso cl&#237;nico, a pesquisa nesse campo tamb&#233;m cresce e v&#225;rias contribui&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas de pesquisadores nacionais s&#227;o publicadas em peri&#243;dicos de alto fator de impacto.</p>
        <p>Sendo assim, o objetivo deste documento &#233; fornecer uma revis&#227;o ampla da aplicabilidade do TCPE nas diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, bem como servir como guia pr&#225;tico na interpreta&#231;&#227;o desse teste proped&#234;utico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio, Avalia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Medidas de Volume Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Principais vari&#225;veis e seus significados</title>
        <p><bold>Consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO <sub>2</sub>):</bold> constitui o volume de O<sub>2</sub> extra&#237;do do ar inspirado pela ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar em um dado per&#237;odo de tempo. Em geral, &#233; expresso ml/min ou L/min (STPD). Na pr&#225;tica, o VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (VO<sub>2</sub> max) pode ser definido como o maior valor atingido, apesar do aumento progressivo da carga aplicada, com o desenvolvimento de um plat&#244; na curva do VO<sub>2</sub> em teste de exerc&#237;cio incremental. Na aus&#234;ncia da identifica&#231;&#227;o de um plat&#244;, o maior valor obtido no final de um exerc&#237;cio exaustivo &#233; caracterizado como VO<sub>2</sub> de pico que, na pr&#225;tica, &#233; utilizado como o m&#225;ximo VO<sub>2</sub> medido. Devem-se medir os valores m&#233;dios nos intervalos de 10 a 60 segundos, dependendo do protocolo (m&#233;dias de curtos intervalos para protocolos com curtos est&#225;gios e m&#233;dias de intervalos maiores para protocolos com longos est&#225;gios). A resposta &#233; influenciada por mecanismo central (cardiovascular e/ou pulmonar) e fun&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica (m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Os valores de normalidade dependem de diversos fatores, tais como: idade, sexo, peso, altura, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, variabilidade gen&#233;tica e etnia. Diferentes equa&#231;&#245;es para predizer os valores normais do VO<sub>2</sub> max ou de pico foram determinadas a partir de popula&#231;&#245;es distintas. Muito embora a equa&#231;&#227;o proposta por Wasserman e Whipp<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> seja a mais frequentemente utilizada, uma equa&#231;&#227;o nacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> parece ser mais apropriada para brasileiros.</p>
        <p>O VO<sub>2</sub> pico (termo que ser&#225; utilizado como sin&#244;nimo de VO<sub>2</sub> max ao longo deste texto) &#233; considerado anormal quando abaixo de 85% do percentual do predito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Ele tem sido utilizado como marcador universal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> capaz de refletir amplamente a severidade da doen&#231;a em pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (MCH), doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) e doen&#231;a pulmonar restritiva, bem como o grau de condicionamento f&#237;sico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O VO<sub>2</sub> medido no limiar ventilat&#243;rio 1 ou limiar anaer&#243;bico (LA) &#233; determinado pelo momento em que passa a haver um aumento n&#227;o linear da ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (VE) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VO<sub>2</sub>. Do ponto de vista fisiol&#243;gico, o LA representa o limite superior de cargas de trabalho durante determinado exerc&#237;cio, que podem ser sustentadas ao longo de um per&#237;odo prolongado, sem eleva&#231;&#227;o progressiva do lactato sangu&#237;neo e consequente hiperventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Os valores relativos ao VO<sub>2</sub> pico e ao LA s&#227;o influenciados pela predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as, forma de exerc&#237;cio e tipo de treinamento aer&#243;bico realizado. Os valores m&#233;dios normais de LA esperados para adultos est&#227;o em torno de 40 a 65% do VO<sub>2</sub> pico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Os valores do LA s&#227;o considerados de grande valor para prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio de forma individualizada, assim como para o diagn&#243;stico de anemia, descondicionamento f&#237;sico, miopatias e cardiopatias, quando observados valores abaixo do predito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold>Ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (VE):</bold> &#201; o resultado, expresso em litros por minuto, do volume de ar que se move para dentro e para fora dos pulm&#245;es. &#201; determinado pelo produto da frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e o volume de ar expirado a cada ciclo (volume de ar corrente). Em repouso, s&#227;o ventilados 7 a 9 ml/min, mas em atletas tal valor pode chegar a 200 ml/min no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A ventila&#231;&#227;o tem um incremento cont&#237;nuo durante o esfor&#231;o progressivo no TCPE e sofre aumentos adicionais influenciados pelo metabolismo anaer&#243;bico resultante do ac&#250;mulo de &#225;cido l&#225;tico bem definido no primeiro e segundo limiares. A ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica (ou oscilat&#243;ria) &#233; definida como padr&#227;o oscilat&#243;rio em repouso que persiste em &#8805; 60% do esfor&#231;o com uma amplitude &#8805; 15% comparada aos valores m&#233;dios de repouso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Reflete a severidade e pior progn&#243;stico na IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold>Quociente respirat&#243;rio ou Raz&#227;o de trocas respirat&#243;rias (R):</bold> Expressa a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a produ&#231;&#227;o de VCO<sub>2</sub> e o VO<sub>2</sub> (VCO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>). Na atualidade, &#233; o melhor indicador n&#227;o invasivo de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo (ou quase m&#225;ximo). Valores acima de 1,0 j&#225; podem refletir esfor&#231;o intenso, mas aqueles &#8805; 1,10 s&#227;o buscados no TCPE e t&#234;m sido aceitos como par&#226;metro de exaust&#227;o ou quase exaust&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold>Equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios de oxig&#234;nio (VE/VO <sub>2</sub>) e di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO <sub>2</sub>):</bold> s&#227;o as raz&#245;es entre a taxa ventilat&#243;ria instant&#226;nea e a taxa de capta&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> (VE/VO<sub>2</sub>) e libera&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>). Ambos declinam os seus valores a partir do repouso at&#233; n&#237;veis subm&#225;ximos de exerc&#237;cio, com o VE/VO<sub>2</sub> atingindo valores m&#237;nimos antes do LA, quando ocorre sua subida progressiva, ocasionada pelo aumento da ventila&#231;&#227;o para eliminar a produ&#231;&#227;o extra de CO<sub>2</sub>. Tal a&#231;&#227;o resulta no tamponamento do lactato pelo bicarbonato sangu&#237;neo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Posteriormente, observamos uma eleva&#231;&#227;o do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> (ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria - PCR ou Limiar Ventilat&#243;rio 2) resultante do aumento ventilat&#243;rio (alcalose respirat&#243;ria compensat&#243;ria) em resposta &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do PH sangu&#237;neo pelo ac&#250;mulo progressivo do &#225;cido l&#225;tico em n&#237;vel muscular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O VE/VO<sub>2</sub> reflete a necessidade ventilat&#243;ria para um dado n&#237;vel de consumo de O<sub>2</sub>, portanto, apresenta-se como &#237;ndice da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria. Pacientes com rela&#231;&#227;o inadequada entre a ventila&#231;&#227;o e a perfus&#227;o pulmonar (aumento do espa&#231;o morto fisiol&#243;gico) ventilam ineficientemente e t&#234;m altos valores para o VE/VO<sub>2</sub> (e.g. doen&#231;a pulmonar e IC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Valores de pico acima de 50 t&#234;m sido &#250;teis no diagn&#243;stico de pacientes com suspeita de miopatia mitocondrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> J&#225; o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> representa a necessidade ventilat&#243;ria de eliminar uma determinada quantidade de CO<sub>2</sub> produzido pelos tecidos em atividade, sendo influenciado pela press&#227;o parcial de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico (PaCO<sub>2</sub>). Outra vari&#225;vel chamada VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> (inclina&#231;&#227;o) &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a VE, plotada no eixo Y e a VCO<sub>2</sub> no eixo X, ambas mensuradas em L/min. O VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> pode ser determinado em testes subm&#225;ximos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Est&#225; relacionado &#224; presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es na rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o ou hiperventila&#231;&#227;o. Reflete amplamente a gravidade e o progn&#243;stico em pacientes portadores de IC, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, DPOC e doen&#231;a pulmonar restritiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold>Press&#227;o expirada de CO <sub>2</sub> (PET CO <sub>2</sub>):</bold> reflete a ventila&#231;&#227;o - perfus&#227;o dentro do sistema pulmonar e, indiretamente, a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Seu valor varia de 36 mmHg a 42 mmHg, com eleva&#231;&#245;es de 3 a 8 mmHg durante exerc&#237;cio de intensidade m&#233;dia a moderada, atingindo o ponto m&#225;ximo com queda subsequente, decorrente do aumento da VE, caracterizando o PCR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Valores anormais podem representar a gravidade da doen&#231;a em pacientes portadores de IC, MCH, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, DPOC e doen&#231;a pulmonar restritiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold>Pulso de oxig&#234;nio (PuO <sub>2</sub>):</bold> &#201; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/min) e FC (bat/min). O seu significado &#233; mais bem compreendido quando se observa a equa&#231;&#227;o de Fick: VO<sub>2</sub> = FC x volume sist&#243;lico (VS) x diferen&#231;a arteriovenosa de oxig&#234;nio (Dif A-V O<sub>2</sub>). Considerando que a Dif A-V O<sub>2</sub> em muitas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o se modifica expressivamente no exerc&#237;cio incremental, o PuO<sub>2</sub> representa o VS e, de certa forma, o desempenho ventricular esquerdo. Portanto, VO<sub>2</sub> &#8773; FC x VS ou VO<sub>2</sub>/FC &#8773; VS. Em algumas circunst&#226;ncias, a an&#225;lise da morfologia da sua curva auxilia no diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica esfor&#231;o-induzida importante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold>Reserva ventilat&#243;ria (VE/VVM):</bold> representa a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ventila&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio (VE) e a ventila&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima (VVM) em repouso, ambas vari&#225;veis em ml/min. Equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o da VVM podem ser utilizadas (eg. Volume Expirat&#243;rio For&#231;ado em um segundo - VEF<sub>1</sub> x 40), embora possa ser diretamente medida na espirometria pr&#233;-teste. O valor de normalidade &#233; acima de 0,20. Todavia, tanto em atletas quanto quando se realizam exerc&#237;cios extenuantes, uma maior fra&#231;&#227;o da reserva ventilat&#243;ria pode ser utilizada de maneira fisiol&#243;gica. &#201; &#250;til no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de dispneia relacionado ao mecanismo pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o &#916;VO <sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR:</bold> rela&#231;&#227;o entre o VO<sub>2</sub> (eixo y em mL/min) e a carga de trabalho (eixo x em Watts), mensurada somente durante exerc&#237;cio em cicloerg&#244;metro com protocolo de rampa, cujo valor &#233; incrementado de forma linear progressiva at&#233; o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo. Tem utilidade diagn&#243;stica em pacientes com suspeita de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda aos esfor&#231;os. O valor normal para adulto &#233; de 9 mL/min/W (sendo o limite inferior aceito de 8,6 mL/min/W).</p>
        <p><bold>Outras vari&#225;veis:</bold> o valor m&#237;nimo do VE/VO<sub>2</sub> &#233; denominado Ponto &#211;timo Cardiorrespirat&#243;rio (POC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Essa &#233; uma vari&#225;vel subm&#225;xima que reflete a melhor integra&#231;&#227;o entre os sistemas respirat&#243;rio e cardiovascular. Embora seja de f&#225;cil determina&#231;&#227;o, ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para determinar sua aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica e seu significado progn&#243;stico. A inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia da capta&#231;&#227;o do oxig&#234;nio - oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) foi amplamente estudada e &#233; medida pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre o VO<sub>2</sub> e o logaritmo na base 10 da VE. O OUES fornece informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a gravidade da IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Assim como o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> n&#227;o requer que o teste seja m&#225;ximo para sua obten&#231;&#227;o. J&#225; o T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> &#233; o tempo necess&#225;rio para queda de 50% do VO<sub>2</sub> medido no pico do esfor&#231;o (a partir do in&#237;cio da recupera&#231;&#227;o) at&#233; o terceiro minuto na recupera&#231;&#227;o. Ele diminui com o treinamento f&#237;sico e seu aumento est&#225; associado negativamente ao progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A Pot&#234;ncia Circulat&#243;ria por sua vez, &#233; produto da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) pico pelo VO<sub>2</sub> pico e a Pot&#234;ncia Ventilat&#243;ria &#233; PAS pico dividida pelo VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic>. Ambas t&#234;m valor progn&#243;stico na IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Por fim, a associa&#231;&#227;o do TCPE com medida do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e VS, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise hemodin&#226;mica n&#227;o invasiva (impedanciocardiografia -ICG), poder&#225; contribuir com vari&#225;veis como &#916;Q/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> na avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC, IC e de algumas miopatias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos baseadas no TCPE</title>
          <p>O TCPE &#233; considerado o melhor m&#233;todo para avaliar o desempenho aer&#243;bico e, principalmente, subsidiar a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Consideradas indica&#231;&#245;es classe IIa - prescri&#231;&#227;o otimizada de exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos normais, cardiopatas e pneumopatas que v&#227;o iniciar programa de exerc&#237;cios regulares e classe IIa - em atletas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - tais indica&#231;&#245;es, com esses prop&#243;sitos, s&#227;o ainda pouco exploradas pelo cardiologista cl&#237;nico.</p>
          <p>Por meio da an&#225;lise conjunta dos gases expirados, do trabalho e/ou esfor&#231;o realizado e do comportamento de vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, com destaque para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), pode-se obter uma avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional mais completa. Dessa forma, &#233; poss&#237;vel se delinear um programa de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos mais preciso e individualizado. Em indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis que se engajam em esportes aer&#243;bicos de moderada a alta intensidade, a avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo teste traz ganhos na qualidade da prescri&#231;&#227;o e no desempenho esportivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Em cardiopatas e atletas de alto desempenho, esses benef&#237;cios j&#225; s&#227;o amplamente estabelecidos. Erros de prescri&#231;&#227;o, em tais indiv&#237;duos, tanto para menos quanto para mais, podem impactar negativamente nos resultados esperados de um programa de treinamento.</p>
          <p>Sucintamente, para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos, as informa&#231;&#245;es mais relevantes obtidas no TCPE s&#227;o a FC e a intensidade do esfor&#231;o na qual ocorrem os limiares ventilat&#243;rios, em especial, o LA ou primeiro limiar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A intensidade de esfor&#231;o no qual ocorre esse limiar caracteriza o mais alto n&#237;vel subm&#225;ximo tolerado, por um dado indiv&#237;duo, por longos per&#237;odos de tempo. Como essa intensidade do esfor&#231;o varia at&#233; mesmo entre dois indiv&#237;duos com id&#234;ntica capacidade funcional m&#225;xima (e at&#233; mesmo com valores similares de VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo medido), a sua determina&#231;&#227;o precisa, pelo TCPE, sofistica e aprimora a qualidade da prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico. Em termos pr&#225;ticos, utilizam-se os valores de FC em diferentes momentos do TCPE m&#225;ximo para estabelecer as bases de uma prescri&#231;&#227;o mais objetiva. Mais comumente, s&#227;o considerados os valores de FC em repouso com o indiv&#237;duo deitado (FC Rep), a FC m&#225;xima (FC max) e a FC do LA, al&#233;m da FC no PCR e aquela observada no ponto em que R = 1. Tradicionalmente, s&#227;o prescritos exerc&#237;cios guiados pela intensidade relativa &#224;s FC, mas podem-se utilizar tamb&#233;m as cargas referentes aos limiares e ao esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Quando o objetivo &#233; treinar at&#233; uma intensidade subjetiva moderada que se possa sustentar por longos per&#237;odos, limitamos ao LA. Entre o LA e o PCR temos um esfor&#231;o mais intenso, mas, em geral, ainda tolerado por per&#237;odos prolongados, com amplas varia&#231;&#245;es individuais. Por fim, temos o exerc&#237;cio realizado acima do PCR, o qual &#233; muito intenso e bem mais dif&#237;cil de sustentar, que pode ser intervalado (alternado por per&#237;odos de repouso ou de algum tipo de exerc&#237;cio de intensidade leve &#224; moderada).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Existem in&#250;meros protocolos que podem ser utilizados tanto em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis quanto em portadores das mais diversas patologias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Nesse cen&#225;rio, s&#227;o frequentes as prescri&#231;&#245;es delineadas para um exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em ritmo constante (caminhada ou corrida) ou exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico intervalado, podendo incluir, ou n&#227;o, uma participa&#231;&#227;o anaer&#243;bica mais importante, na qual h&#225; altern&#226;ncia de ritmos ou intensidades de esfor&#231;o (e.g. alternar andar e correr, caminhadas ou pedaladas em subidas e descidas, jogos desportivos com bola e aulas de <italic>spinning,</italic> entre outros).</p>
          <p>No entanto, a qualidade dessa prescri&#231;&#227;o, baseada em FC derivada do TCPE, depende de alguns fatores. Em primeiro lugar, &#233; muito conveniente que o TCPE tenha sido realizado em protocolo de rampa, com dura&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a oito minutos, utilizando-se o erg&#244;metro mais similar ao exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico realizado pelo indiv&#237;duo (cicloerg&#244;metro para ciclistas, esteira rolante para corredores). Protocolos mais longos tendem a permitir uma maior diferencia&#231;&#227;o e precis&#227;o na identifica&#231;&#227;o da intensidade do esfor&#231;o que corresponde aos limiares. Por outro lado, &#233; importante reconhecer que os dados colhidos durante um TCPE realizado em uma sala climatizada podem se mostrar diferentes daqueles obtidos em uma caminhada ou pedalada, ou ainda corrida de longa dura&#231;&#227;o (mais de 45 minutos), ao ar livre e com condi&#231;&#245;es clim&#225;ticas mais adversas, nas quais o fen&#244;meno do <italic>cardiovascular drift</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> faz com que a FC n&#227;o atinja um plat&#244; e continue aumentando lentamente, apesar da manuten&#231;&#227;o da mesma intensidade de esfor&#231;o. Mas naqueles pacientes em uso de dispositivos controladores de FC, ou que usam regularmente medica&#231;&#245;es de a&#231;&#227;o cronotr&#243;pica negativa, cuidados espec&#237;ficos devem ser tomados para que essa prescri&#231;&#227;o controlada pela FC, obtida no TCPE, possa permanecer v&#225;lida. O caso mais &#243;bvio &#233; o dos pacientes que fazem uso de &#223;-bloqueadores em dose di&#225;ria &#250;nica, os quais levam a FC de exerc&#237;cio variar de acordo com o intervalo entre a tomada do medicamento e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio propriamente dito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Para que esse efeito cronofarmacol&#243;gico seja minimizado, o ideal, para tais pacientes, &#233; realizar o TCPE no hor&#225;rio mais t&#237;pico de exerc&#237;cio regular. Em portadores de marcapasso, ressincronizadores e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, a mensura&#231;&#227;o da FC por frequenc&#237;metros fica dificultada. Nesses indiv&#237;duos, bem como em alguns atletas, nos quais a intensidade do treinamento &#233; baseada na carga ou velocidade, podemos prescrever o exerc&#237;cio baseado nas velocidades ou cargas relativas aos limiares. Alguns estudos sugerem que a carga relativa ao R = 1 tem a melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com m&#225;ximo esfor&#231;o em equil&#237;brio metab&#243;lico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Finalmente, outras vari&#225;veis potencialmente relevantes podem ser obtidas com a an&#225;lise de gases expirados, inclusive algumas que n&#227;o exigem esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, como a an&#225;lise da efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica e o ponto &#243;timo cardiorrespirat&#243;rio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> o que amplia ainda mais o valor do TCPE na prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios primariamente aer&#243;bicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TCPE na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica (ICC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome sist&#234;mica, na qual a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional &#233; uma das principais caracter&#237;sticas. O d&#233;ficit cardiovascular tem influ&#234;ncia direta em outros &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas como o pulmonar, renal e no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico. O TCPE &#233; considerado o "padr&#227;o ouro" para avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional de pacientes com ICC, propiciando informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas derivadas da medida direta do VO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub> e VE. Adicionalmente, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis VE/VO<sub>2</sub>, VE/CO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub> ou R, al&#233;m dos pontos metab&#243;licos LA e PCR s&#227;o, todos eles, par&#226;metros &#250;teis que servem para indicar com acur&#225;cia a capacidade aer&#243;bica m&#225;xima, quantificar a restri&#231;&#227;o funcional, mensurar a resposta &#224; terapia farmacol&#243;gica e orientar a prescri&#231;&#227;o de treinamento f&#237;sico.</p>
          <p>As diretrizes nacionais da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia para manejo de pacientes com ICC trazem o TCPE como indica&#231;&#227;o classe I na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes candidatos a transplante card&#237;aco ou na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos de dispneia. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE &#233; indica&#231;&#227;o classe IIa para prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, assim como para avaliar gravidade, progn&#243;stico e as respostas a interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas em ICC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A resposta ao TCPE do paciente com ICC se caracteriza por: VO<sub>2</sub> reduzido, LA &lt; 40% do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo predito, PUO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 85% e em plat&#244;, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> aumentado, OUES reduzido, reserva ventilat&#243;ria ampla e satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> geralmente normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O VO<sub>2</sub> pico &#233; a medida especifica e direta da capacidade funcional. Diversos estudos demonstraram sua capacidade independente de progn&#243;stico em ICC. De acordo com a diretriz nacional de transplante card&#237;aco, um VO<sub>2</sub> pico abaixo de 10 mL/kg/min &#233; indica&#231;&#227;o classe I para o procedimento, sendo indica&#231;&#227;o classe IIa quando o VO<sub>2</sub> pico est&#225; abaixo de 12 mL/Kg/min (naqueles em uso de betabloqueador) ou abaixo de 14 mL/kg/min, principalmente naqueles com outros crit&#233;rios de gravidade (exemplo: VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> &gt; 35).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Weber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> criaram uma classifica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do VO<sub>2</sub> pico: classe A = VO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 20 mL/kg/min; classe B = VO<sub>2</sub> entre 16-20 mL/kg/min; classe C = VO<sub>2</sub> entre 10-15 mL/kg/min e classe D = VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 10 mL/kg/min. Vale ressaltar que, para se ter acur&#225;cia no valor progn&#243;stico do VO<sub>2</sub> pico, faz-se necess&#225;rio que o exame cumpra os requisitos de uma prova m&#225;xima (proposto para IC: R &gt; 1,05).</p>
          <p>Outras importantes vari&#225;veis medidas pelo TCPE que apresentam valor adicional e independente para progn&#243;stico na ICC s&#227;o: VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic>, OUES, T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>, recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC no primeiro minuto p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, presen&#231;a de ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica, comportamento do PeT CO<sub>2</sub> e do PUO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
          <p>Chua et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> avaliaram pacientes com ICC utilizando o TCPE e verificaram que pacientes com VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> &gt; 34 corriam maior risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por descompensa&#231;&#227;o, assim como de &#243;bito. Outros autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> tamb&#233;m avaliaram o valor progn&#243;stico do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> na ICC demonstrando ser essa uma vari&#225;vel de &#243;timo valor independente, at&#233; maior que o pr&#243;prio VO<sub>2</sub> pico, sendo importante naqueles pacientes que atingem apenas esfor&#231;os subm&#225;ximos. Na popula&#231;&#227;o de ICC por doen&#231;a de Chagas, Ritt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> verificaram que o melhor ponto de corte para pior progn&#243;stico dessa vari&#225;vel foi acima do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> &gt; 32,5 - portanto mais precoce que o dos estudos de outras etiologias. Arena et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> publicaram as classes ventilat&#243;rias baseadas no valor do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic>: classe I VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 29,9; classe II entre 30-35,9; classe III entre 36-44,9; classe IV &#8805; 45. Em 2 anos, a sobrevida livre de eventos (morte, transplante ou implante de assist&#234;ncia ventricular) para as classes I-IV foram, respectivamente, 97,2%; 85,2%; 72,3% e 44,2% (p &lt; 0,0001). Analisando uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes avaliados por TCPE para transplante card&#237;aco, Ferreira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> encontraram o ponto de corte &#8805; 43 para o VE/CO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> como sendo o ideal para se determinar a indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco. O uso do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> como crit&#233;rio para sele&#231;&#227;o de candidatos a transplante foi capaz de reclassificar corretamente 18,3% mais pacientes que os crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos baseados no VO<sub>2</sub> pico (p &lt; 0,001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O OUES tamb&#233;m apresenta valor progn&#243;stico independente. Inicialmente, Baba et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> descreveram o comportamento dessa vari&#225;vel, a qual, subsequentemente, teve seu ponto de corte e valor progn&#243;stico independente avaliado por outros autores. Um ponto de corte &lt; 1,47 L/min determina um grupo de maior gravidade em ICC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> &#233; identificado em pacientes com ICC. Groote et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> verificaram as medidas dessa vari&#225;vel em pacientes com VO<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 15, entre 10,1-14,9 e &#8804; 10 mL/kg/min. Os autores encontraram, respectivamente T<sub>1/2</sub> VO<sub>2</sub> de, 108 &#177; 44,6; 137 &#177; 58,7; 176 &#177; 75 segundos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Em pacientes sem cardiopatia o T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub> &#233;, geralmente, &lt; 90 segundos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A cin&#233;tica de recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC (RFC) &#233; um marcador progn&#243;stico j&#225; bem estabelecido em pacientes com DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> e est&#225; relacionada a altera&#231;&#245;es no balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o. Na ICC tamb&#233;m &#233; um fator independente de mortalidade, mesmo em pacientes em uso de betabloqueador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> O ponto de corte estabelecido para essa popula&#231;&#227;o foi &#8804; 16 batimentos/minuto em um protocolo de recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa (<italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> 4,6 IC 95%: 2,8-7,5; p &lt; 0,001). Sua utilidade cl&#237;nica foi avaliada em pacientes na zona intermedi&#225;ria do VO<sub>2</sub> pico para indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante (VO<sub>2</sub> entre 10,1-13,9 mL/kg/min). Neles, a an&#225;lise da RFC agregou valor ao VO<sub>2</sub> pico e ao VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic>. Aqueles com RFC e VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> alterados tiveram um progn&#243;stico compar&#225;vel &#224;queles com VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 10 mL/kg/min.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de oscila&#231;&#245;es amplas da ventila&#231;&#227;o durante o esfor&#231;o &#233; relacionada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares e &#243;bitos em pacientes com ICC. Esse padr&#227;o, an&#225;logo ao padr&#227;o de Cheyne-Stoke, quando ocorre no esfor&#231;o, recebe o nome esfor&#231;o recebeu o nome de ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica. A ocorr&#234;ncia de ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica ao esfor&#231;o (caracterizada por uma varia&#231;&#227;o da amplitude &gt; 5 L/min por ao menos 3 ciclos) esteve relacionada a uma chance de at&#233; 3 vezes maior de mortalidade em pacientes com ICC (<italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> 2,97 IC 95% 1,34 - 6,54; p &lt; 0,007).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> A presen&#231;a de ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica agregou risco em pacientes com VO<sub>2</sub> pico reduzido e VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> elevado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A PET CO<sub>2</sub> em repouso &#233; outro &#237;ndice que reflete a din&#226;mica de trocas pulmonares e difus&#227;o do CO<sub>2</sub> em n&#237;vel alveolar. Valores m&#233;dios &lt; 33 mmHg ap&#243;s 2 minutos em repouso foram correlacionados de forma independente com pior progn&#243;stico e maior mortalidade em ICC (<italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> 2,17 IC 95% 1,48-3,19; p &lt; 0,001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O PuO<sub>2</sub> pode ser analisado quanto ao seu valor absoluto, assim como quanto ao seu comportamento no esfor&#231;o. Um comportamento em plat&#244; est&#225;, por vezes, relacionado a um aumento insuficiente do VS ao esfor&#231;o. Um PuO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 85% do predito correlaciona-se de forma independente com eventos cardiovasculares maiores na ICC. Em pacientes com VO<sub>2</sub> pico &lt; 14,3 mL/kg/min e PuO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 85% do predito houve mortalidade mais elevada do que naqueles com somente um dos dois alterados (<italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> 4,76 versus 2,31, respectivamente). O PuO<sub>2</sub> foi ainda capaz de reclassificar o risco de pacientes em zona intermedi&#225;ria de VO<sub>2</sub> pico para transplante (10-14 mL/kg/min). Em pacientes nessa zona com PO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 85% houve mortalidade semelhante &#224; daqueles com VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 10 mL/kg/min.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Pelo exposto, cada vari&#225;vel do TCPE se correlaciona com a intera&#231;&#227;o da IC com outro &#243;rg&#227;o ou sistema. Assim, a an&#225;lise combinada dessas vari&#225;veis tem a capacidade de gerar uma melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco a esses pacientes. As vari&#225;veis do TCPE podem ser combinadas em escores de risco na ICC. Levy et al. demonstraram que a adi&#231;&#227;o dos dados do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> ao escore de progn&#243;stico de Seattle, por exemplo, foi capaz de melhorar a capacidade de discernir progn&#243;stico de tal escore, tendo reclassificado 40% dos pacientes para uma categoria de risco mais apropriada (p = 0,002).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para fins de determinar signific&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica do TCPE na ICC, Cahalin et al. realizaram uma metan&#225;lise dos estudos publicados at&#233; a &#233;poca (2013) e calcularam as raz&#245;es de chance ("OR") para cada vari&#225;vel progn&#243;stica. As raz&#245;es de chance para as principais vari&#225;veis progn&#243;sticas avaliadas (VO<sub>2</sub> pico, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic>, OUES e ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica) foram, respectivamente, 4,10 (IR 3,16-5,33); 5,40 (IR 4,17-6,99); 8,08 (IR 4,19-15,58); 5,48 (IR 3,82-7,86).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para aqueles que n&#227;o lidam diariamente com o TCPE, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de cada vari&#225;vel pode se tornar algo pouco pr&#225;tico. Nesse sentido, Myers et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> desenvolveram um escore que combina as informa&#231;&#245;es das principais vari&#225;veis do exame em um n&#250;mero. S&#227;o atribu&#237;dos pontos &#224;s vari&#225;veis VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> (&#8805; 34) - 7 pontos, RFC (&#8804; 6 batimentos/minuto) - 5 pontos, OUES (&#8804; 1,4) - 3 pontos, PET CO<sub>2</sub> (&lt; 33 mmHg) - 3 pontos, VO<sub>2</sub> pico (&#8804; 14 mL/kg/min) - 2 pontos. O escore varia de 0 a 20, tendo como refer&#234;ncia o grupo 0-5. Os demais se correlacionaram, de forma crescente, com risco de morte/transplante ou implante de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular: 6-10 (<italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> 2,74 IC 95% 2,16-3,48; p &lt; 0,001), 11-15 (<italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> 4,6 IC 95% 3,55-5,98; p &lt; 0,001) e &gt; 15 (<italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> 9,25 IC 95% 5,75-14,88; p &lt; 0,001). Em 3 anos, a mortalidade para pacientes com escores &gt;15 foi de 12,2%, contrastando com 1,2% naqueles com escore &lt; 5. Em uma an&#225;lise recente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> esse escore foi aplicado em pacientes na classe B de Weber (an&#225;loga &#224; classe NYHA II). No seguimento de 3 anos, pacientes com escore &#8805; 10 tiveram sobrevida livre de eventos equivalente a de pacientes em classe C de Weber, e aqueles com escore &lt; 10, um progn&#243;stico equivalente ao de pacientes em classe A de Weber.</p>
          <p>O TCPE tem papel preponderante na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICC, n&#227;o somente para sele&#231;&#227;o de candidatos &#224; transplante, como tamb&#233;m para determinar o progn&#243;stico e ajudar na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica de pacientes no amplo espectro de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da ICC. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref> traz uma estrat&#233;gia de estratifica&#231;&#227;o, por meio do uso combinado dessas vari&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Proposta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco baseada nos resultados do TCPE em pacientes com ICC (Modificado de Ribeiro JP, Stein R, Chiappa GR. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2006 Mar-Apr;26(2):63-71). TCPE: teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio; VO<sub>2</sub>:  consumo de oxig&#234;nio; R: raz&#227;o de troca pulmonar; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: curva da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ventila&#231;&#227;o e a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; PET CO<sub>2</sub>:  press&#227;o expirada de di&#243;xido de carbono; T 1/2: tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> a 50% do valor de pico ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o; PuO<sub>2</sub>:  pulso de oxig&#234;nio; OUES: "oxygen uptake efficiency slope" (efici&#234;ncia para capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio); RFC: recupera&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0467-60171-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TCPE na avalia&#231;&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>O TCPE pode auxiliar, tamb&#233;m, na investiga&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com suspeita de DAC. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica se espera uma carga isqu&#234;mica significativa com potencial de influenciar negativamente, durante o exerc&#237;cio, o desempenho sist&#243;lico do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Durante o exerc&#237;cio incremental, o desequil&#237;brio, pelo m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, entre a oferta e o VO<sub>2</sub>, ocasiona uma sequ&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas que podem ter como consequ&#234;ncia final uma inadequada eleva&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica do VS. No TCPE pode ser observado um comportamento deprimido, seja em plat&#244; ou em queda, do PuO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
          <p>Tr&#234;s s&#227;o as vari&#225;veis do TCPE indicadas para avaliar a presen&#231;a e a gravidade da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica: 1) PuO<sub>2</sub>; 2) Curva e ascens&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> e 3) Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a varia&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> e a varia&#231;&#227;o da carga, na unidade <italic>watts</italic>, nesse caso, exclusivamente, em cicloerg&#244;metro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pulso de oxig&#234;nio e curva do consumo de oxig&#234;nio</title>
          <p>Como j&#225; mencionado, habitualmente, a Dif A-V O<sub>2</sub> tende a permanecer constante durante o esfor&#231;o incremental, excetuando em raros casos de anemias, hemoglobinopatias, algumas cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e na DPOC, em que ocorre queda importante da satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio. Exclu&#237;das essas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, podemos inferir que a evolu&#231;&#227;o do VS, durante o exerc&#237;cio incremental, &#233; refletida pela equa&#231;&#227;o: VO<sub>2</sub>/FC = VS. A raz&#227;o VO<sub>2</sub>/FC denominada "pulso de oxig&#234;nio", medido em mililitros por batimentos, reflete o volume de O<sub>2</sub> ejetado na aorta em cada s&#237;stole. Da mesma forma, o VS tamb&#233;m medido em mililitros por batimento, revela o volume de sangue ejetado na aorta em cada s&#237;stole. Portanto, essas duas vari&#225;veis refletem o comportamento hemodin&#226;mico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo durante o TCPE, embora sejam numericamente diferentes.</p>
          <p>T&#227;o importante quanto o valor num&#233;rico do PuO<sub>2,</sub> durante a fase incremental do TCPE, &#233; a an&#225;lise da curva da rela&#231;&#227;o VO<sub>2</sub>/FC em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo, a qual deve apresentar uma tend&#234;ncia crescente, mais comumente em formato de par&#225;bola. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de um plat&#244; na curva do PuO<sub>2</sub>, especialmente se precoce ou com intensidades baixas de esfor&#231;o, ou um padr&#227;o descendente ou com valores descrescentes sugere preju&#237;zo no VS durante o exerc&#237;cio incremental e pode representar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). Vale lembrar que outras condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas podem provocar altera&#231;&#245;es semelhantes, como as disfun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares decorrentes de cardiomiopatias n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas, conferindo informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas na IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> assim como em doen&#231;as oro-valvares obstrutivas. Na presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es cronotr&#243;picas graves, estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica artificial e arritmias, tais como a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, a an&#225;lise do PuO<sub>2</sub> fica comprometida e sem precis&#227;o.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-reabilita&#231;&#227;o em paciente masculino de 57 anos, hipertenso, diab&#233;tico, com sobrepeso e comprometimento coronariano tri-arterial, tendo se recusado a se submeter &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica indicada h&#225; oito anos. Em A: evidente queda do pulso de oxig&#234;nio. Em B: plat&#244; precoce do consumo de oxig&#234;nio. Ambas as altera&#231;&#245;es (A e B) sucederam-se por evid&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o isqu&#234;mica do segmento ST, vista em A, seguida de dor tor&#225;cica progressiva.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0467-60171-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o &#916;VO <sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR (Watts)</title>
          <p>Espera-se que para cada aumento semelhante de carga imposta no TCPE haja tamb&#233;m semelhante incremento no VO<sub>2</sub>. Normalmente, o incremento de carga de um Watt deve corresponder a um VO<sub>2</sub> absoluto de 10 mL/min. A perda dessa rela&#231;&#227;o linear, com redu&#231;&#227;o do seu valor a n&#237;veis frequentemente inferiores a 5 mL/min, apesar do aumento da intensidade de exerc&#237;cio no TCPE, &#233; uma informa&#231;&#227;o que contribui para o diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A rela&#231;&#227;o delta VO<sub>2</sub> /delta Watts, em torno de 10 mL/min.Watts, subitamente se reduz, apesar da eleva&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de exerc&#237;cio medida em Watts. Diante dessa quebra da linearidade poderia ser feita infer&#234;ncia adicional da presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica por meio de TCPE realizado em cicloerg&#244;metro (modificado da refer&#234;ncia 52).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0467-60171-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Vale ressaltar que as altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de isquemia ao TCPE se tornam mais evidentes conforme a gravidade da isquemia, as quais nem sempre est&#227;o presentes isoladamente ou em conjunto. A an&#225;lise dessas vari&#225;veis deve ser feita juntamente com a suspeita cl&#237;nica pr&#233;-teste. O TCPE pode ser indicado na avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional do paciente com DAC estabelecida, assim como na investiga&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, particularmente nas seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Quando de moderada a alta probabilidade pr&#233;-teste para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Para acr&#233;scimo na acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, quando no TCPE alguma altera&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, hemodin&#226;mica ou eletrocardiogr&#225;fica estiver presente, dificultando o diagn&#243;stico pelo teste ergom&#233;trico convencional.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Quando a &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdica for de grande magnitude, comprometendo a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pela redu&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o evolutiva ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica ou cir&#250;rgica.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a de outras condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, pode ser recomendado na avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico do paciente com DAC, com ou sem evid&#234;ncia de isquemia, por meio de outras vari&#225;veis habitualmente utilizadas com tal objetivo, como: VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic>, VO<sub>2</sub> pico, OUES, ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica e T<sub>1/2</sub>, al&#233;m de outras vari&#225;veis do TCPE que ainda aguardam estudos mais robustos na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TCPE no diagn&#243;stico diferencial da dispneia</title>
          <p>Dispneia &#233; um sintoma comum em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, sendo caracterizada pela percep&#231;&#227;o de dificuldade ou desconforto respirat&#243;rio. A sua fisiopatologia &#233; complexa envolvendo mecanismos neuro-humorais e mec&#226;nicos. De forma pr&#225;tica, o diagn&#243;stico diferencial pode ser classificado em quatro categorias: card&#237;aca, pulmonar, mista cardiopulmonar e n&#227;o cardiopulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Podemos dividir o uso do TCPE na avalia&#231;&#227;o da dispneia em dois cen&#225;rios distintos: em pacientes com dispneia sem um diagn&#243;stico estabelecido e em pacientes com m&#250;ltiplas causas poss&#237;veis, em que o teste vai ser &#250;til na determina&#231;&#227;o de qual mecanismo est&#225; prevalecendo e provocando os sintomas. A dispneia, cuja causa n&#227;o possa ser esclarecida pela anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e exames complementares em repouso, pode ser melhor avaliada, pelo TCPE, quanto a sua origem. Por meio de uma an&#225;lise combinada, desde o repouso ao m&#225;ximo esfor&#231;o, as respostas cardiovasculares, respirat&#243;ria e do metabolismo perif&#233;rico podem dar informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o mecanismo pelo qual a dispneia &#233; produzida. Devido ao seu baixo custo, o TCPE pode ser indicado precocemente na hierarquia proped&#234;utica da avalia&#231;&#227;o da dispneia, sendo &#250;til na orienta&#231;&#227;o de outros exames complementares, quando necess&#225;rios, para a conduta terap&#234;utica e avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comportamento das principais vari&#225;veis do TCPE nas diversas causas de dispneia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Origem dispneia</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Cardiovascular</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Pulmonar</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Vascular-pulmonar</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Hiperventila&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Simula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                  <td align="center">reduzido</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LA</td>
                  <td align="center">precoce</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                  <td align="center">precoce</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">R</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                  <td align="center">reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">normal/reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">normal/reduzido</td>
                  <td align="center">reduzido</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> <italic>slope</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">elevado</td>
                  <td align="center">elevado</td>
                  <td align="center">elevado</td>
                  <td align="center">elevado</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PET CO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">baixo no LA</td>
                  <td align="center">baixo no LA</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VE/VVM</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                  <td align="center">reduzida</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PuO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">reduzido/plat&#244;</td>
                  <td align="center">normal/plat&#244;</td>
                  <td align="center">reduzido/plat&#244;</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sat O<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                  <td align="center">queda</td>
                  <td align="center">queda</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR</td>
                  <td align="center">reduzido/plat&#244;</td>
                  <td align="center">normal/plat&#244;</td>
                  <td align="center">reduzido/plat&#244;</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                  <td align="center">normal</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; LA: limiar anaer&#243;bico; R: raz&#227;o de troca pulmonar; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: curva da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ventila&#231;&#227;o e a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; PET CO2: press&#227;o expirada de di&#243;xido de carbono; VE/VVM: reserva ventilat&#243;ria; PuO<sub>2</sub>: pulso de oxig&#234;nio; Sat O<sub>2</sub>:  satura&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina; &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR: rela&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de oxig&#234;nio e carga de trabalho.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Estudos que avaliaram o valor cl&#237;nico do TCPE em pacientes com dispneia cr&#244;nica (mais de 1 m&#234;s) de origem indeterminada ou dispneia de m&#250;ltiplas causas poss&#237;veis evidenciaram a utilidade pr&#225;tica em: diferenciar dispneia de origem prim&#225;ria cardiocirculat&#243;ria da dispneia de etiologia pulmonar ventilat&#243;ria ou daquela relacionada a problemas no bin&#244;mio ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o; quantificar os diferentes mecanismos na dispneia de v&#225;rias causas; identificar componente circulat&#243;rio insuspeito ou subestimado; e identificar componente psicog&#234;nico ou de simula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial dessas patologias, faz-se necess&#225;ria uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o pragm&#225;tica dos dados do TCPE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref> O primeiro passo &#233; avaliar o VO<sub>2</sub> pico e determinar o percentual do predito alcan&#231;ado. Doen&#231;as pulmonares, cardiovasculares, metab&#243;licas ou descondicionamento f&#237;sico podem ser respons&#225;veis por VO<sub>2</sub> reduzido. Segue-se a an&#225;lise da reserva ventilat&#243;ria que, se for baixa, pode identificar pneumopatia de base. Reserva ventilat&#243;ria menor que 20% &#233; encontrada em limita&#231;&#227;o por doen&#231;as pulmonares, entretanto, como j&#225; descrito, indiv&#237;duos altamente treinados ou situa&#231;&#245;es de esfor&#231;o extenuante tamb&#233;m podem consumir a reserva ventilat&#243;ria no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo como mecanismo de compensa&#231;&#227;o, mas nesses casos o VO<sub>2</sub> pico n&#227;o estar&#225; significativamente reduzido.</p>
          <p>O passo seguinte &#233; a an&#225;lise da satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>. Queda maior que 4% no pico do esfor&#231;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao repouso &#233; caracter&#237;stico de limita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. O VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> elevado e PET CO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 33 mmHg em repouso e/ou eleva&#231;&#227;o superior a 8 mmHg durante o esfor&#231;o s&#227;o sugestivos de mecanismos respirat&#243;rios como causa da dispneia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Observa&#231;&#227;o do PuO<sub>2</sub> e da rela&#231;&#227;o &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR pode identificar cardiopatia, se as curvas revelam plat&#244; ou queda, refletindo VS inadequado &#224; carga imposta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref> Por&#233;m, indiv&#237;duos pneumopatas com algum grau de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tamb&#233;m podem desenvolver plat&#244; do PuO<sub>2</sub>. A combina&#231;&#227;o de plat&#244; do PuO<sub>2</sub> com queda da satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> &gt; 40 e PET CO<sub>2</sub> reduzido (&lt; 33 mmHg em repouso ou &lt; 36 mmHg no LA) &#233; fortemente sugestiva de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar ou patologia com envolvimento vascular pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Pacientes com dispneia por limita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular apresentam VO<sub>2</sub> reduzido, LA precoce, inefici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> elevado), inefici&#234;ncia na capta&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> (OUES reduzido), plat&#244; do PuO<sub>2</sub> ou da rela&#231;&#227;o &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR, com reserva ventilat&#243;ria normal, PET CO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 33 mmHg em repouso e/ou aumento &lt; 3 mmHg durante o esfor&#231;o, al&#233;m de aus&#234;ncia de queda da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Pacientes com descondicionamento f&#237;sico e anemia apresentam VO<sub>2</sub> reduzido e aumento na &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR (no cicloerg&#244;metro), por&#233;m, n&#227;o se enquadram nos crit&#233;rios de limita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar ou cardiovascular. Em pacientes com descondicionamento intenso podem ocorrer redu&#231;&#227;o do LA e aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o FC/VO<sub>2</sub>. J&#225; um R baixo, apesar de sensa&#231;&#227;o de cansa&#231;o extremo pela escala de BORG, aponta para um mecanismo perif&#233;rico como motivo da limita&#231;&#227;o ao esfor&#231;o.</p>
          <p>Pacientes com hiperventila&#231;&#227;o apresentam efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria reduzida (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> elevado), PET CO<sub>2</sub> reduzido no LA, modifica&#231;&#245;es abruptas do padr&#227;o ventilat&#243;rio com fases de taquipneia e hipopneia e frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aumentada em demasia ao esfor&#231;o. Habitualmente, a reserva ventilat&#243;ria &#233; normal e a satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> tem comportamento fisiol&#243;gico.</p>
          <p>Estudando 39 pacientes com asma de dif&#237;cil controle, McNicholl et al. verificaram que em 14 dos casos a persist&#234;ncia da queixa de dispneia era explicada por hiperventila&#231;&#227;o, tendo-se evitado aumento indevido da dose de broncodilatadores nesses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref> Em situa&#231;&#245;es de per&#237;cia m&#233;dica, por exemplo, diante da queixa de dispneia, o perito pode ter dificuldade em determinar se o sintoma &#233; real ou estabelecer uma efetiva gradua&#231;&#227;o do mesmo, podendo lan&#231;ar m&#227;o do TCPE para tal fim. Para o diagn&#243;stico de simula&#231;&#227;o por meio do TCPE, o paciente refere cansa&#231;o extremo, solicita a interrup&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o e apresenta reserva ventilat&#243;ria normal, comportamento da satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> normal, LA dentro do esperado para o VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo predito (entre 40-60%), mas um R compat&#237;vel com esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo (&lt; 1), al&#233;m de aparente d&#233;ficit cronotr&#243;pico.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>TCPE nas doen&#231;as pulmonares</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica</title>
          <p>A gravidade da DPOC &#233; determinada com base em sintomas e em resultados da espirometria. No entanto, testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar em repouso n&#227;o predizem com acur&#225;cia o grau de intoler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref> A incapacidade de aumentar a ventila&#231;&#227;o a graus que permitam altos n&#237;veis de troca gasosa &#233; um dos mecanismos que explicam a dispneia no esfor&#231;o. Esse fen&#244;meno pode ser observado no TCPE e &#233; habitualmente interpretado como limita&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria. Embora seja caracter&#237;stica de quadros obstrutivos, pode ocorrer, tamb&#233;m, em casos de doen&#231;as restritivas - incluindo doen&#231;as intersticiais pulmonares - e de anormalidades da caixa tor&#225;cica. O crit&#233;rio que define a limita&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria &#233; discut&#237;vel, mas quando a reserva respirat&#243;ria no pico do esfor&#231;o &#233; menor que 15%, julga-se que h&#225; limita&#231;&#227;o, especialmente quando o R est&#225; abaixo de 1,0.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Em pacientes com DPOC, o VO<sub>2</sub> pico continua sendo o melhor &#237;ndice de capacidade aer&#243;bica, desde que se assuma que o paciente exercitou-se at&#233; seu limite. Por outro lado, outros aspectos merecem considera&#231;&#227;o ao interpretar um TCPE do paciente com DPOC. Existe uma combina&#231;&#227;o de baixa capacidade ventilat&#243;ria com alta demanda ventilat&#243;ria, aumentando a sensa&#231;&#227;o de dispneia. A percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o em membros inferiores &#233; frequentemente exagerada em tais pacientes e pode ser um fator limitante, especialmente em testes em cicloerg&#244;metro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Outro fator que pode contribuir significativamente para o desenvolvimento de dispneia intoler&#225;vel durante o exerc&#237;cio &#233; a hiperinsufla&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica. Com o aumento do fluxo respirat&#243;rio durante o exerc&#237;cio, o ar fica aprisionado no pulm&#227;o acarretando aumento progressivo do volume residual e, consequentemente, reduzindo a capacidade inspirat&#243;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>). Isso ocorre, com frequ&#234;ncia, em conjunto com uma redu&#231;&#227;o no volume corrente, indicando que a mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria atingiu seu limite funcional. A presen&#231;a de hiperinsufla&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica pode ser observada no TCPE quando realizadas an&#225;lises peri&#243;dicas da curva de fluxo-volume com medida da capacidade inspirat&#243;ria durante o exerc&#237;cio. Fato especialmente &#250;til quando h&#225; uma despropor&#231;&#227;o entre a intensidade do sintoma e o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas fluxo-volume: A) em paciente sem doen&#231;a pulmonar; B) com DPOC. Observar o deslocamento da al&#231;a para esquerda com sobreposi&#231;&#227;o (envelopamento). CI: capacidade inspirat&#243;ria; CPT: capacidade pulmonar total, VT: volume corrente.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0467-60171-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Broncoespasmo induzido pelo esfor&#231;o</title>
          <p>Broncoespasmo induzido pelo esfor&#231;o (BIE) &#233; o estreitamento agudo das vias a&#233;reas que ocorre como resultado do exerc&#237;cio. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas incluem "chiado no peito", tosse, dispneia ou opress&#227;o precordial habitualmente 5 a 10 minutos ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, sendo menos comum ocorrer durante o mesmo. Seu diagn&#243;stico requer um protocolo espec&#237;fico em que s&#227;o realizadas repetidas espirometrias no p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, tipicamente aos 5, 10 e 15 minutos. Uma queda no volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) de 10% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-esfor&#231;o &#233; diagn&#243;stico de BIE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> Para o diagn&#243;stico de hiper-reatividade br&#244;nquica, esse teste &#233; menos sens&#237;vel que os testes broncoprovocativos com broncoconstritores (metacolina, histamina), no entanto, &#233; mais espec&#237;fico para o diagn&#243;stico de BIE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar</title>
          <p>O TCPE tamb&#233;m vem sendo aplicado para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar. &#201; importante, todavia, considerar aspectos da fisiopatologia da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar para compreender e interpretar esses achados no contexto cl&#237;nico.</p>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar &#233; definida pela press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PAPm) maior ou igual a 25 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref> e, comumente, a dispneia ao esfor&#231;o &#233; o sintoma mais precoce. A circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar &#233; um circuito de alta capacit&#226;ncia, e, frequentemente, valores normais de PAPm s&#227;o observados nos est&#225;gios iniciais da doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar. Na realidade, para que haja aumento dos n&#237;veis de PAPm em repouso, mais de 50% da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar precisa estar obstru&#237;da, resultando em diagn&#243;stico relativamente tardio da doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar durante o esfor&#231;o requer o uso de um cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar para medida direta durante o exerc&#237;cio. Isto faz parte do chamado TCPE invasivo (ou avan&#231;ado), dispon&#237;vel em apenas alguns centros. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que a defini&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar no esfor&#231;o, PAP m&#233;dia acima de 30 mmHg, &#233; arbitr&#225;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref> e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis podem atingir valores muito mais altos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref> Al&#233;m disso, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; dados suficientes para afirmar que pacientes com essa "hemodin&#226;mica anormal" ir&#227;o realmente, no futuro, progredir para verdadeira hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em repouso.</p>
          <p>O TCPE pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es que auxiliam o cl&#237;nico a suspeitar dela ao avaliar um paciente com dispneia de etiologia indefinida. Foi demonstrado que a raz&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> no LA e no pico do esfor&#231;o &#233; bastante elevada em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, maior do que em pacientes com IC e mesma classe funcional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> Al&#233;m disso, baixos valores de PET CO<sub>2</sub> no final da expira&#231;&#227;o, tanto no repouso quanto no exerc&#237;cio, foram associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Foi sugerido que, na aus&#234;ncia de hiperventila&#231;&#227;o aguda (R normal), a presen&#231;a da raz&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> acima de 37 e PET CO<sub>2</sub> abaixo de 30 mmHg no LA poderia indicar doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar. Ainda, valores excepcionalmente baixos de PET CO<sub>2</sub> (abaixo de 20 mmHg) s&#227;o incomuns em outras doen&#231;as e aumentam ainda mais a suspeita de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em pacientes em investiga&#231;&#227;o de dispneia ao esfor&#231;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica na hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</title>
          <p>O TCPE pode ser usado tanto na avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em pacientes com doen&#231;a j&#225; estabelecida, quanto na resposta &#224; terapia. Na hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar idiop&#225;tica, Wensel et al. evidenciaram que os indiv&#237;duos com VO<sub>2</sub> pico menor que 10,4 mL/kg/min e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica pico menor que 120 mmHg tinham pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref> As diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> recomendam que valores de VO<sub>2</sub> pico acima de 15,0 e abaixo de 12,0 mL/kg/min indicam bom e mau progn&#243;stico, respectivamente. No entanto, tal par&#226;metro n&#227;o deve ser avaliado isoladamente, e deve fazer parte de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o compreensiva para determinar a gravidade da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
          <p>A raz&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> no LA e o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> tamb&#233;m foram associados ao progn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, com valores, respectivamente, maiores ou iguais a 54 e 62 indicando menor sobrevida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref> No entanto, parece que essa rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se aplica a todas as formas de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Foi observado que o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> est&#225; mais elevado na hipertens&#227;o pulmonar decorrente de tromboembolismo pulmonar cr&#244;nico (HP-TEP) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar. Interessante &#233; que na HP-TEP, o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> n&#227;o foi associado &#224; classe funcional, sugerindo n&#227;o ter rela&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade e com valores altos j&#225; em fases precoces.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> Outro par&#226;metro associado a pior sobrevida em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar &#233; a observa&#231;&#227;o no TCPE de sinais de <italic>shunt</italic> da direita para a esquerda durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TCPE em crian&#231;as e adolescentes</title>
          <p>O TCPE na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica &#233; utilizado com objetivos semelhantes aos da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, entretanto, com particularidades espec&#237;ficas relacionadas ao universo infantil. As condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais devem ser prop&#237;cias para que a crian&#231;a se adapte com o exame e, assim, possibilite uma boa avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O TCPE tem sido muito &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos normais e portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas complexas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref> permitindo determinar as causas fisiopatol&#243;gicas que limitam a capacidade funcional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref> Os protocolos e os erg&#244;metros (esteira rolante ou cicloerg&#244;metro) s&#227;o selecionados de acordo com os objetivos e a experi&#234;ncia dos laborat&#243;rios que o realizam, no entanto, os protocolos de rampa s&#227;o, atualmente, os mais aplicados.</p>
          <p>Quando comparadas as respostas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias de crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis com as de adultos jovens saud&#225;veis, Prado e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref> evidenciaram menor efici&#234;ncia cardiovascular (traduzida por menor PuO<sub>2</sub>), respirat&#243;ria (menor PET CO<sub>2</sub>), maior FR e VE/VO<sub>2</sub> no pico do exerc&#237;cio e ao n&#237;vel do LA. No entanto, as crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis apresentaram maior efici&#234;ncia metab&#243;lica (menor R e VO<sub>2</sub> pico, sendo esses semelhantes &#224;queles de adultos jovens saud&#225;veis).</p>
          <p>De fato, a literatura aponta poss&#237;veis raz&#245;es para a imaturidade no metabolismo anaer&#243;bico em crian&#231;as durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, tais como: menores n&#237;veis de glicog&#234;nio muscular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref> atividade reduzida da fosfofrutoquinase-1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref> e da enzima lactato desidrogenase,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref> al&#233;m de uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de fibras musculares de contra&#231;&#227;o lenta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Sob outro prisma, as crian&#231;as portadoras de cardiopatias t&#234;m, geralmente, menor pot&#234;ncia aer&#243;bica do que adultos jovens e crian&#231;as sem cardiopatias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref> Nesse sentido, outras vari&#225;veis e o comportamento das mesmas, extra&#237;das do TCPE, s&#227;o de grande valia na mensura&#231;&#227;o das respostas ao exerc&#237;cio. O OUES representa um par&#226;metro que indica perfus&#227;o sist&#234;mica e pulmonar e tem alta correla&#231;&#227;o com o VO<sub>2</sub> pico. Nas crian&#231;as sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular, o OUES aumenta com o desenvolvimento da crian&#231;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref> entretanto, em cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, de acordo com estudo de Dias et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref> foi identificada uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o OUES e graus de comprometimento funcional em 59 crian&#231;as no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de corre&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. Neste estudo, os autores observaram que baixos valores de OUES se relacionavam com a redu&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> pico (abaixo de 80% do valor predito), em 90% dos casos, confirmando a presen&#231;a do um dist&#250;rbio cardiovascular frente ao esfor&#231;o.</p>
          <p>Tem sido ainda de grande utilidade a avalia&#231;&#227;o ergoespirom&#233;trica no seguimento de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas complexas tratadas parcialmente ou definitivamente, como aux&#237;lio indicativo no momento ideal de novas interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2</xref> evidencia as respostas do desempenho de crian&#231;as no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de diversas cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas cianog&#234;nicas, como a tetralogia de Fallot, a transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias e cora&#231;&#245;es univentriculares.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o do desempenho ergoespirom&#233;trico entre crian&#231;as com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas complexas e normais pelo teste incremental m&#225;ximo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Cardiopatas <break/>(n = 30)</th>
                  <th align="center">Normais <break/>(n = 30)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Idade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">11,9 &#177; 6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">Ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Desempenho no Teste Incremental</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Velocidade m&#225;x (km.h<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Velocidade LA (km.h<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">6,9 &#177; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o m&#225;x (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2 &#177; 4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,049</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dist&#226;ncia (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">1091,2 &#177; 384,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1262,9 &#177; 307,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Cardiovascular</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC rep (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,47 &#177; 11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">79,0 &#177; 12,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC pico (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">175,9 &#177; 23,0</td>
                  <td align="center">185,8 &#177; 19,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS rep (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">106,8 &#177; 21,4</td>
                  <td align="center">106,2 &#177; 19,0</td>
                  <td align="center">Ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Delta PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">36,1 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">39,2 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pulso O<sub>2 PICO</sub> mL.bat<sup>-1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">10,4 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">13,5 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pulso O<sub>2 LA</sub> mL.bat<sup>-1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8,3 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">12,5 &#177;3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">OUES</td>
                  <td align="center">1693,5 &#177; 761,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1876,6 &#177; 564,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">OUES/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">34,1 &#177; 11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">46,1 &#177; 9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pot Circulat&#243;ria (mmHg/mL/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">1924,0 &#177; 550</td>
                  <td align="center">3937,5 &#177; 1220</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Metab&#243;licas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2 PICO</sub> mL/min</td>
                  <td align="center">1021 &#177; 474,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1637,40 &#177; 834,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2 PICO</sub> mL/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">31,5 &#177; 7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">42,3 &#177; 7,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2 LA</sub> mL/min</td>
                  <td align="center">19,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">25,9 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2 LA</sub> mL/min</td>
                  <td align="center">643,4 &#177; 301,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1004,2 &#177; 567,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">R (VCO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">Ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PET CO<sub>2</sub> mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">30,83 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">34,2 &#177; 4,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Ventilat&#243;rias e Trocas Gasosas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VE pico L/min</td>
                  <td align="center">50,4 &#177; 22,0</td>
                  <td align="center">55,2 &#177; 22,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FR (rpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,0 &#177; 15,2</td>
                  <td align="center">58,6 &#177; 10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">Ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PE TCO<sub>2</sub> mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">32,83 &#177; 3,90</td>
                  <td align="center">34,41 &#177; 3,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">41,2 &#177; 6,40</td>
                  <td align="center">35,5 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SpO<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,9 &#177; 8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">97,6 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>FC rep: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso; FC pico: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima atingida; Delta PAS: diferen&#231;a entre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica pico e a de repouso; OUES: Oxygen Uptake Efficience Slope; Pot.circulat&#243;ria: Pot&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria, VO<sub>2 PICO</sub> mL/min: consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o; VO<sub>2 LA</sub> mL/min:consumo de oxig&#234;nio no limiar anaer&#243;bico; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto; FR: frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, SpO<sub>2</sub> (%): satura&#231;&#227;o da oxi-hemoglobina (modificado da refer&#234;ncia 86).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Kempny et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref> descreveram os valores de refer&#234;ncia das principais vari&#225;veis ergoespirom&#233;tricas entre adultos com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e relacionaram os dados de seu centro com os da literatura para orienta&#231;&#227;o e libera&#231;&#227;o das atividades recreativas, desportivas e profissionais desses indiv&#237;duos.</p>
          <p>Assim, o comportamento das vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares como o PUO<sub>2</sub> e o VO<sub>2</sub> pico e as ventilat&#243;rias (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic>) apresentam, em conjunto, informa&#231;&#245;es importantes sobre dados mais abrangentes e objetivos da real capacidade funcional das crian&#231;as e adolescentes portadoras de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. Abaixo descrevemos os principais exemplos: ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o tardia de tetratogia de Fallot, a evolu&#231;&#227;o com insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar e poss&#237;vel dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita pode indicar troca ou, atualmente, o implante de novas pr&#243;teses como a de <italic>Melody.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref> O TCPE pode indicar o melhor momento para a interven&#231;&#227;o, quando a morfologia da curva do PUO<sub>2</sub> se mostra deprimida ou em plat&#244; precoce, al&#233;m da inefici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria caracterizada por valores elevados de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic>. Ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o tardia da transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias pela t&#233;cnica Mustard ou Senning, mais antiga, muitas crian&#231;as apresentam piora da efici&#234;ncia metab&#243;lica (VO<sub>2</sub> pico mais reduzido e ventila&#231;&#227;o excessiva - VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> mais elevado), o que n&#227;o ocorre quando submetidas &#224; cirurgia de Jatene, considerada a t&#233;cnica ideal. Adicionalmente, o TCPE permite an&#225;lise da resposta de troca gasosa em outras cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas mais complexas com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, como a s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmengher.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O TCPE tem sido um recurso complementar de grande valor no seguimento dos cardiopatas cong&#234;nitos, tanto na avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, quanto na indica&#231;&#227;o do momento ideal para novas abordagens terap&#234;uticas, provendo informa&#231;&#245;es objetivas, diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas sobre o real status funcional cardiopulmonar do paciente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
