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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TWKfmFPtRzJvjsKGjTp57jL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004400460</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160168</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance-Verified Myocardial Fibrosis in Chagas Disease: Clinical Correlates and Risk Stratification</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Uellendahl</surname>
            <given-names>Marly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eduarda Menezes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calado</surname>
            <given-names>Eveline Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral</surname>
            <given-names>D&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#233;bia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Narula</surname>
            <given-names>Jagat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Cardiovascular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">EPM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Setor de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">DASA/Delboni</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">DASA/Delboni, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution><institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Oswaldo Cruz</institution>Departamento de Cardiologia <addr-line><named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content><named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content></addr-line><country country="BR">Brazil</country><institution content-type="original">Hospital Oswaldo Cruz - Universidade de Pernambuco - Departamento de Cardiologia, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution><institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mount Sinai Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Nova York</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mount Sinai Hospital, Cardiology Department, Nova York - Estados Unidos</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Mount Sinai Hospital</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</bold>, InCor - HCFMUSP. Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar 44 - Andar AB - Resson&#226;ncia &amp; Tomografia Cardiovascular, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rochitte@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Uellendahl M, Rochitte CE; Acquisition of data: Uellendahl M, Sobral D, Ribeiro C, Oliveira W, Martins S; Writing of the manuscript: Uellendahl M, Siqueira MEM, Narula J, Rochitte CE; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Uellendahl M, Siqueira MEM, Calado EB, Kalil-Filho R, Ribeiro C, Oliveira W, Martins S, Narula J, Rochitte CE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>460</fpage>
      <lpage>466</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Chagas disease (CD) is an important cause of heart failure and mortality, mainly in Latin America. This study evaluated the morphological and functional characteristics of the heart as well the extent of myocardial fibrosis (MF) in patients with CD by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The prognostic value of MF evaluated by myocardial-delayed enhancement (MDE) was compared with that via Rassi score.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study assessed 39 patients divided into 2 groups: 28 asymptomatic patients as indeterminate form group (IND); and symptomatic patients as Chagas Heart Disease (CHD) group. All patients underwent CMR using the techniques of cine-MRI and MDE, and the amount of MF was compared with the Rassi score.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Regarding the morphological and functional analysis, significant differences were observed between both groups (p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the extent of MF and the Rassi score (r = 0.76).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>CMR is an important technique for evaluating patients with CD, stressing morphological and functional differences in all clinical presentations. The strong correlation with the Rassi score and the extent of MF detected by CMR emphasizes its role in the prognostic stratification of patients with CD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk factors, Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Although first described more than a hundred years ago,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Chagas disease (CD) continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> affecting about 6 million people and with approximately 30 000 new cases detected every year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Due to constantly increasing migration of Latin Americans to North America and Western Europe, this disease is presenting a global challenge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The clinical outcomes in patients suffering from Chagas heart disease (CHD) are best expressed by risk factors including high functional New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes for symptomatic presentation, radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction on echocardiography, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) on 24-hour ambulatory monitoring, low QRS voltage on electrocardiography, and male sex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Rassi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> have established a quantitative scoring system to identify CD patients at risk of dying prematurely. Six independent prognostic factors were identified, and each was assigned a number of points proportional to its regression coefficient: NYHA class III or IV (5 points), evidence of cardiomegaly on chest radiography (5 points), left ventricular systolic dysfunction on echocardiography (3 points), NSVT on 24-hour Holter monitoring (3 points), low QRS voltage on electrocardiography (2 points), and male sex (2 points). Risk scores were calculated for each patient and 3 risk groups were defined: low risk (0 to 6 points), intermediate risk (7 to 11 points), and high risk (12 to 20 points). The 10-year mortality rates for these 3 groups were 10%, 44%, and 84%, respectively, in a validation cohort.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Chagas disease is pathologically characterized by post-inflammatory myocardial fibrosis (MF),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> which can be reliably identified by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging using the myocardial-delayed enhancement technique (MDE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Since CMR-verified MF has been demonstrated to be an important predictor of arrhythmias and sudden death in several non ischemic cardiomyopathies, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and also in a pilot study of CD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> we propose that a quantitative extent of MF should also offer prognostic value. The relationship between MF and the Rassi score,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> a validated prognostic score, in patients with and without apparent cardiomyopathy was evaluated in this study, what, by our knowledge, has not yet been performed systematically.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance was performed in 39 seropositive CD patients prospectively selected from the CD Clinic in Osvaldo Cruz Hospital from November 2004 to November 2006 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Of these, 28 patients were asymptomatic and had normal ventricular function, being referred as indeterminate (IND) group; the remaining 11 symptomatic patients with systolic dysfunction were clinically deemed to have cardiomyopathy, the CHD group. All patients gave written informed consent for CMR imaging with MDE before inclusion, and the study was approved by the Institutional Research Review Committee. To calculate the Rassi score, all patients had a chest radiography, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, 24-hour Holter and a clinical interview to check the NYHA functional class. The CMR was scheduled in a mean period of 30 days after those exams. Patients with previous myocardial infarction, clinical or laboratory evidence of ischemic heart disease, sustained ventricular tachycardia, heart valve disease, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, pacemakers, implantable defibrillators and cerebrovascular clips were excluded.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients&#8217; characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">All <break/>(n = 39)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">IND <break/>(n = 11)</th>
              <th align="center">CHD <break/>(n = 28)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (64.3)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (51.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.014<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">48.3 &#177; 12.2</td>
              <td align="center">57.4 &#177; 12.5</td>
              <td align="center">54.8 &#177; 12.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.045<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean NYHA functional class</td>
              <td align="center">1 &#177; 0</td>
              <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA functional class &gt; 1</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (75.0)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (71.8)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">57.9 &#177; 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">33.7 &#177; 16.5</td>
              <td align="center">40.5 &#177; 17.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EDV (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">64.5 &#177; 11.8</td>
              <td align="center">121.2 &#177; 62.2</td>
              <td align="center">105.2 &#177; 58.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.002 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ESV (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">26.7 &#177; 6.5</td>
              <td align="center">82.8 &#177; 55.5</td>
              <td align="center">67.0 &#177; 53.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV mass (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">46.7 &#177; 21.7</td>
              <td align="center">79.5 &#177; 34.6</td>
              <td align="center">70.2 &#177; 34.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.006 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">41.5 &#177; 13.8</td>
              <td align="center">35.2 &#177; 12.5</td>
              <td align="center">37.0 &#177; 13.0</td>
              <td align="center">NS</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD or number (%).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Fisher&#8217;s exact test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Student&#8217;s t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Kruskal-Wallis test. IND: indeterminate; CHD: Chagas heart disease; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; EDV: end diastolic volume; ESV: end-systolic volume; RVEF: right ventricular ejection fraction; NS: not significant.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Magnetic resonance imaging methods</title>
        <p>Patients underwent MRI examination on 1.5-T Signa GE system (Wakeusha, Wisconsin). Short and long axis images of the heart were obtained during breath hold and with an electrocardiogram-triggered pulse sequences. The first sequence was a gradient-echo steady-state free precession (SSFP) to assess LV and right ventricular (RV) morphology and function. The second sequence was an inversion-recovery prepared segmented gradient-echo to obtain MDE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> 10 to 20 minutes after an intravenous bolus of 0.2 mmol/kg of gadolinium-based contrast (Dotarem&#174;, gadoteric acid - Gd-DOTA, Guerbet Aulnay-Sous-Bois - France). For the cine images, using SSFP sequence, the parameters were: repetition time 3.4ms, echo time 2.0ms, flip angle 45&#186;, matrix 256x160, cardiac phases 20, views per segment 8 to 16 to obtain a temporal resolution of 55ms or less, slice thickness 8mm, gap between slices 2mm, and field of view 36 to 40 cm. For the MDE pulse sequence, the following parameters were used for short and long axis: repetition time 7.3 ms, echo time 3.2 ms, flip angle 25&#186;, matrix 256 x 196, slice thickness 8 mm, gap between slices 2 mm and field of view 36 to 40 cm, inversion time 200 ms to 300 ms, receiver bandwidth 32.5 kHz, every RR acquisition and number of excitations 2. Short-axis views were prescribed from base to apex (usually 8 to 12 cine slices/heart) perpendicular to the ventricular long-axis covering the entire left ventricle. Importantly, all slice locations were exactly the same for both pulse sequences, allowing comparison of function and morphology with the tissue characterization provided by MDE. Additional slices were acquired as needed to provide complete coverage of very large ventricles.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analyses</title>
        <p>The endocardial and epicardial borders of the myocardium were planimetered on the short-axis cine images. All measurements were done manually. The true 3D volumetric data was obtained by the summation of the areas of short axis, without any geometric assumption, known as Simpson's method. The end-systolic and diastolic frames were identified by determining the ventricular blood-pool areas. Left ventricular volumes were derived by summation of blood-pool areas, and the ejection fraction (EF) was calculated accordingly. All CMR analyses were performed with Siemens Argus Software (Siemens AG, Munich, Germany). On the MDE short-axis images, the segmental transmurality extent of MDE, as percentage of LV mass, was measured using the semi-quantitative method described previously by Azevedo Filho et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> scored by 2 observers as the visual percent area of the enhanced segment. The semi-quantitative method consisted of the visual evaluation of all short-axes slices and condense the data into 8 short-axes representative of the left ventricle divided into 48 segments as follows: slice 1 and 2 (representing all apical slices) with 4 segments each; slices 3 to 6 (middle slices) with 6 segments each; and slices 7 and 8 (basal slices) with 8 segments each. All segments received a score according to the percentage of involvement obtained on MDE (0, 1, 2 or 3). Score 0 corresponded to absence of MDE, score 1 corresponded to 1% to 25% of MDE, score 2 corresponded to 26% to 75% of MDE, and score 3 corresponded to greater than 75% of MDE of the area of the segment involved. Additionally, we identified different MDE patterns as apical isolated, multifocal and diffuse.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Normally distributed continuous variables were compared by the unpaired Student <italic>t</italic> test and one-way analysis of variance with the Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons. The Fisher exact test was used for proportions comparisons. The non-parametric test for discrete variables and non-normal continuous variables was Kruskal-Wallis rank test. Normality was determined by Shapiro-Francia W' test. Simple linear regression was used between the MF mass and LVEF; MF and Rassi score; and LVEF and Rassi score. Given the exploratory nature of the study, formal calculations of sample size were not performed. Based on previous articles of our group, which investigated MF in patients with similar characteristics, we chose to include more than 30 patients. Stata 8.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, Texas) was used, and p &lt; 0.05 (two-tailed) was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Patients in the CHD group were older and showed higher frequency of male sex than the IND group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). CHD patients were at least NYHA functional class II symptomatic, and their CMR imaging demonstrated moderate-to-severe global LV dysfunction. IND subjects showed either normal LV function or mild LV dysfunction. The majority of imaging variables showed substantial differences between the 2 groups, even when 9 patients with NSVT were excluded from analysis. Only RVEF did not show significant variation between groups. Qualitative MF was detected by CMR in 29 patients (72%); greater proportion of CHD patients (89%) compared to IND subjects (27%) demonstrated MDE evidence of MF (p &lt;0.001). All 9 patients with NSVT had MF detected by CMR imaging. Different patterns, location and severity of MF were detected as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Location and severity of myocardial fibrosis (MF) in Chagas disease. A) no MF; B) isolated apical MF; C) multifocal MF; and D) diffuse MF.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0460-60168-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The presence of MF demonstrated a direct relationship with the clinical severity of the disease when we compared the 2 groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Significant differences were found among the NYHA functional class: NYHA II/III (100%) for CHD group vs. NYHA I (39%) for IND group (p = 0.001, Fisher's exact test), and also there were more male patients with MF (96%) vs. female patients (47%) (p = 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). More importantly, we found that the quantitative assessment of MF, described as a percentage of LV mass, was statistically higher in the CHD group (25.3&#177;1.4%) compared to IND group (0.63 &#177; 1.4%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Furthermore, the percentage of MF was substantially higher in CHD group in patients with arrhythmic presentation (30.6 &#177; 18.6%) as compared to those who did not have significant ventricular arrhythmias (22.7 &#177; 19.7%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Myocardial fibrosis detected by magnetic resonance imaging and its relation in IND and CHD groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Groups</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">All(n = 39)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">IND(n = 11)</th>
              <th align="center">CHD(n = 28)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No MF detected</td>
              <td align="center">8 (72.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (10.7)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (28.2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MF detected</td>
              <td align="center">3 (27.3)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (89.3)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (71.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>Data are expressed as number (%).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Fisher&#8217;s exact test. MF: myocardial fibrosis; IND: indeterminate; CHD: Chagas heart disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Detection of myocardial fibrosis in relation to patients&#8217; characteristics, clinical data and morphologic and functional assessment by magnetic resonance imaging</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">All <break/>(n = 39)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">No fibrosis (n = 11)</th>
              <th align="center">With fibrosis (n = 28)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (67.9)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (51.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (yrs)</td>
              <td align="center">56.1 &#177; 11.8</td>
              <td align="center">54.4 &#177; 13.5</td>
              <td align="center">54.8 &#177; 12.9</td>
              <td align="center">NS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">60.2 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">32.8 &#177; 14.9</td>
              <td align="center">40.5 &#177; 17.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EDV (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">61.6 &#177; 13.1</td>
              <td align="center">122.3 &#177; 61.0</td>
              <td align="center">105.2 &#177; 58.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ESV (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">23.8 &#177; 6.0</td>
              <td align="center">83.9 &#177; 54.3</td>
              <td align="center">67.0 &#177; 53.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">40.3 &#177; 13.5</td>
              <td align="center">35.8 &#177; 12.8</td>
              <td align="center">37.0 &#177; 13.0</td>
              <td align="center">NS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA functional class &gt; 1</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (75)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (53.8)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA functional class = 1</td>
              <td align="center">11 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (25)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (46.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD or number (%).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Fisher&#8217;s exact test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Student&#8217;s t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>unpaired Kruskal-Wallis test. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; EDV: end-diastolic volume; ESV: end-systolic volume; RVEF: right ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Percentage of myocardial fibrosis in clinical forms</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">IND <break/>(n = 11)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CHD</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">All</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">NSVT not detected <break/>(n = 19)</th>
              <th align="center">NSVT detected <break/>(n = 9)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Myocardial fibrosis (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.63 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">22.7 &#177; 19.7</td>
              <td align="center">30.6 &#177; 18.6</td>
              <td align="center">18.3 &#177; 19.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>ANOVA. NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; IND: indeterminate; CHD: Chagas heart disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Patterns of myocardial fibrosis: A) no myocardial fibrosis detected (IND group); B) multifocal and subepicardial myocardial fibrosis (CHD group); C) severe myocardial fibrosis at the apex (patient with non-sustained ventricular tachycardia).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0460-60168-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Quantitative estimates of MF correlated significantly with LV function and NYHA functional class (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3C</xref>). Myocardial fibrosis had an inverse correlation with myocardial function: patients with the highest percentage of fibrotic mass had the lowest LVEF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>; r = -0.85 and, p&lt; 0.001). On top of that, patients with fibrotic mass greater than 10% of the ventricular mass demonstrated significantly greater impairment of LVEF as compared with the patients with lesser fibrotic mass (26.6 &#177; 12.3% vs. 55.3 &#177; 8.3%, respectively, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Inverse correlation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and myocardial fibrosis (MF); B) Correlation between Rassi scores and LVEF; C) Mean MF increases in relation to New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes (p &lt; 0.001 by analysis of variance); D) Left ventricular (LV) fibrotic mass and Rassi scores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0460-60168-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>CMR-based LVEF showed an inverse correlation with Rassi scores (r= -0.78, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>). Myocardial fibrosis also showed a strong positive correlation with the Rassi score (r= 0.76, p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3D</xref>). This correlation was reinforced by subgroup analysis showing progressive MF from low to high-risk Rassi score groups. The percentages of MDE-related MF in low, intermediate and high Rassi risk groups were 5.0&#177;7.7%, 19.8&#177;17.3%, and 38.1&#177;17.7%, respectively (p&lt;0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3D</xref>). The MF location also correlated significantly with Rassi scores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). Different patterns of MF, including no fibrosis, isolated MF at the apex, multifocal or diffuse fibrosis are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Average Rassi score and location of myocardial fibrosis (MF)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">No MF detected<break/> (n = 12)</th>
              <th align="center">Apical MF <break/>(n = 10)</th>
              <th align="center">Multifocal MF <break/>(n = 5)</th>
              <th align="center">Diffuse MF <break/>(n = 12)</th>
              <th align="center">All <break/>(n = 39)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Average Rassi score</td>
              <td align="center">1 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.2 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 6.4</td>
              <td align="center">14.1 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 6.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Kruskal-Wallis test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study establishes the relationship between the clinical severity and a clinical prognostic score (Rassi score) with CMR-based MF in CD. Myocardial fibrosis was detected in 25 out of 28 patients (89%) with clinical cardiomyopathy (CHD group), reflecting its role in the severity of CD. Myocardial fibrosis was found to be greater in male patients compared with female, and may underlie higher reported mortality in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Myocardial fibrosis correlated strongly with the NYHA functional class and LV function. A maximum MF was identified in a subgroup of patients presenting with NSVT (30.0&#177;18.6%). This finding may strengthen the hypothesis that MF in CD is related to arrhythmias and sudden death, which has also been suggested by previous work relating MF and electrophysiological study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> On the other hand, patients with lack of clinical cardiomyopathy (IND group) had significantly less extensive MF (0.63&#177;1.4%), confirming two previous MRI studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and one pathological study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> that had shown only minor and focal inflammation and fibrosis in the so-called indeterminate CD presentation. The percentage of MF based on MDE-CMR was progressively and strongly associated with the clinical severity or Rassi score (r = 0.76).</p>
      <p>In this study, all patients without apparent cardiomyopathy (IND group) had an echocardiogram with normal RV function. Cardiac magnetic resonance is considered more sensitive and accurate than echocardiography for RVEF measurements. Cardiac magnetic resonance showed that some of these patients had RV dysfunction (RVEF% = 41.5 &#177; 13.8), but it is important to point out that, regarding CMR measurements, in several references in literature and in our clinical routine the normal range for RVEF frequently extends to around 45%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Therefore, our values might represent low normal values for RVEF or mild RV dysfunction. The reason for that in the IND group is unknown. However, impairment of RV function is more common in chronic CD than in other forms of heart failure. We have not analyzed the MDE in the right ventricle due to the difficulty to evaluate the thin RV wall. Right ventricular MF, as well as other mechanisms, such as autonomic dysfunction may be involved in RV dysfunction in CD.</p>
      <p>From the viewpoint of clinical investigation, we believe that CMR can evaluate in a more refined way those patients with mild global or segmental myocardial dysfunction that could not be detected in the routine evaluation by echocardiography, especially in relation to RV function, and this may help future research investigating heart failure in CD. In addition, patients with ventricular arrhythmias and fibrosis detected by MDE on CMR, similarly to other cardiomyopathies, could be evaluated as potential candidates for antiarrhythmic therapy. We also believe that MRI techniques under development, such as T1-Mapping may be useful in the detection of interstitial fibrosis and the investigation of drugs that can prevent the progression of cardiac dysfunction, myocardial inflammation and fibrosis.</p>
      <p>This current clinical investigation is not a longitudinal study and the sample size is relatively small, but within the range of most prior CMR studies in CD. This study was specially challenging, because investigated patients of low socioeconomic level, mostly living in rural areas, and with difficulties to access our MRI scanner. Nonetheless, MRI studies even with smaller sample sizes, such as this, can achieve statistical significance due to the MRI lower variability measurements. Therefore, this study found a strong and significant correlation (r = 0.8) between Rassi score and MF mass despite its relatively small sample size.</p>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study involving the quantification of MF by CMR and prognostic data, in this case obtained by evaluating the Rassi score (which uses several validated markers of worse prognosis, such as male sex, low voltage on electrocardiogram, enlarged heart silhouette on chest x-ray, heart dysfunction by echocardiography and the presence of NSVT on Holter monitoring). As previously demonstrated by Rochitte et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> in CD patients from southeast Brazil, our data confirmed a strong correlation between MF and dysfunction. However, in the study by Rochitte et al., prognostic data, such as Rassi score used as a prognostic maker, were not available. Our current manuscript presents original data demonstrating a strong correlation between the quantification of MF mass by CMR and Rassi score, a prognostic indicator validated in different CD populations. This suggests that CMR may be a powerful tool in the evaluation of chagasic patients, to identify those patients at higher risk of cardiovascular events and may help the prognostic stratification for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator candidates. Our study data support future larger and longitudinal studies to investigate the prognostic value of CMR in CD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>CMR-verified MF is significantly increased in CD patients with clinical cardiomyopathy. Myocardial fibrosis quantification shows a strong relationship with Rassi score, a well-validated prognostic score for CD. Cardiac magnetic resonance-verified MF deserves to be investigated as an independent prognostic factor, emphasizing its value as a prognostic tool for the risk stratification in this disease.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Marly Uellendahl, from INCOR-FMUSP</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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    <front-stub>
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          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Cardiovascular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM)</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">DASA/Delboni, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Oswaldo Cruz - Universidade de Pernambuco - Departamento de Cardiologia, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Mount Sinai Hospital, Cardiology Department, Nova York - Estados Unidos</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</bold>, InCor - HCFMUSP. Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar 44 - Andar AB - Resson&#226;ncia &amp; Tomografia Cardiovascular, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rochitte@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Uellendahl M, Rochitte CE; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Uellendahl M, Sobral D, Ribeiro C, Oliveira W, Martins S; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Uellendahl M, Siqueira MEM, Narula J, Rochitte CE; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Uellendahl M, Siqueira MEM, Calado EB, Kalil-Filho R, Ribeiro C, Oliveira W, Martins S, Narula J, Rochitte CE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) &#233; importante causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e mortalidade, principalmente na Am&#233;rica Latina. Este estudo avaliou as caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais do cora&#231;&#227;o, assim como a extens&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica (FM) em pacientes com DC atrav&#233;s de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC). O valor progn&#243;stico da FM avaliada por realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico (RTM) foi comparado &#224;quele do escore de Rassi.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de 39 pacientes divididos em 2 grupos: grupo 'forma indeterminada' (IND), 28 pacientes assintom&#225;ticos; e grupo 'cardiopatia chag&#225;sica' (CC), pacientes sintom&#225;ticos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a RMC com as t&#233;cnicas de cine-RM e RTM, sendo a quantidade de FM evidenciada ao exame comparada ao escore de Rassi.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises morfol&#243;gica e funcional mostraram significativas diferen&#231;as entre os 2 grupos (p &lt; 0,001). Houve ainda uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a extens&#227;o da FM e o escore de Rassi (r = 0,76).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A RMC &#233; uma importante t&#233;cnica para avaliar pacientes com DC, ressaltando as diferen&#231;as morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais em todas as apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. A forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore de Rassi e a extens&#227;o da FM detectada por RMC enfatiza seu papel na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de pacientes com DC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora descrita h&#225; mais de 100 anos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> a doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) continua sendo importante causa de morbimortalidade na Am&#233;rica Latina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> afetando cerca de 6 milh&#245;es de pessoas, com aproximadamente 30.000 novos casos detectados ao ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Devido ao constante aumento migrat&#243;rio de latino-americanos para a Am&#233;rica do Norte e Europa ocidental, essa doen&#231;a se apresenta como um desafio global.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica (CC) s&#227;o mais bem expressos por fatores de risco, como altas classes funcionais da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) para apresenta&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica, evid&#234;ncia radiogr&#225;fica de cardiomegalia, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (VE) na ecocardiografia, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) no monitoramento ambulatorial de 24 horas, QRS de baixa voltagem na eletrocardiografia, e sexo masculino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Rassi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> estabeleceram um sistema quantitativo de escore para identificar pacientes chag&#225;sicos com risco de morte prematura. Seis fatores progn&#243;sticos independentes foram identificados, atribuindo-se a cada um uma quantidade de pontos proporcional ao seu coeficiente de regress&#227;o: classe funcional NYHA III ou IV (5 pontos), evid&#234;ncia de cardiomegalia na radiografia de t&#243;rax (5 pontos), disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda na ecocardiografia (3 pontos), TVNS no Holter de 24 horas (3 pontos), QRS de baixa voltagem no eletrocardiograma (2 pontos) e sexo masculino (2 pontos). Calcularam-se os escores de risco para cada paciente, sendo definidos tr&#234;s grupos de risco: baixo risco (0 a 6 pontos), risco intermedi&#225;rio (7 a 11 pontos), e alto risco (12 a 20 pontos). As taxas de mortalidade em 10 anos para esses tr&#234;s grupos foram 10%, 44% e 84%, respectivamente, em uma coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Do ponto de vista patol&#243;gico, a DC caracteriza-se por fibrose mioc&#225;rdica (FM) p&#243;s-inflamat&#243;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> que pode ser identificada com seguran&#231;a por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) com realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico (RTM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Como foi demonstrado que a FM identificada por RMC &#233; um importante preditor de arritmias e morte s&#250;bita em v&#225;rias miocardiopatias n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas, como a miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e ainda em um estudo-piloto de DC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> propomos que a extens&#227;o quantitativa da FM tamb&#233;m deva ter valor progn&#243;stico. Este estudo avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre FM e o escore de Rassi,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> um escore progn&#243;stico validado, em pacientes com e sem miocardiopatia aparente, o que, at&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o havia sido realizado de maneira sistem&#225;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Realizou-se RMC em 39 pacientes chag&#225;sicos soropositivos prospectivamente selecionados da Cl&#237;nica de Doen&#231;a de Chagas no Hospital Osvaldo Cruz, de novembro de 2004 a novembro de 2006 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>). Desses 39 pacientes, 28 eram assintom&#225;ticos e tinham fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal, constituindo o grupo 'forma indeterminada' (IND); os outros 11 pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foram clinicamente considerados como portadores de miocardiopatia, constituindo o grupo CC. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido para RMC com RTM antes de sua inclus&#227;o no estudo, que foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; Institucional de Revis&#227;o de Pesquisa. Para o c&#225;lculo do escore de Rassi, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a radiografia de t&#243;rax, eletrocardiografia, ecocardiografia, Holter de 24 horas e entrevista cl&#237;nica para avalia&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional NYHA. A RMC foi agendada em tempo m&#233;dio de 30 dias ap&#243;s tais exames. Pacientes com as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo: infarto mioc&#225;rdico pr&#233;vio, evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica ou laboratorial de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, taquicardia ventricular sustentada, valvopatia card&#237;aca, diabetes mellitus, hipercolesterolemia e portadores de marca-passo, desfibriladores implant&#225;veis e clips cerebrovasculares.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Todos <break/>(n = 39)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">IND <break/>(n = 11)</th>
                <th align="center">CC <break/>(n = 28)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (64,3)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (51,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,014<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">48,3 &#177; 12,2</td>
                <td align="center">57,4 &#177; 12,5</td>
                <td align="center">54,8 &#177; 12,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,045<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia da classe funcional NYHA</td>
                <td align="center">1 &#177; 0</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional NYHA &gt; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (75,0)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (71,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57,9 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">33,7 &#177; 16,5</td>
                <td align="center">40,5 &#177; 17,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VDF (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">64,5 &#177; 11,8</td>
                <td align="center">121,2 &#177; 62,2</td>
                <td align="center">105,2 &#177; 58,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,002 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VSF (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,7 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">82,8 &#177; 55,5</td>
                <td align="center">67,0 &#177; 53,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">46,7 &#177; 21,7</td>
                <td align="center">79,5 &#177; 34,6</td>
                <td align="center">70,2 &#177; 34,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,006 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41,5 &#177; 13,8</td>
                <td align="center">35,2 &#177; 12,5</td>
                <td align="center">37,0 &#177; 13,0</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n&#250;meros (%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Teste de Kruskal-Wallis. IND: indeterminada; CC: cardiopatia chag&#225;sica; NYHA: New York Heart Association; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; FEVD: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita; NS: n&#227;o significativo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; RM em sistema GE Signa 1.5-T (Wakeusha, Wisconsin). Imagens do cora&#231;&#227;o foram realizadas nos eixos curto e longo em apneia e com sequ&#234;ncias de pulso sincronizadas com o eletrocardiograma. A primeira sequ&#234;ncia foi um gradiente-eco em estado de equil&#237;brio (<italic>steady-state free precession</italic> - SSFP) para avaliar morfologia e fun&#231;&#227;o VE e vetricular direita (VD). A segunda sequ&#234;ncia foi um gradiente-eco segmentado com pulso de invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o para obter o RTM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> 10 a 20 minutos ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de 0,2 mmol/kg de bolo de contraste &#224; base de gadol&#237;nio (Dotarem&#174;, &#225;cido gadot&#233;rico - Gd-DOTA, Guerbet Aulnay-Sous-Bois - Fran&#231;a). Para as imagens de cine, usando sequ&#234;ncia SSFP, os par&#226;metros foram: tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o, 3,4 ms; tempo de eco, 2,0 ms; &#226;ngulo de deflex&#227;o, 45&#186;; matriz, 256x160; fases card&#237;acas, 20; cortes por segmento, 8 a 16 para obter resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal de 55 ms ou menos; espessura do corte, 8 mm; intervalo entre os cortes, 2 mm; e campo de vis&#227;o, 36 a 40 cm. Para a sequ&#234;ncia de pulso do RTM, os seguintes par&#226;metros foram usados nos eixos curto e longo: tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o, 7,3 ms; tempo de eco, 3,2 ms; &#226;ngulo de deflex&#227;o, 25&#186;; matriz, 256 x 196; espessura do corte, 8 mm; intervalo entre os cortes, 2 mm; campo de vis&#227;o, 36 a 40 cm; tempo de invers&#227;o, 200 ms a 300 ms; largura da banda receptora, 32,5 kHz; cada aquisi&#231;&#227;o RR e n&#250;mero de excita&#231;&#245;es, 2. Os cortes no eixo curto foram prescritos da base ao &#225;pice (em geral 8 a 12 cine-cortes/cora&#231;&#227;o) perpendicular ao eixo longo ventricular, cobrindo todo o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Importante notar que as localiza&#231;&#245;es dos cortes foram exatamente as mesmas para as duas sequ&#234;ncias de pulso, permitindo comparar fun&#231;&#227;o e morfologia com a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual fornecida por RTM. Quando necess&#225;rio, cortes adicionais foram obtidos para fornecer a completa cobertura de ventr&#237;culos muito grandes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
          <p>As bordas endoc&#225;rdica e epic&#225;rdica do mioc&#225;rdio foram planimetradas nas imagens de cine do eixo curto. Todas as medidas foram realizadas manualmente. Os verdadeiros dados volum&#233;tricos 3D foram obtidos pela soma das &#225;reas do eixo curto, sem qualquer suposi&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica, conhecido como m&#233;todo de Simpson. Os <italic>frames</italic> sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico finais foram identificados com a determina&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas da cavidade ventricular. Volumes ventriculares esquerdos foram derivados pela soma das &#225;reas da cavidade ventricular, sendo a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) calculada de acordo. Todas as an&#225;lises de RMC foram realizadas com o programa Siemens Argus (Siemens AG, Munique, Alemanha). Nas imagens de eixo curto de RTM, a extens&#227;o transmural segmentar do RTM, como porcentagem de massa VE, foi medida usando-se o m&#233;todo semiquantitativo descrito por Azevedo Filho et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> com escore avaliado por dois observadores como a porcentagem da &#225;rea visual do segmento real&#231;ado. O m&#233;todo semiquantitativo consistiu em avalia&#231;&#227;o visual de todos os cortes de eixo curto, condensando os dados em 8 representantes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de eixo longo divididos em 48 segmentos como se segue: cortes 1 e 2 (representando todos os cortes apicais) com 4 segmentos cada; cortes 3 a 6 (cortes m&#233;dios) com 6 segmentos cada; e cortes 7 e 8 (cortes basais) com 8 segmentos cada. Todos os segmentos receberam um escore de acordo com a porcentagem de envolvimento obtida no RTM (0, 1, 2 ou 3). Escore 0 correspondeu a aus&#234;ncia de RTM, escore 1 correspondeu a 1%-25% do RTM, escore 2 correspondeu a 26%-75% do RTM, e escore 3 correspondeu a mais de 75% do RTM da &#225;rea do segmento envolvido. Al&#233;m disso, identificamos diferentes padr&#245;es de RTM, como apical isolado, multifocal e difuso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado e an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de uma via com teste de Bonferroni para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. O teste exato de Fisher foi usado para comparar propor&#231;&#245;es. O teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico para vari&#225;veis discretas e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o normais foi o de Kruskal-Wallis. Determinou-se a normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro-Francia W. Usou-se regress&#227;o linear simples entre massa de FM e FEVE, entre FM e escore de Rassi, e entre FEVE e escore de Rassi. Devido &#224; natureza explorat&#243;ria do estudo, c&#225;lculos formais do tamanho da amostra n&#227;o foram realizados. Com base em estudos pr&#233;vios do nosso grupo, que investigaram FM em pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas similares, optamos por incluir mais de 30 pacientes. Usou-se Stata 8.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, Texas), sendo p &lt; 0,05 (bicaudal) considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O grupo CC teve mais pacientes do sexo masculino e mais idosos do que o grupo IND (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>). No grupo CC, os pacientes eram sintom&#225;ticos, pelo menos classe funcional NYHA II, e seus exames de RMC mostravam disfun&#231;&#227;o VE global moderada a grave. No grupo IND, houve fun&#231;&#227;o VE normal ou leve disfun&#231;&#227;o VE. A maioria das vari&#225;veis de imagem diferiu substancialmente entre os dois grupos, mesmo quando 9 pacientes com TVNS foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Apenas a FEVD n&#227;o variou significativamente entre os grupos. Detectou-se FM por avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa com RMC em 29 pacientes (72%). Maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes do grupo CC (89%) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo IND (27%) evidenciou FM no RTM (p &lt;0,001). Detectou-se FM no exame de RMC em todos os 9 pacientes com TVNS. Houve diferen&#231;a quanto a padr&#227;o, localiza&#231;&#227;o e gravidade da FM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Localiza&#231;&#227;o e gravidade da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica (FM) na doen&#231;a de Chagas. A) sem fibrose; B) FM apical isolada; C) FM multifocal; e D) FM difusa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0460-60168-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de FM apresentou rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a gravidade cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a ao se comparar os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>). Houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos quanto &#224; classe funcional NYHA: NYHA II/III (100%) no grupo CC vs. NYHA I (39%) no grupo IND (p = 0,001, teste exato de Fisher). Houve ainda mais homens com FM (96%) do que mulheres (47%) (p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>). Mais importante, descobrimos que, na avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa, a FM, descrita como uma porcentagem de massa VE, foi estatisticamente maior no grupo CC (25,3&#177;1,4%) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo IND (0,63 &#177; 1,4%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a porcentagem de FM foi substancialmente maior no grupo CC nos pacientes com arritmia (30,6 &#177; 18,6%) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem significativa arritmia ventricular (22,7 &#177; 19,7%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica detectada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e sua rela&#231;&#227;o nos grupos IND e CC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupos</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Todos <break/>(n = 39)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">IND <break/>(n = 11)</th>
                <th align="center">CC <break/>(n = 28)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FM n&#227;o detectada</td>
                <td align="center">8 (72,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (28,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FM detectada</td>
                <td align="center">3 (27,3)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (89,3)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (71,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <p>Dados expressos como n&#250;meros (%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fisher. FM: fibrose mioc&#225;rdica; IND: indeterminada; CC: cardiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica (FM) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, dados cl&#237;nicos e avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica e funcional por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Todos <break/>(n = 39)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Sem FM <break/>(n = 11)</th>
                <th align="center">Com FM <break/>(n = 28)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (67,9)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (51,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">56,1 &#177; 11,8</td>
                <td align="center">54,4 &#177; 13,5</td>
                <td align="center">54,8 &#177; 12,9</td>
                <td align="center">NS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60,2 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">32,8 &#177; 14,9</td>
                <td align="center">40,5 &#177; 17,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VDF (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">61,6 &#177; 13,1</td>
                <td align="center">122,3 &#177; 61,0</td>
                <td align="center">105,2 &#177; 58,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VSF (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">23,8 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td align="center">83,9 &#177; 54,3</td>
                <td align="center">67,0 &#177; 53,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40,3 &#177; 13,5</td>
                <td align="center">35,8 &#177; 12,8</td>
                <td align="center">37,0 &#177; 13,0</td>
                <td align="center">NS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional NYHA &gt; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (75)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (53,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional NYHA = 1</td>
                <td align="center">11 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (46,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n&#250;meros (%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Teste de Kruskal-Wallis n&#227;o pareado. VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; FEVD: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Porcentagem de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica nas formas cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">IND <break/>(n = 11)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CC</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Todos</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">TVNS n&#227;o detectada <break/>(n = 19)</th>
                <th align="center">TVNS detectada <break/>(n = 9)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">22,7 &#177; 19,7</td>
                <td align="center">30,6 &#177; 18,6</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 &#177; 19,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>ANOVA. TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; IND: indeterminada; CC: cardiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Padr&#245;es de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica: A) Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o detectada (grupo IND); B) Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica multifocal e subepic&#225;rdica (grupo CC); C) Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica apical grave (paciente com taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0460-60168-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As estimativas quantitativas de FM correlacionaram-se significativamente com fun&#231;&#227;o VE e classe funcional NYHA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3C</xref>). A FM mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: pacientes com maior porcentagem de massa fibr&#243;tica apresentaram menor FEVE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3A</xref>, r = -0,85 e p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com massa fibr&#243;tica maior do que 10% da massa ventricular mostraram comprometimento significativamente maior da FEVE quando comparados &#224;queles com menor massa fibr&#243;tica (26,6 &#177; 12,3% vs. 55,3 &#177; 8,3%, respectivamente, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Correla&#231;&#227;o inversa da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica (FM); B) Correla&#231;&#227;o entre escore de Rassi e FEVE; C) Aumento da FM m&#233;dia conforme aumenta a classe funcional New York Heart Association (NYHA) (p &lt; 0,001 por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia); D) Massa fibr&#243;tica ventricular esquerda (VE) e escores de Rassi.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0460-60168-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A FEVE avaliada com base na RMC apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com o escore de Rassi (r= -0,78, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3B</xref>). A FM tamb&#233;m mostrou uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com o escore de Rassi (r= 0,76, p &lt; 0,001; Figura 3D). Essa correla&#231;&#227;o foi refor&#231;ada por an&#225;lise de subgrupo mostrando progress&#227;o da FM nos grupos de baixo para alto risco conforme o escore de Rassi. As porcentagens de FM detectadas no RTM nos grupos de risco baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto segundo o escore de Rassi foram 5,0&#177;7,7%, 19,8&#177;17,3% e 38,1&#177;17,7%, respectivamente (p&lt;0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3D</xref>). A localiza&#231;&#227;o da FM tamb&#233;m se correlacionou significativamente com o escore de Rassi (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). Diferentes padr&#245;es de FM, incluindo aus&#234;ncia de fibrose, FM apical isolada, multifocal ou difusa, s&#227;o ilustrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escore de Rassi m&#233;dio e localiza&#231;&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica (FM)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Sem FM detectada <break/>(n = 12)</th>
                <th align="center">FM apical <break/>(n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">FM multifocal <break/>(n = 5)</th>
                <th align="center">FM difusa <break/>(n = 12)</th>
                <th align="center">Todos <break/>(n = 39)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Escore de Rassi m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">1 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,2 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">14,1 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 6,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Kruskal-Wallis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo estabelece a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade cl&#237;nica dos achados e o escore progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de Rassi com FM identificada por RMC na DC. A FM foi detectada in 25 dos 28 pacientes (89%) com miocardiopatia cl&#237;nica (grupo CC), refletindo seu papel na gravidade da DC. A FM foi mais comum no sexo masculino, podendo constituir a base da maior mortalidade relatada em homens,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e correlacionou-se fortemente com a classe funcional NYHA e a fun&#231;&#227;o VE. Identificou-se FM m&#225;xima em um subgrupo de pacientes com TVNS (30,0&#177;18,6%). Tal achado pode refor&#231;ar a hip&#243;tese de que a FM na DC relaciona-se a arritmias e morte s&#250;bita, o que j&#225; foi sugerido em estudo relacionando FM e avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Por outro lado, os pacientes sem miocardiopatia cl&#237;nica (grupo IND) apresentaram FM significativamente menos extensa (0,63&#177;1,4%), confirmando dois estudos anteriores com RM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e um estudo patol&#243;gico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> que haviam mostrado apenas inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose menores e focais na forma indeterminada da DC. A porcentagem de FM verificada na RMC com RTM foi progressiva e fortemente associada com a gravidade cl&#237;nica ou o escore de Rassi (r = 0,76).</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, todos os pacientes sem miocardiopatia aparente (grupo IND) tinham fun&#231;&#227;o VD normal no ecocardiograma. A RMC &#233; considerada mais sens&#237;vel e precisa do que a ecocardiografia para as medidas de FEVD. A RMC mostrou que alguns daqueles pacientes tinham disfun&#231;&#227;o VD (FEVD% = 41,5 &#177; 13,8), mas &#233; importante assinalar que, com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas de RMC, em v&#225;rias refer&#234;ncias na literatura e na nossa rotina cl&#237;nica, a varia&#231;&#227;o normal para FEVD frequentemente se estende a 45%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Logo, nossos achados devem representar valores normais baixos de FEVD ou leve disfun&#231;&#227;o VD. A raz&#227;o para isso no grupo IND &#233; desconhecida. Entretanto, comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o VD &#233; mais comum na DC cr&#244;nica do que em outras formas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. N&#227;o analisamos o RTM no ventr&#237;culo direito devido &#224; dificuldade de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fina parede VD. A FM do ventr&#237;culo direito e outros mecanismos, como disfun&#231;&#227;o aut&#244;noma podem estar envolvidos na disfun&#231;&#227;o VD na DC.</p>
        <p>Do ponto de vista de investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, acreditamos que a RMC possa avaliar mais detalhadamente pacientes com leve disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica global ou segmentar que n&#227;o pode ser detectada na investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de rotina, em especial no que se refere &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o VD. Isso pode auxiliar futuras pesquisas em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na DC. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com arritmias ventriculares e fibrose detectada por RTM na RMC, &#224; semelhan&#231;a de outras miocardiopatias, poderiam ser avaliados como poss&#237;veis candidatos &#224; terapia antiarr&#237;tmica. Acreditamos ainda que t&#233;cnicas de RM em desenvolvimento, como mapa T1, possam ser &#250;teis para a detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose intersticial, assim como para a investiga&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos que evitem a progress&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e fibrose.</p>
        <p>Ainda que esta investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica n&#227;o seja um estudo longitudinal e seu tamanho amostral seja relativamente pequeno, acha-se no &#226;mbito da maioria dos estudos com RMC na DC. Este estudo enfrentou um desafio especial, pois investigou pacientes de baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, a maior parte vivendo em &#225;reas rurais e com dificuldade de acesso ao nosso aparelho de RM. No entanto, estudos de RM com tamanhos amostrais ainda menores podem alcan&#231;ar significado estat&#237;stico devido &#224; mais baixa variabilidade das medidas de RM. Portanto, este estudo encontrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o forte e significativa (r = 0,8) entre o escore de Rassi e a massa de FM a despeito do seu relativamente pequeno tamanho amostral.</p>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo envolvendo a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de FM atrav&#233;s de RMC e dados progn&#243;sticos, neste caso obtidos pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do escore de Rassi (que utiliza v&#225;rios marcadores validados de pior progn&#243;stico, como sexo masculino, baixa voltagem no eletrocardiograma, aumento da silhueta card&#237;aca na radiografia de t&#243;rax, disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ao ecocardiograma e presen&#231;a de TVNS no monitoramento com Holter). Como demonstrado por Rochitte et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> em pacientes chag&#225;sicos do sudeste do Brasil, nossos dados confirmaram a forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre FM e disfun&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, no estudo de Rochitte et al., dados de progn&#243;stico, como os do escore de Rassi usado neste estudo, n&#227;o foram disponibilizados. Este estudo apresenta dados originais demonstrando uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre quantifica&#231;&#227;o de massa de FM por RMC e o escore de Rassi, um indicador de progn&#243;stico validado em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es com DC. Isso sugere que a RMC possa ser uma poderosa ferramenta na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes chag&#225;sicos para identificar aqueles de maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares, auxiliando na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica para candidatos &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de cardiodesfibrilador. Os resultados do nosso estudo sugerem a necessidade de estudos longitudinais maiores para investigar o valor progn&#243;stico da RMC na DC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A FM detectada por RMC acha-se significativamente aumentada em pacientes chag&#225;sicos com miocardiopatia cl&#237;nica. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da FM apresenta forte correla&#231;&#227;o com o escore de Rassi, um escore progn&#243;stico validado para DC. A FM detectada por RMC merece ser investigada como fator progn&#243;stico independente, e enfatizamos seu valor de ferramenta progn&#243;stica para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco naquela doen&#231;a.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Marly Uellendahl pelo INCOR-FMUSP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
