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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VW43v8NFV9HyWCvCysKwTCD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2016004400455</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160166</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Heart Failure</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Elevated Heart Rate is Associated with Cardiac Denervation in Patients with Heart Failure: A 123-Iodine-MIBG Myocardial Scintigraphy Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Sterque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jenne Serr&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muradas</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clara S. S. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Christiane Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Precht</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Campan&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Porto</surname>
            <given-names>Pilar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ubaldo</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Cl&#225;udio Lucas da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Humberto Villacorta</bold>, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro. Cardiology Division. Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225; 303, Postal Code 24033-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>huvillacorta@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Villacorta AS, Villacorta Junior H, N&#243;brega ACL; Acquisition of data: Villacorta AS, Souza JS, Teixeira JAC, Muradas MCSSS, Alves CR, Precht BC, Porto P, Ubaldo L, Mesquita CT; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Villacorta AS, Villacorta Junior H, Mesquita CT, N&#243;brega ACL; Statistical analysis: Villacorta Junior H, N&#243;brega ACL; Obtaining financing: Villacorta AS, Villacorta Junior H, Mesquita CT, N&#243;brega ACL; Writing of the manuscript: Villacorta AS, Villacorta Junior H; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Villacorta AS, Villacorta Junior H, Souza JS, Teixeira JAC, Muradas MCSSS, Alves CR, Precht BC, Porto P, Ubaldo L, Mesquita CT, N&#243;brega ACL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>107</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>455</fpage>
      <lpage>459</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>In the Systolic Heart Failure Treatment With the If Inhibitor Ivabradine Trial (SHIFT), heart rate (HR) reduction with ivabradine was associated with improved survival and reduced hospitalizations in patients with heart failure (HF). The mechanisms by which elevated HR increases mortality are not fully understood.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the relationship of baseline HR with clinical, neurohormonal and cardiac sympathetic activity in patients with chronic HF and elevated HR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>Patients with chronic HF who were in sinus rhythm and had resting HR&gt;70 bpm despite optimal medical treatment were included in a randomized, double-blind study comparing ivabradine versus pyridostigmine. This report refers to the baseline data of 16 initial patients. Baseline HR (before randomization to one of the drugs) was assessed, and patients were classified into two groups, with HR below or above mean values. Cardiac sympathetic activity was assessed by 123-iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean HR was 83.5&#177;11.5 bpm (range 72 to 104), and seven (43.7%) patients had HR above the mean. These patients had lower 6-min walk distance (292.3&#177;93 vs 465.2&#177;97.1 m, p=0.0029), higher values of N-Terminal-proBNP (median 708.4 vs 76.1, p=0.035) and lower late heart/mediastinum rate, indicating cardiac denervation (1.48&#177;0.12 vs 1.74&#177;0.09, p&lt;0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Elevated resting HR in patients with HF under optimal medical treatment was associated with cardiac denervation, worse functional capacity, and neurohormonal activation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Denervation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardium / radionuclide imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Sympathetic Nervous System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The treatment of heart failure (HF) has improved substantially with the introduction of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and beta blockers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Among many effects related to betablockers, the reduction in heart rate (HR) has been recognized for a long time. Many patients with HF are under beta blockers, and some of them remain with HR above 70 bpm despite maximum doses of these medications. Since resting HR in HF is related to increased cardiovascular risk,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> it is clinically relevant to search for alternatives to reduce HR.</p>
      <p>In the Systolic Heart Failure Treatment With the <italic>I</italic>f Inhibitor Ivabradine Trial (SHIFT),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Ivabradine was compared with placebo in patients with HF and HR above 70 bpm, despite optimal medical treatment. Ivabradine use was associated with improved outcomes, defined as cardiovascular death or hospital admission for HF. The SHIFT Trial confirmed the important role of HR in the pathophysiology of HF.</p>
      <p>Increased myocardial sympathetic activity is a prominent feature of HF and is associated with progressive myocardial remodeling, decline in left ventricular function, and worsening symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>. Increased neuronal release of norepinephrine (NE) is usually accompanied by decreased neuronal NE reuptake due to post-transcriptional downregulation of the cardiac NE transporter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The decrease in the NE reuptake mechanism has been successfully assessed by radionuclide imaging with the iodine-123-labeled NE analog metaiodobenzylguanidine (123-I-MIBG). The NE transporter mediates uptake of 123-I-MIBG into myocardial sympathetic nerve endings, and because the compound is not metabolized, the amount of 123-I-MIBG retention over several hours after administration is a reflection of neuronal integrity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Reduced myocardial 123-I-MIBG uptake has been demonstrated to be an independent predictor of adverse long-term outcome, and improvement in 123-I-MIBG uptake is observed in response to effective HF therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiac sympathetic activity is strongly related to HR. Since the mechanisms by which elevated HR increases mortality are not fully understood, we sought to assess the relationship of baseline resting HR with clinical, neuro-hormonal and cardiac sympathetic activity in patients with chronic HF and elevated HR, despite optimal medical treatment.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>This report is part of a larger study, a randomized clinical trial comparing ivabradine with pyridostigmine. It refers to baseline data (before randomization to one of the drugs) of the 16 initial patients included in the trial. Inclusion criteria were the presence of overt HF, sinus rhythm, ejection fraction &lt;50% as assessed by echocardiography (Sympson method), and resting HR over 70 bpm despite optimal medical treatment, including maximum tolerated doses of betablockers. Exclusion criteria were patients with pacemakers, serum creatinine &gt;3 mg/dL, acute myocarditis, active myocardial ischemia, asthma, glaucoma, urinary obstruction, thyroid dysfunction, and patients expected to be submitted to myocardial revascularization or device implantation in the next 6 months. Resting HR was assessed at bedside, after at least 5-min rest, on two consecutive visits before randomization. The Ethics Committee of our hospital approved the study protocol.</p>
        <p>Patients were classified according to baseline HR into two groups: a) group 1, patients with HR below or equal to mean HR in the entire population; and b) group 2, patients with the highest HR, above mean HR. Demographic, clinical, laboratorial, and image data were compared between groups. Drug prescription did not change over the last 3 months. Eligible patients who agreed to participate in the study signed a consent form after receiving verbal and written information about the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Myocardial scintigraphy, biomarkers, and functional capacity assessment</title>
        <p>Cardiac sympathetic activity was assessed via 123-I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy. Early and late myocardial anterior planar images were respectively acquired 30 min and 4 h after the radiotracer infusion. Derived from the scintigraphic planar images, semi-quantitative myocardial 123-I-MIBG uptake and washout reflected functional/structural cardiac innervation and sympathetic tone, respectively. The heart/mediastinum ratio (H/M) was determined from the counts/pixel in a visually drawn heart region of interest divided by the counts/pixel in a 7x7 pixel mediastinum region of interest in the mid-line upper chest positioned to reflect the location with lowest activity (i.e., nonspecific background).</p>
        <p>Neuro-hormonal activation was assessed by the measurement of N-terminal pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (Roche Diagnostics, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana) in blood samples. Functional capacity was assessed by 6-min walk test.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</title>
        <p>The MedGraphics (MGC) VO2000 metabolic analyzer was used (Imbrasport, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil) together with the Ergo PC Elite 13 system and Centurion 300 treadmill (MicroMed, Bras&#237;lia, DF, Brazil). The gas analyzer was calibrated before each test by the Autocal system in a ventilated setting, and biological calibration was performed monthly. Maintenance of the equipment was carried out by the equipment representative every three months (CAEL, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil).</p>
        <p>The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) consisted of recording of baseline parameters in the first two minutes, a one-minute warm-up at 1 km/h, followed by the ramp protocol. Data analysis was performed by the ErgoPCElite program for Windows 13W (MicroMed, Bras&#237;lia, Brazil).</p>
        <p>At each minute, hemodynamic and electrocardiographic variables were measured, as well as the stress perception using the Borg scale from 0 to 10. The recovery phase took place with the patient seated. The analysis was conducted by two judges, who evaluated the following criteria: VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, presence of periodic ventilation and establishment of the ventilatory threshold I, from then on called the anaerobic threshold (AT). For the AT, the equivalent ventilatory curves were considered for VO<sub>2</sub> and VCO<sub>2</sub>, in addition to the exhaled VO<sub>2</sub> and VCO<sub>2</sub> fraction curves. The peak VO<sub>2</sub> was defined as the highest value obtained up to the final thirty seconds, or during the ten seconds of the immediate recovery phase.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Total body water assessment</title>
        <p>Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) was used to assess total body water. This method utilizes the EFG Renal software (Akern, Pontassieve, Florence, Italy) for estimating the parameters of resistance, reactance, and phase angle. Then, the hydration index (HI) was calculated to estimate total body water. Normal HI range is 72.7% to 74.3%; values above this range indicate congestion and values below this cutoff indicate dehydration.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD, except for NT-proBNP, expressed as median and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables were analyzed by the chi-square test. A two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test was performed to identify significant between-group differences in normally distributed variables. Mann-Whitney test was used for non-normal data. Statistical significance was accepted at the 0.05 level. The statistical analyses were performed using MedCalc <sup>&#174;</sup> software (version 14.12.0, Ostend, Belgium).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The medications for HF used by the study patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Mean baseline HR was 83&#177;11.5 bpm. Seven (43.7%) patients were in the group with the highest HR (HR above 83 bpm). As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, patients with the highest HR were more likely to be in III/IV New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, and had significantly worse functional capacity as assessed by 6-min walk test. There was no difference in systemic congestion between groups as assessed by either limb edema or BIVA. Patients with the highest HR also had higher values of NT-proBNP and lower late (H/M) rate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), indicating cardiac denervation. No difference between groups was observed regarding early H/M rate or washout rate.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Medications for heart failure used by the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Medications for heart failure</th>
              <th align="center">Results <break/>n=16</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Carvedilol</td>
              <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dose (mg/day)</td>
              <td align="center">47.4&#177;7.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Enalapril</td>
              <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dose (mg/day)</td>
              <td align="center">34.4&#177;11.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Captopril</td>
              <td align="center">2 (12.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dose (mg/day)</td>
              <td align="center">150&#177;0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Losartan</td>
              <td align="center">6 (37.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dose (mg/day)</td>
              <td align="center">100&#177;0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Spironolactone</td>
              <td align="center">15 (93.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dose (mg/day)</td>
              <td align="center">25&#177;0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Furosemide</td>
              <td align="center">13 (81.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dose (mg/day)</td>
              <td align="center">53.3&#177;24.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine</td>
              <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dose of hydralazine (mg/day)</td>
              <td align="center">157&#177;85.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dose of isosorbide (mg/day)</td>
              <td align="center">32.6&#177;6.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Digoxin</td>
              <td align="center">5 (31.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dose (mg/day)</td>
              <td align="center">0.18&#177;0.08</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic, clinical, and laboratorial characteristics of heart failure patients separated into two groups according to heart rate values below or above the mean (83 bpm)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">HR&#8804;83 bpm <break/>n=9</th>
              <th align="center">HR&gt;83 bpm <break/>n=7</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">50.1&#177;13.6</td>
              <td align="center">52.4&#177;12.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">4 (44.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (71.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III/IV NYHA functional class</td>
              <td align="center">1 (11.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (44.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Limb edema</td>
              <td align="center">3 (33.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">2 (22.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (14.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left bundle branch block</td>
              <td align="center">5 (55.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (28.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Minnesota Questionnaire</td>
              <td align="center">36.7&#177;18.2</td>
              <td align="center">29.7&#177;7.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1.06&#177;0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.97&#177;0.29</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6-minute walk distance (m)</td>
              <td align="center">465.2&#177;97.1</td>
              <td align="center">292.3&#177;93</td>
              <td align="center">0.0029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/min)</td>
              <td align="center">17.23&#177;3.62</td>
              <td align="center">14.5&#177;5.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">35.4&#177;15.6</td>
              <td align="center">40.5&#177;18.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hydration index (BIVA)</td>
              <td align="center">75.8&#177;3.75</td>
              <td align="center">73.6&#177;0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">378 (140 - 745)</td>
              <td align="center">800 (589 - 990)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Early H/M rate</td>
              <td align="center">1.76&#177;0.15</td>
              <td align="center">1.69&#177;0.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Late H/M rate</td>
              <td align="center">1.74&#177;0.09</td>
              <td align="center">1.48&#177;0.12</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Washout rate (%)</td>
              <td align="center">37.4&#177;9</td>
              <td align="center">34.3&#177;5</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BIVA: bioelectrical impedance vector analysis; LV: left ventricle; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; H/M: heart/ mediastinum; VO<sub>2</sub>: peak oxygen consumption.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Late heart/mediastinum (H/M) ratio in patients with chronic heart failure according to heart rate (HR) values below or above the population mean</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0455-60166-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main finding of our study was that in patients with chronic HF under optimal medical treatment, elevated HR correlated with neurohormonal activation and cardiac denervation. Cardiac sympathetic abnormalities have been shown to predict outcomes in HF. In the ADMIRE-HF (Adre View Myocardial Imaging for Risk Evaluation in Heart Failure) Study, 961 subjects with NYHA functional class II/III HF and left ventricular ejection fraction &#8804;35% were included and followed up for up to 2 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Event rates were higher for patients with late H/M ratio &#8804;1.60 as compared with patients above this cutoff (35% vs 15%, p&lt;0.001). Of note, H/M ratio predicted events due to HF progression and arrhythmic events as well. It is important to mention that in the present study, patients with the highest HR had H/M ratio of 1.48, which is within the range shown to predict events in the ADMIRE-HF Study.</p>
      <p>Regional cardiac denervation as assessed by positron emission tomography (PET) has also been associated with sudden cardiac arrest. In the PAREPET (Prediction of Arrhythmic Events with Positron Emission Tomography) study, patients in the highest tertile had the highest rates of sudden cardiac arrest.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Thus, either regional or global cardiac denervation indicates an adverse prognosis in patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, patients with the highest HR were also the sickest patients as assessed by NYHA functional class, 6-min walk test, and NT-proBNP levels. Of note, such alterations could not be explained by a congestive state. Our study does not permit any speculation regarding a cause-effect relationship between elevated HR and heart denervation. HR could be just a marker of these abnormalities. However, the hypothesis that HR itself is the cause of denervation and high natriuretic peptide levels is supported by the findings of the SHIFT study, in which the reduction of HR with ivabradine, a drug with no neurohormonal activity, led to improvement of outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Besides, the use of ivabradine has been shown to reduce the levels of natriuretic peptides and improve functional capacity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> This hypothesis however needs to be confirmed in further studies.</p>
      <p>We found that a simple bedside tool was related to reduced late H/M ratio, reflecting a denervated myocardium. Thus, elevated HR could serve as a screening tool to a more comprehensive evaluation that would include tests such as 123-I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy in patients with HF. Additionally, HR is a target for treatment in chronic HF and any drug that reduces HR may have a favorable impact on outcomes. A limitation to the present study refers to the small number of patients and the cross-sectional design of the study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In summary, we found that in patients with chronic HF and systolic dysfunction, elevated resting HR despite optimal medical treatment was associated with cardiac denervation as assessed by 123-I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy and neurohormonal activation. These alterations may explain, at least in part, the worse outcomes observed in such patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Aline Sterque Villacorta, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>This study was funded by Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - FAPERJ).</p>
    </ack>
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              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borer</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dubost-Brama</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>SHIFT Investigators</collab>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart rate as a risk factor in Chronic Heart Failure (SHIFT): the association between heart rate and outcomes in a randomized placebo-controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>376</volume>
          <issue>9744</issue>
          <fpage>886</fpage>
          <lpage>894</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Sarullo MF, Fazio G, Puccio D, Fasullo S, Paterna S, Novo S, et al. Impact of "off-label" use of ivabradine on exercise capacity, gas exchange, functional class, quality of life, and neurohormonal modulation in patients with ischemic chronic heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2010;15(4):349-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarullo</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fazio</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puccio</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fasullo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paterna</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Novo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of "off-label" use of ivabradine on exercise capacity, gas exchange, functional class, quality of life, and neurohormonal modulation in patients with ischemic chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>349</fpage>
          <lpage>355</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Elevada est&#225; Associada com Desnerva&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Um Estudo com Cintilografia Mioc&#225;rdica com 123-Iodo-MIBG</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Sterque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jenne Serr&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muradas</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clara S. S. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Christiane Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Precht</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Campan&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Porto</surname>
            <given-names>Pilar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ubaldo</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Cl&#225;udio Lucas da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Humberto Villacorta</bold>, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro. Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia. Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225; 303, CEP 24033-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>huvillacorta@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Villacorta AS, Villacorta Junior H, N&#243;brega ACL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Villacorta AS, Souza JS, Teixeira JAC, Muradas MCSSS, Alves CR, Precht BC, Porto P, Ubaldo L, Mesquita CT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Villacorta AS, Villacorta Junior H, Mesquita CT, N&#243;brega ACL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Villacorta Junior H, N&#243;brega ACL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Villacorta AS, Villacorta Junior H, Mesquita CT, N&#243;brega ACL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Villacorta AS, Villacorta Junior H; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Villacorta AS, Villacorta Junior H, Souza JS, Teixeira JAC, Muradas MCSSS, Alves CR, Precht BC, Porto P, Ubaldo L, Mesquita CT, N&#243;brega ACL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>No SHIFT (<italic>Systolic Heart Failure Treatment With the If Inhibitor Ivabradine Trial</italic>, ou Estudo do Tratamento da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Sist&#243;lica com o Inibidor de <italic>I</italic>f Ivabradina), a redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) com ivabradina associou-se com melhor sobrevida e redu&#231;&#227;o das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Os mecanismos pelos quais a FC elevada aumenta a mortalidade n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente compreendidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o da FC basal com atividade cl&#237;nica, neuro-hormonal e simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica e FC elevada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica em ritmo sinusal e FC&#8805;70 apesar de tratamento adequado foram inclu&#237;dos em um estudo duplo-cego, randomizado, que comparou ivabradina com piridostigmina. Este artigo refere-se a dados basais dos primeiros 16 pacientes. A FC basal (antes da randomiza&#231;&#227;o para um dos medicamentos) foi avaliada, e os pacientes classificados em dois grupos, com FC abaixo ou acima dos valores m&#233;dios. A atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca foi avaliada por cintilografia com metaiodobenzilguanidina marcada com iodo 123.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A FC m&#233;dia foi 83,5&#177;11,5 bpm (intervalo 72 a 104), e sete pacientes (43.7%) tinham FC acima da m&#233;dia. Esses pacientes apresentaram menor dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (292,3&#177;93 vs 465,2&#177;97,1 m, p=0,0029), valores mais altos de N-terminal do pr&#243;-BNP (mediana 708,4 vs 76,1, p=0,035) e menor rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino tardia, indicando desnerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (1,48&#177;0,12 vs 1,74&#177;0,09, p&lt;0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A FC de repouso elevada em pacientes com IC em tratamento m&#233;dico adequado associou-se com desnerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, pior capacidade funcional e ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Denerva&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio / cintilografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Simp&#225;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) melhorou consideravelmente com a introdu&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, antagonistas de receptor mineralocorticoide e betabloqueadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Entre os in&#250;meros efeitos relacionados aos betabloqueadores, a redu&#231;&#227;o na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) &#233; reconhecida por muito tempo. Muitos pacientes com IC est&#227;o em uso de betabloqueadores, e alguns permanecem com a FC acima de 70 bpm apesar de doses m&#225;ximas dessas medica&#231;&#245;es. Uma vez que a FC de repouso na IC est&#225; relacionada com risco cardiovascular aumentado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> a busca por alternativas para reduzir a FC &#233; importante clinicamente.</p>
        <p>No SHIFT (<italic>Systolic Heart Failure Treatment With the If Inhibitor Ivabradine Trial</italic>, ou o Estudo do Tratamento da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Sist&#243;lica com o Inibidor de <italic>I</italic>f Ivabradina), a Ivabradina foi comparada com placebo em pacientes com IC e FC acima de 70 bpm, apesar de tratamento m&#233;dico adequado. O uso da ivabradina associou-se a melhores resultados, definidos como morte cardiovascular ou admiss&#227;o hospitalar por IC. O SHIFT confirmou o importante papel da FC na fisiopatologia da IC.</p>
        <p>A atividade simp&#225;tica aumentada do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica marcante da IC e est&#225; associada com remodela&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, e piora dos sintomas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A libera&#231;&#227;o neuronal aumentada de noradrenalina (NE) &#233; geralmente acompanhada por uma recapta&#231;&#227;o neuronal diminu&#237;da, por redu&#231;&#227;o (<italic>downregulation</italic>) p&#243;s-transcricional do transportador de NE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O mecanismo de diminui&#231;&#227;o na recapta&#231;&#227;o de NE &#233; bem avaliado por cintilografia, usando-se o an&#225;logo da NE metaiodobenzilguanidina marcada com iodo 123 (MIBG- I123). O transportador de NE media a capta&#231;&#227;o de MIBG-I123 nas termina&#231;&#245;es nervosas simp&#225;ticas do mioc&#225;rdio e, uma vez que o composto n&#227;o &#233; metabolizado, a quantidade de reten&#231;&#227;o de MIBG-I123 por v&#225;rias horas ap&#243;s sua administra&#231;&#227;o &#233; um reflexo da integridade neuronal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Foi demonstrado que uma capta&#231;&#227;o reduzida de MIBG-I123 no mioc&#225;rdio &#233; um preditor independente de efeitos adversos de longo prazo, e uma melhor capta&#231;&#227;o de MIBG-I123 &#233; observada em resposta ao tratamento efetivo da IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca est&#225; fortemente relacionada &#224; IC. Uma vez que os mecanismos pelos quais uma FC elevada aumenta a mortalidade n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente conhecidos, n&#243;s buscamos avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o da FC de repouso com atividades cl&#237;nica, neuro-hormonal e simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica e elevada FC, mesmo com tratamento m&#233;dico adequado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Este material &#233; parte de um estudo maior, um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado que compara o uso de ivabradina com piridostigmina. Refere aos dados basais (antes da randomiza&#231;&#227;o para um dos tratamentos) dos primeiros 16 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no ensaio. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram presen&#231;a de IC, ritmo sinusal, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;50% avaliada por ecocardiografia (m&#233;todo Simpson), e FC de repouso maior que 70 bpm apesar de tratamento m&#233;dico adequado, incluindo doses m&#225;ximas toleradas de betabloqueadores. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram pacientes com marca-passo, creatinina &gt;3 mg/dL, miocardite aguda, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ativa, asma, glaucoma, obstru&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria, disfun&#231;&#227;o da tireoide, e pacientes que seriam submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou implanta&#231;&#227;o de aparelho nos 6 meses seguintes. A FC de repouso foi medida no leito, ap&#243;s pelo menos 5 minutos de repouso em duas visitas consecutivas antes da randomiza&#231;&#227;o. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica de nosso hospital aprovou o protocolo do estudo.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com a FC basal em dois grupos: a) grupo 1, pacientes com FC menor ou igual &#224; FC m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o; e 2) grupo 2, pacientes com as FCs mais elevadas, acima da FC m&#233;dia. Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e de imagem foram comparados entre os grupos. A prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos n&#227;o mudou nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses. Os pacientes eleg&#237;veis que concordaram em participar do estudo assinaram um termo de consentimento ap&#243;s receberem informa&#231;&#227;o verbal e por escrito sobre o estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio, biomarcadores, e avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional</title>
          <p>A atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca foi avaliada por cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com MIBG-123I. Foram adquiridas imagens planares anteriores precoces e tardias do mioc&#225;rdio, aos 30 minutos e 4 horas ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o do marcador radioativo, respectivamente. Derivados das imagens planares da cintilografia, a capta&#231;&#227;o semi-quantitativa do MIBG-I123 e <italic>washout</italic> do mioc&#225;rdio refletiram a inerva&#231;&#227;o funcional/estrutural card&#237;aca e o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico respectivamente. A rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o / mediastino (C/M) foi determinada a partir da contagem/pixel em uma regi&#227;o de interesse do mediastino 7x7 pixels, no t&#243;rax superior localizado na linha m&#233;dia e posicionado para refletir o local com atividade mais baixa, i.e., fundo (<italic>background</italic>) inespec&#237;fico.</p>
          <p>A ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal foi avaliada pela medida da fra&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP) (Roche Diagnostics, Inc., Indian&#225;polis, Indiana) nas amostras sangu&#237;neas. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de 6 minutos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar</title>
          <p>Foi utilizado o analisador metab&#243;lico MedGraphics (MGC) VO2000 (Imbrasport, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil), com o sistema Ergo PC Elite 13 e esteira Centurion 300 (MicroMed, Bras&#237;lia, DF, Brasil). O analisador de gases foi calibrado antes de cada teste pelo sistema Autocal em condi&#231;&#245;es ventiladas, e a calibra&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica foi realizada mensalmente. A manuten&#231;&#227;o do equipamento era conduzida por um representante a cada tr&#234;s meses (CAEL, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil).</p>
          <p>O teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar consistiu no registro de par&#226;metros basais nos primeiros dois minutos, um minuto de aquecimento a 1 km/h, seguido pelo protocolo de rampa. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa ErgoPCElite para Windows 13W (MicroMed, Bras&#237;lia, Brasil).</p>
          <p>A cada minuto, foram medidas vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, bem como a percep&#231;&#227;o de estresse utilizando-se a escala de Borg (0 a 10). A fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o ocorreu com o paciente sentado. A an&#225;lise foi realizada por dois ju&#237;zes, que avaliaram os seguintes crit&#233;rios: inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, presen&#231;a de ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica, e limiar ventilat&#243;rio I, que passou a ser chamado de limiar anaer&#243;bico (LA). Para o LA, foram consideradas as curvas ventilat&#243;rias equivalentes para VO<sub>2</sub> e CO<sub>2</sub>, al&#233;m das curvas das fra&#231;&#245;es expiradas de VO<sub>2</sub> e VCO<sub>2</sub>. O pico de VO<sub>2</sub> foi definido como o maior valor obtido at&#233; os trinta segundos finas, ou durante os dez segundos da fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o imediata.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;gua corporal total</title>
          <p>Utilizou-se a an&#225;lise vetorial de bioimped&#226;ncia (BIVA) para avaliar a &#225;gua corporal total. Esse m&#233;todo utiliza o software EFG Renal (Akern, Pontassieve, Floren&#231;a, It&#225;lia) para estimar a par&#226;metros de resist&#234;ncia, react&#226;ncia e &#226;ngulo de fase. O &#237;ndice de hidrata&#231;&#227;o (IH) foi ent&#227;o calculado para estimar a &#225;gua corporal total. O intervalo normal do IH &#233; 72,7% a 74,3%; valores acima desse intervalo indicam congest&#227;o, e valores abaixo indicam desidrata&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; DP, exceto dados referentes a NT-proBNP, apresentados em mediana e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student bicaudal n&#227;o pareado foi realizado para identificar diferen&#231;as significativas entre grupos nas vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para dados sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi aceita ao n&#237;vel 0,05. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando-se o software MedCalc<sup>&#174;</sup> (vers&#227;o 14.12.0, Oostende, B&#233;lgica).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As medica&#231;&#245;es para IC usadas pelos pacientes do estudo est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. A FC basal m&#233;dia foi 83&#177;11,5 bpm. Sete (43,7%) pacientes encontravam-se no grupo com FC mais elevada (FC acima de 83 bpm). Como apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>, os pacientes com FCs mais elevadas tinham maior chance de estarem na classe funcional III/IV (NYHA, <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>), e apresentavam capacidade funcional significativamente pior no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre grupos quanto &#224; congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica, avaliada tanto por edema de membros ou por BIVA. Pacientes com as FCs mais altas tamb&#233;m apresentaram maiores valores de NT-proBNP e menor rela&#231;&#227;o C/M tardia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>), indicando desnerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre grupos quanto &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o C/M precoce ou taxa de <italic>washout</italic>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medicamentos para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca usada pela popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Medicamentos para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca </th>
                <th align="center">Resultados <break/>n=16</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carvedilol</td>
                <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dose (mg/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">47,4&#177;7,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Enalapril</td>
                <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dose (mg/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">34,4&#177;11,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Captopril</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dose (mg/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">150&#177;0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Losartan</td>
                <td align="center">6 (37,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dose (mg/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">100&#177;0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">15 (93,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dose (mg/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">25&#177;0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">13 (81,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dose (mg/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">53,3&#177;24,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dinitrato de isossorbida e hidralazina</td>
                <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dose de hidralazina (mg/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">157&#177;85,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dose of isossorbida (mg/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">32,6&#177;6,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digoxina</td>
                <td align="center">5 (31,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dose (mg/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18&#177;0,08</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca separados em dois grupos de acordo com valores abaixo e acima da m&#233;dia (83 bpm)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">FC&#8804;83 bpm <break/>n=9</th>
                <th align="center">FC&gt;83 bpm <break/>n=7</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">50,1&#177;13,6</td>
                <td align="center">52,4&#177;12,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (71,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional NYHA III/IV</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Edema de membros</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueio do ramo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">5 (55,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (28,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Question&#225;rio de Minnesota</td>
                <td align="center">36,7&#177;18,2</td>
                <td align="center">29,7&#177;7,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,06&#177;0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,97&#177;0,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dist&#226;ncia em 6 minutos de caminhada (m)</td>
                <td align="center">465,2&#177;97,1</td>
                <td align="center">292,3&#177;93</td>
                <td align="center">0,0029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/min)</td>
                <td align="center">17,23&#177;3,62</td>
                <td align="center">14,5&#177;5,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35,4&#177;15,6</td>
                <td align="center">40,5&#177;18,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de hidrata&#231;&#227;o (BIVA)</td>
                <td align="center">75,8&#177;3,75</td>
                <td align="center">73,6&#177;0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">378 (140 - 745)</td>
                <td align="center">800 (589 - 990)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o C/M precoce</td>
                <td align="center">1,76&#177;0,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,69&#177;0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o C/M tardia</td>
                <td align="center">1,74&#177;0,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,48&#177;0,12</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taxa de <italic>washout</italic> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37,4&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">34,3&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>BIVA: an&#225;lise vetorial de bioimped&#226;ncia; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NT-proBNP: fra&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; NYHA: New York Heart Association; C/M: cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino; VO<sub>2</sub>: pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o / mediastino (C/M) em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica de acordo com valores de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) abaixo ou acima da m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-107-05-0455-60166-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado de nosso estudo foi que, em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica em tratamento medicamentoso adequado, a FC elevada correlacionou-se com ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal e desnerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Foi demonstrado que anormalidades na atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca preveem alguns desfechos na IC. No estudo ADMIRE-HF (<italic>Adre View Myocardial Imaging for Risk Evaluation in Heart Failure</italic>), 961 indiv&#237;duos com IC, classe funcional NYHA II/III e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 35% foram inclu&#237;dos e acompanhados por at&#233; 2 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> As taxas de eventos foram mais elevadas em pacientes com rela&#231;&#227;o C/M tardia &#8804; 1,60, em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com valores superiores a esse limiar (35% vs 15%, p&lt;0,001). Vale ressaltar que a rela&#231;&#227;o C/M foi preditor de eventos causados pela progress&#227;o da IC e eventos relacionados &#224; arritmia. &#201; importante mencionar que, no presente estudo, pacientes com FC mais alta apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o C/M de 1,48, valor que se encontra dentro do intervalo que, no estudo ADMIRE-HF, foi preditor de eventos.</p>
        <p>A desnerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca regional, avaliada por tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons tamb&#233;m foi associada &#224; parada card&#237;aca repentina. No estudo PAREPET (<italic>Prediction of Arrhythmic Events with Positron Emission Tomography</italic>, ou Predi&#231;&#227;o de arritmia com tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons), os pacientes no tercil mais alto apresentaram taxas mais altas de parada card&#237;aca repentina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Assim, tanto uma desnerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca regional como global indica um progn&#243;stico adverso em pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, os pacientes com FC mais alta tamb&#233;m eram os pacientes mais doentes quando avaliados pela classe funcional NYHA, teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, e n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP. Vale ressaltar que tais altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o poderiam ser explicadas por um estado de congest&#227;o. Nosso estudo n&#227;o permite fazer qualquer especula&#231;&#227;o sobre uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito entre FC elevada e desnerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A FC poderia ser somente um marcador dessas anormalidades. No entanto, a hip&#243;tese de que a FC seria a causa de desnerva&#231;&#227;o e de n&#237;veis elevados de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico &#233; corroborada pelos resultados do SHIFT, em que a redu&#231;&#227;o da FC com o uso de ivabradina, um medicamento sem atividade neuro-hormonal, levou &#224; melhora dos desfechos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que o uso de ivabradina diminui os n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos e melhora a capacidade funcional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Essa hip&#243;tese, contudo, precisa ser confirmada em estudos futuros.</p>
        <p>N&#243;s encontramos que uma simples ferramenta utilizada na beira do leito relacionou-se com baixa rela&#231;&#227;o C/M tardia, refletindo um mioc&#225;rdio desnervado. Assim, uma FC elevada poderia servir como uma ferramenta de rastreamento para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais completa que inclu&#237;sse exames como a cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com MIBG-I-123 em pacientes com IC. Ainda, a FC &#233; um alvo do tratamento da IC cr&#244;nica e, qualquer medicamento que reduz a FC pode ter um impacto favor&#225;vel sobre os desfechos. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo refere-se ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes e o delineamento transversal do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em resumo, encontramos que em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, uma FC elevada a despeito de um tratamento adequado esteve associada com desnerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca avaliada por cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com MIBG-I-123 e ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal. Tais altera&#231;&#245;es podem explicar, ao menos em parte, os piores desfechos observados nesses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Aline Sterque Villacorta pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - FAPERJ).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
